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Coherence Analysis By Monica Findley What is the Coherence Principle and its most important constraints/criteria? The Coherence Principle focuses on the idea that learners are more likely to make appropriate connections between animations and narrations when they can hold corresponding visual and verbal representations in working memory at the same time (Mayer, R.E., 1999). In order to adhere to the Coherence Principle, multimedia lesson presentations should not have extra extraneous words, pictures and sounds that doesn’t support the instructional objective. There are three important criteria necessary, in order to adhere to the Coherence Principle. First, the designer should avoid adding extraneous audio, such as background music and environmental sounds to a narrated animation. “The presence of this extraneous audio may overload working memory, so they are dangerous in situations in which the learner may experience heavy cognitive load.”(Clark and Mayer, 2011). Secondly, the designer should avoid adding extraneous graphics for the sole purpose of adding interest to the presentation. Extraneous graphics can be distracting and disruptive to the learning process and prevent the learner from processing the essential content information ( p.161). Finally, learning is best supported when multimedia presentations do not include extraneous words. The designer should be more conscious of sticking to basic and concise descriptions of the academic content. Whether it is the intention to add commentaries that are not directly related to the topic for the purpose of adding interest, expanding upon key ideas, or add technical details, this practice should be avoided in an effort to promote the learning of the targeted material (Clark and Mayer, 2011). Describe and/or include one example of successful and one example of unsuccessful attempts to apply the Coherence Principle in actual instruction and training you have experienced, especially as it might be implemented in PowerPointbased instruction and training. Evidence is consistent and strong to support the avoidance of all three types of extraneous material with new learners to a subject. I have witnessed many unsuccessful attempts to apply the Coherence Principle, however here is an example that comes to mind. Every year, in our staff meetings, my principle presents the VA Standards of Learning scores for the 3 rd ,4 th &5 th grade students to the whole staff. Last year, he prepared a powerpoint presentation to show how our students’ test performance compared to the surrounding Title I school’s test performance. His powerpoint presentation violated the Coherence Principle by including onscreen text, colorful yet irrelevant graphics on each slide. He also narrated the onscreen text that appeared on each slide. By the time he was finished presenting this data, our eyes were all crossed and everyone was in a state of cognitive processing overload.

Coherence Analysis

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Coherence Analysis By Monica Findley 

 What is the Coherence Principle and its most important constraints/criteria?  The Coherence Principle focuses on the idea that learners are more likely to make appropriate connections between animations and narrations when they can hold corresponding visual and verbal representations in working memory at the same time (Mayer, R.E., 1999). In order to adhere to the Coherence Principle, multimedia lesson presentations should not have extra extraneous words, pictures and sounds that doesn’t support the instructional objective. There are three important criteria necessary, in order to adhere to the Coherence Principle. First, the designer should avoid adding extraneous audio, such as background music and environmental sounds to a narrated animation. “The presence of this extraneous audio may overload working memory, so they are dangerous in situations in which the learner may experience heavy cognitive load.”(Clark and Mayer, 2011).  Secondly, the designer should avoid adding extraneous graphics for the sole purpose of adding interest to the presentation. Extraneous graphics can be distracting and disruptive to the learning process and prevent the learner from processing the essential content information ( p.161).  Finally, learning is best supported when multimedia presentations do not include extraneous words. The designer should be more conscious of sticking to basic and concise descriptions of the academic content. Whether it is the intention to add commentaries that are not directly related to the topic for the purpose of adding interest, expanding upon key ideas, or add technical details, this practice should be avoided in an effort to promote the learning of the targeted material (Clark and Mayer, 2011).   Describe and/or include one example of successful and one example of unsuccessful attempts to apply the Coherence Principle in actual instruction and training you have experienced, especially as it might be implemented in PowerPoint­based instruction and training.   Evidence is consistent and strong to support the avoidance of all three types of extraneous material with new learners to a subject. I have witnessed many unsuccessful attempts to apply the Coherence Principle, however here is an example that comes to mind. 

● Every year, in our staff meetings, my principle presents the VA Standards of Learning scores for the 3rd, 4th & 5th grade students to the whole staff. Last year, he prepared a powerpoint presentation to show how our students’ test performance compared to the surrounding Title I school’s test performance. His powerpoint presentation violated the Coherence Principle by including on­screen text, colorful yet irrelevant graphics on each slide. He also narrated the on­screen text that appeared on each slide. By the time he was finished presenting this data, our eyes were all crossed and everyone was in a state of cognitive processing overload.  

