Collective Border Policy in the European Union- Analysis of the S

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    THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

    COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PUBLIC POLICY

    COLLECTIVE BORDER POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION:

    ANALYSIS OF THE SCHENGEN AGREEMENT

    By

    LEXIA C. ARTHER

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    su%'&(&"i$(&* *e6e*J "h&" s$*i#i)ie# F'&(+eKs i**i(-(ess "$ /$i( S+he(-e(. As & 'esu*"0 i) F'&(+e

    h ($" e*e+"e# su+h & %'$Eu'$%e su%%$'"e' #u'i(- "he "i!e $) S+he(-e(Ks #e6e*$%!e("0 F'&(+e

    !&y h&6e &s"&i(e# )'$! %&'"i+i%&"i$(.

    The'e)$'e0 i" is e6i#e(" "h&" & +$u("'yKs %$*i"i+&* +*i!&"e h &( e))e+" $( & +$u("'yKs

    #e+isi$( he"he' $' ($" "$ %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. T'i"i$(&**y0 -$6e'(!e("s "$ "he 'i-h" e(# $)

    "he %$*i"i+&* s+&*e &'e !$'e +$(se'6&"i6e i"h & s"'$(- (&"i$(&* )$+us &(# "e(# "$ 'e)'&i( )'$!

    e(-&-i(- i( %$*i+y &" "he su%'&(&"i$(&* *e6e* Dys$( &(# Se%$s 2343. G$6e'(!e("s "h&" *e&(e#

    !$'e +e("e' $' "$ "he *e)" e(# $) "he s%e+"'u!0 h$e6e'0 &s #e%i+"e# y "he +&se s"u#ies $)

    Ge'!&(y &(# F'&(+e &$6e0 "e(# "$ $%" & !$'e $%e(0 +$**e+"i6is" i#e$*$-y Dys$( &(# Se%$s

    2343. Gi6e( "hese s"u#ies0 "he !$'e *e)" & -$6e'(!e(" is0 "he !$'e *i

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    )&!i*y0 "$ h&6e "he +&%&+i"y "$ $( $' 'e(" & h$!e. By "his 'e-&'#0 "he S+he(-e( &'e& $%e(s u%

    "he %'$s%e+" $) see

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    D&"& A(&*ysis

    The u(i" $) &(&*ysis is "he i(#i6i#u&* !e!e' s"&"e i( "he Eu'$%e&( E+$($!i+

    C$!!u(i"y EEC i( "he ye&' 48?0 si(+e "his s"u#y +$(si#e's hy !e!e' s"&"es 6&'y i( "hei'

    #e+isi$( "$ %&'"i+i%&"e $' ($" i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&. I( 48?0 "e( +$u("'ies h /$i(e# "he EEC:

    Be*-iu!0 De(!&'

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    T&*e 5.4. C$u("'y B$'#e's0 C$#e# y I(+'e&si(- P'$%$'"i$( $) E7"e'(&* EEC B$'#e's

    V&*ue

    4

    2

    5

    >

    L&e*

    N$(e

    P&'"i&*

    M&/$'i"y

    A**

    Des+'i%"i$(

    N$ si#es $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e's &'e e7"e'(&* EEC $'#e's ; &**

    si#es &'e $'#e'e# y &($"he' +$u("'y.

    O(e si#e $' *ess $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e' is &( e7"e'(&* EEC $'#e'

    ; Re!&i(i(- si#es &'e $'#e'e# y &($"he' +$u("'y.

    T$ $' "h'ee si#es $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e' &'e e7"e'(&* EEC

    $'#e's u" $(e si#e is $'#e'e# y &($"he' +$u("'y.

    A** si#es $) "he (&"i$(&*0 +$u("'y $'#e' &'e e7"e'(&* EEC $'#e's.

