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Cognitive Radio: The Next DecadeSecure Geospatial Dynamic Spectrum Access
French National Research Center Workshop on Cognitive RadioParis, France
May 2011May 2011
Dr. Joseph Mitola III, Fellow of the IEEEDistinguished Professor, School of Engineering and Science,
Distinguished Professor, School of Systems and Enterprises, andVice President for the Research Enterprise
Stevens Institute of Technology© 2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Secure Geospatial Dynamic Spectrum Access (Secure Geospatial DSA)
• Abstract The evolution of commercial wireless technologies clearly establishes that subscriber packing density is key to spectrum efficiency. The first step in this process is geospatial - the network operator must know where to place the towers. Similarly, the FCC decision to mandate a geospatial database for US TV whitespace is a good first step. However, interference mitigation also must be achieved for high packing density, e.g. by GSM frequency hopping, CDMA soft handoff, and LTE MIMO: merely knowing radio locations is insufficient for spectrum efficiency. The ideal by GSM frequency hopping, CDMA soft handoff, and LTE MIMO: merely knowing radio locations is insufficient for spectrum efficiency. The ideal cognitive radio was not a simple dynamic spectrum sensor, but first observed space-time-spectrum and user context, then analyzed the situation to react immediately or to plan, decide, act and learn, both as a radio node (Mitola 99) and as a cognitive wireless network (Mahonen et al, Dagstuhl01). Dr Mitola's talk offers support for increasing the degree of computational intelligence in cognitive radio from simple DSA to space-time-RF and user situation awareness with secure networked collaboration and learning for efficient yet fair cognitive radio both for low power ad hoc RF products and for LTE Advanced.
2© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Environment
Cognitive Radio (DSA)Cognition Cycle
Cognition
EnvironmentSpace-TimePropagationNetwork
Meta-Software
Antenna RF Modem
INFOSECBasebandUser Interface
Equalizer Model
Variable Bindings
...
User(s)IdentityNeedsBehaviors ...
Self ModelBehaviorModels
User
Environment
Antenna RF Modem Baseband User Interface
Hardware
INFOSEC
Protocol Stack, ControlModem, Equalizer, etc.
Software RadioSoftware Modules …..
KnownSelf
3© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Mitola Radio XML ⇒⇒⇒⇒ Cognitive Linguistics Behavior Model (CLBM)
BasebandUser InterfaceVariable Bindings
Simon Haykin
Dynamic Spectrum Access
Primary (Licensed) Spectrum
Cordless Telephones: Analog, DECT …
Unlicensed Spectrum (Part 15)
Space-time DynamicsNetwork Management
Overlay: OFDM Water Filling
Measurements © 2006 Shared Spectrum Company, Used with Permission
(DSA)
Cellular 1G 2G CDMA 3GPP
Underlay: Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
Noise Temperature
Cordless Telephones: Analog, DECT …WLAN: 802.11 a/b/b WiFi …WPAN: 802.15, BlueTooth, HomeRF
4© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
MaliciousAgents
US Whitespace MarketsPropelling CR
5
Bian and Park, Addressing The Hidden Incumbent Problem In 802.22 Networks SDR09
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
FCC
Spectrum Management Database
• Location, Radiated Power– Requirement to check the database
– Requirement to prevent harmful interference
– Good Start, But Not Enough– Good Start, But Not Enough
• ATT NOI Response for Policy Radio“The FCC should proceed cautiously with any experimentation with policy radios out of concern for security, including the ability of end-users to hack the device and alter how it responds to policies”
6
Digital Whitespace Simulation
7
© 2011 Jaap van de Beek, Janne Riihij¨arvi, Andreas Achtzehn, Petri Mahonen, DySPAN 2011, used with Permission
Improved Terrain Modeling
• © Rohan Murty et al SenseLess, DySPAN 2011
• 70-80% Improvement in white space via Longley Rice spatial modeling Rice spatial modeling with terrain
• White space today
• Dynamics become more intense over time
• Precomputatons
8
What Is Missing?
