Colonization & Conquest (0001-)

Colonization & Conquest (0001-)Human territorial expansion either by force of arms or through colonisation.

Copyright (c) 1999-2010, HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 1

1155The English plan for the conquest of Ireland is approved.

1170Ireland was attacked by the English Earl of Pembroke.

1204(Spring) Peace negotiations with France

1207Marshall inherits the lands of Leinster in Ireland.

1500The Indian population of Brasil numbered about 2.5 million before European settlement butthat population today is less than 200 thousand

1500Turks conquered Modon from the Venetians and expelled the Teutonic Knights from thePeloponnesus.

1500Duke Ludovico Sforza's troops reconquer Milan.

c. 1500(Between 1500-1600) The Kalmyk people, descendants from the Golden Horde of Genghis Khan,settled in the lowlands between the Volga and Don rivers with their livestock.

c. 1500(Between 1500-1900) Millions of Africans were torn from their homelands, herded intoships and sold in the New World for more than 300 years.

1501Cesare Borgia returns in triumph to Rome from Romagna.

1501France and Spain occupied Naples, and French troops entered Rome. Louis XII was declaredKing of Naples by the Pope.



1501Ivan III, Czar of Russia, invaded Lithuania.

1501The Turks took Durazzo from Venice.

1502Atahualpa (1502-1533), emperor of the Incas, was born. He had a fortune in gold andsilver and tried to purchase his freedom from Pizarro for a chamber filled with gold.Pizarro took 124 tons of gold in ransom and then re-arrested Atahualpa for treason to theSpanish crown and had him decapitated.

1503The French in Italy were defeated by the Spaniards in the battles of Cerignola andGarigliano, and Spanish forces entered Naples.

1503Zanzibar became a Portuguese colony.

1504Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, captured Kabul in Afghanistan andmaintained control to 1519.

1504Louis XII of France ceded Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon in Spain with the Treaty ofLyon. Naples remained under Spanish control for the next 200 years.

1505The Portuguese settled Ceylon and their exploitation of the cinnamon forests led to asystem of slavery and a monopoly on trade in this spice.

1505Ivan the Great of Moscow extends the Russian border into the Byelorussian and theUkrainian territories, before his death. Muscovian Russia is recognized as a majorEastern-oriented power in Europe.

1506Mozambique, Africa, was colonized by the Portuguese.



12 Mar 1507Cesare Borgia died while fighting alongside his brother, the king of Navarre, in Spain.

1507Genoa was annexed by the French.

1508The League of Cambrai was formed against Venice by Ferdinand of Aragon, Emp. Maximilian,Louis XII of France, and Pope Julius II as part of an ongoing dispute over sovereignty inItaly.

1508Ponce de Leon arrives and begins to colonise Puerto Rico. He was appointed by Spain andgiven a Spanish fleet which began to capture Bahamanian Tainos to work as slaves onHispaniola. His settlement at Caparra, 2 miles south of San Juan Bay, was plagued byTaino Indians and cannibalistic Caribean Indians.

14 May 1509In the Battle of Agnadello, the French defeat the Venetians in Northern Italy.

1509The Venetian defeat at Agnadello led to the annexation of Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna byPope Julius II, and Otranto and Brindisi by Ferdinand of Aragon.

1509The Egyptian and Gujarat fleets were routed by the Portuguese at the Battle of Diu, whichleft the latter in control of the Indian seas and the spice trade.

1509Spanish armies invaded North Africa in a crusade against the Muslim rulers of Tripoli,Oran, and Bougie.

1510Charles of Gelre conquerors Oldenzaal.

1510In China Liu Jin, a eunuch of the Ming dynasty, was executed for abusing his authority.He had grown wealthy from graft.



1510War broke out between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.

1510Goa, India, was captured by the Portuguese.

1510(1510-1550) Spain took in gold shipments from the New World at 3,000 pounds a year.

1511Diego de Velazquez, Spanish commander, occupied Cuba.

11 Apr 1512The forces of the Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle ofRavenna.

27 Dec 1512The laws of Burgos gave New World natives legal protection against abuse and authorizedNegro slavery.

1512Battle at Valeggio French troops beat Venetianen.

1512French troops under Gaston de Foix occupy Brescia.

1512The English began using double-deck warships. They displaced 1,000 tons and were armedwith 70 guns.

1512Henry VIII claimed the throne of France and sent troops unsuccessfully into Spain.

1512The Portuguese took over control of East Timor.

1512The Spaniards conquered Navarre and annexed it to Castile.



1512Spain imported black slaves to Hispaniola to replace moribund Indian laborers.

1512Selim I deposed his father Bayazid II and became Sultan of Turkey.

1512Ponce de Leon stepped ashore on the Turks and Caicos Islands.

16 Aug 1513Henry VIII of England and Emperor Maximilian defeated the French at Guinegatte, France,in the Battle of the Spurs.

9 Sep 1513King James IV of Scotland was defeated and killed by English at the Battle of FloddenField. The Scottish navy was sold to France.

1513Henry VIII and Maximilian defeated the French forces in Italy and Louis XII gave upMilan.

1513Christian II became King of Denmark and Norway succeeding Johan I. He later asserted hisright to the Swedish throne by force of arms.

1513The Swiss completed the acquisition of the southern province of Ticino.

