Collection of Standard Symbol ROUGH Assignment

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COLLECTION

OFSTANDARD

SYMBOLS

General equipments:

Equipment Name Symbol Use

Conveyor A conveyor is a common

mechanical handling

equipment that movesmaterials from one location

to another.

Screw Conveyor They are used in bulk

handling industries as an

efficient way to move semi-

solid materials, including food

waste, wood chips,

aggregates, cereal grains,

animal feed, boiler ash, meat

and bone meal, municipal

solid waste, and many others. Scraper Conveyor A scraper conveyor is a

material transportation

device utilizing a continuous,

driven chain circuit equipped

with regularly spaced cross

members.



Overhead Conveyor Overhead Conveyors can be

used to moves materials from

one location to another.

When factory floor space is at

a premium thus giving you

the freedom and flexibility tohave other machinery or

production processes on the

ground floor.

Feeder They are used in pneumatic

conveying systems, dust

control equipment, and as

volumetric feed-controls. Star Feeder It can be applied for the

uniform feeding of powder in

various industries. Screw Feeder They are used in various

industries for the metering of

material into a production

process. Weighing Feeder Weigh belt feeders are

heavily used in the food

industry for high-feed rates

and to handle a wide range of

materials, including fragile

materials that might be

damaged by a screw feeder . Beaker It a simple container for

stirring, mixing and heating

liquids commonly used in

many laboratories. Crusher Crushers may be used to

reduce the size, or change the

form, of waste materials so

they can be more easily

disposed of or recycled, or to

reduce the size of a solid mix

of raw materials (as in rock

ore), so that pieces of

different composition can be

differentiated. Roll Crusher Roll crushers are machines

equipped with teeth and

wheels that crush material up

to one fifth its original sizes.



Hammer Crusher Hammer crusher can be used

to crush various semi hard

and fragile materials, such as

limestone, coal, salt, gypsum,

alum, bricks, tiles, and coal

gangue, and so on. It cancrush materials of different

sizes into small particles of

relatively equal sizes. Ball Mill A ball mill is a type of grinder

used to grind materials into

extremely fine powder for use

in mineral dressing processes,

paints, pyrotechnics, and

ceramics. Mixer Mixers are used in a wide

range of industries tocombine different materials

together to form one final

product from the mixing

process. The mixed materials

can be mixed from low to

high viscosity, high to low

viscosity, or mixed at a

constant viscosity. Kneader Kneader are large volume,

low shear, processing units

that combine the intensive

mixing and kneading

necessary to process highly

viscous, pasty, crust-forming

materials, or materials that

change phases. Blender A blender is a laboratory

appliance used to mix or

emulsify substances. Double Blender The Double Cone Blender is

an efficient and versatile

machine for mixing dry powder and granules

homogeneously. It can be

used for Pharmaceutical,

Food, Chemical and Cosmetic

products etc.

Fluid Separator It is used in removing

particulates from an air, gas



or liquid stream, without the

use of filters, through vortex

separation. Sand Filter Sand filters are used

extensively in the water

industry for water purification.

Dust Collector A Dust Collector is used to

enhance the quality of air

released from industrial and

commercial processes by

collecting dust and other

impurities from air or gas. Liquid-Liquid Separator Liquid-Liquid Separator can

separate any two immiscible

liquids. We can separate fuel

and water, or, oil and water, so

efficiently that the effluent can

contain 1 PPM or less of the

unwanted liquid.

Filter Filter may refer to a device to

separate mixtures in

chemistry, engineering, or

household usage. Rotary Filter Rotary vacuum filter drum

consists of a drum rotating in

a tub of liquid to be filtered.

The technique is well suited

to high solids liquids that would blind or block other

forms of filter.

Screen It helps in the identifying or

selecting members of a

population based on one or

more selection criteria. Electro-magnet They can be used for the

separation of magnetic ore

particles and non magnetic

gangue particles during the

extraction of metals.

Cyclone A high speed rotating (air)

flow is established within a

cylindrical or conical

container called a cyclone.

They can be used for

removing particulates from

an air, gas or liquid stream,



without the use of filters,

through vortex separation.