• Helpful Interference (Mouly & Pautet 83-87)– Admissions Control: permission to transmit
– Channel Control: guidance to safest channels
– Power Control: must obey power control– Power Control: must obey power control
⇒ DSA++ Databases for Interference Control
• Coordination-Control Language (Z.100 SDL)– 3D Space-Time Cause-Effect Behavior Modeling
– Mathematically Sound, Intuitive for Regulators
– Secure Foundation for Mutual Trust
9
Radio Environment Mapping“Constructing Radio Environment Maps with
Heterogeneous Spectrum Sensors” DySPAN 2011 Demonstration
Vladimir Atanasovski, Daniel Denkovski, Liljana Gavrilovska, Mihajlo Pavloski, ValentinRakovic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Mehtodius, Skopje, ValentinRakovic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Mehtodius, Skopje, Macedonia; Jaap van de Beek, Huawei Technologies Sweden, Radio Transmission Technologies—Research, Kista, Sweden; Antoine Dejonghe, Interuniversity Micro-Electronics Center (IMEC ), Leuven, Belgium; Berna Sayrac, Sebastien Grimoudy, Orange Labs, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Petri Mahonen, Janne Riihijarvi, Institute for Networked Systems, Janne Riihij¨arvi University, Aachen, Germany\
Naganawa et al, “Distributed Spectrum Sensing Utilizing Heterogeneous Wireless Devices and Measurement Equipment” DySPAN 2011
10
Compressive Sensing
12
J. N. Laska, W. F. Bradley, T. W. Rondeau, K. E. Nolan, and B. Vigoda, DySPAN11
Handset-BTS/BSC Sensing
Dynamic Spectrum Available[Riva Networks compact GSM]
Low Power, Building Shadowing, Creates GSM Reuse Op portunities
Fine Structure Sensing and ControlWiFi 1 Mbps VoIP Coverage (Green)
100 mW GSM GPRS (Blue) 25 kHz LMR Voice (1.2km Red)
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved14
LTE Advanced MIMO Directional Control
x(t)
x(t-τ1)
y(t)
x(t-τ2)
1st Bit
2nd Bit
3rd Bit
© 1999 MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with Permission
Multiple Element Subspace TrackingATT as vBLAST aka MIMO100 λλλλ Array for 16 λλλλ Cost3x to 10x “Shannon” CapacityCOST: 1000x MIPS (practical ~2013)
© 2007 Stephen Fast, Remcom
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved15
Sensing Highlights
• DVB-T Field Trials and Tools (Philips)
• Shape-Based Signal Classification (Supelec)
• Wavelet Edge Detection (A*Star Singapore)
• Multi -stage Cross Layer (UCLA)• Multi -stage Cross Layer (UCLA)
• Distributed Cooperative Sensing (U Mich, Deutsche Telcom; Stevens)
• Sensor Network Business Case (Telenor)
• Sensing vs. Databases (Vrije U, IMEC)
17
Comprehensive Spectrum Sensing
© 2005 Shared Spectrum Company (Dr. Mark McHenry) Used with Permission, adapted by the author
Processing Gain
Antenna Gain
Duty Cycle
Self Aware Networks
19
IBM Autonomic Network Challenge 2001 (traffic, time, power, CPNs, …)
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
CampbellEnergy
Bowen
FAA
Meyerrose Amoroso Hathaway Wynne Mitola
Sachs
ISP
Levinshon
Finance
Privacy - Law
LTG Elder
Peake
Medical
Rodriguez
Hi Tech
Atkins
Net Centric
BG Davis
STRATCOM
McCarthy
INSC
Gong
Taiwan
Luiijf
TNO
LTC Jazri
Malaysia
Globalization
Fifty five speakers: Draft Policy Guidebook
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved20
Turing-equivalent Security: Impossible
“This Sentence Is False”
Self-Reference
Scope of “sentence”?
Binary False Dilemma –it’s a paradox, a self-
contradictory statement
Valuable Intellectual Property of Stevens Institute of Technology – No Further Disclosure
21
Assertion Without Multi-Domain Support
If it’s true then it must be false, soAssert it false, and infer that it is true so
Assert it true, then it is false, but …
Computers Loop
Forever
Malware Goes Here
Malware Goes Here This Computer Is Secure
This Network Is Secure
Sony Root Kit“Ignore me”
Stack Overflow“Do This”
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Fatal Flaw MathematicsPrimitive Recursive Functions (PRF)
Gödel 1934Kleene 1941Mitola 1999[19]
g. While and Until Loops embody the Flaw
22
General Recursive Functions (GRF)
DO I=1,10 IF X=10 Call Y
X = X+1END Loop
© 2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Policy ReasoningP
olicy Processing
Local Policy Repository
Active Policy Set
RF Environment Map
Data Sources
LocalSenso r
SensorNetworks Database
SpectrumUsage Info
Radio Info Base
•User & Radio ID•Location, Time•Status
Policy Statements from aPolicy Management Authority
-Downloadable- Securely Modifiable
RF Space-time Dynamics
TransmissionDecisions Requests
23
Policy P
rocessing
Policy Conformance Reasoner(PCR)
• Policy Decision Point
•Reasoning/Inference
• Conformance Checking
Control & Behavior Modeling
andReasoning
System Strategy Reasoner
Transmission Opportunity Requests/Replies
Policy Enforcer
Stored Transmission
Decision Replies (Approve or
Deny)
TX ControlCommands
TX ControlCommands
TX ControlReplies
Transmission Decision Refresh Request
TransmissionDecision RepliesTransmission
Decisions Replies
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Meta-Languages
24
Shujun Li, Collaborative Optimization of Cognitive Radio Parameters Using Ontology and Policy Based Approach (Boston: Northeastern University) 18 Dec 2009
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Cognitive Linguistics Behavior Model (CLBM)
Things “Everybody knows”
CLA first identifies the few universally common Thingsof a domain