    P&'"is&(shi%

    T$ #e"e'!i(e %&'"is&(shi% i( & +$u("'y0 I u"i*ie The I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $)

    G$6e'(!e(" &(# P&'*i&!e(" CPG s+$'e +$!%i*e# y =$*#e(#$'%0 e'!&(0 &(# Bu#-e i( "hei'

    'ese&'+h $( %&'"y -$6e'(!e(" i( %$*i"i+&* #e!$+'&+ies =$*#e(#$'%0 .0 e!&(0 H.0 Bu#-e0 I.

    4885. The CPG s+$'e is &( i(#i+&"$'0 hi+h i("'$#u+es & !$'e ,u&*i"&"i6e &s%e+" "$ -$6e'(!e("

    +$!%$si"i$(. I" &""e!%"s "$ &++$u(" )$' "he 'e*&"i6e s"'e(-"h $) %&'"ies i( -$6e'(!e(" i"h

    'e)e'e(+e "$ "he Le)"Ri-h" #i!e(si$(0 "h'$u-h & )i6e%$i(" s+&*e i( hi+h "he %'$%$'"i$(&* sh&'es

    $) "he Ri-h"0 Ce("'e &(# Le)" &'e "'&(s)$'!e# i("$ s+$'es 4 "$ ? 'e%'ese("i(- "he #e-'ee $)

    #$!i(&(+e $) ei"he' %&'"y $"h i( %&'*i&!e(" &(# -$6e'(!e(". I" is !$s"*y use# "$ 'e*&"e "he

    #e-'ee $) %&'"y+$("'$* $) & -$6e'(!e(" "$ i"s %$*i+y-ui#e# &+"i$(s. T&*e 5.2 i(#i+&"es h$

    e&+h s+$'e &s $%e'&"i$(&*ie#.

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    T&*e 5.2. The I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $) G$6e'(!e(" &(# P&'*i&!e(" CPG0 C$#es

    V&*ue

    4

    2

    5

    >

    ?

    IPG L&e*

    Ri-h"i(- #$!i(&(+e sh&'e $) se&"s i( G$6e'(!e(" &(# su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies i(

    P&'*i&!e(" *&'-e' "h&( . %e' +e("Ri-h"Ce("'e +$!%*e7i$( sh&'e $) se&"s $) Ri-h" &(# Ce("'e %&'"ies i( G$6e'(!e("

    &(# su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies e"ee( 55.5 &(# . %e' +e(" e&+h

    B&*&(+e# si"u&"i$( sh&'e $) Ce("'e *&'-e' "h&( ?3 %e' +e(" i( G$6e'(!e(" &(# i(

    P&'*i&!e(" $' i) Le)" &(# Ri-h" )$'! & -$6e'(!e(" "$-e"he' ($" #$!i(&"e# y $(e

    si#e $' "he $"he'

    Le)"Ce("'e +$!%*e7i$( sh&'e $) se&"s $) Le)" &(# Ce("'e %&'"ies i( G$6e'(!e(" &(#

    su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies e"ee( 55.5 &(# . %e' +e(" e&+h

    Le)"i(- #$!i(&(+e sh&'e $) se&"s i( G$6e'(!e(" &(# su%%$'"i(- %&'"ies i(

    P&'*i&!e(" *&'-e' "h&( . %e' +e("

    =e&*"h

    Si(+e "his 6&'i&*e &""e!%"s "$ !e&su'e "he e&*"h $) e&+h !e!e' s"&"e 'e*&"i6e "$ i"s

    +i"ie(s0 I +h$se "$ use #&"& )$' GDP %e' +&%i"& "&0 hi*e "he 'e!&i(i(-

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    43[ )e** i( +&"e-$'y 4. Gi6e( "h&" "he 6&'i&*e is +$#e# &++$'#i(- "$ '&(0 i(#i+&"i(- & *e)"+e("e' sh&'e.

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    Fi-u'e 5.4: Dis"'iu"i$( $) C$u("'ies A++$'#i(- "$ P&'"is&(shi% CPG S+&*e

    Dis"'iu"i$( $) P&'"is&(shi%0 48?

    ?

