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8/12/2019 Collective Border Policy in the European Union- Analysis of the S
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THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PUBLIC POLICY
COLLECTIVE BORDER POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION:
ANALYSIS OF THE SCHENGEN AGREEMENT
By
LEXIA C. ARTHER
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$) (&"i$(&* s$6e'ei-("y Nu-e(" 2343.
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T&*e 2.2: Ti"*es $) "he S+he(-e( C$(6e("i$(
TITLE I
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&ss$+i&"i$( i"h "he S+he(-e( &+,uis y ($(EU +$u("'ies is &( &-'ee!e(" &se# $( "he
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e(-&-i(- i( %$*i+y &" "he su%'&(&"i$(&* *e6e* Dys$( &(# Se%$s 2343. G$6e'(!e("s "h&" *e&(e#
!$'e +e("e' $' "$ "he *e)" e(# $) "he s%e+"'u!0 h$e6e'0 &s #e%i+"e# y "he +&se s"u#ies $)
Ge'!&(y &(# F'&(+e &$6e0 "e(# "$ $%" & !$'e $%e(0 +$**e+"i6is" i#e$*$-y Dys$( &(# Se%$s
2343. Gi6e( "hese s"u#ies0 "he !$'e *e)" & -$6e'(!e(" is0 "he !$'e *i
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)&!i*y0 "$ h&6e "he +&%&+i"y "$ $( $' 'e(" & h$!e. By "his 'e-&'#0 "he S+he(-e( &'e& $%e(s u%
"he %'$s%e+" $) see
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D&"& A(&*ysis
The u(i" $) &(&*ysis is "he i(#i6i#u&* !e!e' s"&"e i( "he Eu'$%e&( E+$($!i+
C$!!u(i"y EEC i( "he ye&' 48?0 si(+e "his s"u#y +$(si#e's hy !e!e' s"&"es 6&'y i( "hei'
#e+isi$( "$ %&'"i+i%&"e $' ($" i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&. I( 48?0 "e( +$u("'ies h /$i(e# "he EEC:
Be*-iu!0 De(!&'
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T&*e 5.4. C$u("'y B$'#e's0 C$#e# y I(+'e&si(- P'$%$'"i$( $) E7"e'(&* EEC B$'#e's
V&*ue
4
2
5
>
L&e*
N$(e
P&'"i&*
M&/$'i"y
A**
Des+'i%"i$(
N$ si#es $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e's &'e e7"e'(&* EEC $'#e's ; &**
si#es &'e $'#e'e# y &($"he' +$u("'y.
O(e si#e $' *ess $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e' is &( e7"e'(&* EEC $'#e'
; Re!&i(i(- si#es &'e $'#e'e# y &($"he' +$u("'y.
T$ $' "h'ee si#es $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e' &'e e7"e'(&* EEC
$'#e's u" $(e si#e is $'#e'e# y &($"he' +$u("'y.
A** si#es $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e' &'e e7"e'(&* EEC $'#e's.
P&'"is&(shi%
T$ #e"e'!i(e %&'"is&(shi% i( & +$u("'y0 I u"i*ie The I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $)
G$6e'(!e(" &(# P&'*i&!e(" CPG s+$'e +$!%i*e# y =$*#e(#$'%0 e'!&(0 &(# Bu#-e i( "hei'
'ese&'+h $( %&'"y -$6e'(!e(" i( %$*i"i+&* #e!$+'&+ies =$*#e(#$'%0 .0 e!&(0 H.0 Bu#-e0 I.
4885. The CPG s+$'e is &( i(#i+&"$'0 hi+h i("'$#u+es & !$'e ,u&*i"&"i6e &s%e+" "$ -$6e'(!e("
+$!%$si"i$(. I" &""e!%"s "$ &++$u(" )$' "he 'e*&"i6e s"'e(-"h $) %&'"ies i( -$6e'(!e(" i"h
'e)e'e(+e "$ "he Le)"Ri-h" #i!e(si$(0 "h'$u-h & )i6e%$i(" s+&*e i( hi+h "he %'$%$'"i$(&* sh&'es
$) "he Ri-h"0 Ce("'e &(# Le)" &'e "'&(s)$'!e# i("$ s+$'es 4 "$ ? 'e%'ese("i(- "he #e-'ee $)
#$!i(&(+e $) ei"he' %&'"y $"h i( %&'*i&!e(" &(# -$6e'(!e(". I" is !$s"*y use# "$ 'e*&"e "he
#e-'ee $) %&'"y+$("'$* $) & -$6e'(!e(" "$ i"s %$*i+y-ui#e# &+"i$(s. T&*e 5.2 i(#i+&"es h$
e&+h s+$'e &s $%e'&"i$(&*ie#.