Placesare the vector fields that characterize interaction possibilities for each Thing
Places “Near Field, BLOS”designate subspaces
Pathsare sequences of places through which action may occur
Paths “Multipath, MIMO”Basis for actions
26© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Modeling Radio DynamicsAction is the movement of a Thing along a Path
Actions“TX, RX”Induces
What happened
Transmit: Signal-In-Space = Thing.new(Tower)Transmit: Signal-In-Space = Thing.new(Tower)
Causeis the Thing that initiates an Action
Causes“ETSI”
ConstrainsWho to fine
Air Interface * Channel State
27© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
CLTD Policy Things
28
[Professors Hong Man and Joe Mitola, IEEE Conference on Semantics 2009]CLTD: Cognitive Linguistics for Technical Domains
© 2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Balance of Powers
• Who is in Control?– Spectrum Monitoring May Reveal Too Much
• Essential Elements– Government Authority– Government Authority
– Industry-Commercial Incentives
– Highest Academic Quality
– US Model “Federally Funded R&D Center”
– Fraunhofer Model (1/3 Industrial Funding)• Trust via Government-Industry-Academic Oversight
31
Industry Cybersecurity Consensus
• Wireless Networks– Represent the most severe security requirements
– Identity, QoS/ Denial of Service, User Emulation
• Critical Needs• Critical Needs– LTE-equivalent security standard for converged
wireless-core multimedia networks
– Privacy-preserving identity-role[-situation agile?] management – beyond Role Based Access Control
• CLBM for Secure Geospatial DSA32
Summary• Spectrum Sensing is Not Dead
• Database is the first step
• Packing requires interference management– Which requires sensing unused channels, also known as white space
– Comprehensive Spectrum Databases• Space (Exact location), Time, RF (channels), Peak Power• Space (Exact location), Time, RF (channels), Peak Power
• Power Controls (Admission, Channel, EIRP/direction)
• Sensing, Reporting, Redaction (Remove Sensitive Data) and Enforcement
• Language for Behavior Modeling, Planning, Analysis
33© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Conclusions• Radio Systems Engineering Complexity
– Commercially Responsive ⇒⇒⇒⇒ Efficient, Adaptive
– Regulatory Soundness ⇒⇒⇒⇒ Fair, Transparent, Trustworthy
⇒ Observable, Controllable, Secure⇒ Observable, Controllable, Secure
• Could We Seek a Global Consensus– European, US, Asian Leaders
– Market, Social, Government Value
– Cybersecurity of Edge Networks and Devices
– Charter Secure Geospatial DSA Organizations34
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
References (1 of 3)1. George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things ()19872. Ray Jackendoff,Semantics and Cognition, volume 8 of Current Studies in
Linguistics Series. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1983. 3. John R. Bender. 2001. Connecting language and vision using a conceptual
semantics, Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.4. Keith Bonawitz, Anthony Kim, and Seth Tardiff, An Architecture for Word
Learning using Bidirectional Multimodal Structural AlignmentReport for NSF Award IIS-0218861 W03-0605.pdf (Cambridge, MA: MIT) 2003Award IIS-0218861 W03-0605.pdf (Cambridge, MA: MIT) 2003
5. Peter Gärdenfors, “Representing actions and functional properties in conceptual spaces,” Body, Language, Mind: EmbodimentT. Ziemke et al, Editors (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter) 2007
6. M. Johnson and T. Rohrer “We are live creatures: Embodiment, American Pragmatism” in T. Ziemke, Ibid
7. John Koza, www.genetic-programming.org; Genetic Programming (Volumes 1 [92, MIT Press] through IV [Kluwer, 2003])
8. Jing Liu et al, “Moving Block Sequence and Organizational Evolutionary Algorithm for General Floorplanning with Arbitrarily Shaped Rectilinear Blocks” IEEE Trans Evolutionary Computation (NY: IEEE Press) Oct 08
35© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
References (2 of 3)9. John S. Powell, “Cognitive and Software Radio: A Public Safety Regulatory
Perspective” (nstpc.org) 2004
10. J. Mitola, Software Radio Architecture (NY: Wiley) 2000
11. J. Mitola, Cognitive Radio Architecture (NY: Wiley) 2006
12. W. Wayt Gibbs, “Autonomic Computing,” Scientific American (NY: Scientific American) May 2002
13. Halimic et al, “Optimal Functional Mapping Onto End-To-End Reconfigurable (E2R) Equipment Hardware Platform,” Proc. SDR Forum Technical Conference 2006 (Orlando, FL: SDR Forum) 2006
14. Gary Rose, Wireless Broadband and the Redlining of Rural America (www.wirelessfuture.newamerica.net) April 2010
15. I. Suzuki et al, “Reduced Cluster Search ML Decoding for QO-STBC Systems” (Brazil: State University of Londrina) 2009
16. E. Bogenfeld & Ingo Gaspard "Self-x in Radio Access Networks,” E3 White Paper (Version 1.0, 2008-12-22) 2008
36© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
References (3 of 3)17. Dominique NUSSBAUM et al, “Open Platform For Prototyping Of Advanced
Software Defined Radio And Cognitive Radio Techniques,” Proc. 12th EuromicroConference on Digital System Design(NY: IEEE Press)2009
18. Erol Gelenbe et al, “Self-Aware Networks and QoS,” Proc. IEEE (NY: IEEE Press) Sep 2004
37© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved