Coconut Oil Feed

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196Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal Sciences 6 (5) 196-203, Sep -Oct 2010

DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF COCONUT MEAL FOR WHITELEGHORN LAYERS*

M. Moorthy 1 and K. Viswanathan 2Department of Poultry Science,

Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637 002, Tamil Nadu.

ABSTRACT

BSTRCTBSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of extracted coconut meal (ECM)on egg production performance, from 21 to 52 weeks in one hundred and eighty Single CombWhite Leghorn (SCWL) layers. These birds were randomly grouped into five treatments withthree replicates of twelve birds each. The treatment groups consisted of 0 (T 1), 5 (T 2), 10 (T 3),15 (T 4) and 20 per cent (T 5) coconut meal inclusion in the egg type chicken diet. No significant difference was observed in overall mean feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and livabilityduring the experimental period. Both overall hen housed and hen day egg productionsignificantly (P


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analyzed after sealed tube hydrolysis with 6N HCl(Spackman et al., 1958; Finalyson, 1964) inShimadzu HPLC systems using fluorescent detector with O-opthalaldehyde dye. Metabolic trial wasconducted as per the standard procedure (Sibbald,1976).Ileal digestibility trial

The ileal digestibility of ECM was studied by using titanium dioxide (TiO

2) as indicator. Adult

cockerels were fed with ECM containing TiO 2 atthe rate of 5 g/kg for five days. On sixth day, the

birds were slaughtered and terminal ileal contents(terminal ileum was defined as equaling the lengthof the ceca plus one to two cm from caecal ending,to one cm from the ileo-caecal junction - Danicke et al. , 1997) were squeezed out immediately into acontainer. The ileal contents were analyzed for drymatter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibrecontents (AOAC, 1995) and amino acidcomposition (Spackman et al., 1958; Finalyson,1964).

The titanium dioxide concentration in theileal content was estimated (Myers et al., 2004).The ileal digestibility was calculated for dry matter,crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and aminoacids (Reddy, 2001) as follows

Digestibility coefficient of a nutrient

% of % of Indicator Nutrient

(TiO 2) in in ilealECM Content

= 100 - 100 X X% of % of

Indicator (TiO 2) nutrient inin ileal contents ECM

Moorthy and Viswanathan

Biological experiment

Experimental design and allocation of birdsOne hundred and eighty Single Comb

White Leghorn pullets at the age of 16 weeks were purchased and reared for adaptation up to 20 weeksof age. The birds were weighed, leg banded andrandomly allotted into five treatment groups withthree replicates of 12 birds each.

Experimental treatments were

T1 - Control

T2 - 5 per cent extracted coconut mealT3 - 10 per cent extracted coconut mealT4 - 15 per cent extracted coconut meal

T5 - 20 per cent extracted coconut meal

Experimental dietThe protein concentrate was prepared on

isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis to the extractedcoconut meal by mixing locally available extractedgroundnut meal, extracted sunflower meal anddeoiled rice bran. The experimental diets were

prepared as per BIS (1992) by replacing proteinconcentrate with extracted coconut meal in gradedlevels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent.

Statistical analysisAll the parametric data obtained in this

study were subjected to analysis of variance usingstatistical techniques as per the method of Snedecor and Cochran (1989). Angular transformation wasapplied to percentages wherever needed beforecarrying out the statistical analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Proximate and amino acid composition

The crude protein content of extractedcoconut meal (ECM) was 22.75 per cent (Table 1).Most of the nutrient composition of extractedcoconut meal (ECM) estimated in this experiment

Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal Sciences 6 (5) 196-203, Sep -Oct 2010


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was comparable to those listed in NRC (1994). Theobserved AME (1552 kcal/kg) was in closeagreement with NRC value (1525 kcal/kg). Thelysine and methionine content of ECM were 0.59and 0.34 per cent, respectively. The critical aminoacids, lysine (0.59 per cent) and methionine (0.34

per cent) were lower in ECM compared to valuesgiven in NRC (1994) for other vegetable proteinsources, which are commonly used in poultry feedlike soybean meal (2.69 and 0.62 per cent) sunflower meal (1.00 and 0.50 per cent) and groundnut meal

(1.54 and 0.54 per cent). However, this was inagreement with the findings of Creswell and Brooks(1971) who observed extremely low level of lysine(0.48 per cent) and methionine (0.37 per cent) incoconut meal when compared to other proteinsources used in poultry feed.