Rotational effects and gravity

are used to separate mixtures

of solids and fluids. The

method can also be used to

separate fine droplets of

liquid from a gaseous stream. Centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of

equipment, generally driven

by an electric motor (some

older models were spun by

hand), that puts an object in

rotation around. It is used to

separate substances of

greater and lesser density. Briquetting Machine Briquetting machine has been

designed to produce a block

of flammable matter used as

fuel to start and maintain a

fire( briquette) from a variety

of granular or powdered

material. such as: charcoal,

coal, coke, iron oxide, iron

concentrate, metal powder,

iron powder, dried sewage

sludge, steelwork dust, etc. Prill Tower Reactor used for producing

prill agglomerates (From

Latin means “to wind into a

ball”). Dryer It is widely used in food,

forage, chemical engineer,

medicine, and mining

industries. It is employed to

reduce or minimize the liquid

moisture content of the

material. Skip Hoist A basket, bucket, or open car

mounted vertically or on an

incline on wheels, rails, or

shafts and hoisted by a cable;

used to raise materials. Also

known as skip. Hoist Any apparatus or device for

hoisting (To move or lift



something by a rope-and-

pulley device).

Heat exchangers:

Air Blown Cooler Air blown cooler is a heat

exchanger. But, unlike a

water heat exchanger which

uses water as the cooling

medium, an air blast cooler

uses free ambient air as its

cooling medium. A rise in the

temperature controlled in

order to optimize the

performance of your system. Plate Type Cooler One is composed of multiple,

thin, slightly-separated plates

that have very large surface

areas and fluid flow passages

for heat transfer . Finned Tube Cooler The two primary cooler

designs are tube-and-fin style

coolers. One can extract the

heat through the tubes to the

external fins where it is

absorbed by the air flowing

through the cooler.

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Double-pipe heat exchanger

has high performance and

comprising an inner pipe and

an outer pipe which

constitute a double pipe. Oil Burner An oil burner is a mechanical

device that combines fuel oil



with proper amounts of air

before delivering the mixture

to the point of ignition in a

combustion chamber. They

are typically used in steamers,ovens etc.

Boiler A boiler is a closed vessel in

which water or other fluid is

heated. Used to generate

steam to drive turbines to

generate electricity.

Fixed Heater They are used in industry

heating large scale industrial

processes.

Tube Bundle They are used in steam

engine locomotives. Heat Exchanger Heat exchangers are widely

used in industry both for

cooling and heating large

scale industrial processes. The

type and size of heat

exchanger used can be

tailored to suit a process

depending on the type of

fluid, its phase, temperature,

density, viscosity, pressures,

chemical composition and

various other thermodynamic

properties.

Shell and Tube heat exchanger In large power plants. Shell

and tube bundle heat

exchanger are used to

condense the exhaust steam. Condenser A condenser is a device or

unit used to condense a

substance from its gaseous to



its liquid state, typically by

cooling it. In so doing, the

latent heat is given up by the

substance, and will transfer

to the condenser coolant.Condensers are typically heat

exchangers. Automatic Stoker A device that supplies fuel to

a boiler furnace by

mechanical means. Also

known as mechanical stoker.

Refrigerator Refrigeration is a process in

which work is done to move

heat from one location toanother. This work is

traditionally done by

mechanical work, but can

also be done by magnetism,

laser or other means.

Refrigeration is used to liquify

gases - oxygen, nitrogen,

propane and methane. In oil

refineries, chemical plants,and petrochemical plants,

refrigeration is used to

maintain certain processes at

their needed low

temperatures. Evaporation Condenser Evaporative cooling is a

common form of cooling

buildings for thermal comfort.

It s only efficient when therelative humidity is low,

restricting its effective use to

dry climates.

Oil Separators A means of controlling an oil

level in the separator , which

usually includes a liquid-level



controller and a diaphragm

motor valve on the gas outlet.

It utilizes the difference in

density between oil or

petroleum products and fluidto separate the oil from the

fluid. They are utilized

thoroughly in industry, typical

industrial applications

include: food processing

equipment, heavy

manufacturing, wastewater

treatment, marine, water

drainage and engine fuel systems.

