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Integrated Communication Systems Group Ilmenau University of Technology
Cognitive Radio Networks
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Outline
2
• Introduction
• Cognitive Radio Technology − Spectrum Sensing − Spectrum Management − Spectrum Mobility − Spectrum Sharing
• Cognitive MAC Protocols
• Software Defined Radio • Conclusions
• Example From ICS Research • References
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Introduction
3
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Introduction
• Limited spectrum • Inefficiency in spectrum usage
– Utilization of the assigned licensed spectrum varies between 15% and 85%
• A new technology is required to enable better utilization of unused licensed spectrum
Cognitive radio technology
4
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Cognitive Radio Technology
5
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
What is a Cognitive Radio
• Definitions – Federal Communications Commission Definition: a cognitive
radio is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the environment in which it operates
– Mitola Definition: the cognitive radio identifies the point at which wireless PDAs and the related networks are sufficiently computationally intelligent on the subject of radio resources and related computer-to-computer communications − to detect user communication needs as a function of use context, and − to provide radio resources and wireless services most appropriate to
those needs
6
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
What is a Cognitive Radio
• Characteristics – Cognitive capability: the capability of the radio technology of
capturing or sensing information from its radio environment (monitoring the power in some frequency band)
– Reconfigurability: the ability of the radio to be dynamically
programmable according to the radio environment (transmission and receipt of data on a variety of frequencies and using various radio access technologies)
7
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
What Should Cognitive Radio Enable to Do?
• Determination of unused portion of spectrum (spectrum holes or white space)
• Selection of the best available channel
• Coordination of the access with other users
• Detection of the appearance of licensed users vacate the channel
8
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Cognitive Radio Terminology
• Primary networks – Networks with access right to certain spectrum bands, e.g. common
cellular systems and TV broadcast networks – Users of these networks are referred to as primary users. They have
the right to operate in licensed spectrum – Users of certain primary network do not care of other primary or
secondary network users
• Secondary networks – Do not have license to operate in the spectrum band – Opportunistic spectrum access (i.e. Dynamic Spectrum Access) – Users of these networks are referred to as secondary users. They
have no right to access licensed bands currently used – Additional functionalities are required to share licensed spectrum
bands with other secondary or primary networks
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Cognitive Radio Network Architecture
10
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Cognition Cycle
Spectrum Decision
Spectrum Sharing
Spectrum Sensing
Spectrum Mobility
Radio environment
Spectrum characterizations
RF stimuli
Spectrum hole Channel
capacity
Transmitted signal
Decision request
Primary user detection
11
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sensing
12
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sensing
• Spectrum sensing is determined as the capability of detection of spectrum holes
Spectrum Sensing
Transmitter Detection
Cooperative Detection
Interference - Based
Detection
Matched Filter Detection
Energy Detection
Cyclostationary Feature Detection
13
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Transmitter Detection
• Location of primary receiver is not known (no signaling between primary and secondary users) detection of the weak signal from a primary transmitter through local observations of secondary users
• Mechanisms − Matched filter detection − Energy detection − Cyclostationary feature detection
14
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Transmitter Detection
− Matched filter detection − Optimal detector when all information of the primary user signal is
known (it maximizes the received signal-to-noise ratio) − Produces poor performance if primary users information not known
− Energy detection − Used if primary users information not known
− Cyclostationary feature detection − Mean and autocorrelation of modulated signals exhibit periodicity
(modulated signals are coupled normally with sine wave carriers, pulse trains, repeating spreading, etc.)
− Differentiates noise from modulated signal (noise is a wide-sense stationary signal with no correlation)
− Computationally complex and requires long observation time
15
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Transmitter Detection
• Primary and secondary networks are physically separated transmitter detection can not avoid interference due to the lack of the primary receiver‘s information
• Even if the secondary user has a line of sight to the transmitter, the secondary user may not be able to detect the transmitter, e.g. due to shadowing, etc.
• Can not prevent hidden terminal problem
Primary user
Secondary user
Transmitter
Primary transmitter range
Can not detect transmitter
Interference
Secondary transmitter range
Interference
16
Can not detect transmitter
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Cooperative Detection
• Incorporating information from multiple secondary users to detect primary users
• Clasified into – Centralized cooperative detection
− Controlled mostly by cognitive BSs − Cognitive BS collects sensing information from all secondary users it
serves and detects spectrum holes − Distributed cooperative detection
− No centralized infrastructure − Observations are exchanged among secondary users
• More accurate detection than that based on single secondary user
observations, e.g. transmitter detection. Moreover, multi-path fading and shadowing effects are mitigated
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Interference-Based Detection
• Interference takes place at the receiver side (i.e. the receiver is disrupted). However, it is controlled at the transmitter side, e.g. using power control, etc.
