Cognitive Skills vs Criminal Thinking - Anna Salter Skills vs Criminal Thinking. Comprehensive Programs nDetecting Deception Polygraph nNew Relapse Prevention ... Report thoughts,

Cognitive SkillsCognitive Skills

vsvs

Criminal ThinkingCriminal Thinking

Comprehensive ProgramsComprehensive Programs

nnDetecting DeceptionDetecting DeceptionPolygraphPolygraph

nnNew Relapse PreventionNew Relapse PreventionnnCriminal ThinkingCriminal ThinkingnnCognitive SkillsCognitive SkillsnnIntimacy/Social SkillsIntimacy/Social SkillsnnDeviant ArousalDeviant Arousal

Cognitive SkillsCognitive Skills

nn Problem DefinitionProblem Definitionnn Problem SolvingProblem Solvingnn Perspective TakingPerspective Takingnn Stop and ThinkStop and Thinknn Generating AlternativesGenerating Alternativesnn Testing SolutionsTesting Solutions

Cognitive Skills ProgramCognitive Skills Program

nn Reasoning and Rehabilitation Reasoning and Rehabilitation –– Ross & Ross & FabrianoFabriano

nn Skill Streaming Skill Streaming –– GoldsteinGoldsteinnn Cort Cards Cort Cards –– DeBonoDeBononn Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) ––

HMPSHMPSnn Wisconsin Adapted ETS Wisconsin Adapted ETS –– WI DOCWI DOCnn WCIG Wisconsin DOCWCIG Wisconsin DOC

AntiAnti--social Behaviorsocial Behavior

Understanding and TreatingUnderstanding and Treating

Hanson MetaHanson Meta--AnalysisAnalysisRecidivism Recidivism

FollowFollow--up = 4 up = 4 -- 5 Years5 Years

nn New Sex OffenseNew Sex Offense 13%13%

nn Any OffenseAny Offense 37%37%

(Hanson & Bussiere, 1996)(Hanson & Bussiere, 1996)

Adolescent Sex Offenders:Adolescent Sex Offenders:Sex Offenders or Criminals?Sex Offenders or Criminals?

Recidivism in Adolescent Sex OffendersRecidivism in Adolescent Sex OffendersN = 46N = 46

FollowFollow--up = average 5 yearsup = average 5 years

GeneralGeneral 65%65%

ViolentViolent 22%22%

SexualSexual 20%20%

(Langstrom & Grann, 2000)(Langstrom & Grann, 2000)

Adolescent Sex Offenders:Adolescent Sex Offenders:Sexual vs. General RecidivismSexual vs. General Recidivism

FU up to 6 yearsFU up to 6 years

RecidivateRecidivatennSexual Sexual 7.5 to 147.5 to 14

nnGeneral CriminalGeneral Criminal 40 to 6040 to 60

(Langstrom & Grann, 2000)(Langstrom & Grann, 2000)

Interpretive TheoryInterpretive Theory

N = 55 incarcerated offendersN = 55 incarcerated offenders

5 institutions in 2 states5 institutions in 2 states

(Athens, 1997)(Athens, 1997)

Pathways to Violence:Pathways to Violence:Interpretive TheoryInterpretive Theory

nn Physical DefensePhysical Defensenn FrustrativeFrustrativenn MaleficMaleficnn Frustrative/MaleficFrustrative/Malefic

(Athens, 1997)(Athens, 1997)

Physical DefensePhysical Defense

nn Victim is going to attack himVictim is going to attack him

nn Victim is attacking himVictim is attacking him

“He just kept looking. Then I started thinking “He just kept looking. Then I started thinking he was out to do something to me. He he was out to do something to me. He pulled out a knife and made for me, and I pulled out a knife and made for me, and I shot him once in the arm. He kept on shot him once in the arm. He kept on coming, so I had to finish him off.”coming, so I had to finish him off.”

(Athens, 1997, p. 34)(Athens, 1997, p. 34)

FrustrativeFrustrative

nn Victim is or will resist his intentionsVictim is or will resist his intentionsE.g., rape, robbery car theftE.g., rape, robbery car theft

nn Victim has some intention he wants to Victim has some intention he wants to resistresist

E.g., calling policeE.g., calling police

“My friend and I were punching the safe “My friend and I were punching the safe when a real young cop came in with his when a real young cop came in with his gun drawn and said, ‘You’re under arrest. gun drawn and said, ‘You’re under arrest. Put your hands up.’ The first thing I Put your hands up.’ The first thing I thought was, ‘Here is ten years and I don’t thought was, ‘Here is ten years and I don’t want to do any more fucking time.’”want to do any more fucking time.’”

(Athens, 1997, p. 38)(Athens, 1997, p. 38)

MaleficMalefic

nn Victim belittling himVictim belittling him

nn Victim evil or maliciousVictim evil or malicious

MaleficMalefic

“We came to an intersection and slowed “We came to an intersection and slowed down when this big black dude in a down when this big black dude in a Thunderbird coming the other way cut us Thunderbird coming the other way cut us off in the intersection while he made a off in the intersection while he made a turn. Then he drove by us with a big grin turn. Then he drove by us with a big grin on his face throwing the bone.”on his face throwing the bone.”