1514George Dozsa, soldier of fortune, instigated a peasant's revolt in Hungary. He was latercaptured and grilled alive.

1514At the Battle of Orsha, Lithuanian forces defeated those of Moscow.

1514Vasily III, ruler of Moscow, captured Smolensk from Poland.



1514Selim I, Sultan of Turkey, declared war on Persia.

1514Spanish soldiers conquered the natives of Cuba.

15141,500 Spanish settlers went to Panama.

22 Jul 1515Emperor Maximillian and Vladislav of Bohemia forged an alliance between the Hapsburg(Austria) and Jagiello (Polish-Lithuanian) dynasties in Vienna.

13 Sep 1515King Francis of France defeated the Swiss army under Cardinal Matthias Schiner atMarignano, northern Italy. Switzerland was last involved in a war. French armies defeatedthe Swiss and Venetians at the Battle of Marignano and Milan fell to the French. FrancisI conquered Lombardy in northern Italy.

1515In the Persian Gulf the Portugese fleet occupies Ormuz.

1515Bartolome de Las Casas, Dominican priest, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead onbehalf of the ill-treated native Indians.

1515Spanish conquistadores founded Havana, Cuba.

1515By this year the Taino Indians of what is now the Dominican Republic were practicallyannihilated in clashes with the Spanish.

1516The Treaty of Noyon brought peace between France and Spain.

1516Lebanon became part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.



1517The Mamelukes in Egypt lost power.

1517Archduke Charles left the Netherlands for Spain and entered Valladolid in triumph.

1517Bartolomeo de las Casas, the first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World,pleaded the case of oppressed and enslaved American Indians.

1517Archduke Charles granted a monopoly in the African slave trade to Florentine merchants.

1517Cairo and Mecca were captured by the Turks and Arabia came under Turkish rule.

1518Cardinal Wolsey arranged the Peace of London between England, France, the Pope,Maximilian I and Spain.

1518Portugal and the Kingdom of Kotte, Ceylon, signed a peace treaty.

1518Lorens de Gominot obtained a license to import 4,000 African slaves into the New Worldcolonies.

13 Mar 1519The Spaniards under Cortez landed at Veracruz. Cortez landed in Mexico with 10 stallions,5 mares and a foal.

1519In Mexico Cortes discovered a plot by some Cholulans to assassinate him and ordered some6,000 Cholulan men executed.

20 May 1520Hernando Cortes defeated Spanish troops sent to punish him in Mexico.



10 Jul 1520The explorer Cortes was driven from Tenochtitlan, Mexico, by Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc, andretreated to Tlaxcala.

1520Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII met at Dover and agreed to an Anglo-French commercialtreaty.

1520King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeated a Swedish army at Lake Asunden and wascrowned King of Sweden. He then renounced his offer of amnesty and massacred most of theSwedish leaders.

23 Apr 1521The Comuneros were crushed by royalist troops in Spain.

31 Aug 1521Cortes captured the city of Tenochtitlan, Mexico, and set it on fire.

1521Suleiman II the Magnificent takes Belgrade.

1521An eight year war between France and the Holy Roman Emp., Charles V, began after theFrench supported rebels in Spain.

1521Suleiman I, the Ottoman Sultan, conquered Belgrade and invaded Hungary.

1521In Puerto Rico the Caparra colony founded by Spanish conquistadores relocated to abarrier island at the entrance of San Juan Bay.

1522Duke of Albany takes captured French back to Scotland.

1522French troops driven out of Genoa.



1522England declared war on France and Scotland. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V visited HenryVIII and signed the Treaty of Windsor. Both monarchs agreed to invade France.

1522Guatemala was conquered by Spanish armies.

1522A massive slave rebellion, the first of dozens, was crushed in Hispaniola.

1523Christian II was deposed in Denmark after a civil war and was exiled. His uncle becameKing Frederick I of Denmark and Norway.

1524Pedro de Alvarado, a lieutenant of Cortez, marched into the Guatemalan highlands. Heplayed the local Indian tribes against one another and won a major battle fought at ariver in western Guatemala against warriors of the Quiche tribe led by Tecun Uman.

24 Feb 1525In the first of the Franco-Hapsburg Wars, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V captured theFrench king Francis I at the battle of Pavia, in Italy.

7 May 1525The German peasants' revolt was crushed by the ruling class and church.

1525Battle at Böblingen: Zwabische Union beats rebel Württembergse farmers.

1525Battle at Pavia Emperor Karel V's troops beat French King François I. 8,700 were killed.

1525Battle at Zabern when duke of Lutherans beats rebels.

1525Swiss and German mercenaries desert François I's army.



1525Thousands of German peasants were slaughtered.

1525Charles V led the German and Spanish forces over the French and Swiss at the Battle ofPavia and became master of Italy. Francis I was captured and taken to Spain.

1525Turkey and Hungary signed a seven year truce.

14 Jan 1526Francis of France, held captive by Charles V for a year, signed the Treaty of Madrid,giving up most of his claims in France and Italy.

21 Apr 1526Mongol Emperor Babur annihilated Indian Army of Ibrahim Lodi. Babur, Mughal Emperor ofIndia, in this year established the Mughal dynasty at Delhi.

