Codes and Controls Commercial Building Energy Code Requirements

Codes and ControlsCommercial Building Energy Code Requirements for Light Control

Michael Jouaneh, CEM, LEED AP November 14, 2011

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Table of Contents

What Code/Standard Does Your State Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Mandatory Lighting Control Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Renovations or Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Going beyond Minimum Code Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Incentives for Going beyond the Minimum Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

LEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

What’s Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

About the author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Codes and Controls Summary Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back cover

Note: This document summarizes the lighting control requirements and optional control credits for commercial buildings according to the nation’s top energy and green building codes/standards – California’s Title 24, the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), ASHRAE 90 .1, International Green Construction Code (IgCC), and ASHRAE 189 .1 . It is for information purposes only . It is not meant to replace those codes/standards . Please refer to those standards for precise interpretation .

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The nation’s top building energy codes and standards reflect the importance of using lighting controls to conserve energy . In the ASRHAE 90 .1-2010 Standard, for example, there are mandatory requirements for area controls, automatic lighting shutoff, bi-level lighting, daylight harvesting, exterior lighting control, parking garage lighting control, and stairwell lighting control . Additionally, the designer must ensure that all lighting controls are functionally tested .

On October 19, 2011, the U .S . Department of Energy (DOE) issued a ruling that requires all states to certify that they have updated the provisions of their commercial building code regarding energy efficiency to meet or exceed ASHRAE 90 .1-2010 by Oct . 18, 2013 . Thus, it’s expected that these lighting control requirements will be in place for most states for all new construction and major renovations of commercial buildings .

What Code/Standard Does Your State Use?

• California: Title 24• Rest of the county split between: IECC (International Energy Conservation Code)

and ASHRAE 90 .1 (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers)

Most states currently use ASHRAE 90 .1-2007 or IECC 2009 as the basis for their building energy code . You’ll also notice that many states do not have a statewide energy code but usually jurisdictions within those states have a local code based on ASHRAE 90 .1 or IECC . To determine what code/standard your state or jurisdiction uses, see the map below or visit www .bcap-ocean .org .

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Mandatory Lighting Control Requirements

Below are the key mandatory lighting control requirements that must be followed for new construction, additions, alterations, or renovations of commercial buildings in jurisdictions that have adopted one of the codes/standards . These requirements are similar among all the codes/standards with some subtle differences among them . These are the minimum energy code requirements in ASHRAE 90 .1-2010, IECC 2012, and Title 24 2008 . For more information see the Light Control and Energy Code Summary Chart (page 12) .

• Area control: Each area enclosed by ceiling-height partitions must have an accessible, independent switching or control device (such as an occupancy sensor, manual switch, or dimmer) to control the general lighting .

• Automatic shut-off: All indoor lighting systems must include a separate automatic shut-off control, such as an occupancy sensor or time switch .

• Automatic receptacle control: 50% of power outlets in certain spaces, such as private and open offices, must be controlled with an occupancy sensor or timeclock .

• Daylight zone control: Areas in daylight zones* shall have a separate control for the general lighting** . Typically, a daylight sensor and dimming ballasts that control at least 50% of the general lighting power, meets this requirement . Switched daylight control also complies with code, but is more disruptive to occupants .

• Exterior lighting control: Permanently installed outdoor lighting must be controlled by a daylight sensor or astronomical time switch that automatically turns off the lighting during daylight hours . Additionally, in 90 .1-2010, in most exterior areas, lighting has to be automatically reduced by at least 30% after business hours or when no activity is detected after 15 minutes .

• Functional testing: Prior to inspection, lighting controls must be tested to ensure that they are working properly .

• Hotel/motel guest room lighting control (manual): All guestrooms must have a control at the entry which controls all the permanently installed lighting except those in the bathroom . Bathrooms must use an automatic lighting shut-off control (i .e . occupancy sensor) to turn lights off within 60 minutes of vacancy . In California, guest rooms must meet all the Title 24 residential requirements which basically require either high-efficacy lights, dimmers, or vacancy sensors in most spaces .