(Athens, 1997, p. 39)(Athens, 1997, p. 39)

MaleficMalefic

“That dirty jive n___ flipping me off and “That dirty jive n___ flipping me off and grinning grinning –– now he thinks he’s one bad now he thinks he’s one bad n____.”n____.”

(Athens, 1997, p. 39)(Athens, 1997, p. 39)

SelfSelf--Images and Images and InterpretationsInterpretations

nn Nonviolent Nonviolent PhysicallyPhysicallyDefensiveDefensive

nn Occasionally Violent Occasionally Violent PhysicallyPhysicallyDefensive orDefensive orFrustrativeFrustrative//MaleficMalefic

nn Continually ViolentContinually Violent All FourAll Four

Dynamics of CrimeDynamics of Crime

nn Fixed Line of IntentionFixed Line of Intentionnn Restraining JudgmentRestraining Judgment

Can’t winCan’t winVictim acquiescesVictim acquiescesDeference to 3Deference to 3rdrd party party

Fears relationship lossFears relationship lossFear getting caughtFear getting caught

nn Overriding JudgmentOverriding Judgment

Creation of ViolenceCreation of Violence

nn Violent SubjugationViolent Subjugation

nn Personal HorrificationPersonal Horrification

nn Violent CoachingViolent Coaching

Remaking Relapse PreventionRemaking Relapse Preventionfor Rapistsfor Rapists

SampleSample

nnN = 24N = 24

nnIncarcerated for rapeIncarcerated for rape

nnNew ZealandNew Zealand

Offense Paths of RapistsOffense Paths of Rapists

Background Factors

Generally NegativeGenerally Positive

(Polaschek et al., 2001)


Coping Style

Emotion-based(Escapism)

Problem-based(Problem Solving)



Proximal Mood(Hours prior to Offense)

Positive


AngryDepressed


Establishment of Goals

Redressing HarmSex



Redressing HarmSex


Escape FromNegative Mood

Enhancement Of Positive

Mood

VictimHarm

InterpersonalProblemSolving

Goal Planning

SexRedressing

HarmRape


Encounter with Victim

Victim Response

Communication of Intent

Compliant Resistant


Evaluation of Progress

Positive Negative

Establishment ofSecondary Goals


Decision to Start

Preparation for Assault

Appraisal of Constraints

Sexual Assault


Sexual Assault

Control & EscapeNormalizng Behavior Control & Escape

Cognitive SelfCognitive Self--ChangeChange

nn Thinking Controls BehaviorThinking Controls Behavior

nn When Thinking Changes, Behavior When Thinking Changes, Behavior ChangesChanges

4 Steps in Cognitive Self 4 Steps in Cognitive Self ChangeChange

1.1. Report thoughts, feelings, attitudes and Report thoughts, feelings, attitudes and beliefs.beliefs.

2.2. Recognize how they lead to hurtful Recognize how they lead to hurtful actions.actions.

3.3. Use new thoughts, attitudes and beliefs Use new thoughts, attitudes and beliefs that lead away from trouble.that lead away from trouble.

4.4. PracticePractice

Each GroupEach Group

nn Cognitive CheckCognitive Check--InsIns

nn Thinking ReportsThinking Reports

TimingTiming

nn CheckCheck--InsIns 3 to 5 minutes3 to 5 minutes

nn Thinking ReportsThinking Reports 1 hour1 hour

Cognitive Check InsCognitive Check Ins

1.1. Situation of inappropriate behavior or Situation of inappropriate behavior or temptation of inappropriate behaviortemptation of inappropriate behavior

2.2. Report thoughts, feelings, attitudes & Report thoughts, feelings, attitudes & beliefsbeliefs

3.3. How they put them at riskHow they put them at risk4.4. Describe alternative thinking or could Describe alternative thinking or could

have usedhave used

Cognitive Check InsCognitive Check Ins

nn Offenders only do Steps 1 & 2 until Offenders only do Steps 1 & 2 until proficientproficient

nn Only then add Step 3 Only then add Step 3 nn Offenders only do Steps 1, 2 and 3 until Offenders only do Steps 1, 2 and 3 until

proficientproficientnn Then add Step 4Then add Step 4

Thinking ReportThinking Report

Situation/Thoughts/Feelings/AttitudesSituation/Thoughts/Feelings/Attitudes

Offender presents draftOffender presents draft

Steps of Thinking Steps of Thinking ReportReport

1 Identifies additional thoughts/feelings1 Identifies additional thoughts/feelings

2 How They led to troublesome behavior2 How They led to troublesome behaviora) Identification of key “risk a) Identification of key “risk

pieces”pieces”b) Connection between risk b) Connection between risk

pieces pieces

3) Replace old thinking with new thinking3) Replace old thinking with new thinking