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T&*e 5.2. The I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $) G$6e'(!e(" &(# P&'*i&!e(" CPG0 C$#es
V&*ue
4
2
5
>
?
IPG L&e*
Ri-h"i(- #$!i(&(+e sh&'e $) se&"s i( G$6e'(!e(" &(# su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies i(
P&'*i&!e(" *&'-e' "h&( . %e' +e("Ri-h"Ce("'e +$!%*e7i$( sh&'e $) se&"s $) Ri-h" &(# Ce("'e %&'"ies i( G$6e'(!e("
&(# su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies e"ee( 55.5 &(# . %e' +e(" e&+h
B&*&(+e# si"u&"i$( sh&'e $) Ce("'e *&'-e' "h&( ?3 %e' +e(" i( G$6e'(!e(" &(# i(
P&'*i&!e(" $' i) Le)" &(# Ri-h" )$'! & -$6e'(!e(" "$-e"he' ($" #$!i(&"e# y $(e
si#e $' "he $"he'
Le)"Ce("'e +$!%*e7i$( sh&'e $) se&"s $) Le)" &(# Ce("'e %&'"ies i( G$6e'(!e(" &(#
su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies e"ee( 55.5 &(# . %e' +e(" e&+h
Le)"i(- #$!i(&(+e sh&'e $) se&"s i( G$6e'(!e(" &(# su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies i(
P&'*i&!e(" *&'-e' "h&( . %e' +e("
=e&*"h
Si(+e "his 6&'i&*e &""e!%"s "$ !e&su'e "he e&*"h $) e&+h !e!e' s"&"e 'e*&"i6e "$ i"s
+i"ie(s0 I +h$se "$ use #&"& )$' GDP %e' +&%i"& "&0 hi*e "he 'e!&i(i(-
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43[ )e** i( +&"e-$'y 4. Gi6e( "h&" "he 6&'i&*e is +$#e# &++$'#i(- "$ '&(0 i(#i+&"i(- & *e)"+e("e' sh&'e.
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Fi-u'e 5.4: Dis"'iu"i$( $) C$u("'ies A++$'#i(- "$ P&'"is&(shi% CPG S+&*e
Dis"'iu"i$( $) P&'"is&(shi%0 48?
?
?3[
Ne"he'*&(#s
Be*-iu!
I'e*&(#U(i"e# i(-#$!
De(!&'
53[
I"&*y
Lu7e!$u'-
Ge'!&(y
2
23[
F'&(+e
G'ee+e
3
4
Ri-h"Ce("e' 2 B&*&(+e# Ce("e' 5 Le)"Ce("e' >
I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $) G$6e'(!e(" &(# P&'*i&!e(" C$#es CPG S+&*e
As )$' e&*"h0 GDP %e' +&%i"& )$' e&+h +$u("'y '&(-e# )'$! \>0?83 "$ \4205@> i"h &(
&6e'&-e $) \0@22 &(# & s"&(#&'# #e6i&"i$( $) &$u" \2058. T$ &*i-( !e&su'e!e(" $) GDP %e'
+&%i"& i"h "he $"he' +&"e-$'i+&* 6&'i&*es0 I +$(6e'"e# "he 6&'i&*e )'$! &( i("e'6&* *e6e* "$ &
+&"e-$'i+&* !e&su'e. I #i6i#e# "he +&ses &" "he !e#i&( \0>.? i("$ "$ +&"e-$'ies0 *$ &(#
hi-h GDP %e' +&%i"&0 &(# &ssi-(e# *$ "he 6&*ue $) 3 &(# hi-h "he 6&*ue $) 4.
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Fi-u'e 5.2: Dis"'iu"i$( $) GDP %e' +&%i"&
GDP %e' +&%i"&0 48?
GREECE
IRELAND
ITALY
\>0?83
\?028
\@088
\0243UNITED INGDOM
BELGIUM
GERMANY
\0>>
\8042?
\8048?NETHERLANDS
FRANCE \80?