• Manual-on or partial-on occupancy control: For most spaces, occupancy sensors shall not automatically turn the lighting to full-on . This effectively requires manual-on/automatic-off controls or a 50% maximum light level for auto-on . These controls are referred to as “vacancy sensors” or “multi-level” occupancy sensors . Spaces that allow auto-on include: public corridors and stairwells, restrooms, primary building entrance areas and lobbies, and areas where manual-on operation would endanger safety or security .


* Daylight zones are typically one window height (distance from top of window to the floor) into the space, and the width of the window, plus two feet on both sides of the window .

** General lighting is lighting that provides a substantially uniform level of illuminations throughout an area or space . General lighting does not include decorative lighting .

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Mandatory Lighting Control Requirements (cont .)• Multi-level lighting controls: Most areas must have the ability to reduce lighting power

by either continuous dimming, stepped dimming (dimming lights to certain, pre-defined, light levels), or stepped switching (separately switching alternate lamps in a fixture or alternate luminaires in a space) while maintaining a reasonably uniform level of illuminance throughout the controlled area .

• Occupancy sensor or timer switch controls: Occupancy sensors (as well as timer switches in 90 .1-2010) that turn off lighting within 30 minutes of vacancy are required in spaces such as, but not limited to:

1 . classrooms and lecture halls

2 . conference, meeting, and training rooms

3 . employee lunch and break rooms

4 . storage and supply rooms

• Parking garage lighting control: Lighting must be reduced by a least 30% when no activity is detected for 30 minutes . Areas along the perimeter must have automatic daylight controls . And daylight transition zones (i .e . entryways) shall have automatic controls that turn lighting on during the day and off at sunset to help people adapt easier to the change in light level upon entering the garage .

• Stairwell controls: Lighting in enclosed stairwells shall have one or more control devices to automatically reduce lighting power by at least 50% within 30 minutes of vacancy .

Renovations or Alterations

Note that the minimum energy code requirements apply to both new construction and renovations or alterations of building lighting . In CA Title 24 2008 and IECC 2012, at least 50% of the luminaires have to be replaced in order to qualify as an alteration . If you replace less than 50% of the luminaires and don’t increase the LPD (Lighting Power Density or watts per square foot of lighting power) in the altered space, then you don’t need to comply with the minimum energy code requirements for lighting . Note that alterations do not include routine maintenance or repair situations .

ASHRAE 90 .1-2010 has pushed the bar higher . This standard requires that if more than 10% of the lighting load is altered (i .e . at least both the lamps and ballasts are changed) in a space, then all the lighting in the space must comply with automatic shut-off and LPD requirements for the space . Title 24 2013 is looking at adding similar requirements .


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Going beyond Minimum Code Requirements

Also known as “stretch codes”, green building codes such as ASHRAE 189 .1 or IgCC (International Green Construction Code), go beyond energy and include items like indoor environmental quality and site sustainability . In most cases, they are an overlay on top of minimum energy code requirements (noted in the section above) . For example, the prescriptive lighting requirements of ASHRAE 189 .1 require compliance with the lighting requirements in ASHRAE 90 .1 . Similarly, the lighting requirements of IgCC require compliance with the IECC requirements for lighting .

Below are some of the requirements in ASHRAE 189 .1-2009 . Similar requirements are also in IgCC1 . For more information see the Light Control and Energy Code Summary Chart (page 12) .

• Automatic Light Reduction Control: Lighting in spaces such as hallways, storage and library stacks must be automatically reduced by at least 50% power when no one is present .

• Demand Responsive System/Peak Load Reduction: Building projects shall contain automatic systems, such as demand limiting or load shifting, that are capable of reducing lighting and other loads by at least 10% .

• Energy Consumption Management: Total building energy must be monitored and reported . End uses such as lighting loads have to be broken out separately .

• Hotel/motel guest room lighting and HVAC Control (Automatic): Lighting, switched outlets, and televisions shall be automatically turned off whenever guest room is empty . HVAC set points shall be automatically raised by 5º F in cooling mode and lowered by 5º F in heating mode when room is empty .