26 Jul 1526The Spaniard Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon and his colonists left Santo Domingo in theCaribbean for Florida.

1526French King François I is freed from Spain.

1526Pope Clemens VII, France, Genoa, Venice, Florence and Milan form the Anti-French Leagueof Cognac.

1526Saxony & Hesse form League of Gotha (the league of Protestant princes).

1526Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V signed the Peace of Madrid wherein Francisrenounced claims to territory in Burgundy, Italy and Flanders.

1526Peace was concluded between Poland and Russia.



1526The slave trade escalated to the point where the Portuguese bribed officials to revoltand provided goods and guns to any chief who would supply slaves. King Affonso wrote toKing John of Portugal asking that the Portuguese ban the slave trade in Kongo. Numerousletters were sent but King John did nothing.

1526Turkish forces of Suleiman I defeated the Hungarian forces and killed Hungarian KingLouis II at the Battle of Mohacs.

16 Mar 1527The Emperor Babur defeated the Rajputs at the Battle of Kanvaha, removing the main Hindurivals in Northern India.

6 May 1527German troops began sacking Rome, bringing about the end of the Renaissance.

1527Florence expelled the Medici nephews of the Pope and reverted to a republic.

1527Muslim Somali Chief, Ahmed Gran, used firearms against the Ethiopians for the first time.

1527Spanish mercenaries paid by Charles V sacked Rome and left 4,000 dead. Some see thisevent as marking the close of the Renaissance.

1528Treaty of Dordrecht between the emperor and the ecclesiastical powers.

1528Utrecht Governor Maarten van Rossum plunders The Hague.

1528England and France declared war on Emperor Charles V. The French army was later expelledfrom Naples and Genoa.



1528Charles V granted to the Welser family, Augsburg merchants, rights to colonize most ofnorth-eastern South America.

22 Apr 1529Spain and Portugal divided the eastern hemisphere in Treaty of Saragosa.

6 May 1529Babur defeated the Afghan Chiefs and the Bengals in the Battle of Ghagra, India.

26 Jul 1529Francisco Pizarro was made governor for life and captain-general in New Spain. Hereturned to Peru in a fleet of three ships. Pizarro received a royal warrant in Toledo,Spain, to 'discover and conquer' Peru.

8 Sep 1529The Ottoman Sultan Suleiman re-entered Buda and established John Zapolyai as the puppetking of Hungary.

15 Oct 1529Ottoman armies under Suleiman ended their siege of Vienna and head back to Belgrade. TheOttomans siege of Vienna was a key battle of world history. The Ottoman Empire reachedits peak with the Turks settled in Buda on the left bank of the Danube after failing intheir siege of Vienna.

1529The Turks began the siege of Vienna.

1531Kings Ferdinand of Austria and János Zápolyai of Hungary recognise each other.

1531Francisco Pizarro left Panama with 180 men to conquer Peru.

1532Pizarro seizes Incan emperor Atahualpa after victory at Cajamarca.



1532Suleiman I, Sultan of the Ottoman empire, invaded Hungary.

1532Francisco Pizzaro with 183 soldiers entered the lowlands of northern Peru near Cajamarca,the capital of the Inca empire.

29 Aug 1533Francisco Pizarro captured Cuzco and completed his conquest of Peru. He ordered theimprisonment and murder of Atahualpa, the last ruler of the Atahualpa.

15 Nov 1533Spanish conquistadores reached the high valley of the Andes and Francisco Pizzaro enteredCuzco, Inca capital of Peru.

1533Ottoman ruler Suleiman I concluded a treaty with Austria and got time to deal withdissident elements in Anatolia.

13 Jul 1534Ottoman armies captured Tabriz in northwestern Persia.

1534The Ottoman Empire extended from Hungary to Baghdad.

1535Bloemkamp Abbey (Oldeklooster) is attacked and destroyed.

1535Francisco Pizarro founded Lima in Peru.

14 Jul 1536France and Portugal signed the naval treaty of Lyons aligning themselves against Spain.

1536The Spaniards completed the conquest of Peru.



1536Provence was invaded by Charles V.

1536Savoy and Piedmont were conquered by France.

1536The first Spanish settlement was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina, but the colonyfailed. The cows and horses however thrived on the tall pampa grass and when newcolonists arrived two decades later they found the thriving livestock.

1537French troops invade Flanders.

24 Feb 1538Ferdinand of Hapsburg and John Zapolyai, the two kings of Hungary, concluded the peace ofGrosswardein.

1538King Ferdinand of Austria & King Janos Zapolyai of Hungary sign the Peace of Grosswardein.

1538The Truce of Nice was arranged between Charles V and Francis I. It only lasted 10 months.

1538Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada, Spanish conquistador, founded Bogota, Colombia.

1539Spain annexed Cuba.

1539Emperor Karel and King Francois I sign an anti-English treaty.

17 May 1540Afghan chief Sher Khan defeated Mongol Emperor Humayun at Kanauj.

1540Sher Shah, Afghan rebel, became Emperor of Delhi.



1540King Charles V returned to Ghent and brutally beat down an uprising against taxes for anexpansionist war. Nine leaders were beheaded and another hanged. City burgers were forcedto walk the streets barefoot with rope hanging round their necks. The 'Gentse Feesten'annual festival re-enacts this event every mid-July.

