Cold War Review

The New World

• In 1945, the United states was the only major power whose territory had not been devastated by world war 2.

• The U.S had large oil deposits, and produced more than half of the world’s industrial and agricultural production.

• America had replaced Europe as the leader of the industrialized world.

USSR

• The Soviet Union had lost an estimated 20 million soldiers in the war. It contained the largest land mass of any country, and it had a wealth of resources.

• The USSR also had control of the Eastern European countries which had vast technical skills and industrial equipment.

Competition • These two vast superpowers began to dominate

world politics and forced the other countries of the world to choose sides.

• The world was also very unstable at this time as many nations were rebuilding after the war.

• Some nations took advantage of Britain’s weakness and fought for independence. I.E India

• Nations hoped that the two superpowers could remain friendly and provide stability in the world.

• This was not to be.• The world became separated in a battle of

West (U.S, Britain, France etc.versus East (U.S.S.R, China, East Germany)

• It was also a war of ideals. Democracy versus Communism

• Free Market Liberalism versus Centrally plan economies.

Origins of the Conflict

• Relationships between the U.S and U.S.S.R were never friendly.

• In 1917 the Russian revolutionary ideas spread to the U.S calling for a more socialist style of government.

• The U.S tried to overthrow the communist government to stop the spread of communism throughout the world.

Origins of the Conflict• In 1939, the U.S.S.R signed a secret non-

aggression pact with Germany saying they would not attack each other if war broke out.

• This angered the west and caused great tensions between the USSR and the US.

• In 1941 Germany attacked the USSR and broke the treaty. The USSR then joined with the western nations for the war.

American and British Perspectives

• With the end of the war came an end of cooperation between the two powers.

• Soviet expansion was a very serious threat to the West. They needed access to foreign markets and economies for trade.

• The USSR had troops in Central Europe (Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary). And the US did not believe their explanation that it was for defensive purposes.

• In 1947 a communist government was imposed on Soviet occupied Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

• This went against the Yalta conference which guaranteed free elections throughout Europe.

• In Greece, the Soviets funded an uprising to overthrow the British backed Royalist government.

• They also pressured Turkey to give up the straits of the black sea so they would have access to the Mediterranean.

• The U.S intervened by providing 400 million in aid to assist the governments of Greece and Turkey.

• This led to the creation of the Truman Doctrine.

• This doctrine gave the US the right to support free people from outside pressures or armed minorities and promised the US would contain the threat of communism throughout the world.

Soviet Perspective• The Soviet Union was also had bad

relations with the West as it believed they delayed opening a second front in the second world war.

• The USSR was left alone to battle Germany while the west did nothing.

• The U.S stopped sending arm shipments to the USSR even though it was promised in the lend lease act.

• The Soviets also felt the US use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a deliberately designed to intimidate them.

• Stalin also did not believe in capitalism and wanted to form a trade union called COMECON – Council for Mutual Economic assistance. This would be blocked off from trading with the West and contained China and Central Europe.

Nuclear Arms Race

• The Atomic Bomb quickly brought an end to the war in the pacific. The U.S agreed to peace with Japan afterwards.

• The Soviets and Americans proposed that all nuclear weapons should be eliminated.

• The U.N should have control over the technology but neither nations could agree on the details of how it should be done. They did not trust each other enough.

• The USSR developed an atomic bomb in 1949. 4 years later the US developed a hydrogen bomb 1000 times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima

• Within a year the Soviets did the same• The U.S developed bombers that could deliver the

weapon and also had advanced ballistic missiles with better accuracy. It looked as though the US was winning

ICBM

• In 1957, the USSR developed the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. This could reach anywhere in the US from the USSR.

• The US developed one a year later.• By 1970 each superpower had enough

missiles to destroy all the cities in the others country 12 times.

• Britain 1949, France 1956, and China 1964 also acquired Nuclear technologies during this time.

• The world was afraid of Nukes getting into the wrong hands and began signing treaties designed to stop the spread.

• Non nuclear proliferation treaty, SALT 1 and 2 were all enacted to control the spread of Nuclear technologies.

• The U.S failed to ratify the SALT 2 and has routinely broken the Non proliferation treaty by testing and developing missile defense.

• These treaties were designed to reduce the number of nuclear missiles and research in technology.

• Although it was designed with the purpose of reducing arms, it made no real difference.