    ?3[

    Ne"he'*&(#s

    Be*-iu!

    I'e*&(#U(i"e# i(-#$!

    De(!&'

    53[

    I"&*y

    Lu7e!$u'-

    Ge'!&(y

    2

    23[

    F'&(+e

    G'ee+e

    3

    4

    Ri-h"Ce("e' 2 B&*&(+e# Ce("e' 5 Le)"Ce("e' >

    I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $) G$6e'(!e(" &(# P&'*i&!e(" C$#es CPG S+&*e

    As )$' e&*"h0 GDP %e' +&%i"& )$' e&+h +$u("'y '&(-e# )'$! \>0?83 "$ \4205@> i"h &(

    &6e'&-e $) \0@22 &(# & s"&(#&'# #e6i&"i$( $) &$u" \2058. T$ &*i-( !e&su'e!e(" $) GDP %e'

    +&%i"& i"h "he $"he' +&"e-$'i+&* 6&'i&*es0 I +$(6e'"e# "he 6&'i&*e )'$! &( i("e'6&* *e6e* "$ &

    +&"e-$'i+&* !e&su'e. I #i6i#e# "he +&ses &" "he !e#i&( \0>.? i("$ "$ +&"e-$'ies0 *$ &(#

    hi-h GDP %e' +&%i"&0 &(# &ssi-(e# *$ "he 6&*ue $) 3 &(# hi-h "he 6&*ue $) 4.

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    Fi-u'e 5.2: Dis"'iu"i$( $) GDP %e' +&%i"&

    GDP %e' +&%i"&0 48?

    GREECE

    IRELAND

    ITALY

    \>0?83

    \?028

    \@088

    \0243UNITED INGDOM

    BELGIUM

    GERMANY

    \0>>

    \8042?

    \8048?NETHERLANDS

    FRANCE \80?

    \44088DENMAR

    LUXEMBOURG \4205@>

    3 \?0333 \430333GDP %e' +&%i"&0 Cu''e(" I("e'(&"i$(&* \

    \4?0333

    Be+&use "he #e%e(#e(" 6&'i&*e $) S+he(-e( Me!e'shi% is & +&"e-$'i+&* !e&su'e0 I

    %'e)$'!e# & se'ies $) +his,u&'e# "es"s i( +$("i(-e(+y "&*es )$' e&+h i(#e%e(#e(" 6&'i&*e

    &-&i(s" "he #e%e(#e(" 6&'i&*e "$ see i) -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$(0 %&'"is&(shi%0 $' GDP %e' +&%i"& h

    &( e))e+" $( & !e!e' s"&"eKs +h$i+e "$ %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. T$ #e"e'!i(e '$us"(ess &(# "he

    #i'e+"i$( $) &ss$+i&"i$(0 I 'e%$'" "he +hi s,u&'e 6&*ue &*$(- i"h "he %'$&i*i"y 6&*ue "h&" "he

    (u** hy%$"hesis is "'ue. The "&*es e*$ #is%*&y "he 'esu*"s )$' e&+h 6&'i&*e.

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    T&*e 5.>: A(&*ysis $) S+he(-e( Me!e'shi% &(# Ge$-'&%hi+ L$+&"i$(

    Ge$-'&%hi+ L$+&"i$(0 I(+'e&si(- P'$%$'"i$(

    $) E7"e'(&* EEC B$'#e's

    S+he(-e(Me!e'shi%

    N$" & Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 3

    Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 4

    T$"&*

    N$(e 4

    3

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    Pe&'s$( +hi2 5 ] @.5555 P' ] 3.32

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    I#e$*$-i+&* C$!%*e7i$( $) G$6e'(!e("

    &(# P&'*i&!e(" I(#i+&"$'s

    S+he(-e(

    Me!e'shi%

    N$" & Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 3

    Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 4

    T$"&*

    Ri-h"Ce("e'

    C$!%*e7i$(

    2

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    C$!%*e7i$(

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    43? 5 2Pe&'s$( +hi2 2 ] 3.?555 P' ] 3.@

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    =e&*"h ; GDP %e' +&%i"&

    S+he(-e(

    Me!e'shi%

    N$" & Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 3

    Me!e' $) S+he(-e( 4

    T$"&*

    L$ GDP %e' +&%i"& 3

    >

    4

    Hi-h GDP %e' +&%i"& 4

    4

    >

    T$"&*

    ?