• Emergency Lighting Control: Lighting in any area within a building that is required to be continuously illuminated for reasons of building security or emergency egress shall not exceed 0 .1 W/ft2 . Additional egress and security lighting shall be allowed, provided it is controlled by an automatic control device that turns off the additional lighting .

See back cover for references .


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Title 24 2008 Lighting Power AllowancesCONTROL SPACE FACTORMulti-level occ . sensor Any space <=250 ft2, any

classroom, corridor, or conference room

0 .20 (0 .25 with dimming; +0 .10 on top of daylighting controls factor below when used with daylighting controls)

Multi-level occ . sensor that reduces lighting power at least 50% when spaces are vacant .

Hallways of hotels, multi-family, dormitory, senior housing, commercial and industrial storage stack areas, library stacks

0 .15 to 0 .25 depending on space type

Manual dimming Hotels/motels, restaurants, auditoriums, theaters

0 .10

Multi-scene programmable dimming

Hotels/motels, restaurants, auditoriums, theaters

0 .20

Manual dimming of dimmable electronic ballasts

All building types 0 .10

Demand responsive lighting with dimming ballasts

All building types 0 .15

Automatic multi-level daylighting controls

Sidelit and skylit daylight areas

0 .08 to 0 .34 depending on Effective Aperture*

Incentives for Going beyond the Minimum Requirements

California’s Title 24 and ASRHAE 90 .1-2010 provide extra lighting power credits for using additional lighting controls in a space above and beyond the mandatory controls for that space . The additional lighting power credit can be used anywhere in the building, not just in the space with the additional controls . These allowances give the designer more flexibility by letting them use additional lighting in the building for desired spaces .

The following table contains the lighting power allowances in Title 24 2008 . You’ll notice that using dimming ballasts, for instance, provides a factor of 0 .10 for any building type . This means that the designer can use 10% of the wattage of the luminaires that are using dimming ballasts and use that as extra lighting power in the building . If all the lights in an office building used dimming ballasts, then the maximum LPD (Lighting Power Density) or watts per square foot of lighting power in the building would increase by 10% . In the case of an office building, this means the LPD would be 0 .935 instead of 0 .85 watts per square foot .

* Effective aperture (EA) is a measure of the extent that vertical glazing or skylights are effective for providing daylighting, calculated using the following formula:

Source: CA Title 24 2008 Table 146-C Lighting Power Adjustment Factors .


n

∑i =1

Ai

Tix( )( )1

dada = daylight areaA = window area

T = visible light transmittancen = number of windows in the room

x

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Incentives for Going beyond the Minimum Requirements (cont .)

Below is the summary of the ASHRAE 90 .1-2010 lighting power allowances for using additional lighting controls above what’s already mandated in 90 .1-2010 .

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Lighting Power AllowancesCONTROL SPACE FACTORMulti-level occ . sensor Open and private office,

classroom, conference room, or retail sales area

0 .05

Manual, continuous dimming control or programmable multi-level dimming control

Open and private office, classroom, conference room, or retail sales area


Programmable multi-level dimming control using programmable time scheduling

Open and private office, classroom, conference room, retail sales area, lobby, atrium, dining area, corridors/stairways, gym/pool, mall concourse, or parking garage


Automatic continuous daylight dimming or multi-level daylight switching

Open and private office, classroom, conference room, retail sales area, lobby, atrium, dining area, corridors/stairways, gym/pool, mall concourse, or parking garage

0 .10 to 0 .20 depending on dimming or switching, effective aperture, and space type

Workstation luminaire with occupancy sensors controlling dimmable downlight2

Open office 0 .25

Workstation luminaire with occupancy sensors controlling dimmable downlight and personal dimming control3

Open office 0 .30

Source: ASHRAE 90 .1-2010 Table 9 .6 .2: Control Factors Used in Calculating Additional Interior Lighting Power Allowance


See back cover for references .

