Colombia – LNG Supply Options

8/3/2019 Colombia LNG Supply Options

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1

David Ledesma

Tel: + 44 1883 724743Mobile: + 44 794 114 3823

E-mail: [email protected]: www.south-court.com

Colombia LNG Supply Options

David LedesmaBogota

3rd

May 2011


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Introduc*on WhydoesColombianeedLNG OverviewoftheLNGvaluechain Overviewoffloa*ngregasifica*on Poten*alapplica*onofFSRUschemesinColombia CommercialstructuresforColombia

Agenda

PLEASENOTE:Thisinforma*onisprovidedbySouth-CourtLtdforusebyComisindeRegulacindeEnergayGas(CREG).The

informa*onisderivedfrompublicsourcesandfromtheopinionoftheauthorandnowarrantyismadeastoitsaccuracy.Siteselec*on,zoningandpermingarehighlyspecializedareasandarenotwithinthescopeofthisreport.Adetailedsiteselec*onstudymustbeundertakenwithanexpertinordertoiden*fysuitableportsandthenecessarytechnicalrequirementsforanLNG

importproject.Thispresenta*on,andthereportonwhichitisbased,onlygivesroughindica*onsfortypicalLNGimportschemes.EachLNGimportschemeisspecificallydesignedfortheloca*onandtomeetmarketrequirements.

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Task1-Toiden*fyhighleveltechnologicalalterna*vesfor

theimportofLNGintoColombiaduringElNio

Task2-Todesignalterna*vesofbusinessschemesforthe

developmentoffacili*esthatwerestudiedintask1

Task3-Toarrangemee*ngsaboutschemesiden*fiedintask

2topoten*aldevelopers

Task4-Toevaluatetheinterestofpoten*aldevelopers.

ScopeofWorkagreedbetweenDavidLedesma

South-CourtLtddated1stMarch2011

4

3rdMay2011

AllmaterialsarecopyrightSouth-CourtLtd@April2011


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Thesystemisseeminglybalanced Produc*on~1.09bcf/day Consump*on~0.83bcf/day Export~0.25/bcfday

TheproblemisduringElNio

WhydoesColombianeedsLNG?

6

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DuringElNiopowergeneraIonfromgasincreases

7

Powergenera*onfromgas

increasesfrom~22,570,000

KWh/dayto~52,500,000

KWh/dayduringElNio

Source:DatafromCREG,South-CourtAnalysis.Seemainreport

aachment2fordata.


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Thechallengeistoensurebalancedgassupply

duringElNio

8

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Power producers manage El Nio gas

supply through committing to domestic gas

9

NormalGasDemand

0

200

500

Gbtu/day

Gascommied

forbygenerators

butnottakenbut

paidformake-upperiod12

months

NormalGasDemand

NormalCase DuringElNio

Gastakenfromgas

producersunderagreedtake

orpaycontracts

240

Addi*onalgas

supplyfrominterrup*blegas

contracts

Un*l2012paymentsundertakeorpaycommitmentsarelimitedto25%ofthepaymentamount.From2013,this

percentagemayincreaseto80-90%thusincreasingliabilitytothepowerproducers

Interrup*blecontractsarefor20-40Gbtu/day

Source:South-CourtLtdresearch



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ByAugust/SeptembereachyearitsshouldbepossibletopredictthatElNio(andthereforelowerrainfall)willoccur

fromDecemberthatyear

TheperiodofElNiovaries11-19months Thepoten*alvolumeof250-350millionScf/dayofgas

importsfromLNGrepresents32-46LNGcargoesperannum

(i.e.onecargoevery8-11days)

ElNiooccursonaregularandreasonably

predictablebasis1/2

10AllmaterialsarecopyrightSouth-CourtLtd@April2011


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Duringperiodoflowrainfallpowerproducerss*llneedtoproducepowerunderthetermsoftheFirmObliga*on

ReliabilityPayment.