The glutamic acid (2.70 per cent), leucine(2.36 per cent) and arginine (1.99 per cent) contentswere very high in ECM and among this high argininemight interact with lysine as observed by Leesonand Summers, (2001).

Ileal digestibility

The ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen freeextract were 67.58, 71.61, 62.67, 35.99 and 74.81 per cent, respectively (Table 2).

Creswell and Brooks (1971) conducteddigestibility trial in pigs using coconut meal (Drymatter 89.90; Crude protein 20.90; Crude fibre 10.50;Ether extract 5.80; NFE 46.20 and Total ash 6.50 per cent) and reported that the digestibility coefficientof dry matter, crude protein, NFE and ether extractas 83.70, 50.70, 94.10 and 100 per cent respectively,which evidently exhibits variation in the digestibilityof coconut meal among monogastrics.

In another experiment, Lekule et al. (1986)observed a low protein digestibility of coconut meal(56.30 per cent) in pigs and stated that the proteinretention was reduced when high level (30 per cent)of coconut meal was included in the diet.

Egg productionHen housed egg production (HHEP)

The production performance of SCWLlayers fed diet with different levels of extractedcoconut meal is presented in Table 3.

No significant difference in hen housedegg production was observed between treatmentgroups up to 32 weeks of age. Hen housed egg

production in T 4 and T 5 was significantly (P


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T5 had significantly (P


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Nutrients Per cent Moisture 9.54 0.10Dry matter 90.46 0.10Crude protein 22.75 0.22Ether extract 2.89 0.03Crude fibre 12.11 0.24Total ash 7.41 0.11

Nitrogen free extract 54.84 0.32

Calcium 0.40 0.02Total Phosphorus 0.63 0.01AME (kcal/kg) 1552.33 11.82TME (kcal/kg) 1810.23 5.31

Amino acidsAlanine 1.13 0.10Arginine 1.99 0.09Aspartic acid 1.01 0.01Glutamic acid 2.70 0.03Glycine 0.52 0.05Histidine 0.44 0.27Isoleucine 1.76 0.14Leucine 2.36 0.05Lysine 0.59 0.15Methionine 0.34 0.11Phenylalanine 0.81 0.25Serine 0.71 0.02Threonine 0.62 0.04Tyrosine 0.27 0.14Valine 0.44 0.12

Table 1Mean ( S.E) proximate and amino acid composition (% DM) of extracted coconut meal

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Similarly, Padhi et al . (2003) found that

Nicobari hens fed diet containing 5 per cent coconutmeal consumed significantly (P


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Nutrients Ileal digestibility

Dry matter 67.58 1.53Crude protein 71.61 1.55Ether extract 62.67 2.01Crude fibre 35.99 0.91

Nitrogen free extract 74.81 3.03Ileal digestibility of amino acidsAlanine 74.50 2.96Arginine 81.94 3.01Aspartic acid 84.79 2.06Glutamic acid 93.59 3.06Glycine 53.47 2.56Histidine 69.96 2.78Isoleucine 74.71 2.91Leucine 66.83 1.68Lysine 76.90 3.62Methionine 76.78 2.61Phenylalanine 81.03 3.62

Serine 31.09 0.92Threonine 59.96 1.98Tyrosine 67.34 2.61Valine 80.52 1.98

Table 2Ileal digestibility of nutrients (% DM) in the extracted coconut meal

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i s a m e a n o f s i x o b s e r v a

t i o n s

(1962) reported better feed conversion ratios (2.20in experiment I and 1.82 in experiment II) in WhiteLeghorn layers fed diet containing 30 per centcoconut meal and 7.5 per cent fish meal.

CONCLUSIONAs per the experimental results, it is

concluded that extracted coconut meal could beincluded in the egg type chicken diet up to 10 per cent without any adverse effect on egg production.



This was contradictory to the findings of Wignjosoesastro et al . (1972) who observed better feed conversion ratio (kg/dozen eggs) in WhiteLeghorn pullets fed diet containing 20 (1.62) per cent coconut meal when compared to 10 (1.71), 30(1.84), 40 (1.97) and 0 (1.97) per cent coconut meal

fed groups.

The finding of this study was alsoinconsistent with Padhi et al. (2003) who found a

poor feed conversion ratio from 2.43 to 2.68 whenthe level of coconut meal was increased in the layer diet from 5 to 10 per cent. But, Thomas and Scott


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REFERENCES

AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis , 16 th ed.Association of Official Analytical Chemists,Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Bureau of Indian Standards. 1992. Nu tr ie nt Requirements of Poultry , Manak Bhavan, New Delhi, India.