26 Jun 1541Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish Conqueror of Peru, was murdered by his former followers.

1541Ethiopia was invaded by the Portuguese.

1541Suleiman I annexed southern and central Hungary.

1542War was renewed between the Holy Roman Empire and France.

1542150 Spanish colonists settled Asuncion, capital of Paraguay.

1 Jul 1543England and Scotland signed the peace of Greenwich.

1543Battle at Wayna Daga when Ethiopian and Portugese troops beat a Moslem army.

1543Henry VIII of England and Emperor Charles V formed an alliance against France.

1543King Francis I of France invaded Luxembourg.

1543(1543-1773) The Palacio de los Capitanes in Antigua, Guatemala, was the center forSpanish rule over Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua during this period.



1543A combined French and Turkish fleet captured Nice.

14 Sep 1544Henry VIII's forces took Boulogne, France.

19 Sep 1544Francis, the king of France, and Charles V of Austria signed a peace treaty in Crespy,France, ending a 20-year war. The Peace of Crespy ended the fighting between Charles Vand Francis I. Henry VIII was not consulted. France surrendered much territory andCharles gave up his claim to Burgundy.

1544German emperor Charles V recognizes King Christian III of Denmark.

1544Scottish Earl Matthew van Lennox signs a secret treaty with Henry VIII.

1544Turkish troops occupy Hungary.

1544Henry VIII crossed the Channel to Calais to campaign with Charles V against Francis I.

1544Gustavus I of Sweden signed an alliance with France.

19 Jul 1545A French fleet entered The Solent in England, and French troops landed on the Isle ofWight. The Mary Rose, pride of England's fleet, capsized with heavy loss in Portsmouthharbor. King Henry VIII of England watched his flagship, Mary Rose, capsize as it left tobattle the French.

1545Lord Lisle, English fleet commander, set ablaze Treport in Normandy.

1545The Spanish discovered the silver mines of Potosi, Bolivia. From the town of Cerro Rico,which means Hill of Riches, they took out the equivalent of $2 billion from onemountainside.



7 Jun 1546The Peace of Ardes (Ardres) ended the war between France and England.

1546Spanish conquistadores brutally crushed a major Mayan rebellion in New Spain.

1546The Turks occupied Moldavia.

24 Apr 1547Charles V's troops defeated the Protestant League of Schmalkalden at the battle ofMuhlburg.

1548Spaniards in Mexico exploited the silver mines.

1548Gonzalo Pizarro, son of the conqueror of Peru, was defeated by and executed by Pedro dela Gasca in the Battle of Xaquixaguane.

9 Aug 1549France declared war on England. England declared war on France.

1549Sao Salvador, later Bahia in Brazil, was founded by Thome de Souza, Portugal's firstgovernor of Brazil. Portuguese conquerors founded Salvador.

1550France and England sign Peace of Boulogne.

c. 1550(Between 1550-1600) Grace O'Malley led a 200-strong band on Clare Island, Ireland,financed by piracy.

1551Henry II led French forces against Charles V in Italy.



1551Turkish forces captured Tripoli but failed to take Malta.

1552The English again attacked the Irish town and monastery at Clonmacnoise and carriedeverything away.

1552The (secret) Treaty of Friedewalde confirmed the alliance between Henry II of France andthe Protestant princes of Germany against Charles V.

1552The Turks invaded Hungary again with a victory at the Battle Szegedin. Istvan Dobo ledthe defense of Eger against the Turks. The siege of Eger lasted 38 days.

9 Jul 1553Maurice of Saxony was mortally wounded at Sievershausen, Germany, while defeating Albertof Brandenburg-Kulmbach.

2 Aug 1553An invading French army was destroyed at the Battle of Marciano in Italy by an imperialarmy.

1553The League of Heidelberg was formed by German Catholic and Protestant princes to stopPhilip of Spain from becoming Holy Roman Emperor.

1553Turkish warships ravaged the Mediterranean.

1553Suleiman I of Turkey made peace with Persia.

1554Henry II of France invaded the Netherlands.

1554Dragut, leader of the Mediterranean pirates, recaptured Mehedia, Tunisia, from theSpaniards.



1555Siena was incorporated with Florence. When the Florentine army defeated the Siennese amoratorium was put on further development in the walled city.

1555Japanese pirates besieged Nanking.

1555The Ottoman Empire continued its conquest of the North African coast.

5 Feb 1556Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain signed the truce of Vaucelles.

5 Nov 1556The Emperor Akbar defeated the Hindus at Panipat and secured control of the Mogul Empire.Akbar the Great became Mogul Emperor of India and defeated the Afghans at the Battle ofPanipat in the Punjab.

10 Aug 1557Spanish and English troops in alliance defeated the French at the Battle of St. Quentin.French troops were defeated by Emmanuel Philibert's Spanish army at St. Quentin, France.

1557The Portuguese settled in Macao, on the coast of southern China, and established tradingfactories. Trade agreement gave the Portuguese a virtual monopoly for 300 years onmaritime commerce China and Europe.

1557The Russians invaded Poland and started the 14-year Livonian War of succession in theBaltic lands held by the Teutonic Knights.