Chilling Evaporator They are often used in the

plastic industry in injection

and blow molding, metal

working cutting oils, welding

equipment, die-casting and

machine tooling, chemical

processing, pharmaceutical

formulation, food and

beverage processing, paper

and cement processing,

vacuum systems, X-ray

diffraction, power supplies

and power generation

stations, analytical

equipment, semiconductors,

compressed air and gas

cooling. They are also used to

cool high-heat specialized

items such as MRI machines

and lasers, and in hospitals,

hotels and campuses.



Cooling Towers:Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.

Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the

working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or in the case of closed circuit dry cooling

towers rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. Common

applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power

stations and building cooling

Air Cooling Evaporator These heat exchangers are

generally applied to control

environmental conditions in

holding freezer, dynamic blast

freezers, stationary blast cells, refrigerated docks as

well as other low temperature

conditioned space found in

food manufacturing and

distribution facilities.

Extractor Hood An extractor hood is a device

containing a mechanical fan

that hangs above the stove or

cook top. It is used to removeairborne grease, combustion

products, smoke, odors, heat,

and steam from the air by a

combination of filtration and

evacuation of the air. Fan Blades A fan blade will often rotate

when exposed to an air

stream; often have designs

similar to that of a fan. Theirtypical applications include

climate control, vehicle and

machinery cooling systems,

ventilation, fume extraction,

removing dust, drying and to

provide draft for a fire.



Following are the different cooling towers on the basis of their construction but all of them serve

the same purpose

Induced Draft Cross Flow

Cooling Tower Induced draft cooling towers

are constructed such that the

incoming circulating water isdispersed throughout the

cooling tower via a spray

header. These towers make

use of the forced and the

induced draft fans. Forced Draft Counter Flow

Cooling Tower Forced draft cooling towers

are very similar to induced

draft cooling towers. The

primary difference is that theair is blown in at the bottom of

the tower and exits at the top.

Forced draft cooling towers

are usually used for high

resistance air due to

centrifugal blower fan. Water

distribution problems and

recirculation difficulties

discourage the use of forceddraft cooling towers.

Hyperbolic Chimney Tower

Cooling Tower

These cooling towers make use

of the difference in

temperature between the

ambient air and hotter air

inside the tower.

Natural Draft Counter Flow

Cooling Tower Natural draft cooling towers

are particularly attractive as a

cost-saving solution for larger power stations and industrial

plants requiring greater

quantities of cooling water . As

this type of cooling tower

operates without fans. The

required cooling air is not



conveyed through the tower by

natural draft thus fans nor is

fan power required. Pumps:A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries.

A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into three major groups:

direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. Their names describe the method for moving a fluid.

In line pump A pump supported directly by

the system piping (i.e., the

piping carries the weight of

the pump); usually mounted

vertically to save floor space,

with its weight centered over

the piping.

Positive displacement pump A positive displacement pump

is one in which a definite

volume of liquid is delivered

for each cycle of pump

operation. This volume is

constant regardless of the

resistance to flow offered by

the system the pump is in. The

positive displacement pump

differs from centrifugal

pumps, which deliver a

continuous flow for any given

pump speed and discharge

resistance. Centrifugal pump

Vertical Centrifugal Pump

Horizontal Centrifugal Pump

A centrifugal pump is a rot

dynamic pump that uses a

rotating impeller to create

flow by the addition of energy

to a fluid. Centrifugal pumps

are commonly used to move

liquids through piping.

Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through

smaller heads.



Rotary pump A rotary pump is a positive-

displacement pump that

consists of vanes mounted to a

rotor that rotates inside of a

cavity. Common uses include

high pressure hydraulic pumps

and automotive uses including,

supercharging, power steering

and automatic transmission

pumps. They are also often

used as vacuum pumps for

providing braking assistance in

large trucks and diesel

powered passenger cars

(whose engines do not

generate intake vacuum)

through a braking booster, and

in most light aircraft to drivegyroscopic flight instruments,

the attitude indicator and

heading indicator .

