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Colonial Society in the 1700s
• Most populated colonies were Mass, Penn, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina– 9/10 colonists lived in rural areas
• New racial makeup in the colonies (% by 1775)– 6% German (Lutherans) – “Pennsylvania Dutch”– 7% Scots-Irish
• Squatters, “lawless”, fierce, independent• March of the Paxton Boys (1764), Regulator Movement in
North Carolina– 5% Assorted European groups: French Huguenots,
Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Swiss, Irish– Races start to mingle
Colonial Society in the 1700s
• Mid 1700s – Richest 10% owned about 2/3 of the wealth– Class system especially present in the south
• Professions developing:– Clergy most honored and powerful– Physicians and medical care outdated and ineffective
(malpractice common)• First medical school not opened until 1765
– Lawyers not much used or respected• Great orators, defenders of law…
• Roads slow and dangerous• Ineffective inter-colonial mail system
Colonial Society in the 1700s• Agriculture leading industry (90%)
– Fishing less profitable
• Lumbering a large industry as well• Triangular Trade
– Britain can’t keep up with colonists’ demand• Leads to a trade imbalance…• Colonists’ start looking towards foreign markets
– 1733 – Molasses Act – taxed non-British imports of molasses
• Colonists smuggled
Triangular Trade
Colonial Society in the 1700s
• Religious tolerance increasing• Anglican and Congregational Churches become
the two most dominant• Anglican (Church of England)
– Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, parts of NY
– Sermons opposite of “jeremiads”– College of William and Mary (1693)
• Trained young bishops
• Congregational Church– Spawned from Puritan church– Spread in all of New England (except Rhode Island)
The Great Awakening
• Churches losing influence, followers• 1730s-1740s: The First Great
Awakening– Jonathan Edwards and George
Whitfield• Fiery preachers using scare tactics• Faith through God brings salvation, not
doing good• “old lights” skeptical of “new lights”
– Results in a revitalization of religion in America
• Leads to opening of Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth as “new light” centers
Colonial Society in the 1700s• Art and architecture becoming popular• Art
– John Trumbell, Charles Wilson Peale– Some had to finish studying in England
• Architecture combined old world and new American infulence– Log cabins from Sweden– Red brick “Georgian” style in 1720
• Colonial literature – average– Ben Franklin – leading literary figure, scientist
• “Poor Richard’s Almanack”
– John Peter Zenger – NY newspaper printer goes to trial for slandering a NY governor
• Found not guilty…• Freedom of Press
Colonial Politics• By 1775:
– 8 colonies had royal governors (appt by king)– 3 (Maryland, Delaware, Penn) under proprietors who
chose governors – 2 – (Conn, Rhode Island) elected own governors
• 2 house legislative body common– Upper house (council) appt by the crown or
proprietors– Lower house (popular branch) elected by the people
• Self taxation with representation• Who could vote?
– White, male, landowners
France in Canada• 1598 – Edict of Nantes
– Grants limited religious freedom to French Huguenots
• 1608 – King Louis XIV interested in new world– Quebec formed and lead by
Samuel de Champlain– “New France” under direct
control of French crown, no representation
New France
• One valuable resource:– Beavers (fur trapping)
• French begin to spread:– Detroit (1701) by Antoine
Cadillac– Louisiana (1682) by Robert
de La Salle– New Orleans in 1718– Illinois – produced grain –
“garden empire”– Baton Rouge, Des Moines,
Grand Teton
Clash of Empires• King William’s War (1689-1697)
and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)– Struggle for territory– English colonists vs. French fur-
trappers, Indians and some Spanish– No “real” troops used– French and Spanish beaten badly– Wars end with treaty
• British gain Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay, limited trading rights in Spanish America
War of Jenkins’s Ear
(1739)
• “King George’s War in America”
• English Captain had ear cut off by Spanish commander
• Britain vs. Spain fought mostly in the Caribbean sea and Georgia– French joins Spanish side
• English capture Ft. Louisborg, Nova Scotia – Was captured by New England
colonists
• 1748 – Treaty signed– Gives Ft. Louisborg back to
French– Outraged New Englanders
Causes of French & Indian War• Past wars had
been largely indecisive and insignificant in regards to territory possession
• The fertileness of the Ohio Valley discovered– desired by both the
French and English colonies
• 1754 – The French set up Ft. Duquesne to claim the Ohio Valley– (Pittsburgh)
• Virginia governor sends young Major George Washington and a militia of 150 to claim the fort
• Washington and his men shoot and kill French officer near Duquesne
• GW hastily builds Ft. Necessity– Overtaken by
vengeful French forces
– Use of guerilla warfare (“Indian style”)
– GW surrenders, returns to Virginia
Other causes of war• Fearing an uprising,
British evict French citizens of Nova Scotia (formerly French-owned Acadia)
• They were displaced far from Acadia– Many to New Orleans– “Cajuns”
• Acadian + Injun = Cajun
War begins…
• The French & Indian War (1754-1763)– AKA “Seven Years War” (globally)In America:
• English troops & American colonists & few native tribesvs.
