CollectProcessDiscussPlan How old is your height? Photograph by Lewis W. Hine © George Eastman House

Collect Process DiscussPlan

How old is your height?

Photograph by Lewis W. Hine © George Eastman House


The population in Manchester and Salford (cities) grew from 25 thousand people in 1772 to 455 thousand in 1851.

The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century.

When steam power was introduced factories opened all over Britain. Many people moved from the countryside into the cities.

Britain started getting its money from factories (industry) instead of farms (agriculture)

Why do you think people moved into the cities?



To protect children from the dangers of factory work laws were written. One of these was the Factory Act in 1833.

Families sent their children to work in the factories. They were useful because their small hands could get into tiny gaps between machines.

Photograph by Lewis W. Hine © George Eastman House

It applied to textile factories but other laws for other types of factory followed.

What do you think the work was like?



The law put limits on the number of days and hours that children of different ages could work.

What do you think was the youngest age children could work in a factory?

How many hours-a-day and days-a-week do you think children could work?

The act also talked about schooling. How many hours-a-day do you think children had to get?



Children are not to work at night .

Two hours of schooling each day for children.

The Factory Act 1833

Children aged 13-18 years are permitted to work:no more than 12 hours a day.

Children under 9 years of age are not permitted to work.

Children aged 9-13 years are permitted to work:no more than 9 hours a day.


How might the employers or even the families try to get around the new laws?

Why might young children have continued being illegally employed?

The passing of this Act didn’t mean the everyone stopped employing under-age children.

Four inspectors were hired to enforce the law across the whole country.

Enforcing the Factory Act

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Imagine that you are one of those four factory inspectors. They weren’t sure they could trust everyone to tell the truth.

They needed a way to judge a child’s age.

What measurements do you think they could use to help judge how old a person is?


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They decided to survey children’s heights and use the data to judge the age of employees.

How big a sample do you think they took?

What information would they need to collect?



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A summary of the data they collected from 15 000 children was printed in the Penny Magazine in 1837.

Original table Metric version


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The Problem Solving Approach

Let’s see a summary of what they collected.

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Age

years

Number of boys

Number of girls

Average heightof boys

Average heightof girls

feet ins feet ins

8 and under 9 666 539 3 10 5/16 3 9 3/16

9 and under 10 945 813 3 11 13/16 3 11 5/8

10 and under 11 1 124 927 4 1 7/16 4 1 1/4

11 and under 12 723 1 055 4 2 3/8 4 2 5/8

12 and under 13 1 427 1 330 4 3 15/16 4 4 1/4

13 and under 14 2 133 2 240 4 5 9/16 4 5 11/16

14 and under 15 117 140 4 8 1/4 4 9

15 and under 16 82 106 4 10 1/2 4 10 3/4

16 and under 17 43 90 5 0 1/2 4 11 1/12

17 and under 18 47 112 5 0 5 0Summary from the Penny Magazine in 1837.


“If a child be 3ft 11” in height it may be assumed that it is nine years of age…”

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DHCycle The Problem Solving Approach

You arenow here.

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What processing has already been done to the raw data?

Let’s consider how we could make the data easier for us to use…



Age range

years

Number of boys

Number of girls



feet ins feet ins

8 and under 9 666 539 3 10 5/16 3 9 3/16

9 and under 10 945 813 3 11 13/16 3 11 5/8

10 and under 11 1124 927 4 1 7/16 4 1 1/4

11 and under 12 723 1055 4 2 3/8 4 2 5/8

12 and under 13 1427 1330 4 3 15/16 4 4 1/4

13 and under 14 2133 2240 4 5 9/16 4 5 11/16

14 and under 15 117 140 4 8 1/4 4 9

15 and under 16 82 106 4 10 1/2 4 10 3/4

16 and under 17 43 90 5 0 1/2 4 11 1/12

17 and under 18 47 112 5 0 5 0First let’s convert feet and inches into metric units (cm).



Age range

years

Number of boys

Number of girls



cm cm

8 and under 9 666 539 117.6 114.8

9 and under 10 945 813 121.4 121.0

10 and under 11 1124 927 125.6 125.1

11 and under 12 723 1055 128.0 128.6

12 and under 13 1427 1330 131.9 132.7

13 and under 14 2133 2240 136.0 136.4

14 and under 15 117 140 142.9 144.8

15 and under 16 82 106 148.6 149.2

16 and under 17 43 90 153.7 150.1

17 and under 18 47 112 152.4 152.4What single number could be used to represent the age

range?



Mid-point age

years

Number of boys

Number of girls



cm cm

8.5 666 539 117.6 114.8

9.5 945 813 121.4 121.0

10.5 1124 927 125.6 125.1

11.5 723 1055 128.0 128.6

12.5 1427 1330 131.9 132.7

13.5 2133 2240 136.0 136.4

14.5 117 140 142.9 144.8

15.5 82 106 148.6 149.2

16.5 43 90 153.7 150.1

17.5 47 112 152.4 152.4



Now the data is easier to use we can draw a graph to help us look to see if age and height are linked.

We will plot age on the x-axis

We will plot height on the y-axis

What kind of graph(s) would be best for displaying this data? And to use to check a persons possible age?



Height against age for children 8-18data from The Penny Magazine, 1837

On your worksheet plot the average height of the boys on

the same graph

Can you see a relationship between average height and age?

What do you notice about the boys heights?

Can you see any reason for the unexpected pattern?Hint: Look again at the table of data

(cm)

Girls

Boys


One inspector interviewed a girl that was 4’1’’ tall (125cm). She claimed to be 15.

How would the inspector use this graph to check her age?It was later found that she was telling the truth!



Where would your height and age be on this graph?

What about the rest of your class?

How many of your class would unable to work in 1837?


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Were there any patterns linking age and height (in the information collected by the inspectors)?

Are there any problems with the graphs created from the age and average height?

Does your own height and age fall above or below the lines the inspectors used?

How do your class results relate to the 1837 data?

What would you expect a graph of young peoples’ heights today to look like?


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You arenowhere.

You can build on the work of the inspectors by continuing here...

Girls

Boys

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If we collected similar data from young people (8-18) today What would you expect to be similar?What would you expect to be different?

The data used by the inspectors was taken over 150 years ago.Is it ‘out-of-date’ ?


How do the heights of children today compare with the heights from 1837?What would you expect to see? Something like the dotted line?


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You will need to carry out a survey of modern children.

How big a sample do you need to take?

What information do you need to collect?

Extra processing


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CollectProcessDiscussPlan How old is your height? Photograph by Lewis W. Hine © George Eastman House