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Collaborative Cohesion:
The Necessity for A
Standardized
Community/City Social
Cohesion Model Zachary
Raden
1. Introduction:
1.1 Kresge and using Social Cohesion
within a Climate Resilient Plan
2. Review of Literature on Social
Cohesion:
2.1 The Dimensions and Domains of
Social Cohesion
2.2 Indicators of Social Cohesion
2.3 Communication Infrastructure
Theory (CIT): The “Storytelling
Network” and the “Communication
Action Context”
Overview
3. Limitations in Measuring and
Identifying Social Cohesion Indicators:
3.1 Existing Data and Data
Gathering
4. The Importance of a Standard Model
for Social Cohesion:
4.1 The New Focus: Increasing
Social Cohesion
4.2 Emphasizing Cross-
Communication and
Collaboration between City and
Community Institutions
5. Conclusion:
5.1 Gentrification as a Dismantling
Force for Social Cohesion
1 Introduction 1.1
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1.1 Kresge and using Social Cohesion within a Climate Resilient Plan
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1.1 Kresge and using Social Cohesion within a Climate Resilient Plan
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The Kresge Environment Program, 2014, 3-4
Increasingly more governmental, non-
governmental, and intergovernmental
institutions are realizing the importance of
social cohesion with leaders including:
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1.1 Kresge and using Social Cohesion within a Climate
Resilient Plan
A Tremendous Body of Existing Literature on Both the
Theoretical and Actual Application of Social Cohesion
An opportunity to bridge the
gap community with a
standard
between the city and
social cohesion model
Unifying Oakland’s
ROOTS!
2 Review of Literature
on Social Cohesion 2.1
2.1 The Dimensions and Domains of Social Cohesion
Jenson,
Jane ➤
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It is important to understand the core
concepts of Social Cohesion rather than a
fixed definition
THE MICRO/MACRO DICHOTOMY OF SOCIAL COHESION:
1. MICRO: Local Community (Individuals) → Various levels of Social Capital
2. MACRO: Society as a Whole (Structures and Institutions) → Strength of Social
Economy
DOMAINS
D
I
M
E
N
S
I
O
N
S
Weighted and Aggregated Index of Social Cohesion Indicators
Separating social
cohesion into six
dimensions and three
domains (Economic,
Political, and Socio-
cultural) is helpful as it
allows for a more
systematic and
organized way to
measure and identify
social cohesion
indicators
2 Review of Literature
on Social Cohesion 2.2
Indicators for United Nations
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2.2 Indicators of Social Cohesion
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1. Social cohesion as social inclusion -- indicated
by access to financial resources:
➤ The Gini coefficient, which is a measure of
inequality of income distribution or inequality
of wealth distribution
2. Social cohesion as social inclusion -- indicated
by access to economic activity
➤ Unemployment rate (percentage of total
labour force)
3. Social cohesion as social inclusion -- indicated
by access to education and human capital
➤ Literacy rate, adult total (percentage of
people aged 15 and above
4. Social cohesion as social inclusion -- indicated
by access to health
➤ Life expectancy at birth, in years
5. Social cohesion as social inclusion --
indicated by access to technology
➤ Percentage of households with
access to broadband internet
6. Social cohesion as cultural and ethnic
homogeneity
➤ Percentage of foreign born in
population
7. Social cohesion as trust
➤ Question about trust from public
opinion surveys
8. Social cohesion as participation and
solidarity
➤ Electoral participation -- percentage
of eligible voters participating in
national elections
2 Review of Literature
on Social Cohesion 2.3
CIT identifies two basic components of communication infrastructure. The
first is the “neighborhood storytelling network” which consists of three key
storytellers:
2.3 Communication Infrastructure Theory
(CIT)
C
O
M
M
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N
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
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S
E
S
S
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N
T
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L
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Fostering the “community action
context” further encourages the
“storytelling network”, enhancing
social cohesion. Further
research suggests that
addressing both elements is not
only a tactic of cohesion
enhancement but can also
directly increase civic
engagement and participation
(Kim, 2006, 173)
In order to foster social cohesion,
the focus must be on preserving
and improving CIT elements that
reinforces and strengthens this
feedback system
In order to foster social cohesion, the
focus must be on preserving and
improving CIT elements that reinforces and
strengthens this feedback system
Limitations in Measuring and
Identifying Social Cohesion
Indicators 3.1 3
2 ➤
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Problems
International
data sets like the
World Values
Survey can be
helpful in
understanding a
U.S. average in
comparison to
the City of
Oakland
3.1 Existing Data and Data
Gathering
If an Oakland specific survey
be implemented annually, a
meaningful comparison could
be made on the
increase/decrease of social
cohesion. By involving the
community to partake in
collecting data, it would be
an efficient and local use of
resources and create a
greater sense of community
The Importance of a Standard
Model for Social Cohesion 4.1 4
A NEED FOR STANDARDS
4.1 The New Focus: Increasing Social Cohesion
Econo
my
Econo
my
Infrastructur
e
Infrastructure
Social
Cohesion
Social
Cohesion CITY
CITY
G
E
N
T
R
I
F
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C
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
I
L
I
E
N
C
E 1
.
2
.
The Importance of a Standard
Model for Social Cohesion 4.2 4
Applying Communication
Infrastructure Theory (CIT)
4.2 Emphasizing Cross-Communication and Collaboration between City and Community
Institutions
Community
Level
Community
Level
City
Level
City Level
Both have social cohesion as main
objective with same models to measure
1
.
2.
Outsid
e
decisio
n
making
Outsid
e
decisio
n
making
Inside
decisio
n
making
Inside
decisio
n
making
Collaborative decision
making
Conclusion 4.2 5
THERE CAN BE NO INCREASING OF
SOCIAL COHESION WITH
GENTRIFICATION
With social cohesion as the focus, it directly fights against
policies of gentrification while simultaneously aiming to
improve both infrastructure and the local economy
With a standardized model, Oakland can be a leader in the
U.S. for this new growing policy approach so many other
institutions are utilizing
5.1 Gentrification as a Dismantling Force for Social Cohesion