• French troops & French colonists & more native tribes
In Europe:• England & Prussia (Germany) & Portugal
vs. • France, Spain, Austria, Russia
Colonies Unite?
• To unite or not?• 1754 – 7 of 13 colonies
meet in Albany Congress (NY)• Ben Franklin led debates urging for unity• Eventually unsuccessful…
– Colonies didn’t want to give up their sovereignty and power
– Significance?• First step towards colonial unity
Braddock’s Defeat• 1755 – English send General Edward
Braddock to conquer Ft. Duquesne• Braddock’s men ambushed en route
by French and Indian forces using guerilla warfare tactics (“Indian style)”
• Braddock refused to adapt and fight back Indian style
• Ends up being killed in the battle• His aide, Washington fights back
using guerilla tactics and avoids total defeat
• Effects?– Realization that guerilla warfare was
superior– Indian uprisings along the borders of the
English colonies
French and Indian War
• English mistakes in war – nearing defeat– Braddock fails– Attacks on French posts in Canada
fail
• William Pitt takes over (1757)– Plan:
• Fight less in French West Indies• Turn attention to Quebec and Montreal• Hired newer, younger, daring officers
Step One: Capture Ft. Louisborg (1758)
Significance: Cuts off supplies and reinforcements from France
Step Two: Quebec• James Wolfe – British
general chosen to capture Quebec– 1759 – Battle of Quebec
• Quebec protected by cliffs• Wolfe leads men up cliffs to
surprise French• Defeats the French on Plains of
Abraham next to Quebec• Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm
(French general) both killed
– With Louisborg and Quebec fallen, Montreal surrenders in 1760
– French doomed in America
Treaty of Paris - 1763
• Results:– France gives up all
land in North America– France keeps sugar
plantations in West Indies and two St. Lawrence islands
– France forced to give Louisiana territory to Spain
– Britain takes Florida from Spain
Aftermath of War• France kicked out of North America• Spain weakened
– Indian and slave difficulties in Florida
• Colonists free to move westward (up to the Mississippi River)– Indian land shrinking fast– Ottawan uprising in Ohio Valley ruthlessly
obliterated (Pontiac’s Uprising of 1763)– Daniel Boone leads settlers into
Tennessee and Kentucky
• Proclamation Line of 1763– Whites could not settle west of
Appalachian Mountains• Colonists outraged, ignore decree
– British and Colonists feud growing
Effects of War in Colonies
• Confidence boost for Britain and colonies• British not invincible• Social friction between British and
colonists emerges– British see colonists as boors, scum
• British don’t trust colonists– Colonists had traded with enemies– Some colonists wouldn’t fight without pay
• Colonies realizing their commonness
Already Independent from England?