    

A successful attempt of applying the Coherence Principle is as follows:  

● I recently attended a Google Apps training, at my school. The trainer prepared a powerpoint presentation that did not include extraneous graphics or sounds.  Her slides were brief and to the point. The trainer served as the narrator and provided step­by­step instructions, which was accompanied by screen­shots to keep everyone on track. Her presentation excluded background music and flashy transitions so there were no distractions or disruptions of our learning process. All of her text and graphics were pertinent to the learning process. 

 

Discuss the relationship of the Coherence Principle to other Multimedia Learning Principles examined thus far in your readings.  So far, I have learned about the Multimedia Principle, Contiguity Principle, Modality Principle and the Redundancy Principle. Like all of these principles, the Coherence Principle is aimed at reducing cognitive overload on the learner’s working memory, while processing and organizing new information. Elements of the Coherence Principle are related to the Multimedia Principle and the Modality Principle. The Multimedia Principle encourages using graphics that enhance the content and aide in learner comprehension rather than using graphics that serve only a decorative purpose (Clark & Mayer, 2011). This is similar to the Coherence Principle that specifies only adding graphics that are relevant to the lesson and not including extraneous graphics for the purpose of adding interest. The Modality Principle and the Coherence Principle are similar in that they both stress avoiding extraneous audio and on­screen text. By decreasing the length of audio and “keeping the narration concise, learners won’t become frustrated waiting for lengthy audio segments to play” thus the audio will be more synced with the graphics being presented (Clark & Mayer, 2011). The coherence principle is also similar to the Redundancy Principle. The Redundancy Principle suggests that students learn better from animation and narration than from animation, narration, and text.  The Coherence Principle states that adding extraneous audio, visual and text has the potential to overload the learner’s working memory because “when additional auditory information is presented, it competes with the narration for limited processing capacity in the auditory channel. When that processing capacity is used to process the music and sounds, there is less capacity available for processing the narration, organizing it into a coherent cause­and­effect chain, and linking it with the incoming visual information” (Moreno & Mayer, 2000, section 8).  Discuss the relationship of the Coherence Principle to fundamental theories of psychology as described by Clark & Mayer in your textbook.  There were a few psychology theories referred to in this weeks reading: the Cognitive Theory and the Arousal Theory. The Cognitive Theory is based on the belief that people have separate channels for processing visual and auditory experiences. These channels have a limited capacity for processing information and storing it as memory. “Meaningful learning involves active cognitive processing, when the learner selects relevant information, organizes it into a coherent representation and makes connections between visual and verbal representations and their prior knowledge” (Mayer, 1999). The Coherence Principle is closely related to the Cognitive Theory because the Coherence Theory focuses on creating 

disruption and distraction free presentations where the learner can cognitively make sense, organize, retain and transfer the new information being learned. According to Clark and Mayer (2011), “the Arousal Theory predicts that students will learn more from multimedia presentations that contain interesting sounds and music than from multimedia presentations without interesting sounds and music.” Unlike the Arousal Theory, the Coherence Theory predicts the contrary. “Students will learn more deeply from multimedia presentations that do not contain interesting but extraneous sounds and music than from multimedia presentations that do.”(Clark & Mayer, 2011)  

What do you personally like or dislike about this principle? Present a coherent, informed opinion and explain why you hold this opinion. Are there any limitations or qualifications of the principle (caveats), which the authors did not consider, and if so, what are they?  I like the Coherence Principle. As an ESOL teacher, I am always looking for the best way to help my students learn, in spite of their language barriers. By adhering to the Coherence Principle, I will be able to hold my student’s attention and deliver the most pertinent content information, in an effective manner. I am quite sure I have violated this principle on many occasions by adding extraneous audio, graphics and text, with the whole hearted intentions of keeping them engaged. I have learned that this can overload the auditory and visual channels that make the learner’s cognitive processing of information much more difficult. So in short, if the extraneous material is eliminated there is less cognitive processing load and more of the working memory available to process new academic content information. As a result, I will be concise and direct without all of the extraneous material, within my future multimedia lesson presentations.   References   Clark, R. & Mayer, R.E. (2011). e­learning and the science of instruction (2nd ed.). Pfeiffer: San Francisco, CA.   Mayer, R. E. (1999). multimedia aids to problem­solving transfer. International journal of educational research, 31(7), 611­623.   Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2000). a learner­centered approach to multimedia explanations: Deriving instructional design principles from cognitive theory. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer­Enhanced Learning, 2(2), 2004­07. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2000/2/05/index.asp