7 Jan 1558The French, under Francois, Duke of Guise, took the British held port of Calais from theEnglish.

22 Jun 1558The French took the French town of Thioville from the English.



13 Jul 1558Led by the court of Egmont, the Spanish army defeated the French at Gravelines, France.

3 Apr 1559Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France signed the peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending along series of wars between the Hapsburg and Valois dynasties.

1559John Knox preached an inflammatory sermon at Perth and incited the Protestants lords torise against queen-mother Mary. They captured Edinburgh and sacked religious houses inother cities.

1559The Treaty of Cateay-Cambresis ended the war between the late Holy Roman Emperor andFrance, and between England and France. Calais was to remain French for eight years andthen to be restored to England.

15591,500 Spanish settlers sailed from Vera Cruz to found a settlement on Pensacola Bay inFlorida, but were repulsed by hostile Indians.

1560Spanish Christian fleet under Gian Andrea lands and occupies Djerba, Tripoli in NorthAfrica.

1560Failed assault on royal palace in Amboise France.

1560Turkish galleys routed a Spanish fleet off of Tripoli.

20 Sep 1561Queen Elizabeth of England signed a treaty at Hamptan Court with French Huguenot leaderLouis de Bourbon, the Prince of Conde. The English would occupy Le Harve in return foraiding Bourbon against the Catholics of France.

23 Sep 1561Philip II of Spain gave orders to halt colonizing efforts in Florida. The French tookadvantage of the opportunity.



1561Santa Cruz, Bolivia, was founded by the Spaniard Nuflo de Chavez as a bulwark againstPortuguese expansion.

17 Jan 1562Protestants were recognized in France under the Edict of St. Germain.

1 Mar 1562The Catholic Guises massacred more than 60 Huguenots at a Protestant service in a churchat Vassy and sparked off The Wars of Religion in France between between Catholics andProtestants [until 1578].Some 1,200 Huguenots were killed at Vassy.

19 Dec 1562The French Wars of Religion between the Huguenots and the Catholics began with the Battleof Dreux.

1562General Francois de Guise enters Paris in France.

1562The Huguenot leader Louis I de Bourbon signed the Treaty of Hampton Court with QueenElizabeth that called for the English troops to occupy Dieppe and La Havre.

1562John Hawkins, English naval commander, removed 300 African slaves from a Portuguese shipbound for Brazil. This marked the start of the English participation in the slave trade.

Mar 1563League of High Nobles' second protest against King Philip II.

1563Russian troops occupy Polotsk Lithuania.

1563Frederick II of Denmark allied to Poland, Lubeck, and Saxony against Sweden to start theSeven Years' War.



13 Sep 1564On the verge of attacking Pedro Menendez's Spanish settlement at San Agostin, Florida,Jean Ribault's French fleet was scattered by a devastating storm.

1564Battle on Gotland when Lübeck and Denmark beat Sweden.

1564The Peace of Troyes ended the war between England and France with England renouncing itsclaim to Calais for a substantial payment.

1564Spaniards occupied the Philippines and built Manila.

27 Apr 1565First Spanish settlement in Philippines was established in Cebu City.

8 Sep 1565A Spanish expedition established the first permanent European colony in the present daySt. Augustine, Florida, the first permanent European settlement in what is now the UnitedStates.

20 Sep 1565Pedro Menendez of Spain wiped out the French at Fort Caroline, in Florida. Spanishcolonists in the northeast coast of Florida under Pedro Menendez de Aviles massacred aband of French Huguenots that posed a potential threat to Spanish hegemony in the area.They also took advantage of the local Timucuan Indian tribe.

1565The Battle at Talikota when India Moslems destroy Vijayanagar's army.

1565Rio de Janeiro was founded by the Portuguese under Estacio de Ss, who destroyed theexisting French colony.

1566The Turko-Hungarian War restarted despite the truce of 1562.



1567Battle at Oosterweel when Spanish troops destroy Geuzenleger.

1567Geuzen army leaves Walcheren to return to Oosterweel.

3 May 1568French forces in Florida slaughter hundreds of Spanish.

5 Jun 1568Ferdinand, the Duke of Alba, crushed the Calvinist insurrection in Ghent, Belgium.

1568Battle at Heiligerlee when Dutch rebels beat the Spanish, 100s killed.

1568In the Netherlands, Duke of Alva declares William of Orange an outlaw.

1568General Oda Nobunaga, Japanese leader who seized Kyoto and destroyed the power of thefeudal lords, introduced a dynamic period of centralization and expansion.

1568Emperor Maximilian bought peace from Selim II and the Sultan received a large annualpayment.

1569Battle of Jarnac when the Count of Anjou defeats the Huguenots.

1569St Philip of Moscow martyred by Ivan the Terrible.

1569Don John of Austria put down the Morisco rebellion in Granada.

1569Burmese King Bayinnaung invaded Thailand and took as hostage Princess Suphankalaya. Itwas later believed that the princess gave up her freedom in exchange for her kingdom'sindependence from Burma.



1569Lithuania and Poland formed the Union of Lublin for protection against the growing powerof Muscovite Russia. The new federation established an elective monarchy and Lithuanialost its separate institutions and was gradually submerged into Poland as a province.

1570Anti-Portugese uprising on Ternate, Moluccas.

1570King Philip II bans foreign Dutch students.

1570Denmark recognized the independence of Sweden in the Peace of Stettin.