Nuclear Diplomacy

• Neither side ever wanted a Nuclear war• It was mutually decided that if one country

was attacked than the other would respond. This made the act of first strike improbably

• Mutual destruction would be the only thing accomplished.

• The Cuban Missile crisis was the closest to nuclear destruction the world has come.

MAD and Detente

• MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction. If one nation ever attacked it would mean the destruction of both nations. Led to Detente

• Détente – a period of peace and relaxing of tension.

Berlin Blockade• When World War II ended in Europe on

May 8, 1945, Soviet and Western (U.S., British, and French) troops were located in particular places, essentially, along a line in the centre of Europe.

• The western and Soviet leaders met at Potsdam Germany to decide how to split up Germany. They separated the country into 4 occupations zones.

•

• Berlin was also separated into four zones.

• The soviet zone of control surrounded all the other zones.

• The Soviet Union wanted Germany to be reunified but demilitarized. Industrial production was to be paid to Russia for reparations during for the war.

• Stalin considered it essential to destroy Germany's capacity for another war, which conflicted with the U.S. desire to rebuild Germany as the economic centre of a stable Europe.

• Stalin considered it essential to destroy Germany's capacity for another war, which conflicted with the U.S. desire to rebuild Germany as the economic centree of a stable Europe.

• He believed that a rebuilt Germany could team with Japan and assault the world again

• The United States, however, stressed that postwar reconstruction in Western Europe depended on German economic and industrial recovery.

• The U.S wanted to reunify Germany, and build it up once again. If the Soviets would not agree, the western nations would do it to their areas anyway.

• This is what occurred at the London Conference

• In Protest, the Soviets blocked off all roadways and railways into the Western controlled parts.

• The U.S debated sending a parade of armour down the autobahn. If they were stopped they had orders to fire.

• Truman believed this was too risky and would have sparked a war with the USSR.

Airlifts

• The U.S decided to get their goods to their people by using airlifts

• At the height of the airlifts 1398 flights landed in three airfields in Berlin in 24 hours. About one flight a minute.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Background

• Fidel Castro took power and took control of all foreign investments in the country, most of which were U.S.

• This created the beginning of hostile relations with the U.S

Bay of Pigs

• The U.S responded with the invasion of the Bay of pigs.

• In 1961, CIA trained Cuban Exiles invaded the Island but were quickly repelled

• The exiles were supposed to have air cover but Kennedy withdrew.

•

Threat to Cuba• The U.S also did a practice invasion on an island

where they would overthrow a fictitious leader named Ortsac. It was later realized that it was Castro spelled backwards.

• The U.S also organized operation Mongoose where they would train and arm other resistance groups to take over Cuba.

• The CIA were also accused of hiring mob boss Sam Giancana to assassinate Castro.

• Over all, there were 7 attempts on Castro’s life • These and many other threats led to Cuba turning

to the U.S.S.R for protection.

Arming Cuba

• It was in this environment that Cuba and the Soviet Union agreed to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, with the understanding that an invasion would potentially be met by a nuclear response.

• Khrushchev devised the deployment plan in May of 1962, and by late July, over sixty Soviet ships were en route to Cuba, some of them already carrying military material including suspected Nuclear warheads

The Nuclear Race

• Russia was beginning to lose the race

• The U.S also had more access to Russia as they had Missile in Turkey and Polaris submarines.

• The Soviet Union needed to counter the threat by placing missiles in Cuba.

• Using U.2 spy planes the U.S found the nuclear missiles on Cuban Soil.

• They knew more were coming and they needed to take action.

• They could plan an invasion, they could use Air strikes, or form a naval blockade restricting the ships. They chose the later.

• Finally diplomacy wins out.

• The U.S agrees to remove its missiles from Turkey and The USSR agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba.

• Disaster was avoided.

Rwandan Genocide

Background of Racism

• Once the colonial powers of Belgium and Germany took over Rwanda, they implemented a system of racism.

• The Tutsi tribe were lighter skinned and therefore given superiority over the Hutus.

• There were given control over the country even though they were the minority population.

• Eventually the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi government.

• The Tutsi tribe would not go away and threatened to once again attain power.

The Start of the Conflict

• Although there was already hatred amoung the groups they were peaceful until one event.

• President Habyalimana was killed when his plane was shot down.

• The Tutsi were suspected and this sparked violence.

• The Hutus turned to violence and decided to perform genocide on the Tutsi.