• Interference temperature is well-known example – Regulate received power instead of transmitted power
Orginal noise floor
Secondary users are allowed to communicate as long as they do not
produce more interference than this
limit
Licensed signal
New opportunities for spectrum access
Minimum service range with
interference cap
Service range at orginal noise floor Power at receiver
18
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Challenges
• Interference temperature measurement – Secondary users are aware of their locations and transmission power.
They are not aware of primary users locations – Currently, no practical way for a cognitive radio to measure or
estimate the interference temperature at neighbor primary users • Spectrum sensing in multi-user networks
– Multi-user environment makes it more difficult to sense primary users (secondary networks coexist with each other as well as with primary networks)
– Cooperative detection can be considered as possible solution for such environments
• Detection capability – Detection of primary users in very short time is essential – OFDM-based secondary users are best adequate (multi-carrier
sensing can be exploited)
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Decision
20
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Managing Available Spectrum
• Spectrum bands are spread over wide frequency range including licensed and unlicensed bands
• Radio environment characteristics show fast and mostly not predictable variation over time
• Secondary users have to select the best spectrum band meeting their QoS requirements spectrum management functions are required
• Spectrum management includes following steps 1. Getting data from spectrum sensing 2. Performing spectrum analysis 3. Finally making a spectrum decision
21
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Analysis
• Characterizes sensed spectrum holes to obtain the band appropriate for user’s requirements
• Characteristics of spectrum holes – Interference
− Some spectrum bands are more crowded than others − Based on the interference at primary receivers, the allowed sending
power of secondary user can be derived channel capacity is estimated − Path loss
− Path loss increases as frequency increases. To retain the capacity when switching to higher frequency, sending power should be increased more interference produced
− Wireless link errors − Modulation scheme and interference affect strongly the error rate
− Link layer delay − Affected by the interference, path loss, etc.
− Holding time − Expected time duration the secondary user can occupy the channel
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Decision Entity or CR Engine
• Once spectrum bands are characterized, the band best meeting QoS requirements should be selected spectrum decision function should be aware of QoS requirements of current ongoing applications
• Spectrum decision rules are required
• QoS requirements for secondary user – Data rate – Acceptable error rate – Delay – ...
23
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Challenges
• Decision Model – Development of suitable decision rules that consider spectrum bands
characters is until now an open issue
• Multiple spectrum band decision – In case secondary users are capable of using multiple channels for
transmission simultaneously, it is important to determine the number of spectrum bands available and select the bands appropriately
• Spectrum decision over heterogeneous spectrum bands – Support spectrum decision operations on both licensed and
unlicensed bands is challenging
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Mobility
25
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Mobility
• The process when a secondary user changes its frequency of operation, also called spectrum handoff
• Reasons - Operating channel becomes worse - Primary user wants to communicate on the channel - User movements (available spectrum bands change)
• Requirements
- Low latency - Transparence to upper layers protocols if possible - No impairments on ongoing applications (ideal case)
• Multi-layer mobility management is required with which protocols
of many layers cooperate to support mobility, 26
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Mobility - Cycle
27
Derived from Christian et al. „Spectrum Mobility in Cognitive Radio Networks”
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Challenges
• Smooth spectrum mobility schemes
• Synchronization between protocols of many layers and possibly with applications to support smooth spectrum handoffs (e.g. applications or protocols switch from operation mode to another upon prediction of a spectrum handoff, etc.)