• Geographically removed• Generationally distant• Felt separated – “more advanced”• Own political system emerging
– republicanism: citizens elect representatives to govern them
– “radical Whigs”• Political party in England critical of how king would appoint
positions (nepotism, bribery, corruption)• Influenced American philosophy of government
Mercantilism• Mercantilism – economic theory that in order to have
a positive gold flow (expanding their economy) a country had to export more than it imported. – Colonies established so that mother country had source of
cheap raw materials– monopolized markets for their manufactured goods. – (England → American Colonies)
• Navigation Acts – 1650– established a mercantilist relationship between England and its’
colonies.– Trade to & from America had to be on English ships.– The colonies had to purchase all manufactured goods from
England.– Raw materials from the colonies had to be sold to England.– Americans were forbidden to manufacture any goods on a large
scale.
Navigation Act in America
• Navigation Act not enforced in America until 1763 – “salutary neglect”– Geographic separation– British indifference– Smuggling
• Prime Minister Grenville• Once enforced…
– Held back American growth to keep below British
– Americans felt exploited by system
New Acts and Taxes on America
• Britain has large debt after wars• Sugar Act (1764)
– Taxed sugar to raise revenue in Britain
– After American protest, tax is lowered
• Quartering Act (1765)– Colonists forced to provide food
and shelter for British troops at anytime
• The Stamp Act (1765)– Only stamps with proof of tax payment or authorized
stamped paper legal to use• Legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, marriage licenses,
playing cards
– Purpose was to support a new large British military to protect the colonies
• Americans outraged and protested• Skeptical – what enemy?
• Grenville wants Americans to pay fair share• “Taxation without representation”
• Stamp Act Congress (1765)– 27 delegates from 9 colonies
assemble in NYC, made formal protests:
• Non-importation agreements– Pledged to boycott British goods
• Drew up a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” against Parliament and the crown
– Informal protests:• Colonists boycotting British goods• Attacking tax collectors• Stealing from British officials
– Parliament repeals Stamp Act in 1766
• Then passed Declatory Act stating England still ruled completely over the colonies…
• Townshend Tea Tax (1767)– Taxes paper, lead, paint, and tea
• “Indirect tax” – price was included in the good (hidden)
– Comparatively smaller protests arose• “Overreaction” to protests by British leads to
– Suspension of NY legislature– British troops sent to rowdy Boston to enforce laws…
• Admiralty courts – no juries, guilty until proven innocent
Boston Massacre• March 5, 1770
– 10 redcoats open fire on crowd of 60 colonists protesting in Boston – 11 die
• Crispus Attucks – ex-slave killed becomes martyr
– 2 redcoats found guilty of manslaughter in following trial
• Punishment: branded on the hand
• Colonists outraged
Seditious Committees of Correspondence
• 1770s – Townshend Acts largely unsuccessful– King George III & Prime Minister
Lord North – Repeal Townshend tax, except for
tea– Samuel Adams - Committees of
Correspondence• Letter-writing network• Spreads news, information –
organization
Boston Tea Party• In 1773, British East India
Company– Financial trouble, overstock of tea– Granted tea monopoly in America– Colonists saw it as a hidden tax
• “Taxation without representation”
• December 16, 1773– Led by Samuel Adams– Group of men invaded the harbor,
dumped 350 chests of tea• Valued at about $1,000,000
– Reaction mixed: Some cheered, some considered it anarchism
Warm Up: If a war were to break out….
• British: Why will you win the war?– Try to come up with at
least 3 advantages for yourselves and 3 disadvantages for the colonists.
• Colonists: Why will you win the war?– Try to come up with at
least 3 advantages for yourselves and 3 disadvantages for the British.