\44088DENMAR
LUXEMBOURG \4205@>
3 \?0333 \430333GDP %e' +&%i"&0 Cu''e(" I("e'(&"i$(&* \
\4?0333
Be+&use "he #e%e(#e(" 6&'i&*e $) S+he(-e( Me!e'shi% is & +&"e-$'i+&* !e&su'e0 I
%'e)$'!e# & se'ies $) +his,u&'e# "es"s i( +$("i(-e(+y "&*es )$' e&+h i(#e%e(#e(" 6&'i&*e
&-&i(s" "he #e%e(#e(" 6&'i&*e "$ see i) -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$(0 %&'"is&(shi%0 $' GDP %e' +&%i"& h
&( e))e+" $( & !e!e' s"&"eKs +h$i+e "$ %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. T$ #e"e'!i(e '$us"(ess &(# "he
#i'e+"i$( $) &ss$+i&"i$(0 I 'e%$'" "he +hi s,u&'e 6&*ue &*$(- i"h "he %'$&i*i"y 6&*ue "h&" "he
(u** hy%$"hesis is "'ue. The "&*es e*$ #is%*&y "he 'esu*"s )$' e&+h 6&'i&*e.
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T&*e 5.>: A(&*ysis $) S+he(-e( Me!e'shi% &(# Ge$-'&%hi+ L$+&"i$(
Ge$-'&%hi+ L$+&"i$(0 I(+'e&si(- P'$%$'"i$(
$) E7"e'(&* EEC B$'#e's
S+he(-e(Me!e'shi%
N$" & Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 3
Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 4
T$"&*
N$(e 4
3
4
P&'"i&* 2
3
5
M&/$'i"y 5
2
4
A** >
5
3
T$"&*
?
?
434 5 5 5
Pe&'s$( +hi2 5 ] @.5555 P' ] 3.32
T&*e 5.?: A(&*ysis $) S+he(-e( Me!e'shi% &(# P&'"is&(shi%
I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $) G$6e'(!e("
&(# P&'*i&!e(" I(#i+&"$'s
S+he(-e(
Me!e'shi%
N$" & Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 3
Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 4
T$"&*
Ri-h"Ce("e'
C$!%*e7i$(
2
5
2
B&*&(+e#
Si"u&"i$(
5
4
2
Le)"Ce("e'
C$!%*e7i$(
>
4
4
T$"&*
?
?
43? 5 2Pe&'s$( +hi2 2 ] 3.?555 P' ] 3.@
T&*e 5.: A(&*ysis $) S+he(-e( Me!e'shi% &(# =e&*"h GDP %e' +&%i"&
=e&*"h ; GDP %e' +&%i"&
S+he(-e(
Me!e'shi%
N$" & Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 3
Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 4
T$"&*
L$ GDP %e' +&%i"& 3
>
4
Hi-h GDP %e' +&%i"& 4
4
>
T$"&*
?
?
43? ?
Pe&'s$( +hi2 4 ] 5.33 P' ] 3.3?
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T&*e 5.@: Re-'essi$( $) Si-(i)i+&(" De"e'!i(&("s $) S+he(-e( P&'"i+i%&"i$(0 48?
Bi6&'i&"e A(&*ysis:
GDP %e' +&%i"&
;
3.3
3.2W
3.2
3.2
3.5
>.?
3.3@
43
C$e))i+ie("s SE
Mu*"i6&'i&"e A(&*ysis: Ge$-'&%hi+
L$+&"i$( &(# GDP %e' +&%i"&
3.5@
3.4>WW
3.4
3.2@
4.>?
3.>8WW
3.
@.?5
3.32W
43
Re-'ess$'
Ge$-'&%hi+ L$+&"i$(
GDP %e' +&%i"&
C$(s"&("
R2
FR&"i$
Nu!e' $) C&sesW De($"es si-(i)i+&(+e &" "he 8?[ +$()i#e(+e *e6e* $(e"&i*e# "es"0 WW"$ "&i*e# "es"
W Be+&use P&'"is&(shi% h & hi-h +hi s,u&'e %'$&i*i"y $) .@ "h&" "he'e &s ($ 'e*&"i$(shi% e"ee( %&'"is&(shi%
&(# S+he(-e( %&'"i+i%&"i$(0 I +h$se "$ e7+*u#e %&'"is&(shi% )'$! "he 'e-'essi$( &(&*ysis.