• They also used radio stations to spread Hutu propaganda.

• Over 800,000 Tutsi were killed

• The U.N were sent in as observers but did not have a mandate to interfere. Romeo Dallaire from Canada led the mission.

• They could simply watch a help victims at there own risk.

• The Belgium troops decided to pull out after 10 of their peace keepers were killed.

• No Country offered to help.

Apartheid

A Timeline

• 1651: Dutch settlers arrive in South Africa. In 1756, they import slaves from West Africa, Malaysia, and India, establishing the dominance of whites over non-whites in the region.

• 1700s: Riding on horseback and covered wagons, Dutch farmers (called Boers) migrate across land inhabited by Bantu and Khoi peoples. Armed with shotguns, the Boers seize land used by the tribes for cattle and sheep grazing -- the basis of their economy. Without land, the tribes must work on Boer farms to support themselves.

• 1810s: British missionaries arrive and criticize the racist practises of the Boers. They urge the Boers to treat the Africans more fairly. Boers justify their practises in the belief that they are superior to Africans.

• 1867: Diamond mining begins in South Africa. Africans are given the most dangerous jobs, are paid far less than white workers, and are housed in fenced, patrolled barracks. Oppressive conditions and constant surveillance keep Africans from organizing for better wages and working conditions.  

• 1908: A constitutional convention is held to establish South African independence from Britain. The all-white government decides that non-whites can vote but cannot hold office. A few people in the new government object, believing that South Africa would be more stable if Africans were treated better.

• 1910: The South Africa Act takes away all political rights of Africans in three of the country's four states.

• 1912: The African National Congress is formed. This political party aims to organize Africans in the struggle for civil rights.

• 1913: The Native Lands Act gives 7.3% of the country's land to Africans, who make up 80% of the population. Africans are prohibited from owning land outside their region. Africans are allowed to be on white land only if they are working for whites.

• 1920s: Blacks are fired from jobs which are given to whites.

· 1910s-1930s: Africans educated at missionary schools attempt to organize to resist white rule and gain political power. Their efforts are weakened because few Africans are literate, communication is poor, and access to money or other resources is limited.

• 1936: Representation of Voters Act: This law weakens the political rights for Africans in some regions and allows them to vote only for white representatives.

• By 1939, fewer than 30% of Africans are receiving any formal education, and whites are earning over five times as much as Africans.

• 1936: Representation of Voters Act: This law weakens the political rights for Africans in some regions and allows them to vote only for white representatives.

• 1946: African mine workers are paid twelve times less than their white counterparts and are forced to do the most dangerous jobs. Over 75,000 Africans go on strike in support of higher wages. Police use violence to force the unarmed workers back to their jobs. Over 1000 workers are injured or killed.

• .1948 - Policy of apartheid (separateness) adopted when National Party (NP) takes power.

• 1950: The Population Registration Act. This law classifies people into three racial groups: white, colored (mixed race or Asian), and native (African/black). Marriages between races are outlawed in order to maintain racial purity.

• 1953: The Preservation of Separate Amenities Act establishes "separate but not necessarily equal" parks, beaches, post offices, and other public places for whites and non-whites.

• 1951: The Group Areas Act sets aside specific communities for each of the races (white, colored (mixed race or Indian), and native (African/black) ). The best areas and the majority of the land are reserved for whites. Non-whites are relocated into "reserves." Mixed-race families are forced to live separately.

• 1951: The Bantu Homelands Act. Through this law, the white government declares that the lands reserved for black Africans are independent nations.

• In this way, the government strips millions of blacks of their South African citizenship and forces them to become residents of their new "homelands." Blacks are now considered foreigners in white-controlled South Africa, and need passports to enter. Blacks only enter to serve whites in menial jobs

• The homelands are too small to support the many people in them. In Soweto, for example, seventeen to twenty people live in a four-room house.

• The African National Congress (ANC), a political organization for Africans, encourages peaceful resistance to the discriminatory laws of apartheid. The ANC issues a Freedom Charter that states, "South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people." The government reacts by arresting people and passing more repressive laws.

• 1952: Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act. This misleadingly-named law requires all Africans to carry identification booklets with their names, addresses, fingerprints, and other information. Africans are frequently stopped and harassed for their passes. Between 1948-1973, over ten million Africans were arrested because their passes were "not in order." Burning pass books becomes a common form of protest.