• Support of horizontal (changing channels while staying in the same secondary network) and vertical handoffs (between secondary networks)
• Performing spectrum handoffs to maintain QoS requirements satisfied
28
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sharing
29
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sharing
• Considered similar to Medium Access Control (MAC) issue in existing systems. However, different challenges arise due to – Coexistence with licensed users – Wide range of available spectrum
• Spectrum sharing steps
– Spectrum sensing: detect unused spectrum holes – Spectrum allocation: allocation of possible target channels based on
spectrum sensing results and allocation policies – Spectrum access: coordination of access to the allocated channel to
avoid collisions – Transmitter-receiver handshake: negotiation of communication
channel between sender and receiver – Spectrum mobility: enable continuous communication between
sender and receiver in spite of primary user appearance on the used channel
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sharing Techniques 1/3
Spectrum sharing techniques are classified according to • Architecture
– Centralized - Centralized entity controls the spectrum allocation and access - Secondary users do observations and report to the centralized entity,
which creates spectrum allocation map – Distributed
- Applied when construction of infrastructure is not possible or not preferable
- Each node is responsible for the spectrum allocation
31
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sharing Techniques 2/3
• Spectrum allocation behavior – Cooperative
- Observation results of each node are shared with other nodes spectrum allocation is done based on these measurements
- These techniques result in better spectrum utilization at the cost of considerable signaling between nodes
– Non-cooperative (selfish) - Each node does its observations and allocates its spectrum band - These techniques result in reduced spectrum utilization. However, they
may be practical for certain applications or situations
32
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Spectrum Sharing Techniques 3/3
• Spectrum access technology – Interweave spectrum sharing (sometimes called “overlay” in the non-
information-theoretic literature) - Secondary nodes access spectrum holes not used by primary networks
Interference to primary users is minimized – Underlay spectrum sharing
- Based on spread spectrum techniques developed for cellular networks - After acquiring spectrum allocation map, secondary users begin sending,
so that their transmission power is regarded as noise by licensed users - Overlay spectrum sharing
- Cooperation with the primary transmission - SUs devote part of its transmit power to enhance the primary signal - Interference level may be increased
33
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Intra/Inter-Network Spectrum Sharing
• Inter-network spectrum sharing – Centralized inter-network spectrum sharing: secondary networks
organize cooperatively the spectrum allowed to be accessed by users of each secondary network, e.g. by means of central spectrum policy server, etc.
– Distributed inter-network spectrum sharing: BSs of secondary networks compete to allocate spectrum holes
Inter-network spectrum sharing
Intra-network spectrum sharing
Secondary user
(operator1) Secondary
user (operator2)
34
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Cognitive Radio MAC Protocols
35
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Classification
Cognitive Radio (CR) MAC Protocols
Random Access MAC Protocols
Time Slotted MAC Protocols Hybrid MAC Protocols
(Partially time slotted and
partially random access)
(CSMA/CA-like random access for control packets
and data)
(Time synchronized control and data
slots)
Sing
le
Rad
io
Mul
ti R
adi
o
SCA-MAC HC-MAC DOSS DSA-MAC
C-MAC
OS-MAC
SYN-MAC
Sing
le
Rad
io
CR
Cen
tral
ized
M
AC
CR
Ad
Hoc
M
AC
CSMA-MAC
IEEE 802.22
DSA Driven MAC
36
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Classification
• Classified according to the access method into – Random access MAC protocols
− No need for time synchronization − Based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
– Time slotted MAC protocols − Need for network-wide synchronization − Time is divided into slots for both control and data channels
– Hybrid MAC protocols − Partially slotted transmission, in which
– Signaling generally occurs over synchronized time slots – Data transmission may have random channel access schemes without time synchronization
• Classified according to the architecture into
– CR centralized MAC − Central entity manages, synchronizes and coordinates operations among secondary
users – CR Ad Hoc MAC
− No central entity, neighbors cooperate to gain access to available channels
37
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Challenges
• Common control channel (CCC) – Tasks
− Transmitter-receiver handshake − Communication with a central entity organizing the spectrum allocation − Sensing information exchange
– Problems − Fixed CCC is infeasible (CCC must be vacated when a primary user appears on it) − CCC for all users seems to be topology-dependent, thus CCC varies over time − If no CCC is allocated, transmitter-receiver handshake becomes a challenge
• Dynamic radio range – Radio range and characteristics change with operating frequency CCC
must be selected carefully (better to select CCC in lower spectrum bands and data channels in higher ones)
• Spectrum unit – Existing techniques consider channel as the basic spectrum unit. As known,
channel may be time slot, frequency, code, etc.
