COEVOLUTION OF BLACK HOLES AND GALAXIESassets.cambridge.org/97805211/41567/frontmatter/...Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies Black holes are among the most mysterious objects

Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies

Black holes are among the most mysterious objects in the Universe.Weighing up to several billion Suns, massive black holes have long beensuspected to be the central powerhouses of energetic phenomena such asquasars. Recent advances in astronomy have not only provided spectacularproof of this long-standing paradigm, but also revealed the unexpectedresult that, far from being rare, exotic beasts, they inhabit the center ofvirtually all large galaxies. Candidate black holes have been identified inincreasingly large numbers of galaxies, both inactive and active, to thepoint where statistical studies are now possible. Recent work hashighlighted the close connection between the formation, growth, andevolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. This volumecontains the invited lectures from an international symposium that washeld to explore this exciting theme. With contributions from leadingauthorities in the field with diverse but interrelated observational andtheoretical expertise, this is a valuable review for professional astronomersand graduate students.

LUIS C. HO received his undergraduate education at Harvard Universityand his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California at Berkeley.He is currently a staff astronomer at the Carnegie Observatories, where heconducts research on black holes, accretion physics in galactic nuclei, andstar formation processes. He is the editor for this series.

This series of four books celebrates the Centennial of the CarnegieInstitution of Washington, and is based on a set of four special symposiaheld by the Observatories in Pasadena. Each symposium explored anastronomical topic of major historical and current interest at theObservatories, and each resulting book contains a set of comprehensive,authoritative review articles by leading experts in the field.

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Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics SeriesVolume 1

COEVOLUTION OFBLACK HOLES ANDGALAXIES

Edited by

L U I S C . H O




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Contents

Preface page xiiIntroduction xvList of Participants xviii

1 The stellar-dynamical search for supermassive black holes in galacticnucleiJohn Kormendy 1

1.1 Introduction 11.2 The History of BH Mass Measurements 41.3 How Robust Are Stellar-Dynamical BH Mass Estimates? 51.4 Are They Really Black Holes? 151.5 Conclusion 17

References 18

2 Black holes in active galaxiesAaron J. Barth 21

2.1 Introduction 212.2 Black Hole Masses from Dynamics of Ionized Gas Disks 232.3 Black Hole Masses from Observations of H2O Masers 292.4 Reverberation Mapping 312.5 Future Work and Some Open Questions 33

References 34

3 Intermediate-mass black holes in the Universe: a review of formationtheories and observational constraintsRoeland P. van der Marel 37

3.1 Introduction 373.2 Formation Theories 383.3 IMBHs: The Missing Baryonic Dark Matter? 423.4 Searches for Individual IMBHs 443.5 Concluding Remarks 49

References 49




vi Contents

4 The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky WayAndrea M. Ghez 53

4.1 Introduction 544.2 Proper Motion Measurements 554.3 Spectral Line Measurements 574.4 Discussion 594.5 Conclusions 64

References 65

5 The first nonlinear structures and the reionization history of theUniverseZoltán Haiman 67

5.1 Introduction 675.2 Theoretical Expectations 685.3 Observational Prospects 71

References 82

6 Adiabatic growth of massive black holesSteinn Sigurdsson 86

6.1 Introduction 866.2 Spherical Growth 896.3 Non-spherical Systems 936.4 Conclusions 99

References 99

7 Formation of supermassive black holes: simulations in general relativityStuart L. Shapiro 103

7.1 Introduction 1037.2 The Boltzmann Equation 1037.3 Numerical Relativity 1067.4 Collapse of a Rotating SMS to a SMBH 1067.5 Collapse of Collisionless Matter to a SMBH 1107.6 Conclusions and Final Thoughts 118

References 119

8 Gas-dynamical processes in dense nucleiCathie J. Clarke 122

8.1 Introduction 1228.2 The IMF and the Maximum Object Mass 1258.3 The Origin of the Characteristic Stellar Mass 1288.4 The Origin of the Upper End of the Power-law IMF 1308.5 The Highest Mass Stars 1338.6 Conclusions 135

References 136




Contents vii

9 Formation of massive black holes in dense star clustersFrederic A. Rasio, Marc Freitag, and M. Atakan Gürkan 138

9.1 Introduction 1389.2 Monte Carlo Simulations of Dense Star Cluster Dynamics 1429.3 Core Collapse in Young Star Clusters 1459.4 The Runaway Collision Process 145