Fi(#i(-s &(# I!%*i+&"i$(s
My )i(#i(-s i(#i+&"e si-(i)i+&(" 'esu*"s )$' "$ $) "he 6&'i&*es: -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( &(#
e&*"h GDP %e' +&%i"&0 su--es"i(- "h&" "he *$+&"i$( $) "he +$u("'y &(# e&*"h $) i"s %$%u*&"i$(
!&""e' i( & +$u("'yKs +h$i+e "$ %&'"i+i%&"e i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&.
Tes"i(- -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$(0 "he 'esu*"s s"'$(-*y su%%$'" !y hy%$"hesis ; sh$i(- "h&"
+$u("'ies i"h & -'e&"e' %'$%$'"i$( $) "hei' +$u("'y $'#e's &*s$ ei(- e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's i**
e *ess *i
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%'e#i+"e# %'$&i*i"y "h&" & !e!e' s"&"e i** %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. The +$e))i+ie(" is &*s$
s"&"is"i+&**y si-(i)i+&(" ey$(# "he 8?[ +$()i#e(+e *e6e*0 &(# "he'e)$'e0 "he (u** hy%$"hesis i(
hi+h -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( h&s ($ e))e+" $( #e"e'!i(i(- & !e!e' s"&"eKs i**i(-(ess "$
%&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e( !&y e 'e/e+"e#.
O) "he "$ +$u("'ies i"h &** +$u("'y $'#e's &*s$ ei(- e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's U(i"e#
i(-#$! &(# I'e*&(#0 $"h #i# ($" %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. T$ "h&" e(#0 $) "he )$u' +$u("'ies
i"h "he !&/$'i"y $) "hei' $'#e's &*s$ ei(- e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's +&"e-$'y 50 @?[ #i# ($"
%&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. C$(6e'se*y0 )$' +&"e-$'ies i"h %&'"i&* &(# ($ +$u("'y $'#e's ei(-
e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's0 &** +$u("'ies i( "hese +&"e-$'ies #i# %&'"i+i%&"e i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&. =i"h &
Pe&'s$(Ks +hi s,u&'e 6&*ue $) @.555 &(# $(*y .2[ %'$&i*i"y "h&" "he (u** hy%$"hesis i( hi+h
-e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( h&s ($ e))e+" $( & +$u("'yKs +h$i+e "$ %&'"i+i%&"e $' ($" i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&
is "'ue0 e +&( +$(+*u#e "h&" -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( #$es i(#ee# !&""e' i( S+he(-e( %&'"i+i%&"i$(.
My hy%$"hesis )$' e&*"h &*s$ &s su%%$'"e# "h&" +$u("'ies i"h hi-h GDP %e' +&%i"&
e'e !$'e *i
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"he s"'$(- si-(i)i+&(+e $) GDP %e' +&%i"& i( "he i6&'i&"e !$#e* su--es"s "h&" e&*"h #$es i( )&+"
!&""e' )$' #e"e'!i(i(- S+he(-e( %&'"i+i%&"i$(.
Fi(&**y0 &*"h$u-h !y 'esu*"s )$' %&'"is&(shi% #i# ($" %'$6e si-(i)i+&(" i"h & Pe&'s$( +hi
s,u&'e 6&*ue $) 3.?55 &(# @.[ %'$&i*i"y "h&" %&'"is&(shi% h&s ($ e))e+" $( S+he(-e(
%&'"i+i%&"i$(0 "he "'e(#s &+'$ss "he +$("i(-e(+y "&*e 'e6e&* s*i-h" i(#i'e+" su%%$'" )$' !y
hy%$"hesis. The "&*e is '&"he' i&se# i( "h&" ?3[ $) "he +$u("'ies i#e("i)y i"h "he 'i-h"
i#e$*$-i+&* +$!%*e7i$(0 +$!%&'e# "$ & !e'e 23[ i#e("i)yi(- i"h "he *e)"0 hi+h is %$"e("i&**y