38
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
CSMA-MAC Protocol
Busy
Busy
RTS RTS CTS Data
RTS CTS Data CRN
PS
Carrier sense(ts)
Primary System (PS) Cognitive Radio Network (CRN)
(a)
Busy
Busy
RTS RTS CTS Data
RTS Collision
CRN
PS
Carrier sense(ts)
(b)
Busy
Busy
RTS RTS
RTS CTS Data CRN
PS
Carrier sense(ts)
(c)
Busy
Busy RTS CTS Data CRN
PS
Carrier sense(ts)
(d)
Channel is free
Still no successfull transmisssion
39
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
CSMA-MAC Protocol
• Case (a): CRN out of the range of PS – Primary user gains the access to the channel and sends its data – Secondary user senses the channel for a period ts – The secondary user finds the channel vacant (assuming the primary and
secondary users are separated by a large distance) – The secondary user gains access to the channel and sends its data
• Case (b): CRN in the range of PS but not of the PS transmitter – RTS packet sent by the secondary user experiences collision – The secondary user waits for the next transmission opportunity after repeating
the previous sensing process • Case (c): PS experiences internal collision
– Primary user sends repeated RTS packets. However, a collision incurs each time
– Secondary user can start transmission • Case (d): Channel is not used by PS
– Primary user has no packets to send, thus the channel is free – Secondary user can start transmission
40
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
SYN-MAC Protocol
A B C D E F
2 2
4 4
1 1 2
5
3
5 4 4 3 3
1 1
Ch1
Ch2
Ch3
Ch4
Ch5
Slot for Ch1
Slot for Ch2
Slot for Ch3
Slot for Ch5
Slot for Ch4
RTS1 CTS1 Data
IE
Primary user active
IE
Available channels
RTS CTS DATA Information Event (IE) Backoff 41
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
SYN-MAC Protocol
• Time is divided into fixed-time intervals (slots) • Each time slot is dedicated to one channel • Each node has two radios, one for listening to control messages and one
for sending data • C wants to send data to D
– Each node knows the available channel sets of their neighbors – Channels 1 and 5 are common – C chooses Ch1 for transmission and starts negotiation over it using RTS/CTS – Once negotiation is successful, data transmission takes place on Ch1
• B observes that primary user of Ch 4 has returned – B knows that it can reach its neighbors (A and C) through Ch2 – B waits for the time slot which represents Ch2 – B sends Information Events (IE) control message with its new channel list – Nodes A and C, on receiving this information learn that node B will not be
available on Ch 4 • E applies the same procedure as B to notify D and F that Ch 4 is removed
from its channels list
42
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
CR Standards
43
IEEE 802.11af Super Wi-Fi (Feb. 2014)
IEEE 802.22 (July 2011)
TV white space spectrum in the VHF and UHF, 54 – 790 MHz, OFDM
Cognitive sensing, flexible adjustment of bandwidth, modulation, power and coding
Database driven approach: Access granted by Geolocation DataBase (GDB) Local sensing is used in certain special cases Up to 1 km, 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels
30-100 km, 19 Mbit/s for 6 MHz channels
Access points (AP) and stations Base stations (BS) and customer-premises equipment (CPE)
Wireless local area network (WLAN) Wireless regional area network (WRAN)
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program 44
Software Defined Radio
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Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Practical Realization of a CR or DSA?
• Requirements: – Capturing or sensing the radio environment
– Reason about the observation
– Adjusting own behavior accordingly Flexibility and reconfigurability
45
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Traditional Radio Design
• Designed with concrete applications in mind • Tailored to fixed requirements and operating conditions • Highly optimized off-the-shelf and application-specific components • Optimized for cost, energy-efficiency, and performance • Static design: modifications impossible after fabricated
46
Source: http://de.slideshare.net/kmrvimal/sdrxx
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Idea: Software Defined Radio
• Reconfigurability by means of reprogrammable software • Implement only most necessary things in HW • Instead of HW components use DSPs, FPGAs, or GPPs • Term Software Defined Radio also coined by Mitola • Ideal SDR:
47
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Practical Software Defined Radio
48
Source: Wikipedia
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
SDR Hardware
• Ranging between 10€ to 20000€
• Examples: – Ettus Research USRP family
– HackRF
– BladeRF
– DVB-T dongles
– Sound card
– …
49
Source: nuand.com, ettus.com, wimo.com
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
SDR Software
• Plain C/C++
• GNU Radio (Python and C++)
• Iris (C++)
• Matlab / LabVIEW
• ..