References 152

10 Accretion onto black holesRoger D. Blandford 153

10.1 The Cosmological Context 15310.2 Modes of Disk Accretion 15410.3 Transport Mechanisms in Disks 15610.4 Adiabatic Accretion Models 16010.5 ADiabatic Inflow-Outflow Solutions 16110.6 Implications for Black Hole Growth 167

References 168

11 QSO lifetimesPaul Martini 169

11.1 Introduction 16911.2 The Net Lifetime 17111.3 Limits on Episodic Activity 17411.4 Future Prospects 17711.5 Summary 182

References 184

12 Fueling gas to the central region of galaxiesKeiichi Wada 186

12.1 Conventional Picture of the Fueling Problem 18612.2 The Fueling Flowchart and Its Revision 18712.3 Gas Dynamics in the Inner 100 pc 19212.4 Summary: Do We Need Triggers for Nuclear Activity? 197

References 200

13 The AGN-disk dynamics connectionJ. A. Sellwood and Juntai Shen 203

13.1 Introduction 20313.2 Gas Flow in a Simple Bar 20413.3 Nuclear Rings 20513.4 Double Bars 20613.5 Do Bars Feed AGNs? 20613.6 Dissolution of Bars 20713.7 Formation of Bars—a Tale of Two Halos 20913.8 SMBHs in Non-barred Galaxies 21313.9 Pseudo-bulges 214




viii Contents

13.10 Halo Mass Profiles 21413.11 Relation to Other Models of SMBH Formation 21413.12 Conclusions 215

References 217

14 Black holes and the central structure of early-type galaxiesTod R. Lauer 219

14.1 Introduction 21914.2 The Cores of Early-type Galaxies 22014.3 Core Formation and Black Holes 22514.4 Double Nuclei and Hollow Galaxies 22714.5 Desiderata 229

References 230

15 The inner properties of late-type galaxiesC. Marcella Carollo 231

15.1 Disk Galaxies: Recipe Still Missing 23115.2 First Fact: Complexity is the Rule 23315.3 News on Bulges 23415.4 News on Disks 23515.5 A Zoom on the Centers: Point Sources and Distinct Nuclei 23615.6 Future Challenges 23715.7 Concluding Remarks 245

References 246

16 Influence of black holes on stellar orbitsKarl Gebhardt 248

16.1 Introduction 24816.2 The Suite of Dynamical Models 24916.3 Results and Discussion 25716.4 The Future 259

References 260

17 Single and binary black holes and their influence on nuclear structureDavid Merritt 263

17.1 Introduction 26317.2 Preliminaries 26417.3 The Adiabatic Growth Model 26417.4 The Binary Black Hole Model 26717.5 N-Body Studies 27517.6 Observational Evidence for the Binary Black Hole Model 276

References 277

18 Supermassive black holes: demographics and implicationsDouglas Richstone 280

18.1 Introduction 280




Contents ix

18.2 Correlations of BH Mass with Main Body Galaxy Properties 28018.3 Are They Really BHs? 28218.4 The Density of BHs and of the AGN Background 28318.5 Supermassive BH Formation and Evolution 287

References 289

19 Black hole demography from nearby active galactic nucleiLuis C. Ho 292

19.1 Introduction 29219.2 Spectral Classification of Galactic Nuclei 29319.3 Spectroscopic Surveys of Nearby Galactic Nuclei 29919.4 Demographics of Nearby AGNs 30119.5 The Nature of LINERs 31119.6 Summary 318

References 319

20 The evolution of quasarsPatrick S. Osmer 324

20.1 Introduction and Background 32420.2 Observational Techniques, Selection Effects, and Surveys 32520.3 Evolution of the AGN Population 32820.4 Estimating Black Hole Masses 33320.5 Theoretical Considerations: How the Masses Grow 33420.6 Current Research Programs 33520.7 Next Steps 337

References 338

21 Quasar hosts and the black hole-spheroid connectionJames S. Dunlop 341

21.1 Introduction 34121.2 The Host Galaxies of Low-redshift Quasars 34221.3 The Black Hole-Spheroid Mass Ratio in Low-redshift Quasars 34821.4 Cosmological Evolution of the Black Hole-Spheroid Mass Ratio 35021.5 Future Prospects 356