If,duringperiodsofElNio,powerproducerscannotproducepower,thentheywouldcovertheshorallby: buyingpowerfromotherpowerproducers(gas,oilorcoal) buygasfromdomes*csupply buysgasfromLNGatahigherfeedgascostandchargea

spotmarketpriceforpower(itshouldbeabletorecoverall

orpartofitsaddi*onalenergyfeedstockcosts)

ElNiooccursonaregularandreasonably

predictablebasis2/2



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LNGChainGasUse,CapexandUnitCosts

Capexes(matesbasedonan8mtpaproject

Upstream ShippingLiquefacIon RegasificaIon

GasUse

Capex

UnitCostn$/MMBtu

10-14%1.5-3.5%1-2%12.5-19.5%

$26bn$6-10bn$1-2.5bn$1-1.5bn$10-20bn

$1-3$3-4.5$0.8-1.5$0.4-0.8$5.2-$9.8

Total



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WhyFloaIngregasificaIon

Land based systems are expensive Floating regasification facilities can be developed faster

than land based alternatives (1-2 years vs. 4 years)

Easier to secure permits Can locate floating regasification units close to market

(more difficult with onshore facilities)

Close to gas infrastructure and major gas consumers Close proximity to onshore support services

Minimise environmental impact due to offshore location No visual impact on and from the coastline

Lower cost and flexibility enables intermittent LNG supplyAllmaterialsarecopyrightSouth-CourtLtd@April2011

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UseofShipsasFSRUs(1/2)

Regasifiers are installed on a conventional LNG ship Regasification and ancillary equipment can be

designed and built into a new ship or installed as a

conversion of an existing vessel

New build 24-30 months Conversion ~ 12 months Times vary depending on shipyard

Not usually possible to use a converted vessel forstandard trade. FSRU conversions normally operate

as static regasification terminals when no cargoes arebeing received



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UseofShipsasFSRUs(2/2)

Typical base load capacity 300 to 500MMscf/d (2.3 to3.8mtpa) with peak throughput of 700MMScf/d

(5.4mtpa)

Ship is moored at an offshore location or in a portand connected to the gas grid by pipeline

When vessel empty it: either returns to the liquefaction plant to reload, or a second LNG ship comes alongside the moored ship and

trans-ships its cargo

The moored ship regasifies the LNG as required bythe market



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FSRUdischargesystems

Loadingsystemsareeffec*velythesame

asstandardvessels,thedifferenceishowgasissenttotomarket

Submergedturretunloadingsystem-Offshoredischargingsystemusingaturretandflexibleriserpipeline.

Vesselhasapurposebuiltturretrecep*onsystem

Thegasispipedtoshoreusingneworexis*nggaspipelines.

Thesystemideallyneedswaterdepthsof100+metres

Source:Excelerate

Source:Excelerate

GasjeysystemGasisdischargedviaasimplegasconnec*oninitsdeck

FSRUmoorsalongsidethejey Vesselconnectstohighpressurearmonajey NoLNGdischarged,sononeedforanyonshore

cryogenicpipelinesorequipment



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MainfeaturesofanFSRU

Source:EonRuhrgasOLTConferencePresenta*on

Source:Excelerate

Conversion

New-Build

ExcelerateEnergy(USA)-8FSRUsinopera*on

(138,000m3to151,000m3insize)

GolarLNG(Norway)-4FSRUsinopera*on(125,000m3to137,000m3insize)andoneinconversion

GdFSuez(France)-2FSRUsandoneFSUinopera*on

(145,000m3insize).

Otherplayersareplanningtoenterthemarket



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FSRUvaporisaIonsystems

Regasifica*onprocessrequirestheaddi*onofheat.Twosystems:

1. Closedloop Usesapor*onofthegas(LNG)onboardasfuelgaswhich

heatstheLNG.ForFSRUsthefuelgasusedis2%orhigherof

thegassendout Couldbeaddi*onalplanningandenvironmental

considera*ons(forexampleNOxandSOxemission)

2. Openloop Usesseawatersouseverylilegasasfuelforvaporisa*on,

typically0.5%orless(forpowergenera*on/pumping)

Openloopvaporisa*onmaynotbeallowableinsomeloca*onsduetoconcernsabouttheeffectsofwatercoolinginthevicinityoftheFSRUanditseffectsonmarinelife



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NewBuildorConversion?

Environmentalperformancedependson: Fuelconsump*on Boil-offrate

New-build:0.10-0.15%perday Conversion:0.20-0.25%perday Largervessel IncreasedemissionsCO2,NOx,VOC(vola*leorganiccompound)

Fuelconsump*on GuaranteedlifeofFSRU Drydockandmaintenancecost Refurbishmentcost Increasedriskonoldvessels Commercialarac*venessinthemarket



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CostsofNewBuildorConversion

Lookatthefullcostsnotjustthecharterhire.

Timetodevelop conversion2years new-build~3years

Yardsempty,maygetagooddeal Chartervs.capexcost Environmentalliability

Source: Hoegh conference presentations



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CommercialconsideraIons1/2

TwodifferentcommercialmodelsforFSRUopera*ons-emptyandleave&stayonsta*on.