What the process isWhat the process is

ReportingReporting

thoughts, feelings & attitudesthoughts, feelings & attitudes

What the Process Isn’tWhat the Process Isn’t

ExplainingExplainingDescribingDescribingJustifyingJustifying

Thoughts, feelings and attitudesThoughts, feelings and attitudes

Language:Language:What Not to SayWhat Not to Say

nn Don’t give them examplesDon’t give them examplesnn Don’t interpretDon’t interpretnn Don’t tell then what you would have been Don’t tell then what you would have been

thinking/feelingthinking/feelingnn Don’t use your words instead of theirsDon’t use your words instead of theirs

Language:Language:How You Say It MattersHow You Say It Matters

nn Can you remember any more thoughts . . Can you remember any more thoughts . . nn I’m not sure what you mean by . . . Can I’m not sure what you mean by . . . Can

you explain it to me?you explain it to me?nn What was the very first thought (feeling) What was the very first thought (feeling)

you had . . .you had . . .nn Did these thoughts go with particular Did these thoughts go with particular

feelings? How do they fit together?feelings? How do they fit together?

Language:Language:How You Say It MattersHow You Say It Matters

nn Was there a feeling that went with this Was there a feeling that went with this thought? (a thought with the feeling?)thought? (a thought with the feeling?)

nn Was there a thought/feeling that fit Was there a thought/feeling that fit between the ones you’ve listedbetween the ones you’ve listed

nn Was there a kind of attitude behind these Was there a kind of attitude behind these thoughts (feelings)?thoughts (feelings)?

nn Do you have a general belief about this Do you have a general belief about this kind of situation? What does it sound like?kind of situation? What does it sound like?

What to Ask Other Group What to Ask Other Group MembersMembers

nn Does this look like it was all the thoughts Does this look like it was all the thoughts and feelings?and feelings?

nn What could you ask to help him remember What could you ask to help him remember more?more?

Completion CriteriaCompletion Criteria

nn A completion of a set of specified tasksA completion of a set of specified tasks

nn Achievement of “competency” in each step Achievement of “competency” in each step

nn Completion of a minimum time in Completion of a minimum time in treatmenttreatment

Personal Risk Management Personal Risk Management PlanPlan

nn Past acts of violence and crime, Past acts of violence and crime, circumstances, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, circumstances, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, beliefsbeliefs

nn Past relapse behaviorsPast relapse behaviorsnn Description and examples of current, Description and examples of current,

everyday situations that trigger risk thinkingeveryday situations that trigger risk thinkingnn Goals and plans for minimizing future risk of Goals and plans for minimizing future risk of

violence and crimeviolence and crime

Goals and PlansGoals and Plans

nn Specific plans for avoiding risk situationsSpecific plans for avoiding risk situations

nn Coping strategies when in risk situationsCoping strategies when in risk situations

nn Description and examples of new thinkingDescription and examples of new thinking

nn How new thinking will be used in risk How new thinking will be used in risk situations and every day situationssituations and every day situations

Elements of ProgramElements of Program

nn CheckCheck--InsInsnn Thinking ReportsThinking Reportsnn Individual Journal AssignmentsIndividual Journal Assignmentsnn Fearless Criminal InventoryFearless Criminal Inventorynn Personal Risk Management PlanPersonal Risk Management Plan

Staff TasksStaff Tasks

nn Prepare for each groupPrepare for each groupnn Review each groupReview each groupnn Document each groupDocument each groupnn Conduct regular progress reviewsConduct regular progress reviewsnn Focus intently on processFocus intently on process

Progress ReportsProgress Reports

nn 2 to 3 months2 to 3 monthsnn Formal meetingFormal meetingnn Prepare Summary FormPrepare Summary Formnn Go over progress and deficitsGo over progress and deficitsnn ½ hour +½ hour +

Impact of Cognitive SelfImpact of Cognitive Self--Change Change ProgramProgram

nn LengthLength New Accusations After YearsNew Accusations After YearsOf TimeOf Time 11 22 33(Months)(Months)

7 +7 + 25%25% 42%42% 46%46%1 1 –– 66 49%49% 67%67% 80%80%00 49%49% 71%71% 77%77%

(Bush, 1995)(Bush, 1995)

Impact of CognitiveImpact of CognitiveSelfSelf--Change ProgramChange Program

(Bush, 1995)(Bush, 1995)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

7+ mo.1 to 6 mo.0

Putting It All TogetherPutting It All Together

nn Cognitive Skill DeficitsCognitive Skill Deficitsnn Criminal ThinkingCriminal Thinkingnn Intimacy DeficitsIntimacy Deficitsnn Deviant Arousal PatternsDeviant Arousal Patternsnn Cognitive DistortionsCognitive Distortionsnn PsychopathyPsychopathynn AngerAnger

Documents

Cognitive Skills vs Criminal Thinking - Anna Salter Skills vs Criminal Thinking. Comprehensive Programs nDetecting Deception Polygraph nNew Relapse Prevention ... Report thoughts,