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LEED

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) has gained tremendous popularity – there are over 30,000 registered commercial LEED projects and over 10,000 commercial LEED certified buildings now and counting . While the LEED green building rating system is not a standard or code, it can be a requirement, especially for new government buildings which require LEED certification in many jurisdictions .

Many of the requirements in LEED are based on going beyond the minimum energy code requirements . For instance, the Optimize Energy Performance Credit, awards up to 19 LEED points if a new building is shown to outperform an ASHRAE 90 .1 2007 compliant baseline building in terms of energy performance . This chart below shows how the USGBC (U .S . Green Building Council) expects LEED to fit with the traditional building energy codes (ASHRAE 90 .1, Title 24 or IECC) and green building codes (ASHRAE 189 .1 or IgCC) .

According to the USGBC, a LEED certified building today is designed to be more sustainable than an energy code compliant building and about equal to a green code complaint building . A LEED Silver, Gold, or Platinum project is designed to be more sustainable than a green, code-compliant one . Over time, as the codes/standards get more and more stringent so will LEED . The USGBC expects LEED to be pushing the bar higher, above and beyond the minimum energy or green code .

Source: USGBC whitepaper—Greening the Codes, www .usgbc .org


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LEED (cont .)

Light control contributes significantly toward LEED certification . In fact, light control contributes to 6 out of the 7 LEED categories (all of them except Water Efficiency) . And light control and light control manufacturer services provide solutions that contribute to up to 40 of the 110 possible points in LEED-NC 2009 . That’s significant because you need a minimum of 40 points to achieve the LEED Certified level . See table below which summarizes the LEED credits to which light control contributes . See www .lutron .com/leed for more info .

LEED Credits that Light Control Contributes toCATEGORY CREDITSustainable Sites • Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt) Energy & Atmosphere • Commissioning (2 pts)

• Energy Performance (1-19 pts)• Measurement and Verification (3 pts)

Materials & Resources • Recycled Content (1-2 pts) Indoor Environmental Quality • Controllability of Systems (1 pt)

• Daylight & Views (2 pts) Innovation in Design • Innovation in Design (1-4 pts)

• LEED-AP (1 pt) Regional Priority • Varies by zip code (1-4 pts)


What’s Next?

The next generation of codes/standards will continue to push the envelope of energy efficiency and sustainability . Requirements expected in the upcoming versions of the codes/standards are:

• Controllable Lighting (Multiple Light Levels or Dimming): Title 24 2013 will require more light levels than ON/OFF . Most spaces using linear fluorescent lights will have to provide full continuous dimming or at least 5 different light levels including ON/OFF .

• Demand Responsive Lighting: Energy standards such as Title 24 2013 and the green building standards/codes will expand the requirements for demand responsive lighting (lighting that can shed load upon receiving a demand response signal) into more spaces and building types . Title 24 2013, for instance, is expected to require all the lighting in buildings larger than 10,000 square feet be capable of automatically shedding load by a minimum of 15% . Also, LEED 2012 will have a new credit for Demand Response .

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What’s Next? (cont .)• Automated Shading: ASHRAE 189 .1 2009 currently has requirements to use building

projections (e .g . louvers or light shelves) for reduced solar heat gain and for office space shading for glare control . Automated shades can be used for compliance . This is the first time any code or standard has allowed automated shades to comply with a requirement .

• Energy Monitoring: Energy monitoring is important today in green codes/standards but we should start seeing requirements for energy monitoring in energy codes such as ASHRAE 90 .1 2013 .

• Automatic Receptacle Control: We anticipate requirements for receptacle control in Title 24 2013 . ASHRAE 90 .1-2013 will likely require receptacle control in more spaces .

• Emergency Lighting Control: Lights designated for emergency use must be controlled by automatic shut-off similar to the general lighting .

• Lighting Quality Requirements: LEED and the green standards such as ASRHAE 189 .1 will have requirements for better lighting that improves indoor environmental quality . The requirements will include controllable lighting (i .e . personal light control) so that occupants can select the desired light level for their task at hand .