1570(1570-1670) Portuguese forces attacked Monomutapa in order to gain control over themarkets and gold mines there.

1570Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Muscovy, sacked the city of Great Novgorod, massacring most ofits inhabitants during a five-week reign of terror.

1570The Turks declared war on Venice, which refused to surrender Cyprus.

1570The Turks sacked Nicosia.

7 Sep 1571Spanish and Venetian ships of the Christian League in the naval Battle of Lepanto in theMediterranean Sea under Don John of Austria gained complete victory over a Turkish fleetwith 117 Turkish ships sunk.

7 Oct 1571In the last great clash of galleys, the Ottoman navy was defeated at Lepanto, Greece, bya Christian naval coalition under the overall command of Spain's Don Juan de Austria.



1571Spanish troops under Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi occupy Manilla in the Phillipines.

1571Venice, Spain and Pope Pius form the anti-Turkish Saint League.

1571Charles IX of France had a reconciliation with the Huguenots.

1571Pope Pius V signed an alliance with Venice and Spain to fight the Turks.

1571Moscow was sacked by Tartars from Crimea.

1 Apr 1572The Sea Beggars under Guillaume de la Marck landed in Holland and captured the small townof Briel.

1572A refurbished Turkish fleet captured Cyprus.

1572Dutch warships, Beggars of the Sea, effectively harried Spanish shipping in the EnglishChannel and fueled the Dutch War of Independence.

1572The Dutch used carrier pigeons during the Spanish siege of Haarlem.

1573Don John captured Tunis from the Turks for Spain.

1573Sir Francis Drake captured a huge shipment of Spanish silver as it was being transportedacross the Isthmus of Panama.

1573Venice and Turkey signed the Peace of Constantinople whereby Venice surrendered Cyprusand paid Turkey a large indemnity.



1574Louis of Nassau ends siege of Maastricht.

1574Sea battle at Lillo Belgium when Adolf Van Haemstede fought Louis de Boisot.

1574Sea battle of Reimerswaal when Admiral Boisot beats the Spanish fleet.

1574Spanish troops plunder Krommenie, Wormerveer and Jisp Netherlands.

1574The Portuguese began to settle in Angola.

1574Spanish forces in the Netherlands besieged Leyden, but William the Silent breached thedykes to flood the land. This allowed his ships to sail up to the walls and lift thesiege.

1574Turkish troops captured Tunis from the Spaniards.

1575William of Orange, facing defeat, offered the sovereignty of the Netherlands to QueenElizabeth, who declined the offer.

1575In India the Mughal Emp. Akbar conquered Bengal.

1575In Japan a battle was fought that arrayed 3,000 guns against men on horseback usingstirrups. The gun force won and changed the course of Japanese fighting.

8 Nov 1576All 17 provinces of the Netherlands united in the Pacification of Ghent in the face ofSpanish occupation. The 17 provinces of the Netherlands formed a federation to maintainpeace.



1576Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV) escapes from Paris.

1576Spanish army under Mondragon conquerors the Zierik sea.

1576Spanish defeat Walloons and take Antwerp in Belgium.

1576Mutinous Spanish forces sacked Antwerp in 'the Spanish Fury'.

23 Sep 1577William of Orange made his triumphant entry into Brussels, Belgium.

1577Spanish land guardian Don Juan of Hapsburg signs 'Eternal Edict'.

1577Don John of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands, issued his Perpetual Edict by which allSpanish troops were to be withdrawn from the Netherlands and ancient liberties restored.

1578Battle of Alcazarquivir when the Moroccans defeat the Portugeese.

1578Battle of Gembloers.

1578English Queen Elizabeth I gives Johan Casimir £20,000 to aid the Dutch rebellion.

1578Sir Francis Drake renamed his flagship, the Pelican, to the Golden Hind. He ravaged thecoasts of Chile and Peru on his way around the world.

1579Roshan of Afghanistan was killed in a battle with the Moghuls, but his struggle forindependence continued.



1579The Peace of Arras ensured that the southern provinces of The Netherlands were reconciledto Philip II.

1580The Battle of Alcantara when Spain defeats Portugal.

1580Spanish king Philip II puts 25,000 gold coins on the head of Prince Willem of Orange.

1580The Azores were occupied by Spain [until 1640] when bullfighting was introduced.

c. 1580Tupac Amuru, an Inca leader, held out against the Spanish conquest after most of theempire had been subdued.

1581Akbar, Mughal Emperor of India, conquered Afghanistan.

1581Stephen Bathory, King of Poland, invaded Russia.

1581Russia began the conquest of Siberia.

1581The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands (Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland,Overijssel, Friesland, and Groningen) renounced their allegiance to Philip II of Spain.

1581After being a semi-autonomous Swedish duchy for over a hundred years, Finland becomes aGrand Duchy of Sweden.

10 Aug 1582Russia ended its 25-year war with Poland. Russia and Poland concluded the Peace ofJam-Zapolski under which Russia lost access to the Baltic and surrendered Livonia andEstonia to Poland.



8 Sep 1582A small Belarussian-Lithuanian force overcame a larger Muscovite force.

1582Russia cedes Livonia & Estonia to Poland, loses access to the Baltic

1582William of Orange escaped an assassination attempt.

