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• SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century.
• a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.
• b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter.
• c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.
• d. Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec.
New England:
1. Massachusetts
2. New Hampshire
3. Rhode Island
4. Connecticut
Mid-Atlantic:
1. New York
2. Pennsylvania
3. New Jersey
4. Delaware
South:
1. Virginia
2. Maryland
3. North Carolina
4. South Carolina
5. Georgia
• The first permanent English colony in North America
was Jamestown, Virginia founded in 1607.
• It was a business venture of the Virginia Company of
London who planned to send people to America in the
hopes of finding gold and other valuable resources.
• Jamestown suffered from lack of leadership and the
failure to find gold, which nearly resulted in starvation
for many colonists.
• To oversee the colony at Jamestown, the Virginia
Company established a legislative body that was
similar to England’s Parliament called the House of
Burgesses.
• The House of Burgesses was the first self-government
created in the New World.
• Representatives were both appointed by the Virginia
Company or elected by land-owning males.
• The only thing that kept the colony from completely failing was
tobacco. Virginia’s climate was perfect for its growth.
• Colonists in the South became extremely wealthy cultivating
tobacco for European consumers.
• Initially tobacco farmers reliable on indentured servants to
help cultivate and harvest the tobacco crop.
• In order to pay off debts, people would become indentured
servants; the would work for a set amount of time until their
debt was paid off usually through labor.
• As time passed, more indentured servants fulfilled their labor
requirements and were granted their freedom.
• To make up for the labor shortage, tobacco cultivators in
Jamestown began importing African slaves to work for free on
these ever-growing plantations.
• In the beginning, Native Americans were reluctant to help the colonists survive and adapt to the harsh living conditions.
• Powhatan: Indian chief who oversaw and sustained relations with Jamestown settlers (famously with John Smith)
• Powhatan convinced the Natives to create a peaceful relationship with the Jamestown settlers, one founded and sustained by trade.
• However, peace would not last between natives and settlers over territorial disputes to expand tobacco cultivation.
• As the colonists expanded their tobacco plantations further from the coast they took more land from the Indians causing intense fighting.
• William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, only increased hostilities of settlers by raising taxes on poor planters.
• These taxes in turn were given heavily as rewards for political allies of Berkeley in the House of Burgesses.
• In 1675, Virginia settlers sought support from Berkeley in
exterminating all of the colony’s Natives, Berkeley refused.
• In response to the governor’s apathy on the issue a planter
named Nathaniel Bacon took matters into his own hands.
• Bacon and his supporters began slaughtering Natives in an
effort to take their land and protect frontier planters.
• He felt Berkeley had no concern for the poor farmers and
favored Virginia’s wealthy.
• When Governor Berkeley protested
against the actions of Bacon (right) and his men, Bacon marched into Jamestown driving out the governor.
• Bacon’s Rebellion lost power after Bacon’s sudden death and the King of England appointed a new, stronger governor.
• Bacon’s Rebellion showed that poor farmers would not tolerate a government that catered only to the wealthy.
• More importantly: the first example in colonial America in which the citizens themselves attempted to overthrow a government they deemed unjust.
• Most of the colonists of New England were religious dissidents
who disagreed with the established Church of England.
• These New England colonists, known as Puritans, came to the
colonies to seek religious freedom.
• The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, around
present day Boston.
• As with Jamestown, Puritan settlers were met with resistance
from Native Americans over land rights.
• Puritans (with their superior weapons) were able to suppress
Natives and force them onto early “reservations”.
• In 1675 a massive Indian rebellion erupted against Puritan
colonists.
• The Native rebellion was led by an Indian chief whom the
colonist called King Phillip.
• Hence the conflict came to be known as “King Phillips’ War”.
• A year later, after losing the ability to fight back against
superior colonial weapons, the Indian resistance surrendered.
• The defeat forced Native Americans out of New England. They
would never return.
• In Massachusetts, the Puritans established a republic in which they elected their own rulers, including their governor.
• However voting rights were limited only to men who belonged to the Puritan Church.
• All other colonies were ruled by a governor appointed by the Crown.
• Towns were constructed to include a “commons” area that served as a sight of town meetings.
• At these town meetings, people would voice concerns about community issues and democratically make decisions.
• As the years passed in Massachusetts, the Puritan Church began to lose political power over these new generations of Purtians.
• In order to maintain membership and retain Church power and authority, the Puritans offered a “political deal” to the colonists known as the “half-way covenant”.
• Church officials hoped that by giving colonists some benefits of church membership (the right to vote), they would be inclined to further seek full membership thus empowering the Puritan Church.
• The Puritans were not tolerant of other religions or people who disagreed with the Church.
• A man named Roger Williams angered Church officials by expressing opinions that went against church authority.
• In response, Williams left MA and formed his own colony he called Rhode Island.
• Rhode Island proved to be a safe haven for Baptists, Quakers and Jews where people could practice their religion freely.
• In 1692 in the town of
Salem, MA a series of
hearings were held for a
group of individuals
accused of witchcraft.
• In the end, 20 men and
women were put to death
for practicing “witchcraft”.
• The mass hysteria of the
Salem Witch Trials
highlighted the dangers of
religious extremism in
colonial America.
• Events in England (especially the restoration of the monarch to the throne) led to an increased control over the North American colonies.
• The crown passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts which sought to regulate and restrict colonial trade.
• Massachusetts vehemently opposed the acts and refused to obey as New England relied heavily on trade for income.
• Further straining relation with the crown was the Puritan intolerance for other faiths, particularly Protestants.
• All of these events cumulated in the Massachusetts colony becoming a royal colony (more closely monitored and operated directly by the King.)
• In the 1600’s, the Dutch used a
small island at the mouth of the
Hudson River as a fort to
protect it’s growing interest in
the fur trade.
• After a series of conflicts, the
city of New Amsterdam would
eventually end up in the hands
of the British.
• The British would rename the
settlement New York City.
• In the mid 17th century, William
Penn established the colony of
Pennsylvania which literally means
“Penn’s woods”.
• The colony was a haven for a
religious group known as the
Quakers.
• The rich farmland and numerous
rivers allowed Pennsylvania (and
other Mid-Atlantic colonies) to
become rich through agriculture
and trade.
• North of the English colonies of North America, the French founded a colony they called “Quebec”.
• The French were not interested in creating permanent settlements in North America but rather to make profit in the fur trade (especially beaver fur).
• One important legacy of the French fur trade was the creation of cooperation between the French and the Native Americans.
• This cooperation would eventually lead to war between England and France
• Your assignment will be to create an informational brochure discussing and describing the geographical, religious, political and economic characteristics of the colonies of New England, the mid-Atlantic colonies AND the colonial South.
• Brochures should have a structure that is similar to the following:
• 1. New England
• A. geographical characteristics
• B. religion (Puritans, half-way covenant, creation of Rhode Island, Salem Witch Trials)
• C. politics (town meetings, King Phillip’s War, loss of the MA charter)
• D. economic (how did New England colonies make money?)
• 2. Mid-Atlantic
• A. geographical characteristics
• B. religion (William Penn and the Quakers; religious tolerance)
• C. politics (New Amsterdam becomes New York)
• D. economic (how did the Mid-Atlantic colonies make money?)
• 3. South
• A. geographical characteristics
• B. religion (mainly denominations of Christianity)
• C. politics (House of Burgesses, Powhatan, Bacon’s Rebellion)
• D. economic (Virginia Company and tobacco, importation of slaves from Africa)