%'$*e!&"i+ i( )'&!i(- & hy%$"hesis &'$u(# "he +$(#i"i$( $) *e)" i(- -$6e'(!e("s. O) "he
!e!e' s"&"es i#e("i)yi(- i"h "he *e)"0 "he'e is e6e( #is"'iu"i$( e"ee( ei(- & S+he(-e(
!e!e' &(# ($" ei(- & S+he(-e( !e!e'0 i"h $(e !e!e' s"&"e i( e&+h +&"e-$'y. This ($"i$(
"he'e)$'e #$es ($" su%%$'" !y hy%$"hesis "h&" !e!e' s"&"es i"h *e)" i(- -$6e'(!e("s &'e
!$'e *i
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I( 'e&*i"y0 "he'e &s ($" %u'e*y $(e )&+"$' "h&" #i'e+"*y +&use# & +$u("'y "$ /$i( S+he(-e(0 u"
'&"he' & +$!%i*&"i$( $) !&(y )&+"$'s %$"e("i&**y 'e*&"e# "$ "he "h'ee 6&'i&*es i( "his &(&*ysis:
-e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$(0 %&'"is&(shi% &(# e&*"h. Ne6e'"he*ess0 I &'-ue "h&" i"hi( "he +$("e7" $)
)$'e+&s"i(- %&'"i+i%&"i$( i( )u"u'e i("e-'&"i$( %'$/e+"s ($" $(*y i"hi( "he EU0 u" &*s$ $"he'
'e-i$(&**y i("e-'&"e# &'e&s &s e**0 & +$u("'yKs -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( &(# GDP %e' +&%i"& sh$u*#
e "&
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Ch&%"e' F$u'
S"&"is"i+&* A(&*ysis $) Pu*i+ A""i"u#es "$&'# "he S+he(-e( &'e&
I("'$#u+"i$(
=hi*e #i))e'e("i&"e# i("e-'&"i$( !$#e*s h&6e su++ess)u**y &""e!%"e# "$ e7%*&i(
S+he(-e(Ks &(+e!e("0 s+h$*&'s h&6e ee( 'e*&"i6e*y ,uie" $( "he %u*i+Ks &""i"u#es "$&'#s
"he S+he(-e( &'e&. A De+e!e' 2344 Eu'$&'$!e"e' %u*i+ $%i(i$( su'6ey0 h$e6e'0 'e6e&*e#
"h&" 2[ $) i(#i6i#u&*s 'esi#i(- i( $(e $) "he 2@ EU !e!e' s"&"es )e*" "h&" "he )'ee !$6e!e("
$) %e$%*e0 -$$#s0 &(# se'6i+es "h&" S+he(-e( %'$6i#es '&(
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=hy Pu*i+ O%i(i$( T$&'#s S+he(-e( M&""e's
P$*i"i+&* s+ie(+e *i"e'&"u'e h&s his"$'i+&**y %&i# +$(si#e'&*e &""e("i$( "$ "he i!%$'"&(+e
$) Eu'$%e&( i("e-'&"i$( i( &(+i(- "he )u"u'e $) Eu'$%e0 %&'"i+u*&'*y i( "he '$*e "h&" %u*i+
$%i(i$( %*&ys i( "he i!&-e $) %$*i+y!&
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)$'! $%i(i$(s &$u" $"he' %$*i+ies "h&" "hey &'e *ess )&!i*i&' i"h. B&se# $( "his &ssu!%"i$(0 i" is
(e+ess&'y "$ e-i( y &ssessi(- &""i"u#es "$&'# 'e*&"e# %$*i+y &'e&s &ss$+i&"e# i"h S+he(-e(
he( see0 )$' e7&!%*e0 e7&!i(es "he i!%&+" $) i!!i-'&"i$( i(
"he Eu'$%e&( U(i$( $( %u*i+ $%i(i$(0 )i(#i(- "h&" i!!i-'&(" )*$s &'e +*$se*y 'e*&"e# "$ EU
C$$%e'&"i6e A-'ee!e("s S+he(-e( ei(- $(e $) "he! "h'$u-h &$*ishi(- i("e'(&* $'#e'
+$("'$*s e"ee( %&'"i+i%&"i(- !e!e' s"&"es. A*$(- si!i*&' *i(es0 M+L&'e(Ks $'< $( &""i"u#es
"$&'# Eu'$%e&( i("e-'&"i$( )i(#s "h&" &""i"u#es "$&'# "he Eu'$%e&( U(i$( &'e &se# *&'-e*y i(
%&'" y & -e(e'&* h$s"i*i"y "$&'# $"he' +u*"u'esJ M+L&'e( 2332. I( *i(e i"h $"he' *i"e'&"u'e
&$u" h$ %u*i+ $%i(i$( "$&'# Eu'$%e&( i("e-'&"i$( is )$'!e#0 M+L&'e( &'-ues "h&" "he
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+$#e# &s !issi(- 6&*ues &(# #$ ($" &%%e&' i( "he &(&*ysis.43 I" is &ssu!e# "h&" "he !$'e
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