• 1960: A large group of blacks in the town of Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. The government declares a state of emergency and responds with fines, imprisonment, and whippings. In all, 69 people die and 187 people are wounded. The African political organizations, the African National Congress and the Pan-African Congress, are banned.

• 1962: The United Nations establishes the Special Committee Against Apartheid to support a political process of peaceful change. The Special Committee observes the International Day Against Racism to mark the anniversary of the people who died in the Sharpeville protest.

• 1963: Nelson Mandela, head of the African National Congress, is jailed

• 1970s: Resistance to apartheid increases. Organizing by churches and workers increases. Whites join blacks in the demonstrations.

• 1970s: The all-black South African Students Organization, under the leadership of Steven Biko, helps unify students through the Black Consciousness movement.

• 1976: The Soweto uprising: People in Soweto riot and demonstrate against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans, the language of whites descended from the Dutch. The police react with gunfire. 575 people are killed and thousands are injured and arrested. Steven Biko is beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries. Protesters against apartheid link arms in a show of resistance.

• 1980s: People and governments around the world launch an international campaign to boycott (not do business with) South Africa. Some countries ban the import of South African products, and citizens of many countries pressure major companies to pull out of South Africa.

• These actions have a crippling effect on the South African economy and weaken the government

• 1980s: Hundreds of thousands of Africans who are banned from white-controlled areas ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in search of work. Civil disobedience, demonstrations, and other acts of protest increase.

• late 1980s: Countries around the world increasingly pressure South Africa to end its system of apartheid. As a result, some of the segregationist laws are repealed (reversed). For example, the laws separating whites and non-whites in public places are relaxed or repealed.

• 1984: Constitution opened Parliament membership to Asians and Coloureds, but not to Black South Africans.

•  

•  1990 - ANC unbanned, Mandela released after 27 years in prison. President F. W. de Klerk announced end to apartheid.

• 1991: South Africa President F.W. de Klerk repeals the rest of the apartheid laws and calls for the drafting of a new constitution.

• 1993: A multiracial, multiparty transitional government is approved

• 1994: Elections are held. The United Nations sends 2,120 international observers to ensure the fairness of the elections. The African National Congress, representing South Africa's majority black population. Nelson Mandela, the African resistance leader who had been jailed for 27 years, is elected President.

South Africa

Apartheid

Historical Background

• South Africa was colonized by the Dutch and English from the 17th century.

• the European settlers dominated the indigenous population through military and political control and the control of land and wealth.

continued

• South Africa is a very fertile land and is very rich in resources

• Diamonds, and gold

• This attracted the Dutch and British

• They wanted control over the resources and gave little thought of the aboriginal people

Continued

• The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War.

Continued

• In 1948 the National Party won the election and began their reign of oppression and Apartheid

• The Population of South Africa is 34 million

• The white population is 5 million yet they won the election

Continued

• a large number of laws were enacted, further instituting the dominance of white people over other races.

Apartheid Laws

• The principal apartheid laws were as follows:

• The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

• Amendment to The Immorality Act (1950) • This law made it a criminal offence for a

white person to have any sexual relations with a person of a different race.

Apartheid Laws

• The Population Registration Act (1950)

• This law required all citizens to register as black, white or coloured.

• All blacks were required to carry ``pass books'' containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas.

• The Suppression of Communism Act (1950)

• This law banned any opposition party the government chose to label as "communist".

Apartheid Laws

• The Group Areas Act (27 April 1950) • This law barred people of particular races

from various urban areas.• The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act

(1953) • This law prohibited people of different

races from using the same public amenities, such as drinking fountains, restrooms

Apartheid Laws

• The Bantu Education Act (1953)

• This law brought in various measures expressly designed to reduce the level of education attainable by black people.

• The Mines and Work Act (1956)

• This law formalised racial discrimination in employment.

Apartheid laws

• The Promotion of Black Self-Government Act (1958)

• This law set up nominally independent "homelands" for black people.

Apartheid Laws

• Black Homeland Citizenship Act (1971)

• This law changed the status of the inhabitants of the 'homelands' so that they were no longer citizens of South Africa, and therefore had none of the rights that came with citizenship.

Homelands

• These homelands were independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to the record of origin

• All political rights, including voting, held by an African were restricted to the designated homeland.