50
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
SDR Application Examples
• Spectrum analyzer – gqrx
• GSM/LTE Base station/UE
• ADS-B Receiver
• IEEE 802.11/802.15.4 Transceiver • WebSDR (www.websdr.org)
• …
51
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program 52
Example from ICS Research Flexible Link Layer Architecture
for Adapting MAC Behaviour by André Puschmann
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Motivation
Reference: TDMA Protocol Requirements for Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE 2008
53
TDMA CSMA/CA
Power consumption Low High
Bandwidth utilization Maximum Low
Preferred traffic level High Low
Dynamics (network change)
Poor Good
Effect of packet failure High (latency) Low
Synchronization Crucial -
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Flexible Link Layer Architecture
General Features: • Multiple configurations • Component reuse • Complexity reduction • Reuse of existing MACs • Separated control logic
Adaptive (Hybrid) MAC: • Frame Error Rate (FER) /
Channel Busy Fraction (CBF) switching metric
[1] Puschmann et al., “A Component-based Approach for Constructing Flexible Link-Layer Protocols“, CROWNCOM 2013, Washington DC, USA.
54
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Results
• Gain:
55
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
Conclusions
• Cognitive radio technology enables better utilization of unused licensed spectrum – Basic idea
− Allocation of an unused spectrum band − Utilization of the allocated band for communication as long as no primary
user appears on this band or no interference produced for primary users working around
– Requirements − Fast and accurate spectrum sensing equipment as well as mechanisms − Adequate spectrum decision approaches − Seamless spectrum mobility techniques − Efficient spectrum sharing methods
– However − Lots of new open issues and challenges to solve
• IEEE 802.22, IEEE 802.11af are standards for cognitive radio networks
56
Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
References
Cognitive Radio Technology, Spectrum Sensing, Management, Mobility and Sharing • I.F. Akyildiz, W.Y. Lee, M.C. Vuran, S. Mohanty, “NeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio
Wireless Networks: A Survey”, Computer Networks Journal, 2006 • S. Haykin, “Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, 2005 • H. Arslan “Cognitive radio, software defined radio, and adaptive wireless systems”, Springer, 2007 • J.J. Mitola, “Cognitive Radio - An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio”, Doctoral thesis,
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teleinformatics, ISSN 1403 ISSN 1403 – 5286. 5286, Stockholm, 2000 Cognitive MAC Protocols • A. Chia-Chun Hsu, D. S. L. Weit, C. C. J. Kuo, “A cognitive mac protocol using statistical channel allocation for
wireless ad-hoc networks,” in Proceeding of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2007), March 2007
• J. Jia, Q. Zhang, X. Shen, “Hc-mac: A hardware-constrained cognitive mac for efficient spectrum management,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communications, vol. 26, no. 1, January 2008
• L. Ma, X. Han, C. C. Shen, “Dynamic open spectrum sharing mac protocol for wireless ad hoc networks,” in Proceeding of the first IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 2005), November 2005
• C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, “C-mac: A cognitive mac protocol for multi-channel wireless networks,” in Proceeding of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 2007), April 2007
• L. Le, E. Hossain, “Osa-mac: A mac protocol for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks,” in Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2008) , April 2008
• Y. R. Kondareddy, P. Agrawal, “Synchronized mac protocol for multi-hop cognitive radio networks,” in Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2008) , May 2008
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Integrated Communication Systems Group
Advanced Mobile Communication Networks, Master Program
References
• Claudia Cormio , Kaushik R. Chowdhury, “A survey on MAC protocols for cognitive radio networks,” Ad Hoc Networks journal, 2009
IEEE Standards Activities • C. Stevenson, G. Chouinard, L. Zhongding, H. Wendong, S. Shellhammer, W. Caldwell, “IEEE 802.22: The first
cognitive radio wireless regional area network standard”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2009 • IEEE P802.22™/ DRAFTv1.0 Draft Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks Part 22: Cognitive Wireless
RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands, April 2008
• IEEE 802.11af™-2013 “Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific Requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 5: TV White Spaces Operation”, February 2014
58
Integrated Communication Systems Group Ilmenau University of Technology
Visitors address: Technische Universität Ilmenau Helmholtzplatz 5 Zuse Building, room 1032/1071 D-98693 Ilmenau
fon: +49 (0)3677 69 2819/2788 fax: +49 (0)3677 69 1226 e-mail: mitsch, [email protected]
www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics
Integrated Communication Systems Group Ilmenau University of Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Dipl.-Inf. André Puschmann
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