“Intolerable Acts”• British reaction to Boston Tea Party:• 1774 – Repressive Acts
– AKA “Intolerable Acts” 1. Boston Port Act shuts down Boston harbor
• Huge financial blow to colonies2. Massachusetts charter revoked3. Americans right to assemble and rule limited4. British criminals in America had preferential treatment
• 1774 – Quebec Act• Benefits French-Canadians living in British America• Colonists outraged by each part of the act1. Guaranteed religious tolerance – Catholicism
• Threat to American Protestantism2. French could have trial without juries
• Threat to American court systems3. French allowed to settle in Ohio Valley
• Proclamation Line of 1763• Americans already beat French for rights to land
First Continental Congress
• Philadelphia (Fall of 1774)• 12 of 13 colonies present• Motives:
– Not demanding independence
– List of grievances to London– Declaration of Rights
• Meeting adjourned with plan to reconvene in 1775 if London doesn’t change laws and acts
Shot Heard ‘Round the World• Lexington, Mass – April 1775• British soldiers march from Boston
to Concord to confiscate weapons and arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Sam Adams
• “Minutemen” assembled and tried to stop the British troops in Lexington– Standoff ensues, first shots of war
were fired– British fight off Minutemen, march on– Minutemen reassemble, block bridge
into Concord– British turn around, begin to march
back– Minutemen ambush and pick off
British troops the whole way back using guerilla style of warfare
War Begins
• Advantages:– 7.5 million people– Dominant navy, wealth– Hired German mercenaries
• “Hessians”– 50,000 Loyalist Americans
• Disadvantages:– International conflicts
already present• Ireland, threat of France
– British apathy, sympathy• Pitt
– Geographically isolated– Subpar officers in America
• Advantages:– Better leadership
• Washington, Ben Franklin– French aid
• Guns, supplies, money• Troops, navy later
– Fighting for freedom– Geography
• Familiar with land• Defending land, not conquering it• No central capital for British to
capture
• Disadvantages:– 2 million people only– Lack of money and wealth– No navy – French aid would have
to beat British navy
America’s Weakness• Supplies and money very limited• Soldiers trained quickly and poorly• Many deserted
– Baron von Steuben hired• Drillmaster from Prussia brought to help
• African-American population split in war– Barred from fighting at first– Some fought for British, promised freedom
• American apathy– Farmers in remote locations not interested in fighting– Merchants favored British
• Brits paid in gold, Colonists paid in paper currency soon to be worthless
– “Minority war”• Small population dedicated themselves to the cause, fought
War Begins
• After Lexington and Concord – minutemen and patriots calling for war
• Second Continental Congress meets (Philadelphia, May 1775)– Plan: Pursue peace, but
prepare for war– Actions:
• Sends another list of grievances
• Raises $ for army, navy• Appoints Washington general
of continental army
First Battles
• May 1775– Benedict Arnold, Ethan
Allen lead “Green Mountain Boys” raided two British forts in Vermont
• Ft. Ticonderoga• Crown Point
– Significance?• Colonists acquire
weaponry from British forts
Bunker Hill• June 1775, Boston• British troops attack Bunker Hill
– Frontal, uphill assault by British– Americans defense held up
• British win, but at heavy costs– “Pyrrhic victory”
• Significance?– Proves Americans can win
Petitions for Peace• Continental Congress still
seeking peace and reconciliation King George III– Want to avoid full blown war
with powerful British– “Olive Branch Petition”
• Pledges loyalty and asks for peace
– King George III refuses• Significance?
– Full war was inevitable– Justification for rebels– Ultimatum for all colonists
Battle of Quebec• Americans attack British-owned
Canada• Dec. 1775 – General
Montgomery, Benedict Arnold march towards Quebec– Relied on French Canadians to
join fight, but they refused, resisted
– Montgomery killed in battle, Arnold is wounded, men retreat
• Significance?– Big blunder for Americans– Not defending their land – trying
to conquer more
Still Seeking Peace?