Continued

• The idea was that they would be citizens of the homeland, losing their citizenship in South Africa and any right of involvement with the South African Parliament which held complete hegemony over the homelands.

• From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans.

Six Days War

• Tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors resulted in a battle which endured for six days.

• Israel took control of Gaza, Sinai, and the Golan Heights.

• The also seized control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan.

Six Days War

• This resulted in Israel doubling the size of its territory

• It also helped to raise the confidence level of the Israeli people.

• The UN Condemned the actions and demanded the withdrawal of Israeli forces

• 500,000 Palestinians were displaced.

Yom Kippur War

• Palestinians were frustrated with diplomatic negotiations.

• They did not gain back any territory that was lost in the Six Days War.

• Egypt and Syria attacked Sinai and the Golan Heights

Yom Kippur War

• After three weeks, Israel stopped the attack and began to push back

• They took territory beyond the Golan Heights and advanced into Egypt to the Western side of the Suez canal.

War and Peace

• On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly voted to partition Palestine into two states, one Jewish and the other Arab.

• The territory designated to the Jewish state would be slightly larger than the Palestinian state (56 percent and 43 percent of Palestine, respectively) on the assumption that increasing numbers of Jews would immigrate there.

• Publicly, the Zionist leadership accepted the UN partition plan, although they hoped somehow to expand the borders allotted to the Jewish state.

• The Palestinian Arabs and the surrounding Arab states rejected the UN plan and regarded the General Assembly vote as an international betrayal.

• Fighting began between the Arab and Jewish residents of Palestine days after the adoption of the UN partition plan.

• In contrast, Zionist military forces, although numerically smaller, were well organized, trained and armed.

• On May 15, 1948, the British evacuated Palestine, and Zionist leaders proclaimed the state of Israel. Neighbouring Arab states (Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq) then invaded Israel claiming that they sought to "save" Palestine from the Zionists.

Aftermath

• Israel held 77%

• Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip

• Jordan controlled the West Bank

• As a consequence of the fighting in Palestine/Israel between 1947 and 1949, over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs became refugees

• One Israeli military intelligence document indicates that at least 75 percent of the refugees left due to Zionist or Israeli military actions, psychological campaigns aimed at frightening Arabs into leaving, and direct expulsions.

• Today 3 million Palestinians live within Israeli borders.

• An additional million live in refugee camps in Jordan and are afraid to return to their homes.

Six Days War

• In the spring of 1967, the Soviet Union misinformed the Syrian government that Israeli forces were massing in northern Israel to attack Syria.

• Syria called to its neighbors for help and Egypt and Jordan answered.

• What they didn’t realize was how militarized Israel was since it had been receiving military aid from the U.S.

• On June 5, 1967 Israel pre-emptively attacked Egypt and Syria, destroying their air forces on the ground within a few hours.

• The Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian armies were decisively defeated, and Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Yom Kippur War

• In 1970, the president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, that he would sign a peace treaty with Israel if they gave back the land in the Sinai peninsula that was taken in the six day war.

• This was ignored by Israel and the U.S.

• On the Holy day of Yom Kippur, Egypt and Syria attacked the Sinai peninsula and the Golan Heights.

• They made some progress until the U.S. was involved politically and sent Israel military aid.

PLO• Palestinian Liberation Organization• This group is a political party that represents

Palestinians. • There main focus is to reclaim a state for Palestine. • They have been located in Jordan, Tunisia, and

Lebanon.• They argue that they were promised by the U.N., an

independent state within Israel and have never received it.

• They were founded and led by Yasir Arafat for many years.

Peace Process

• Camp David 1

• U.S president Jimmy Carter invited Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Israeli Prime Minister Begin to Camp David to solve the mid east crisis.

• Two things were proposed,

• peace

• Second Palestine was offered autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

• The were allowed to install an administration for a 5 year period

• It was still not a guaranteed state since after five years it would be reevaluated.

• Israel would still have the right to have troops in the area.

• During the negotiations, Israel continued moving into Palestinian lands and set up settlements.

Madrid Accord

• During the first Gulf War, the PLO would not support the U.S and were therefore seen to be supporting Iraq.

• This isolated them from many mid east U.S allies such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

• U.S. and Israel met once again in Madrid, Spain but the PLO was not allowed at the table and was termed a terrorist organization by President Bush.

• Again nothing was achieved.• Many Palestinian groups began to lose patience

with the PLO and many radical groups were formed to challenge them.