Furthermore, rotary pumps

can be used in low-pressure

gas applications such as

secondary air injection for

auto exhaust emission control,

and in vacuum applications

including evacuating

refrigerant lines in airconditioners, and laboratory

freeze dryers, extensively in

semiconductor low pressure

chemical vapor deposition

systems, and vacuum

experiments in physics. Reciprocating Pump A reciprocating pump is a

positive plunger pump. It is

often used where relatively

small quantity of liquid is to be

handled and where delivery

pressure is quite large. Ejector/injector An ejector/injector is a pump-

like device that uses the

Venturi effect of a converging-

diverging nozzle to convert the

pressure energy of a motive



fluid to velocity energy which

creates a low pressure zone

that draws in and entrains a

suction fluid. It is used for

delivering water to a steam

locomotive boiler takes

advantage of the release of

the energy contained within

the latent heat of evaporation

to increase the pressure to

above that within the boiler. Sump pump A sump pump is a pump used

to remove water that has

accumulated in a water

collecting sump pit , commonly

found in the basement of

homes. Progressive cavity A progressive cavity pump

transfer’s fluid by means of

the progress, through the

pump, of a sequence of small,

fixed shape, discrete cavities,

as its rotor is turned.

Screw pump Screw pump is a machine

historically used for

transferring water from a low-

lying body of water into

irrigation ditches. Gear Pump A gear pump uses the

meshing of gears to pump

fluid by displacement. They

are one of the most common

types of pumps for hydraulic

fluid power applications.

Gear pumps are also widely

used in chemical installations

to pump fluid with a certain

viscosity. Vessels:

Vessel A vessel is a closed container

designed to hold gases or

liquids at a pressure

substantially different from the



ambient pressure. Vessels are

used in a variety of

applications in both industry

and the private sector. They

appear in these sectors asindustrial compressed air

receivers and domestic hot

water storage tanks. Fluid Contacting Column In chemical engineering, such

vessel are used when we have

make two different fluids in

contact for a short period for

time for different purposes

Reaction Vessel In chemical engineering,reaction vessels are such

container which is designed to

contain chemical reactions.

Clarifier Clarifiers, the inclined parallel

plate design used as part of a

wastewater treatment system

for solids settling.

Closed Tank Closed Tank is a type of

pressure vessel designed tohold gases or liquids at a

pressure substantially different

from the ambient pressure.

Gas Holder A gas holder is a large

container where natural gas or

town gas is stored near

atmospheric pressure at

ambient temperatures.

Barrel A barrel or cask is a hollowcylindrical container



Gas Cylinder A gas cylinder or tank is a

pressure vessel used to store

gases at above atmospheric

pressure. High pressure gas

cylinders are also calledbottled gases.

Tray Column Tray column is an essential

item used in the distillation of

liquid mixtures so as to

separate the mixture into its

component parts, or fractions,

based on the differences in

their volatilities. Fractionating

columns are used in small scalelaboratory distillations as well

as for large-scale industrial

distillations.

Storage Symbols:

Bin Bin is a pallet size box used for

storage and shipping of bulk

quantities. Storage Tank A storage tank is a container,

usually used for holding liquids,

sometimes for compressed

gases (gas tank). The term can

be used for reservoirs (artificial

lakes and ponds), and for

manufactured containers.

Dome Roof Tank Dome roof tanks are meant for

tanks having slightly higher

storage pressure fluids. The

dome roof tank comes in a

single and double wall type.

The single wall type is used to

store heavy and light oil, etc.

The double wall type is used



for low temperature liquids.

Open Top Tank A tank is a container, usually

for holding fluid . Open Tank is

usually used to easier

withstand hydraulichydrostatically induced

pressure of contained liquid .

Cone Roof Tank Cone roof tank is designed for

combustible products which

have less tendency of

evaporation.

Double Wall Tank Double Wall Tanks are

approved and designed for

management of waste oil,generator fuel, transmission

fluids, motor oil and other

hazardous liquids.

Internal Float Tank Floating roof tanks either

internal or external is designed

for very volatile products and

flammable.