Other updated codes/standards are expected to be released in 2012, namely the ASHRAE 100 energy standard for existing buildings, and ASHRAE 90 .2 residential building energy standard .

Conclusion

Light controls play a vital role toward helping us meet the increasingly stringent energy and green code requirements; requirements which help our nation meet its energy conservation goals in an energy-starved world .

To find more information on light controls visit www .lutron .com . For more information on building energy codes and standards, visit www .energycodes .gov .

About the author

Michael Jouaneh is a Marketing Manager with Lutron, the world leader in light control solutions . His primary focus is on energy conservation and sustainability . He is active in the development of the nation’s top energy and green building codes/standards . And he is the author of several published articles, whitepapers, and case studies on high-performance green buildings . He is a frequent presenter at industry events, such as Lightfair International and Greenbuild . Michael is a Certified Energy Manager (CEM), LEED AP . He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from the University of Colorado, and an M .B .A . from Drexel University .



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Codes/Standards

Previous Generation of Energy Codes (ASHRAE 90.1-2007 or IECC 2009) All All IECC 2009 IECC 2009 All All All

Most Recent Energy Codes (ASHRAE 90.1-2010, IECC 2012, or CA Title 24 2008) All All 90.1-2010 All All All T24 2008 All All All 90.1-2010 All 90.1-2010 90.1-2010

Green Codes (ASHRAE 189.1-2009, ASHRAE 189.1-2011, or IgCC) All All IgCC 2012 All All All All All All All 189.1-2009 189.1-2011 189.1-2011 189.1-2011 189.1-2011 189.1-2011

Next Generation of Energy Codes (ASHRAE 90.1-2013, IECC 2015, or CA Title 24 2013) All All T24 2013 All All T24 2013 All All All All All 90.1-2013 All 90.1-2013 90.1-2013

Strategy

Bi-level Switching • • •Controllable Window Treatments • •Daylight Dimming • • • •Daylight Switching (multi-level) • • • •Daylight Switching (ON/OFF only) • • •Demand Responsive Lighting •Dimming • • •Energy Metering/Measurement •Field Service •High-end Trim/Tuning

Key Card Control •Load Shedding •Multi-level Occupancy Sensing (Auto-on/Partial-off) • • • • • • •Multi-level Occupancy Sensing (Partial-on/Auto-off) • • • • • • • •Occupancy Sensing (Auto-on/Auto-off) • • • • • •Personal Control • • •Plug-load Control •Preset Scene Control • • • •Scheduling • • •Switching (on/off) • • •Vacancy Sensing (Manual-on/Auto-off) • • • • •

Telephone: 610 .282 .3800International: +1 610 .282 .3800

World HeadquartersLutron Electronics Co ., Inc .7200 Suter RoadCoopersburg, PA 18036-1299 USA

© 11/2011 Lutron Electronics Co . Inc .P/N 367-2234 REV A

Questions? Contact: Michael Jouaneh, CEM,LEED AP Lutron Electronics Co ., Inc610 .282 .5350 officemjouaneh@lutron .com


Resources1 Based on the 2nd public review draft of the IgCC . The final version of IgCC is expected early in 2012 . 2 Control factor is limited to the wattage of workstation-specific luminaires in partitioned single occupant workspaces

contained within an open office environment (i .e . direct-indirect luminaires with separately controlled downlight and uplight components, with the downward component providing illumination to a single occupant in an open plan workstation) . Within 30 minutes of the occupant leaving the space, the downward component shall continuously dim to off over a minimum of 2 minutes . Upon the occupant entering the space, the downward component shall turn on at the minimum level and continuously raise the illumination to a preset level over a minimum of 30 seconds . The uplight component of workstation specific luminaire shall comply with section 9 .4 .1 .1 (automatic shutoff) .

3 In addition to the requirements described in footnote 2, the control shall allow the occupant to select their preferred light level via a personal computer, handheld device, or similarly accessible device located within the workstation .

Documents

Codes and Controls Commercial Building Energy Code Requirements