• These groups were aided by the U.S and include Hamas and Islamic Jihad.

• These groups eventually turned more violent as peaceful means were getting them nowhere.

Oslo Peace Accords

• Israel finally recognizes the right of Palestinians to have their own land.

• The PLO was to have municipal control over areas in Gaza with the understanding that the West Bank would be negotiated at a later date.

• Israel still constructed new settlements in the Gaza Strip and continued to violate the agreements.

Camp David 2

• President Clinton, Barak and Arafat all met again at Camp David.

• The Israeli’s backtracked on its promise and would not recognize the Palestinian right to Gaza.

• They offered some withdrawal of the West Bank.• They also refused to evacuate any settlements that

were established in these areas. • Palestine would not accept this agreement.

• Wye River accords1998 After a yearlong stalemate and a marathon 21-hour session mediated by U.S. President Bill Clinton, Netanyahu and Arafat signed a land-for-peace deal October 23 at Wye Mills, Maryland. It called for a crackdown on terrorists, redeployment of Israeli troops, transfer of 14.2 percent of the West Bank land to Palestinian control, safe passage corridors for Palestinians between Gaza and the West Bank, the release of 750 Palestinians from Israeli prisons and a Palestinian airport in Gaza.

• Today, Palestinians have limited control over some parts of the West Bank and Gaza.

• They are under constant retaliations from the Israeli Military and Israel has constructed a wall surrounding the Palestinian areas.

• They control all traffic going to and from Gaza and the West Bank.

• Groups such as Hamas, and Hezbollah still fight for a free Palestinian state.

The Age of Technology

Technology Trends in the 20th Century

• Technology in the past was not as a systematic process as it is today.

• Inventions were mainly done by individual people.

• Today, technological innovation has been taken over by commercial and governmental agencies.

• Science and technology used to be separate fields.• Technology was about making and doing things

and science was about understanding what already existed.

• Most of the inventions of the 1900s have been based in science. With the method of hypothesizing or predicting what might happen.

•

Marketing

• Another trend in the 20th century is the marketing of technology to the general public.

• Before technology was mostly used for work related needs.

• During this change, technology was used to make day to day life easier.

• Is technology the servant of necessity or is necessity the servant of technology?

• Have people controlled the direction of technology or has technology controlled the patterns people.

• Mass consumption is the result of mass production.

• Before the cos reductions of mass production people were limited and not wasteful. They reused and saved things. With mass production were were also forced to invent recycling and new was to handle garbage.

• The advent of the mass media led to technology creating and filling its own market.

• Through mass media advertising, companies can create their own demand for products they can invent.

• The Cold War was arguably a product of the media. The public was in constant fear of the evil red empire.

• As a result new military technologies were supported by the public and many technologies were constantly upgraded to fill the nations created need for security.

The Pace of Change

• In the last century we have created more technological development than in the history of the world combined.

• After World War 2 computer technology was invented. Computers were huge and very expensive.

• Within 40 years, computers are now used in every facet of life.

• Technology has also allowed us to broaden what we think is possible.

• Space technology was achieved when the soviet union lanched the soviet satellite Sputnik 1.

• Then came manned space flight as Yury Gagarin became the first man in space.

• Advances in rocket propulsion led to Neil armstrong and Edwin Aldrin being able to walk on the moon.

• Through the space program civilians benefited with inventions like teflon, freeze dried foods, lightweight clothing, and advances in medical equipment.

Transportation Systems

• Transportation was greatly enhanced after the war.

• Transatlantic flight became possible from the advent of long range bombers.

• Jet propulsion soon followed as well as supersonic planes such as the concorde.

Technology and the Global Community

• Technology is not evenly distributed around the world.

• The widest gap is between the developed and developing nations.

• Technology is both source and benefit of national wealth therefore the rich have also become the technological leaders of the world.

• The developing nations that need technology are the ones that can least afford it.

• For example, the U.S has 2500 researchers per million people.

• The entire continent of Africa has 20.

Access to Resources

• Many of the under developed countries also do not have access the resources needed for energy.

• Coal and oil was not available to many African nations and therefore no ability to power machines.

Multinational Corporations

• Through the trend of globalization, many countries all of the world have the ability to produce.

• However, companies that set up in other countries are not there for the countries benefit.

• Many of the workers in these factories do not see any of the goods they produce.