Onion Tank Onion tanks are used for

containing large volumes of

water. The advantage of these

tanks is they are totally

collapsible and can be easily

stored in its own storage bag.

It can be easily stored in a

truck or cargo hold in an

aircraft. Other applications are

Oil Spill, Fire Fighting, Water

Relay, Water Storage, Mixing

Tank, Hazardous Waste

Drum A drum is a cylindrical

container used for shipping

bulk cargo. They are also

generally used for the

transportation and storage of

liquids and powders.



External Floating Roof Tank An external floating roof tank

is a storage tank commonly

used to store large quantities

of petroleum products such as

crude oil or condensate.External roof tanks are usually

installed for environmental or

economical reasons to limit

product loss and reduce the

emission of volatile organic

compounds (VOC), an air

pollutant.

Instruments:

Autoclave An autoclave is an instrument

used to sterilize equipment

and supplies by subjecting

them to high pressure

saturated steam at 121 °C for

around 15– 20 minutes

depending on the size of theload and the contents

Level Meter Level Meter can detect and

measure the level of

substances that flow,

including liquids, slurries,

granular materials, and

powders.

Pressure Gauges Typically, pressure gauges are

devices used for measuringthe pressure of a gas or liquid .

Flow meter A flow meter is an instrument

used to measure linear,

nonlinear, mass or volumetric

flow rate of a liquid or a gas.



Rota meter A rota meter is a device that

measures the flow rate of

liquid or gas in a closed tube. Venturi meter Venturi meter is a device used

for measuring the flow rate of fluids in a pipe.

Capillary Tube Tube sufficiently fine so that

capillary attraction of a liquid

into the tube is significant.

Reactors

Reformer Reaction Vessel A reformer is a reaction vessel

based on steam reforming or

auto thermal reforming and is

used in chemical engineering,

for conversion of petroleum

refinery naphtha, typically

having low octane ratings, intohigh-octane liquid products

Hydro Desulphurization Rector Hydrodesulphurization (HDS)

is a catalytic chemical reaction

vessel widely used to remove

sulfur (S) from natural gas and

from refined petroleum

products such as gasoline or

petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel

fuel, and fuel oils.



Fluid Coking Reactor A reaction vessel designed for

carrying a thermal process

utilizing the fluidized solids

technique for continuous

conversion of heavy, low-

grade petroleum oils into

petroleum coke and lighter

hydrocarbon products.

Hydro cracking Reactor A reaction vessel designed for

Hydro cracking which is a

catalytic cracking process

assisted by the presence of an

elevated partial pressure of

hydrogen gas. Similar to the

hydrotreater, the function of

hydrogen is the purification of

the hydrocarbon stream from

sulfur and nitrogen hetero-

atoms. Fluid Catalytic Cracking Reactor It is designed for the

conversion of the high-boiling,

high-molecular weight

hydrocarbon fractions of

petroleum crude oils to more

valuable gasoline, olefin gases

and other products.

Mixing Reactor The Batch reactor is the

generic term for a type of

vessel widely used in the

process industries. Vessels of

this type are used for a variety

of process operations such as

solids dissolution, product

mixing, chemical reactions,

batch distillation,

crystallization, liquid/liquid

extraction and polymerization.

In some cases, they are not

referred to as reactors but



Valves:

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized

solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are

technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid

flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and

transport. The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation,

mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing

Valves play a vital role in industrial applications ranging from transportation of drinking water to

control of ignition in a rocket engine.

They are of different types which are discussed as follow

Gate Valve A gate valve, also known as a

sluice valve, is a valve that

opens by lifting a round or

rectangular gate/wedge out of

the path of the fluid. The

distinct feature of a gate valve

is the sealing surfaces

between the gate and seats

are planar, so gate valves are

often used when a straight-line

flow of fluid and minimum

restriction is desired.

Globe Valve A globe valve is a type of valve

used for regulating flow in a

pipeline, consisting of a

movable disk-type element

and a stationary ring seat in a

generally spherical body

have a name which reflects the

role they perform (such as

crystallizer, or bio reactor).



