Cold War Defense

Canada’s Cold WarDefensive Strategy

__________________• NATO (Canada , USA and Western

Europe)• NORAD (USA and Canada)

___________________• Radar lines (DEW)• Bomarc Missiles

(Avro Arrow controversy) _______________

• Preparedness “Duck and Cover” Fallout shelters

_________________• Promoted and supported peaceful

resolutions to problems (UN)• Helped negotiate in international disputes

1) NATONATO – ______________________________(1949)• Formed in ______• Designed solely for __________________• Each member ____________to NATO’s defence force• ______________Commitment:

•Kept a full _______________and ___squadrons in ___________

•Built and supplied military ________•Tracked the movements of _______ ______________

•Canada __________its defence policy to those of its _______

NATO’s Future

After __________ ended – many no longer saw need for NATO

After September 11th, 2001 (______ attacks on USA) – NATO became more _________

NATO Actions since Cold War

Brought order to the new _________of Macedonia

NATO troops keeping the peace in ______and __________

Involved in Operation Enduring Freedom in _______________

NATO bombing of Serbia

In ____________(former Yugoslavia)• 1999 – NATO carried out a _________campaign

against ______to prevent ethnic ________against ethnic Albanians

NATO membership 1999 – NATO admitted

_______, the Czech Republic, and Hungary + 7 more new members

New members have pledged __________ new troops to the Alliance

____________ Council – 2002• Now work together on projects in

key areas such as combating terrorism, peacekeeping, civil emergency planning & nuclear non-proliferation

NATO ________Force – 2002• NATO forces organized into

highly-ready land, air, & sea forces capable of carrying out missions __________in world

NATO-Russia Council

2) Warsaw Pact (1955) ______alliance of ______and ______European

countries The Soviet Union established the ___________

in response to _____(which West Germany had joined, making the Soviets feel even more threatened).

3) _______________(North American Air Defense Agreement)

Established in 1957 between the _____and __________in case of a __________attack

Canada fearing a _________war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union prepared by building nuclear ______, warning _____ and conducting ______

The building of NORAD’s

combat operations center in

___________

Reflect & Discuss What is NATO? ____________________

• What do the initials stand for?_____________• When was it established and why?

_____________________________________________________________________________• What is its purpose?________________________________________________________________________________________

What are some of the recent NATO missions?_______________________________________________________ What is NORAD?_______________________________

• What countries does it involve?__________________________• When and why was it established?

________________________ ____________________________________________________

4) North American Defence - Distant Early Warning System

(_______) As part of NORAD, between 1950-1957 U.S.

built __________ of _____stations to detect a surprise Soviet attack over the _________, to give the US _____to launch a ______________

Called the: 1. ____________Line, 2. ________________ Line, and 3. DEW (____________________) Line (in the arctic).

______Stations constructed in Canada (1950-1957) by the U.S. to protect against Soviet attack

This was the first time American military was ___________on Canadian ___ (some felt it compromised Canada’s _______________)

To visit the DEW line Canadian MP’s and journalists had to first fly to New York to gain ______________________

Radar Lines – cont’

Stations designed to detect a ________attack over the North Pole- US military personnel stationed on Canadian soil

DEW Line

5) Civil Defence Nuclear “fallout” _________, school _____

(“duck and cover”)

6) The ________________

The Avro Arrow In 1953 the ________

government gave the contract to create a new __________to A.V. Roe Canada.

The Avro Arrow was possibly the ________and most ___________fighter jet in the world

However, it was costing the government ______ amounts of money.

Avro Arrow – cont’

In 1959 the _______________ ______________government ________the Avro Arrow project and ordered the six that had been built be ____________

The Canadian government chose to buy ________missiles from the _____ instead, a huge blow to the Canadian ________ industry

Bomarc missile

Avro Arrow – Why Cancelled? Some believe the _________put pressure on Canada to

get rid of the airplane – gave in to __________________ Others believe it was due to the ____it was expensive to

produce and there were no ________orders (the Bomarc was cheaper)• Bomarc missiles were capable of carrying nuclear __________,

causing the country to divide on the issue of nuclear weapons in Canada.