1.EmptyandLeaveVesseldepartswhenemptytosailtoanLNGexportplantto

loadanaddi*onalcargo Duringtheperiodthatthevesselisoffjeynogasissuppliedto

marketmaynotbeacceptableissomemarketcircumstances

Periodofnon-supplycanbemi*gatedthroughhavingasecondvesselreadytodischargeimmediately

Line-packmayreducetheimpactofnon-supplyIfinterrup*onofgassupplyisnotacceptablethencanhaveatwoFSRUdischargesystem

bothvesselsmustbeFSRUsAllmaterialsarecopyrightSouth-CourtLtd@April2011


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CommercialconsideraIons2/2

2. StayonSta*onThevesseldoesnotleavetheimportloca*onandtakestheaddi*onalLNGfromanotherLNGvesselwhichdeliverstotheFSRU(throughaship-to-shiptransfer)

UseasingleFSRUinasemi-permanentconfigura*onwheretheFSRUispermanentlyconnectedtothegasdischargeloca*on

WhenemptytheFSRUisrefilledfromanothervessel(canbeastandardvesselnotanFSRU)

MostFSRUschemesareatajey.Theschemeunderconstruc*oninItalyisanoffshoreturretsystem

Offshoreshiptoshiptransferismorecomplexthanatajey



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OtherconsideraIons

FSRUschemeshavealowercapitalcostthanlandbasedterminalsandaregenerallyfastertodevelop

UseofonlyFSRUsinanLNGdeliveryscheme(asisrequiredbyallturretandgasjeyschemes)limitsthe

numberofvesselsthatcandeliverLNG MostLNGissoldex-shipsowouldreducedLNGsupplyop*ons Stayonsta*onschemeshavethereforebeenpreferred Nosetrulesoncommercialandtechnicalconfigura*on

Schemesaredesignedfortheloca*onnoonemodel

Mustgetthenecessarytechnicaldesignandadviceapplicabletotheprojectandloca*on



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ApplicableRules&RegulaIonscoverall

aspectsofthefloaIngunit

Source:DetBureauVeritas(DNV)conferencepresenta*ons



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ApplicableRules&RegulaIons

CoastalStateRegula*ons Fromboundaryofstatetointerna*onalwaters

FlagStateRegula*ons Vesselsmustcomplywithsafetyregula*onsofthemari*me

authorityoftheFlagState

FSRUdonotneedtocarryaflagunlessrequiredbycoastalstateorwhenininterna*onalwaters

ClassRules Flagstaterequiresclassifica*on

IMO(Interna*onalMari*meOrganisa*on)Conven*ons SeveralIMOdocumentsthatareapplicabletooffshoreLNG

terminals

Owner/OperatorSpecifica*ons SIGGTO,OilCompaniesInterna*onalMarineForumetc.



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DNV*KeySafetyAspectsandssues

Loca*on&SeaCondi*on TypeofVessel&ContainmentSystem MooringoftheFacility AccessforExport/ImportVessels(tugs&pilotage) MethodofTransferofCargo(OffshoreLNGoffloading) TypeofPlant,Liquefac*on/Regasifica*on Topsides&DeckConges*on SafetyIssues WhatiftheLNGsupplyvesselmustleavepar*allyloaded?Properdesignandsafety,noonesizefitsallapproach

DetNorskeVeritasorDNVisaclassifica*onsocietyorganizedasafounda*on,withtheobjec*veof"Safeguardinglife,property,andtheenvironment"


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Non-FSRUandothertechnologies

FSUFloa*ngStorageUnitisastandardvesselwithno

regasifica*onfacili*esonboard,usedforLNGstorage Minimummodifica*onsrequired CanusemorethanoneFSUforaddi*onalLNGstorage

LNGisdeliveredfromastandardvesseltotheFSUandstoredintheFSU Regasifica*oniscarriedoutonshoreoronthejey

LNGispumpedfromtheFSUtotheregasfacili*ies Increaseincomplexityascryogenicsonthejey Gasispumpedtothepipelinegridwhenrequired

Oneschemeisopera*onal(GDFSuezMejillones,Chile)andasecondunderconsidera*on(PetronasMalacca,Malaysia)



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PLEASENOTE:Siteselec*on,zoningandpermingarehighlyspecializedareasandarenotwithinthescopeofthisreport.Adetailedsiteselec*onstudymustbeundertakenwithanexpertinordertoiden*fysuitableportsandthenecessarytechnicalrequirements

foranLNGimportproject.Thispresenta*on,andthereportonwhichitisbased,onlygivesroughindica*onsofcostsfortypicalLNGimportschemes.EachLNGimportschemeisspecificallydesignedfortheloca*onandtomeetmarketrequirements.