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    43? ?

    Pe&'s$( +hi2 4 ] 5.33 P' ] 3.3?

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    T&*e 5.@: Re-'essi$( $) Si-(i)i+&(" De"e'!i(&("s $) S+he(-e( P&'"i+i%&"i$(0 48?

    Bi6&'i&"e A(&*ysis:

    GDP %e' +&%i"&

    ;

    3.3

    3.2W

    3.2

    3.2

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    >.?

    3.3@

    43

    C$e))i+ie("s SE

    Mu*"i6&'i&"e A(&*ysis: Ge$-'&%hi+

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    3.5@

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    FR&"i$

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    W Be+&use P&'"is&(shi% h & hi-h +hi s,u&'e %'$&i*i"y $) .@ "h&" "he'e &s ($ 'e*&"i$(shi% e"ee( %&'"is&(shi%

    &(# S+he(-e( %&'"i+i%&"i$(0 I +h$se "$ e7+*u#e %&'"is&(shi% )'$! "he 'e-'essi$( &(&*ysis.

    Fi(#i(-s &(# I!%*i+&"i$(s

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    e&*"h GDP %e' +&%i"&0 su--es"i(- "h&" "he *$+&"i$( $) "he +$u("'y &(# e&*"h $) i"s %$%u*&"i$(

    !&""e' i( & +$u("'yKs +h$i+e "$ %&'"i+i%&"e i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&.

    Tes"i(- -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$(0 "he 'esu*"s s"'$(-*y su%%$'" !y hy%$"hesis ; sh$i(- "h&"

    +$u("'ies i"h & -'e&"e' %'$%$'"i$( $) "hei' +$u("'y $'#e's &*s$ ei(- e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's i**

    e *ess *i

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    %'e#i+"e# %'$&i*i"y "h&" & !e!e' s"&"e i** %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. The +$e))i+ie(" is &*s$

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    %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e( !&y e 'e/e+"e#.

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    i"h "he !&/$'i"y $) "hei' $'#e's &*s$ ei(- e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's +&"e-$'y 50 @?[ #i# ($"

    %&'"i+i%&"e i( S+he(-e(. C$(6e'se*y0 )$' +&"e-$'ies i"h %&'"i&* &(# ($ +$u("'y $'#e's ei(-

    e7"e'(&* EU $'#e's0 &** +$u("'ies i( "hese +&"e-$'ies #i# %&'"i+i%&"e i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&. =i"h &

    Pe&'s$(Ks +hi s,u&'e 6&*ue $) @.555 &(# $(*y .2[ %'$&i*i"y "h&" "he (u** hy%$"hesis i( hi+h

    -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( h&s ($ e))e+" $( & +$u("'yKs +h$i+e "$ %&'"i+i%&"e $' ($" i( "he S+he(-e( &'e&

    is "'ue0 e +&( +$(+*u#e "h&" -e$-'&%hi+ *$+&"i$( #$es i(#ee# !&""e' i( S+he(-e( %&'"i+i%&"i$(.

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    e'e !$'e *i

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    "he s"'$(- si-(i)i+&(+e $) GDP %e' +&%i"& i( "he i6&'i&"e !$#e* su--es"s "h&" e&*"h #$es i( )&+"

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    I( 'e&*i"y0 "he'e &s ($" %u'e*y $(e )&+"$' "h&" #i'e+"*y +&use# & +$u("'y "$ /$i( S+he(-e(0 u"

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    e "&

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    Ch&%"e' F$u'

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    $) %e$%*e0 -$$#s0 &(# se'6i+es "h&" S+he(-e( %'$6i#es '&(

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