Some felt nuclear weapons were ______in __________ Canada against ____________aggression, while others believed Canada should be a ___________ nation, as it encouraged the _____ to work for disarmament.

Avro Arrow cont’ During the 1963 election

campaign Lester _______ and the ________proposed Canadian forces _______ nuclear weapons under certain conditions

While PM __________and the ____________believed Canada had its own ____to decide on the issue (many felt Diefenbaker’s anti-Americanism would injure trade and investment with the U.S).

In 1963 the ______(Lester Pearson) won a ________ government• What does this say about the

Canadian public’s opinion at this time?

Nuclear Debate – Dief & Pearson Prime Minister ____________had effectively agreed to accept ______

warheads in 1958 when he accepted the ________missiles, and other defence obligations had appeared to ________this interpretation of his stance

By 1960, however, the government was hopelessly ________over the issue, and Diefenbaker could not make a ____________

Pressure on the government mounted. A former US North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) commander told a news conference in Ottawa that the government was _____________on its obligations

Lester Pearson, leader of the ________, _______the Liberal stand against nuclear weapons, vowing first to fulfill Canada's _____________and then to negotiate with the Americans to get ____of the nuclear weapons

Reflect & Discuss

What are the Radar Lines?_______________________ _____________________________________________• What are the names of the 3 “lines”? 1.____________________

2._____________________ 3.___________________________• When and why were they built?__________________________

___________________________________________________ What was the Avro Arrow? _______________________

• Why was the project cancelled?__________________________ ___________________________________________________

• What replaced the “Arrow”? _____________________________ What was the stance of Pearson and Dief regarding the

Nuclear Issue?_________________________________ _____________________________________________

Trudeau’s Foreign Policy _____ (PM: 1968-79, 1980-84)

wanted to ease Cold War tensions and scale _____ Canada’s participation in the nuclear ______________

Nuclear missiles were ________ from Canadian ______forces in Europe (1970-1972)• Bomarc missile sites were

________________• The last nuclear warheads were

removed from Canada by ______.• Trudeau ____the national defence

___________

Mulroney’s Foreign Policy

1.PM in 1984 - Worked to forge _____________with ______

2. US’s Strategic Defense Initiative – “__________”

Canada did _____accept, though Mulroney ______ to

Reflect and Discuss

What was the focus of Trudeau’s Foreign Policy regarding defense?_____________ __________________________________• How was it different than PMs before him and

Mulroney?____________________________ ____________________________________

What was the focus of Mulroney’s Foreign Policy with the USA?_________________ __________________________________

End of Cold War 1985 - ________leader Mikhail

____________– realized that USSR could no longer _______costly arms race with the U.S., he proposed massive ______in arsenal for both powers.• __________(= openness: think “glass”

because you can see through it) and ______________(=restructuring: think “structure/stroika”).

To help communist countries run more effectively Gorbachev began a series of ________, __________and ___________reforms.

______________of USSR in _____– division between ______and ______ officially gone

New World Order End of Cold War did _____

bring ______to the world - numerous regional ______ and ethnic ________, such as:• Gulf War – Iraqi invasion of

Kuwait (1991) Former Yugoslavia (1991-1999)

• Somalia (1992)• Rwanda (1994)• Afghanistan (2001-present)• US invasion of Iraq (2003-

present)

Post-Cold War Defense

Since end of Cold war, Canada has largely ___ back on its __________

Involvement in international incidents largely through ____& __________• Canada is an active

member of UN _______________forces since UN Emergency Force (UNEF) created in 1956

Reflect & Discuss

How did the Cold War end?___________ __________________________________

Did the end of the Cold War bring peace in the World? What are some examples of this?______________________________ __________________________________

How has Canada mainly participated in this new World Order?________________ __________________________________