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Construc*onoflandbasedterminal

NoFSRUshipchartercost Typicalcost$1billionfor

7mtpafacility

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia1.Landbasedfacility

32

Advantages Disadvantages

Longtermflexibilityandexpansionop*ons

Con*nuousandflexiblegassendout,Usesstandardshipsonly Varietyofregasop*ons(waste

heat,airvaporisa*on,openor

closedloop)

Veryexpensive Largelandrequirement Localpermitscouldbedifficult Fouryearbuilt*mea|erpermits

obtained.

Environmentalimpactofonlandfacility.



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Singleoffshorebuoy SimilarsystemtoExceleratesGulfGateway LNGisstoredandregasifiedonthevesselandsuppliedto

marketviathesingleturret

NeedtopayFSRUvesselcharterandop*oncost Cost

$100million+capexdependingonlengthofsub-sealine FSRUcharter=$5575millionperannum

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia2.FSRUwithoffshoresingleturret

33


Lowconstruc*oncost Noorfewonshorefacili*es Localpermitsmucheasier Shorterbuild*me(2yearsorless) Notugrequirement

Gassupplyinterrupted CanonlyuseFSRUturretshipsonly

(standardshipscannotconnect)

higherchartercost

Turretshipswilllimitthesupplyop*ons



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SingleoffshorebuoywithstandardLNGshipsdeliveringtotheFSRUship-to-ship(STS)

TheFSRUstorestheLNGandregasifiestheLNGandsendsgastomarketviathesingleturret

SimilartoGolarLNG,LivornoOLTOffshore,Italy

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia3.FSRUwithoffshoresingleturretandship-to-shipLNG

transferfromthedeliveryvesseltotheFSRU

34

SubseaGas

Pipelineto

Shore

Regas&

Send-out

LNGcarrier

LNG

FSRU

Source:MarineServiceGMBH



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LivornoOLTOffshore,taly(Eon/Golar)

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Source:OLTToscana

GolarFrostiscurrentlyundergoingconversiontoFSRUservice.

5bcmaopenloopregasifica*on Incorporateanewfixed

turretgasdischargesystem

andisalsoequippedwith

LNGloadingarmson-board

(firstvesselofthisdesign)

TheFSRU,onceinservice,willbemooredtotheseabedviatheturret

dischargesystemthroughwhichgas

fromtheFSRUwillbedischarged

LNGwillbedeliveredtotheFSRUviatheon-boardLNGloadingarms

fromthedeliveringshipwhichwill

moordirectlytotheFSRU* i.e.turretcannotdisconnectandstayspermanentlyfixedAllmaterialsarecopyrightSouth-CourtLtd@April2011


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Cost $100million+capexdependingonlengthofsub-sealine Higheropera*ngcostscoststomonitorFSRUloca*on FSRUcharter=$5575millionperannum

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia3.FSRUwithoffshoresingleturretandship-to-shipLNG

transferfromthedeliveryvesseltotheFSRU

36


Lowcost Noorfewonshorefacili*es Localpermitsmucheasier Shorterbuild*me(2yearsorless) LNGdeliveryusingstandardships

NotallshipoperatorswillbewillingtodelivertoSTS

STScouldlimitsupplyop*ons Requiresverybenignmarine

environment



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Twinoffshorebuoys SimilarsystemtoExceleratesNorth-EastGatewayand

GDFSuez/HoeghLNGNeptune(bothoffshoreN.E.USA)

LNGisstoredandregasifiedonthevesselandsuppliedtomarketviathesingleturret

Twoturretsensureconsistentsupplyofgastomarket NeedtopaytwoFSRUvesselcharterandop*oncosts

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia4.FSRUwithtwinoffshoreturret



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NorthEastGateway,offshoreBoston,USA

(Excelerate)

38

Strengthened cargo tanks (to withstand sloshing)

On-board regasifiers Connector

TwinAPLturretarrangement Located20kmoffshore

Boston(USA)

Thetwinturretarrangementallowsacon*nuoussendoutofgasinto

theterminalssub-seapipelines

whenusedwithtwoFSRUsin

rota*on

Theterminalispermiedforclosedloopregasifica*ononly

Cameintoservicein2007Source:Excelerate

Source:Excelerate



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GdFSuezfirstentryintotheFSRUmarketswiththe

construc*onoftheNeptune

project,offshoreBoston(USA)

SamemethodasNorthEastGatewayi.e.atwinAPLturret

arrangementoffshore.