References 356

22 Star formation in active galaxies: a spectroscopic perspectiveTimothy M. Heckman 358

22.1 Introduction 35822.2 Young Stars in Active Galactic Nuclei 36422.3 Young Stars in AGN Host Galaxies 36522.4 Summary 370

References 371

23 AGN feedback mechanismsMitchell C. Begelman 374




x Contents

23.1 Introduction 37423.2 Forms of Feedback 37423.3 Energy Budget 37823.4 AGN Feedback in Clusters 37923.5 Feedback and the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes 38523.6 Conclusions 386

References 387

24 Pieces of the galaxy formation puzzle: where do black holes fit in?Rachel S. Somerville 390

24.1 Introduction 39024.2 The Internal Structure of Dark Matter Halos 39124.3 Formation of Galactic Disks 39324.4 Radiative Cooling 39524.5 Star Formation and Feedback 39824.6 Conclusions 401

References 402

25 Joint formation of supermassive black holes and galaxiesMartin G. Haehnelt 405

25.1 Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Bulges 40525.2 The Assembly of SMBHs 40625.3 Hierarchical Galaxy Formation 40825.4 SMBHs in Hierarchically Merging Galaxies 41025.5 Early Evolution 41525.6 Open Questions 41825.7 Summary 418

References 419

26 The formation of spheroidal stellar systemsAndreas Burkert and Thorsten Naab 421

26.1 The Realm of Spheroids 42126.2 Rotating Spheroids 42426.3 Stellar Equilibrium Systems 42626.4 Fundamental Plane Relations 42726.5 The Formation of Elliptical Galaxies 43026.6 Conclusions 433

References 434

27 Massive black holes, gravitational waves, and pulsarsDonald C. Backer, Andrew H. Jaffe, and Andrea N. Lommen 438

27.1 Introduction 43827.2 MBH-MBH Coalescences in the Universe 43927.3 Gravitational Wave Detection and Pulsar Timing Experiments 44327.4 Conclusion 444

References 445




Contents xi

28 Obscured active galactic nuclei and obscured accretionAndrew C. Fabian 446

28.1 Introduction 44628.2 Obscured AGNs 44728.3 X-ray Constraints on the Radiative Growth of Massive Black Holes 44828.4 The Redshift Distribution of Obscured Sources 45228.5 Models for the Evolution of the XRB 45428.6 Some Comments on Fueling and Obscuration 45428.7 Contributions to the Far-infrared and Sub-mm Backgrounds 45628.8 Summary 457

References 457

29 Conference summaryP. Tim de Zeeuw 460

29.1 Introduction 46029.2 Black Hole Masses 46029.3 Black Hole Demography 46429.4 Black Hole Formation and Growth 46629.5 Black Holes and Galaxy Formation 46929.6 Challenges 470

References 470Credits 472




Preface

In 1902, Andrew Carnegie, a man of uncommon vision and philanthropy, bequeathed a siz-able sum to establish a scientific research organization whose purpose was “to encourage,in the broadest and most liberal manner, investigation, research, and discovery, and the ap-plication of knowledge to the improvement of mankind.” For the past century, the CarnegieInstitution of Washington has been a haven for many influential and creative scientists, cov-ering disciplines ranging from geophysics, earth and planetary science, cellular and geneticbiology, plant science, global ecology, and last, but not least, astronomy.

Astronomy has been a major part of the Institution almost from its inception, thanks topersistence and courage of another visionary, George Ellery Hale. Convinced that southernCalifornia had conditions favorable for astronomical observations, Hale persuaded Carnegiein 1904 to establish an observatory at Mount Wilson, located near Pasadena, California.There, Hale consecutively built the world’s next two largest telescopes, the 60-inch in 1908and the renowned 100-inch Hooker telescope in 1917. Arguably no other telescope sinceGalileo’s has had a more profound impact on astronomy—indeed in shaping our view ofhumankind’s footing in the cosmos—than those on Mount Wilson. Using the 60-inch tomap the distribution of globular clusters in the Milky Way, Harlow Shapley concluded thatour Galaxy was significantly larger than previously thought, and deduced that the Sun liesnot at the center of the Galaxy but in its remote outskirts. But the Universe proved to befar greater still. With the 100-inch Edwin Hubble established the extragalactic nature of“nebulae,” and therefore the existence of a multitude of galaxies beyond our own, followedby the discovery that the Universe is expanding. This was the birth of modern cosmology.Among the many other significant, if less sensational, advances attributable to the 100-inchincludes Walter Baade’s recognition of two distinct stellar populations, a concept central tothe subsequent development of stellar and galactic evolution.