1583Dutch States General and Anjou sign a treaty.

1583The Duke of Anjou sacked Antwerp in the 'French Fury', but failed to capture it andretired from the Netherlands to France.

1584A Dutch trading post was established at the Russian port of Archangel.

1585Spain and Catholic France sign Saint League of Joinville.

1585The War of the Three Henries (Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre) began whenHenry of Navarre, a Huguenot, became heir to the French throne.

1585Elizabeth extended her protection to The Netherlands against Spain to avenge the murderof William of Orange.

1585Francis Drake attacked the Spanish ports of Vigo and Santo Domingo. English shipping inSpanish ports was then confiscated as a virtual declaration of war by Spain.

1585Sir Francis Drake sailed through the Virgin Islands to plunder Spanish ships.



1585The ruler of Morocco captured the Songhai's salt mines in Taghaza and puts his eye on theSonghai source of gold.

1585Antwerp was sacked by the Duke of Parma, resulting in long-lasting loss of trade for thatport.

1 Jan 1586Francis Drake, who left England on a new voyage to America last September, made asurprise attack on the heavily fortified city of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola, forcing thegovernor to pay a large ransom.

19 Jun 1586English colonists sailed from Roanoke Island, after failing to establish England's firstpermanent settlement in America.

1586Battle at Boxum Spanish troops under Tassis beat state army.

1586In America relations with the local Indians soured after the English soldiers attacked avillage, and soon the English returned home.

1586Spanish Captain Francisco Gali died in Manila and Pedro de Unamuno took command of his 2ships to return to Acapulco.

1586The Turks attacked the Hungarian fortress at Eger again. The mercenary occupantscapitulated.

1586King Philip II of Spain decides to invade England.

22 Jul 1587A second English colony of about 120 people under Sir Walter Raleigh, also fated tovanish under mysterious circumstances, was established on Roanoke Island off NorthCarolina. A three-year drought also peaked during this time.



1587Deventer and Zutphen surrender to Spain.

1587The first English child born in the New World. She was named Virginia Dare.

1587Sir Edward Stafford, English ambassador in Paris, contacted the Spanish ambassador andoffered to provide news of Queen Elizabeth's plans and to offer the Englishdisinformation concerning Spanish plans. Stafford's brother-in-law was Lord HowardEffingham, commander in chief of the English fleet.

1587Virginia was initially called Windgancon, meaning 'what gay clothes you wear'. The namesCape Fear, Cape Hatteras, the Chowan and Neuse rivers, Chesapeake and Virginia, were allnames that date to the first colony there.

1587(1587-1590) The Lost Colony of Roanoke Island disappeared during this period. Itconsisted of 116 colonists and included Virginia Dare, the first English child born inthe New World.

12 May 1588King Henry II fled Paris after Henry of Guise entered the city. The people of Paris roseagainst Henry III, who fled to Chartres. Seven months later he had Henry of Guise and hisbrother, Cardinal de Guise, assassinated.

19 May 1588The Spanish Armada under Medina-Sidonia set sail for England from Lisbon and was defeatedby the English fleet the following August.

23 Jul 1588English army assembled at Tilbury to repel invasion of England by Spanish Armada.

29 Jul 1588The English soundly defeated the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Gravelines. The SpanishArmada was sighted off the coast of England.



8 Aug 1588The Spanish Armada was destroyed. It was shattered around the coasts of the English Islesby an English fleet under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham with the help of SirFrancis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and a violent storm.

15 Sep 1588The Spanish Armada, which attempted to invade England, was destroyed by a British fleet.

1588Catholic League under duke Henri de Guise occupies Paris France.

1588King Henri III flees Paris.

1588An eye-witness account of the New World was provided by 'A Briefe and True Account of theNew Found Land of Virginia', written by Thomas Harriot. It encouraged further settlementand investment.

19 Mar 1589William Bradford, governor of Plymouth colony for 30 years, was born.

21 Sep 1589The Duke of Mayenne of France was defeated by Henry IV of England at the Battle ofArques.

1589Francis Drake with 150 ships and 18,000 men failed in his attempt to capture Lisbon.

1589Boris Godunov asserted Moscow's Independence from Constantinople.

25 Apr 1590The Sultan of Morocco launched his successful attack to capture Timbuktu.

1590Battle at Ivry when French King Henri IV beats the Catholic League.



1590Earl Mauritius of Nassaus sails to Breda.

1590Earl Mauritius conquerors Breda 'turfschip of Breda'.

1591Battle at Tondibi when the Moroccan army under Judar beat the Sultan Askia Ishaq II ofSonghai.

1591German monarchy forms Protestant Union of Torgau.

1591Spanish troops in Zutphen surrenders to Willem Louis of Mauritius.

3 Aug 1592The Earl of Cumberland, et al, took the Madre de Dios, A Spanish carrack carrying thelargest treasure ever captured for Queen Elizabeth. The earl's sailors got out of handand looted items intended for the queen, including a large diamond which eventually foundits way to Goldsmith's Row, London.

1592Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan sent an army to invade Korea. This set off a war that lasted6 years.

c. 1592Korean Yi Sun Sin employed his ironclad 'turtle ships' in an invasion of Japan. More than500 vessels were sunk in 6 months.

1594Earl Mauritius and Willem Louis begins siege of Groningen.