ToservicetheNeptuneprojectGdFSuezalsoorderedtwonew

FSRUships,theNeptuneand

theCapeAnn,whichcameinto

servicein2009&2010.

Neptune,offshoreBoston,USA(GDFSuez)

39

Source:GDFSuez



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Cost $150million+capexdependingonlengthofsub-sealine Higheropera*ngcostscoststomonitorFSRUloca*on FSRUcharter=$110150millionperannum

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia4.FSRUwithtwinoffshoreturret

40


Lowconstruc*oncost Noorfewonshorefacili*es Localpermitsmucheasier Shorterbuild*me(2yearsorless) Notugrequirement

Havetopayop*on/charterfortwovessels

CanonlyuseFSRUturretshipsonly(standardshipscannotconnect)higherchartercost

Turretshipswilllimitthesupplyop*ons



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Singlejeyheadwithgasdischarge Teesideterminal(UK)istheworldsfirstuseofanFSRUin

ajeytypedischargearrangement

FSRUbringstheLNGtothejeyandLNGisstoredandregasifiedontheFSRU Gasissuppliedtomarketviahigh-pressurepipe Shorebasedfacili*escanincorporatenitrogeninjec*onor

liquidsextrac*on

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia5.FSRUonJey



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TheTeessideterminalwasbuiltintheriverTees(NorthEast

England)viatheconversionofan

exis*ngjeytoFSRUuse

TheFSRUmoorsatthejeyanddischargesitscargoasgasviagasdischargearmsmountedonthe

jeyinclosedloopmode

TeessideJeyTerminal,UK(Excelerate)

42

Source:Excelerate

OnceemptytheFSRUleavestheloca*ontoallowthenextFSRUtodeliver

Theterminal(shoreside)alsofeaturesnitrogeninjec*onequipmentinordertoadjustgasqualitytomatchUKspecifica*ons(UKgasspecifica*onrangesarerela*velynarrow)



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Cost $50-100million+capexdependingonwhetheranexis*ngjey

canbeused

Higheropera*ngcostscoststomonitorFSRUloca*on FSRUcharter=$55-75millionperannum

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia5.FSRUonjey

43


Lowcost(canuseexis*ngjey) Shortbuild*me(18months

possible)

Gassupplyinterrupted RequiresFSRUshiponly

(standardLNGshipcannotconnect) UseofFSRUvesselwilllimitthe

supplyop*ons



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SinglejeyheadwithgasdischargeandLNGtransferlines StandardLNGvesselbringstheLNGtothejey LNGistransferredtoanFSRU LNGisstoredandregasifiedontheFSRU Gasissuppliedtomarketviahigh-pressurepipe

RegasificaIonopIonsforColombia6.FSRUJeywithFSRUonstaIon

SubseaGas

Pipelineto

Shore

Regas&Send-out

LNG

carrier

LNG

FSRU

44

Source:MarineSe

rviceGMBH



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Petrobras,terminalsponsor,commissionedPecem(NEBrasil)terminalin2008

Usesanexis*ngjeythathasbeenmodifiedtoacceptanFSRU

anddeliveringshipinaside-by-

sideacrossthejeytypearrangement

FSRUGolarSpiritismooredsemi-permanentlyanddischargesgas

viatwogasdischargearms

mountedonthejeyhead FSRUisconnectedvia3LNG

loadinglinesthatinastandard

configura*on

Pecem,Brasil(GolarSpirit)

45

Source:Petrobras



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Petrobras,terminalsponsor,commissioned5.1Bcmaterminal

in2009

Usesapurposebuiltnear-shore(islandtype)jeyhead

arrangement Jeyheadisoffshoreandsubject

tomari*meregula*ons

GasfromtheFSRUdischargesviathegasdischargearmsonthe

jeyheadandissenttothegasgridviatheconnec*ngsubsea

pipeline

GuanabaraBay,RiodeJaneiro,Brasil(GolarWinter)

46

TheExcellenceTransferringItsCargotothe

GolarSpiritinGuanabaraBay,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil

Source:Petrobras



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TheMinaAlAhmaditerminal,originatedbyKuwaitPetroleumCompany,usesanexis*ngjeymodifiedto

acceptFSRUs

LNGisthendischargedfromthedeliveringshiptotheFSRUviaaseparatebankofLNGdischargearmsandcryogenic

pipelinestotheFSRU

Gasisdeliveredtomarketviahighpressuregasline

MinaAlAhmadi,Kuwait(Excelerate)1/2

47

Source:Excelerate



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29

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Documents

Colombia – LNG Supply Options