The supremacy of the 100-inch was not eclipsed until the completion in 1948 of Hale’slast and most ambitious feat—the mighty 200-inch reflector at Mount Palomar. Althoughthe “Big Eye” was not finished before he died, Hale was chiefly responsible for securingthe funding for the project, and he was the main driving force behind its long, difficultconstruction. The accomplishments stemming from the 200-inch are too numerous andvaried to be recounted here. It suffices to say that the Palomar 200-inch, which was operatedin partnership with Caltech until 1980, has played a major role in ground-based opticalastronomy for the latter half of the twentieth century.

In search of more pristine skies and to gain access to the southern hemisphere, Carnegieastronomers in 1969 established the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile’s Atacama Desert,




Preface xiii

where they operate the Swope 1-meter and the du Pont 2.5-meter telescopes. However, inthe era of ever-increasing large telescopes, this was not enough. In the mid-1980’s, planswere under way for the design and construction of a pair of large optical telescopes at LasCampanas. The outcome—the twin 6.5-meter Magellan telescopes—is a collaboration be-tween Carnegie, University of Arizona, Harvard University, University of Michigan, andMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Both the Baade and Clay telescopes, each equippedwith state-of-the-art instrumentation, are now fully functional. Though nominally smallerthan the current generation of 8–10 meter-class telescopes, Magellan is every bit as compet-itive thanks to its superb image quality and wide field-of-view.

Headquartered at 813 Santa Barbara Street, Carnegie Observatories presently supportsa small, but distinguished group of about two dozen scientific staff members and postdoc-toral fellows, along with a sizable group of engineers and instrument scientists who areresponsible for technical developments. The research interests at the Observatories are di-verse, ranging from observational cosmology to galaxy formation and evolution, large-scalestructure, the intergalactic medium, stellar populations, stellar chemical composition, su-pernovae, star clusters, black holes, and accretion processes in galactic nuclei. In keepingwith the tradition of the Observatories, some of staff devote considerable effort buildinginnovative instruments for the telescopes.

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of Carnegie Observatories. Westand at an important crossroad. To be sure, we glance back at our accomplishments of thepast century with significant pride. But we are also confronted with many challenges for theyears ahead, for our discipline is constantly driven by larger and more ambitious telescopeenterprises, which carry sky-rocketing price tags and daunting technological hurdles. Whilethe future success of a research institution, no matter how distinguished its past, should notbe taken for granted, in reflecting on Carnegie’s legacy in astronomy we cannot help butdraw from it a measure of inspiration and optimism.

To commemorate our Centennial, we thought it would be fitting to host a series of scien-tific meetings, organized by Carnegie astronomers, on a range of topics that both celebratesCarnegie’s past astronomical contributions and recognizes its current, diverse research in-terests. In the end, we organized four international-level meetings, held in Pasadena, fromFall 2002 to Winter 2003. The Carnegie Observatories Centennial Symposia covered thefollowing topics: (1) Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies (hosted by Luis Ho; 20–25 October 2002), (2) Measuring and Modeling the Universe (hosted by Wendy Freedman;17–22 November 2002), (3) Clusters of Galaxies: Probes of Cosmological Structure andGalaxy Evolution (hosted by John Mulchaey, Alan Dressler, and Gus Oemler; 27–31 Jan-uary 2003), and (4) Origin and Evolution of the Elements (hosted by Andy McWilliam andMichael Rauch; 16–21 February 2003). The meetings were very well attended, and, by mostmeasures, highly successful.

To complement the Symposia, we have planned from the outset to use the invited papersto compile a set of volumes of sufficiently high standards to have lasting value as an au-thoritative reference, one that potentially can be used for graduate-level course work. Toachieve this goal, we have subjected each contribution to a battery of quality controls atyp-ical for conventional conference proceedings; this includes a formal peer-review process,careful editing by the scientific organizers, and final scrutiny and copy-editing by the serieseditor. The product of this exercise is the first four volumes of the Carnegie ObservatoriesAstrophysics Series.




xiv Preface

An undertaking of this scope would not have been possible without the help of many peo-ple. First and foremost, I would like to thank the organizers of the Symposia and editors ofthis Series, my colleagues Wendy Freedman, John Mulchaey, Alan Dressler, Gus Oemler,Andy McWilliam, and Michael Rauch, for allowing me to twist their arms into this zanyventure. Paul Martini helped me through many queries on how to set up HTML pages andtroubleshoot Latex class files. There were myriad details associated with the local organiza-tion, from seemingly trivial items like how many cookies to order for coffee breaks to majorones like securing a venue, all necessary for the successful execution of the meetings. Theywere handled patiently and efficiently by Karen Gross during the initial phase, and later bySilvia Hutchison and Becky Lynn. I am most grateful for their assistance. I also appreciatethe help of the facilities staff, especially Steve Wilson, Scott Rubel, Earl Harris, and GregOrtiz, who worked hard to set up the technical logistics and to ensure the smooth operationof the audio-visual equipment. Lastly, I thank P Street for their financial support to helpcover the cost overrun incurred for the meetings.

Luis C. HoCarnegie ObservatoriesJanuary 2004




Introduction

Few subjects in astronomy capture the popular imagination like black holes. Black holes andtheir varied manifestations as active galaxies certainly occupy the attention of a large seg-ment of the current astronomical community. While Carnegie’s involvement in this subjectmay not be widely known, the fact is that it has had a long historical connection to this field.Following the initial work by Edward Fath at Lick Observatory in 1908 and by Vesto Slipherat Lowell Observatory in 1917, Edwin Hubble himself noted in 1926 the unusual nature ofthe emission-line spectrum in NGC 1068, NGC 4051, and NGC 4151. But it was really the1943 paper by Carl Seyfert, based on observations obtained at Mount Wilson, which firstsystematically studied the class of active galaxies that today bear his name, although thesignificance of this work remained unrecognized for some time to come.

Carnegie’s role in the early development of AGN research was most pronounced afterWorld War II, when advances in radio astronomy led to the discovery of extragalactic ra-dio sources. In the ensuing period, much of the community with access to large opticaltelescopes was keen on obtaining optical identifications of these mysterious sources. AtCarnegie, the early effort was led by Rudolf Minkowski and Walter Baade, and subsequentlyby Allan Sandage and his colleagues. Sandage’s extensive work on optical identification andspectroscopy of radio sources led to the discovery of a large population of radio-quiet objectsthat show an ultraviolet excess.

Once the redshift puzzle of quasars was solved in 1963 by Maarten Schmidt and JesseGreenstein, it was thereafter quickly realized that the quasar phenomenon most likely drawsits power from the gravitational energy of a massive collapsed object—a massive black hole.There is just too much energy coming out of too tiny a volume for anything else to be vi-able. In the 1970s, Jerome Kristian, working with Peter Young and others at Caltech, wasone of the first to search for supermassive objects in the centers of giant elliptical galaxies.Kristian’s work on quasar host galaxies was also very much a forerunner to what has be-come a lively pursuit. In more recent times, a number of Carnegie astronomers have alsobeen involved in various aspects of black hole and AGN research. Some of the notableexamples include Ray Weymann’s seminal contributions on quasar absorption-line systemsand quasar outflows, Alan Dressler’s mass determination for the nuclei of M31 and M32,Pat McCarthy’s multifaceted work on radio galaxies, and John Mulchaey’s investigations onSeyfert galaxies and AGN fueling.

While it has long been suspected that massive black holes and nuclear activity are some-how related to galaxy formation and evolution, it is fair to say that until recently very fewpeople realized the depth of the interconnection. Most of the practitioners in these sub-




xvi Introduction

fields belong to communities that rarely overlapped. Though AGN research commands astrong following, it has had a somewhat checkered reputation in the broader community as alargely phenomenological endeavor, too often preoccupied with taxonomy. AGNs are usefulfor exploring some aspects of relativistic and high-energy astrophysics, and they make goodbackground probes for absorption-line work, but beyond that they are really not that relevantto mainstream work on “normal” galaxies. Such is often the prejudice.

There has been a refreshing change of attitude in the last few years, which is largely trig-gered, I think, by the persuasive evidence that massive black holes are not only common butevidently tightly coupled to the life-cycle of galaxies. The term “normal galaxy” is woefullyinadequate. Most respectable-sized galaxies, we now suspect, come naturally endowed witha massive central black hole, whose mass—somehow— has an uncanny familiarity with thelarge-scale properties of its host galaxy. A symbiotic relationship between black hole growthand galaxy assembly seems inescapable. As black holes grow through accretion, they ignitebriefly as AGNs of many flavors, dumping radiation and kinetic energy into their host galax-ies, and perhaps beyond. The cumulative deposition of accretion energy lights up the sky inX-rays. Black holes inspiral during galaxy mergers; some may coalesce, generating grav-itational radiation. The landscape for observational and theoretical astrophysics has neverbeen so rich.

Given these healthy developments, it seemed opportune to convene a meeting to bring to-gether specialists working on different but interrelated subjects concerning black holes andgalaxies. I had tried such an experiment before, in a 1998 meeting in Nagoya, Japan, en-titled The AGN-Galaxy Connection, which I co-organized with Anne Kinney and HenriqueSchmitt. The justification was strong then, and it is even stronger now.

On the occasion of the Centennial of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, CarnegieObservatories hosted a series of four astrophysics symposia in Pasadena, from Fall 2002 toWinter 2003. The first of these symposia, Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies, washeld on 20–25 October 2002. By most accounts, it was a somewhat unusual, but highlyeffective gathering, which brought together people with very different backgrounds, in anintense but lively atmosphere. A total of 28 invited speakers covered topics ranging fromblack hole searches to formation and fueling mechanisms of black holes, gas-dynamicalprocesses, dynamical evolution of dense stellar systems, the central and global structuresof galaxies, binary black holes, gravitational radiation, AGN statistics, galaxy formation,AGN feedback, reionization, and the X-ray background. At least 100 other participantsgave contributed talks or presented posters.

This book contains the review papers based on the presentations of the invited speakers,which forms the first volume of the Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. (The con-tributed papers are published separately in electronic form at the Carnegie web site.) I amhappy to say that these papers are of exceptionally high quality. As explained in the Preface,it has been my intention from the outset that the Series should aim for a high standard ofscholarship, to ensure that the contributions contained therein would have a lasting impact.I am most grateful to all the authors for the enormous effort they have invested in conscien-tiously preparing the manuscripts, and for agreeing to have them subjected to a peer-review




Introduction xvii

process and to entrust them to my editorial oversight. I can only hope that they agree thattheir efforts have been worthwhile.

Luis C. HoCarnegie ObservatoriesJanuary 2004




List of Participants

Agol, Eric Caltech, USAAlexander, Tal The Weizmann Institute of Science, IsraelAmaro-Seoane, Pau Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, GermanyArmitage, Philip University of Colorado, USAAsada, Keiichi The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, JapanAxon, Dave University of Hertfordshire, UKBacker, Donald U. C. Berkeley, USABarth, Aaron Caltech, USABarthel, Peter Kapteyn Institute, NetherlandsBegelman, Mitch JILA/University of Colorado, USABender, Peter JILA/University of Colorado, USABlandford, Roger Caltech, USABurbidge, Geoffrey U.C. San Diego, USABurkert, Andreas Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Heidelberg, GermanyCappellari, Michele Leiden Observatory, Leiden, NetherlandsCappi, Massimo TeSRE-CNR, Bologna, ItalyCarollo, Marcella ETH-Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandCavaliere, Alfonso Univ. Roma Tor Vergata, ItalyCelotti, Annalisa S.I.S.S.A., ItalyChornock, Ryan U. C. Berkeley, USAClarke, Cathie Cambridge University, UKColpi, Monica University of Milano Bicocca, ItalyCretton, Nicolas European Southern Observatory, GermanyCruz, Fidel UNAM, Mexicode Zeeuw, Tim Leiden Observatory, Leiden, NetherlandsDressel, Linda Space Telescope Science Institute, USADunlop, James University of Edinburgh, UKEmsellem, Eric Observatoire de Lyon, FranceErwin, Peter Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, SpainEscala, Andres Yale University, USAFabian, Andy Cambridge University, UKFall, S. Mike Space Telescope Science Institute, USA




List of Participants xix

Falomo, Renato Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, ItalyFan, Xiaohui Institute of Advanced Studies, USAFilho, Mercedes Kapteyn Institute, NetherlandsFloyd, David University of Edinburgh, UKFreitag, Marc Caltech, USAGallagher, Sarah Penn State University, USAGebhardt, Karl University of Texas, Austin, USAGerhard, Ortwin University of Basel, SwitzerlandGerssen, Jouris Space Telescope Science Institute, USAGezari, Suvi Columbia University, USAGhez, Andrea UCLA, USAGorjian, Varoujan JPL, Pasadena, USAGraham, Alister University of Florida, USAGranato, Gian Luigi Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, ItalyGreen, Richard NOAO, USAGreene, Jenny Harvard University, USAHaehnelt, Martin Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UKHaiman, Zoltan Princeton University, USAHao, Lei Princeton University, USAHayashida, Kiyoshi Osaka University, JapanHeckman, Timothy Space Telescope Science Institute, USAHeidt, Jochen Landessternwarte Heidelberg, GermanyHo, Luis Carnegie Observatories, USAHoriuchi, Shinji JPL, Pasadena, USAHosokawa, Takashi Kyoto University, JapanHuang, JieHao Nanjing University, ChinaHughes, Mark University of Hertfordshire, UKHutchings, John HIA, CanadaJarvis, Matt Leiden University, NetherlandsJian, Hung-Yu National Taiwan University, TaiwanJones, Dayton JPL, Pasadena, USAKalogera, Vicky Northwestern University, USAKauffmann, Guinevere MPA, Garching, GermanyKawakatu, Nozomu University of Tsukuba, JapanKollatschny, Wolfram University Goettingen, GermanyKomossa, Stefanie Max-Planck-Institut fuer extraterrestrische Physik, GermanyKormendy, John University of Texas, Austin, USAKukula, Marek University of Edinburgh, UKLacy, Mark IPAC, Pasadena, USALaine, Seppo Space Telescope Science Institute, USALauer, Tod NOAO, USALu, Youjun Princeton University, USAMaciejewski, Wiltold Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, ItalyMacMillan, Joseph Queen’s University, CanadaMalkan, Matt UCLA, USAMaoz, Dani Tel-Aviv University, IsraelMarchesini, Danilo S.I.S.S.A., ItalyMarconi, Alessandro Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy




xx List of Participants

Markowitz, Alex UCLA, Los Angeles, USAMartini, Paul Carnegie Observatories, USAMatsumoto, Hironori Kyoto University, JapanMcLure, Ross Oxford University, UKMeier, David JPL, Pasadena, USAMerritt, David Rutgers University, USAMiller, Mark JPL, Pasadena, USAMilosavljevic, Milos Rutgers University, USANakamura, Masanori JPL, Pasadena, USANelson, Charles Drake University, USANewman, Peter Apache Point Observatory/NMSU, USANoel-Storr, Jacob Columbia University, USANovak, Gregory U. C., Santa Cruz, USAOhsuga, Ken Kyoto University, JapanOshlack, Alicia University of Melbourne, AustraliaOsmer, Patrick Ohio State University, USAPanessa, Francesca TeSRE-CNR, Bologna, ItalyPeng, Chien Steward Observatory, USAPeterson, Bradley Ohio State University, USAPetric, Andreea Columbia University, USAPhinney, Sterl Caltech, USARasio, Fred Northwestern University, USARavindranath, Swara Carnegie Observatories, USARector, Travis NRAO, USARich, R. Michael UCLA, USARichstone, Douglas University of Michigan, USASadler, Elaine University of Sydney, AustraliaSarzi, Marc University Durham, UKSchinnerer, Eva NRAO, USAScoville, Nick Caltech, USASellwood, Jerry Rutgers University, USAShankar, Francesco S.I.S.S.A., ItalyShapiro, Stuart University of Illinois, USASheinis, Andrew U. C., Santa Cruz, USAShen, Juntai Rutgers University, USAShields, Joe Ohio University, USASigurdsson, Steinn Penn State University, USASomerville, Rachel University of Michigan, USAStrateva, Iskra Princeton University, USASzuszkiewicz, Ewa University of Szczecin, PolandUmemura, Masayuki University of Tsukuba, JapanUlvestad, James NRAO, USAvan Breugel, Wil LLNL, USAvan der Marel, Roeland Space Telescope Science Institute, USAVerdoes Kleijn, Gijs Space Telescope Science Institute, USAVestergaard, Marianne Ohio State University, USAViollier, Raoul Inst. Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, South AfricaWada, Keiichi National Astronomical Observatory, Japan




List of Participants xxi

Walcher, Jakob Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Heidelberg, GermanyWandel, Amri The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelWang, Yiping Purple Mountain Observatory, ChinaYu, Qingjuan CITA, CanadaYuan, Chi ASIAA, Taiwan







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COEVOLUTION OF BLACK HOLES AND GALAXIESassets.cambridge.org/97805211/41567/frontmatter/...Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies Black holes are among the most mysterious objects