Screw Down Valve Non return valve (or Screw

Down Valve) can be stated as

one way root. No return back

to pump. In this case the fluid

coming from delivery of pump

presses the plate inside the

non return valve along with

screw. When the fluid

generates back pressure the

screw comes down and the

return way is blocked by the

plate

Check Valve A check valve, clack valve,

non-return valve or one-way

valve is a mechanical device, a

valve, which normally allows

fluid (liquid or gas) to flow

through it in only one

direction.

Stop Check Valve A stop-check valve is a check

valve with override control to

stop flow regardless of flow

direction or pressure. In

addition to closing in response

to backflow or insufficient

forward pressure (normal

check-valve behavior), it can

also be deliberately shut by an

external mechanism, thereby

preventing any flow regardless

of forward pressure.

Diaphragm Valve Diaphragm valves (or

membrane valves) consists of

a valve body with two or more

ports, a diaphragm, and a

"saddle" or seat upon which

the diaphragm closes the

valve. The valve is constructed

from either plastic or steel.



Needle Valve A needle valve is a type of

valve having a small port and a

threaded, needle-shaped

plunger. It allows precise

regulation of flow, although itis generally only capable of

relatively low flow rates.

Relief Valve The relief valve (RV) is a type

of valve used to control or limit

the pressure in a system or

vessel which can build up by a

process upset, instrument or

equipment failure, or fire.

Angle Valve An angle valve is a flow controldevice that utilizes a piston

seated within a metal casing in

order to control the flow of

fluid or gas through a system.

Float Operated Valves Float Operated Valve is a valve

used to control the flow of

water into a cistern, the valve

being controlled by the level

of water in the cistern. Butterfly Valves A butterfly valve is a valve

which can be used for isolating

or regulating flow . The closing

mechanism takes the form of a

disk. Operation is similar to

that of a ball valve, which

allows for quick shut off.

Wedge Valve

Ball Valve

Motor/Hydraulic Ball Valve

A ball valve is a valve with a

spherical disc, the part of the

valve which controls the flow

through it . The sphere has a

hole, or port, through the

middle so that when the port



is in line with both ends of the

valve, flow will occur.

Relief Angle Valve These are automatically

operated by system pressure.

Outside control or operator isnot required.

Reducing Valve Pressure Regulator (or

Pressure Reducing Valve) is a

valve that automatically cuts

off the flow of a liquid or gas

at a certain pressure.

Regulators are used to allow

high-pressure fluid supply lines

or tanks to be reduced to safeand/or usable pressures for

various applications. Thus

reduces pressure to a preset

level downstream of the valve.

Plug Valve

3-way Plug Valve

Plug valves are valves with

cylindrical or conically-tapered

"plugs" which can be rotated

inside the valve body to

control flow through the valve.The plugs in plug valves have

one or more hollow

passageways going sideways

through the plug, so that fluid

can flow through the plug

when the valve is open. Plug

valves are simple and often

economical.

Mixing Valve

A Mixing Valve (TMV) is avalve that blends hot water

with cold water to ensure

constant, safe outlet

temperatures preventing

scalding.



Four Way Valve The four-way valve (or four-

way cock) is a fluid control

valve whose body has four

ports equally spaced round

the valve chamber and theplug has two passages to

connect adjacent ports. The

plug may be cylindrical or

tapered, or a ball.

Pinch Valve A pinch valve is a full bore or

fully ported type of control

valve which uses a pinching

effect to obstruct fluid flow .

There are a few types of pinchvalves based upon application.

Knife Valve Knife valve are similar to a

gate valve, but usually more

compact. They often used for

slurries or powders on/off

control.

Bleeder Valve A bleeder valve works by

releasing air, or gas through a

valve opening to reduce the

built up pressure inside a tank or remove excess air or gas in

a system. The bleeder valve

has a manually operated or

automatic valve opening that

serves as an exit point for air

in a heating system,

compressor or one of many

other types of systems.

Distillation Symbols :

Distillation column is a tall metal cylinder internally fitted with perforated horizontal plates used to

promote separation of miscible liquids ascending in the cylinder as vapor. They also function to

separate air into its various components, principally oxygen and nitrogen. For separating air in

distillation columns these are taken into their liquid form rather than gaseous state.