• Early 1776, Americans still striving for peace resolution
• English burn:– Falmouth, Maine (Oct 1775)– Norfolk, Virginia (Jan 1776)
• British pushed out of Boston in March
• Colonists win two battles in the south– Moore’s Creek Bridge
(Feb.)– Charleston Harbor (June)
Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”• Insisted on American
independence– Physically bigger America, being
ruled by smaller England– Pamphlet disrespects King– Called for a republic– The time had come to break away…
it was just “common sense”– “Republicanism”
• people elect representatives to rule for them – more power to people
• Paine’s idea of gov’t well received
Declaring Independence• 2nd Continental Congress reconvenes
(June 1776)– Richard Henry Lee
• Virginian delegate calling for independence – Congress finally decides to officially break from
England• Declaration of Independence
– Written by Thomas Jefferson– Formal statement of intendance sent to Britain
1. Preamble2. Statement of rights
• Based on John Locke’s works• Unalienable rights – “life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness” … “all men are created equal”3. List of grievances 4. Statement of separation
– Significance?• Officially rebels, allowed for foreign aid,
Americans had to win war• Loyalists now official enemies
Battles of New York, Long Island
• March 1776 – British evacuate Boston, eye NY as new headquarters
• Huge British fleet arrives from Nova Scotia
• Washington and 20,000 defend NY and Long Island during summer and fall of 1776 and lose battles in:– Brooklyn, Harlem, White Plains, and
Long Island– Retreats to Pennsylvania
• Dec 26, 1776 – Launches surprise attack on Hessians in Trenton– Second victory comes a week later in
Princeton• Significance?
– Boosts American morale– Americans had not lost the war yet
Britain’s New Plan for Victory• Focus on New England, divide
colonies– Three large armies (Leger,
Burgoyne, Howe) to join at Albany
– Capturing Albany cuts off North from South
• Problems:– Benedict Arnold stalls British
near Lake Champlain– Terrain was tough to navigate
through– Leger’s troops lose battle at
Oriskany and turn back– General Howe ditches plan and
turns south to attack GW in Phila.• Washington and men retreat for
the winter• Howe occupies Philadelphia,
becomes “comfortable” there
Significance?-British unorganized-Poor leadership
Battle of Saratoga
• (Sep 1777) Burgoyne and 7000 arrive in Albany for battle– Tired, hungry, alone– American reinforcements
arrive– Burgoyne outnumbered 6-1,
surrenders
• Significance?– First major American victory– Huge boosts for American
morale– Convinced French to aid
Americans openly, not just secretly
French Aid• Continental Congress sends
delegates to Paris seeking an alliance with France– French want revenge on British– London was willing to
compromise after Battle of Saratoga
• Offered to meet all demands, except independence
• Franklin used this to his advantage to scare French into an alliance
• Franco-American Treaty (1778)– France official ally of America– France recognizes American
independence– Pledged a military alliance
Colonial War Grows
• 1778 – England and France go to war• 1779 – Holland and Spain joined France
– Spanish/French Navy now outnumbers British
• 1780 – Russia forms the “Armed Neutrality”– Allied neutral nations around the world
against England
• Significance?– War in America becoming secondary
Effects of French Alliance
• France offered what America was lacking…– A Navy
• Britain’s naval blockade was in jeopardy now
• Britain evacuates Philadelphia, moves to NY to shorten supply lines– Battle of Monmouth (June 1778)
• Americans attack British leaving Philadelphia
• Indecisive battle
French Arrive, War Rages On
• 1780 – 6,000 French troops arrive in Rhode Island– Comte de Rochambeau
• 1780 – Benedict Arnold trades sides
• British attack in South– Guerilla style, better tactics favor
Americans• Marion “The Swamp Fox”• Greene “The Fighting Quaker”
– General Charles Cornwallis’s troops exhausted
• Most Indian tribes side with British– Chief Joseph Brant leads raids in 1777-79– Treat of Ft. Stanwix (1779)
• American-Indian treaty• Indians surrender most land
• George Rogers Clark– Lead attacks on British forts in the west
• American Navy disrupts shipping lines– John Paul Jones– Privateers (legal American pirates)
Yorktown (Fall of 1781)
• Cornwallis and men baited north to Chesapeake Bay– Wanted access to British naval
supply line
• French navy seals off bay• Washington and Rochambeau
move south and close off peninsula– Trapped, Cornwallis fights and
surrenders
• War “officially” over in America
Treaty of Paris
• English lose in America, losing battles worldwide – want to end war completely
• Americans send delegates to Paris for peace treaty– Franklin, John Adams, John Jay
• Jay suspicious of French intentions
• Treaty of Paris (1783)– Ends American Revolution– England recognizes American independence– Americans retain some fishing rights in North Atlantic– Loyalists’ equal rights were guaranteed