Creswell, D.C. and Brooks, C.C.1971. Composition,apparent digestibility and energy evaluationof coconut oil and coconut meal. Journal of

Animal Sciences, 33: 366-369.

Danicke, S., Simon, O., Jeroch, H. and Bedford, M.1997. Interaction between dietary fat type and

xylanase supplementation when rye baseddiets are fed to broiler chicken. 2.Performance, nutrient digestibility and thefat soluble vitamin status of liver. BritishPoultry Science, 38:546-556.

FAO. 2004. Production yearbook . Food andAgricultural Organization of United

Nations.

Finalyson, A.J. 1964. Amino acid recovering in theanalysis of some feed samples. Canadian

Journal of Plant Science, 45:184-188.

Kawsar, M.H., Rashid M.A. and Eunos Ali, M.

Inclusion level of extracted coconut meal

Parameters

T 1 -

0 %

T 2 -

5 %

T 3 -

1 0 %

T 4 -

1 5 %

T 5 -

2 0 %

Hen housed egg production204.50 b

1.25207.26 a

1.55205.40 ab

2.01203.77 b

1.74199.14 c

2.05

Hen day egg production (%)91.29 a

1.4692.52 a

0.3491.70 a

0.4290.97 a

0.8788.90 b

0.70

Feed consumption (g/bird/day) 107.32

4.58108.98

3.79108.76

3.96109.74

3.85108.93

4.13

Feed conversion ratio (kg/dozen eggs)1.410.04

1.420.05

1.420.05

1.440.05

1.470.05

Table 3

Mean ( S.E.) overall production performance (21 to 52 weeks) of Single Comb White Leghorn layers feddiet with different levels of extracted coconut meal

E a c h v a

l u e

i s a m e a n o f

t h r e e o b s e r v a t

i o n s

a - c M

e a n s w

i t h i n a r o w w

i t h n o c o m m o n s u p e r s c r

i p t d i f f e r s i g n

i f i c a n

t l y

( P < 0 . 0 5 )


Digestibility and feeding .....


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2001. Replacement of sesame oil meal bycoconut oil meal in diets with or without fishmeal on the performance of laying hen .

Journal of Biological Sciences, 6:516-518.

Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D. 2001. Nutrition of thechicken , 4th ed. Army Printing Press, No. 33,

Nehru Road, Sadar Cantt, Lucknow, India. pp.350-353.

Lekule, F.P., Homb T. and Kategile, J.A.1986.Digestibility and effect of copra cake on rateof gain, feed efficiency and protein retentionof fattening pigs. Tropical Animal HealthProduction , 18:243-247.

Myers, W.D., Ludden, P.A., Nayigihugu V. and Hess,B.W. 2004. Technical note: A procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide. Journal of Animal Sciences , 82:179 -183.

NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry , 9 th reved. National Academy Press, Washington,D.C. pp. 62-66.

Padhi, M.K., R.B. Rai, S. Senani, S.K. Saha, P. Chandraand S.P.S. Ahlawat, 2003. Performance of

Nicobari fowl on diets containing varyinglevels of coconut oil cake. Indian J. Poult.Sci. , 38:260-263.

Panigrahi, S. 1989. Effects on egg production of including high residual lipid copra meal of

laying hen diets. British Poultry Science,30:305-312.

Reddy, D.V. 2001. Applied Nutrition (Livestock, poultry, Human, Pet, Rabbit and Laboratoryanimal nutrition) . Oxford and IBH

publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp.15.

Sarkar, S.K. and Banerjee, G.C. 1987. Studies on theutilization of deoiled copra ( Cocus nucifera )cake by starting chicks. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 22:265-266.

Sibbald, I.R.. 1976. Bioassay for true metabolizableenergy in feeding stuffs. Poultry Science,55:303-308.

Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1989. Statisticalmethods . 8th ed. Iowa State University Press,Ames, Iowa, USA.

Spackman, D.H., Stein W.H. and Moore, S. 1958.Automatic recording apparatus for use in theamino acids. Analytical Chemistry , 30:1190.

Thomas, O.A. and Scott, M.L. 1962. Coconut oil mealas a protein supplement in practical poultrydiets . Poultry Science, 41:477-485.

Wignjosoesastro, N., Brooks C.C. and Herrick, R.B.1972. The effect of coconut meal and coconutoil in poultry rations on the performance of laying hens. Poultry Science, 51:1126-1132.



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