Distillation columns are designed based on the boiling point properties of the components in the

mixtures being separated. Thus the sizes, particularly the height, of distillation columns are

determined by the vapors liquid equilibrium

Tray / Plate Type(Bubble Cap ,Sieve ,Valve) Distillation Tower This is also a tall, cylindrical

column. Inside, a series of

trays are placed, one above

the other. The trays are used

to bring the rising vapors and

falling liquid into intimate

contact. Tray towers do the

same job as packed towers but

they are very much moreefficient in the separation

process than packed towers

and, they are also more costly.

Packed Tower(Saddle , Ring)

Distillation Tower

As its name implies, the

packed tower is a vertical,

steel column which contains

'Beds' of packing material

which are used to bring the

rising vapors into intimatecontact with falling liquid

within the tower. The heat

added to the mixture before

entering the tower partially

vaporizes the mixture and the

vapors rise up the tower and

begin to cool.

Compressor:



Centrifugal Compressor Centrifugal compressors

sometimes referred to as radial

compressors. They have find

their application in gas

turbines and auxiliary power units, In automotive engine

and diesel engine

turbochargers and

superchargers, In oil refineries,

natural gas processing,

petrochemical and chemical

plants, air-conditioning and

refrigeration and HVAC

Centrifugal compressors quiteoften supply the compression

in water chillers cycles etc Centrifugal Vacuum Blower or

Centrifugal BlowerA centrifugal blower is a

mechanical device for moving

air or other gases. They can

generate pressure increases in

the gas stream. Accordingly,

they are well-suited for

industrial processes and air pollution control systems. They

are also common in central

heating/cooling systems. Axial Compressor Axial compressors are rotating,

airfoil-based compressors in

which the working fluid

principally flows parallel to the

axis of rotation. They are

widely used in gas turbines,

such as jet engines, high speed

ship engines, and small scale

power stations. They are also

used in industrial applications

such as large volume air

separation plants, blast



furnace air, fluid catalytic

cracking air, and propane

dehydrogenation. Axial

compressors, known as

superchargers, have also beenused to boost the power of

automotive reciprocating

engines by compressing the

intake air, though these are

very rare. Reciprocating Compressor A reciprocating compressor or

piston compressor is a positive-

displacement compressor that

uses pistons driven by acrankshaft to deliver gases at

high pressure. Applications

include oil refineries, gas

pipelines, chemical plants,

natural gas processing plants

and refrigeration plants. One

specialty application is the

blowing of plastic bottles made

of Polyethylene Terephthalate

(PET). Liquid Ring Vacuum A liquid ring pump is a rotating

positive displacement pump.

They are typically used as a

vacuum pump but can also be

used as a gas compressor.



Rotary Compressor

Rotary Compressor along with

Silencer

Rotary Screw Compressor

A rotary compressor is a gas

compressor which uses a

rotary type positive

displacement mechanism. They

are commonly used to replace piston compressors where

large volumes of high pressure

air are needed, either for large

industrial applications or to

operate high-power air tools

such as jackhammers.

Drivers:

Motor

Diesel Motor

An electric motor converts

electrical energy into

mechanical energy. Motors are

found in applications as diverse

as industrial fans, blowers and

pumps, machine tools,

household appliances, power

tools, and disk drives. Agitator Or Mixer An agitator is a device or

mechanism to put something

into motion by shaking or

stirring

DC Motor DC motor is an electric motor

that runs on direct current (DC)

electricity. DC motors are

commonly used where precise

speed control is necessary, as incomputer disk drives or in video

cassette recorders, the spindles

within CD, CD-ROM (etc.) drives,

and mechanisms within office

products such as fans, laser

printers and photocopiers.



AC Motor An AC motor is an electric motor

driven by an alternating current.

This type of motor is now used

for the vast majority of

commercial applications.Turbine

Turbines(Steam, Hydraulic, Gas

Motor)

A turbine is a rotary engine that

extracts energy from a fluid flow

and converts it into useful work .

Documents

Collection of Standard Symbol ROUGH Assignment