28 May 1595It was a shaken and demoralized English column that returned to its northern Irish baseat Newry.



5 Jun 1595Henry IV's army defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Fontaine-Francaise.

23 Jul 1595Spanish soldiers landed at Cornwall, England, and burned Mousehold and Penzance beforereturning to their ships.

1595French King Henry IV declares war on Spain.

1595King Philip II names Albrecht of Austria land guardian of Netherlands.

1595Queen Elizabeth sent Sir Francis Drake to capture treasure from a wrecked Spanish galleonstored at La Forteleza. Drake failed and returned to Panama.

c. 1595Spanish explorers Alvaro de Mendana and Pedro Fernandez de Quiros visited the CookIslands but overlooked Rarotonga, the largest one.

28 Jan 1596English navigator Sir Francis Drake died off the coast of Panama of a fever; he wasburied at sea.

1 Jul 1596An English fleet under the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Verecaptured and sacked Cadiz, Spain.

1596Britain, France and the Netherlands signs Drievoudig Covenant against Spain.

1596The first documented official contact between the Cambogee and the West took place. Theking of Angkor, Barom Reachea, in fear of attack sent to the Spanish governor general atManila a request for the assistance of his musket-armed soldiers. The Spanish governorcomplied and sent a small expedition to the king of Angkor.



1596Monterey, Mexico was founded by conquistador Don Luis de Carvajal. He fell in love thewrong man's daughter and was later denounced to the Mexican Inquisition because of hisJewish heritage.

1596In Mexico the nephew of Luis Carvajal, a Jewish convert to Catholicism and governor ofthe province of Nuevo Leon, was accused of relapsing into Judaism. He was tried bySpanish Inquisitors and under torture gave out 116 names that included his mother and 23sisters. They were eventually strangled with iron collars and burned to death.

1597Britain routes troops to Amiens.

1597Land guardian Albrecht occupies Amiens on France.

2 May 1598Henry IV signed the Treaty of Vervins, ending Spain's interference in France.

15 Aug 1598Hugh O'Neill, the Earl of Tyrone, led an Irish force to victory over the British atBattle of Yellow Ford.

25 Sep 1598In Sweden, King Sigismund was defeated at Stangebro by his Uncle Charles.

1598Sir George Clifford, the third Earl of Cumberland, led an attack on Puerto Rico. Helanded east of San Juan at Boqueron Inlet and attacked. The English prevailed andplundered San Juan but their food spoiled and 400 died of dysentery. The survivors burnedSan Juan and sailed away.

1598The Spanish governor of Manila sent a 2nd small expedition to the king of Angkor in whatis now Cambodia.



1599Spain sent 400 soldiers, 46 cannon and a new governor, Alonso de Mercado, to rebuild SanJuan, Puerto Rico.

21 Oct 1600Battle of Sekigahara sets Tokugawa clan as Japan's rulers (the Shoguns) when TokugawaIeyasu defeats his enemies.

c. 1600In Colombia legend held that U'wa Indians led by Chief Guaiticu committed mass suicide toprotest Spanish colonialism. There is no historical record of this.

c. 1600The Kongo kingdom broke apart as a result of the Portuguese induced revolts and slavetrade.

c. 1600Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read plundered the Caribbean region.

17 Jan 1601The Treaty of Lyons ended a short war between France and Savoy.

24 Feb 1601Robert Devereux, the second Earl of Essex and former favorite of Elizabeth I, wasbeheaded in the Tower of London for high treason. His plan to capture London and theTower had failed.

1601Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex, leads his armies into London in a revolt againstQueen Elizabeth I.

1601France gains Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and Gex in a treaty with Spain.

29 Jul 1602The Duke of Biron was executed in Paris for conspiring with Spain and Savoy against KingHenry IV of France.



1602Spanish forces in Ireland surrender to the English at Kinsdale.

29 Jul 1603Bartholomew Gilbert was killed in the colony of Virginia by Indians, during a search forthe missing Roanoke colonists.

1603Battle at Mellifont when the English army under Lord Mountjoy beat the Irish.

20 Sep 1604After a two-year siege, the Spanish retook Ostend (NW Belgium), the Netherlands, from theDutch.

1604Spanish garrison of Aardenburg surrenders to Mauritius.

1604Tsar Ivan IV defeats the False Dmitri, who claims to be the true tsar.

1604Juan de Onate, Spanish colonizer of New Mexico, explored along the Colorado.

5 Nov 1605Gunpowder Plot fails when Catholics try to blow up English Parliament. The plot wasuncovered when the leader Guy Fawkes was betrayed and caught. He was later convicted as atraitor and hung, drawn and quartered.

1605The Dutch began seizing control of Portuguese-held trade with the Spice Islands(historically called the Moluccas) gaining full control by 1621.

1605Portuguese garrison on Ambon surrenders to Admiral Van der Haghen.

31 Jan 1606Guy Fawkes, convicted for his part in the 'Gunpowder Plot' against the English Parliamentand King James I, was hanged, drawn and quartered.



20 Dec 1606Virginia Company settlers leave London to establish Jamestown.

26 Apr 1607Ships under the command of Captain Christopher Newport sought shelter in Chesapeake Bay.The forced landing led to the founding of Jamestown on the James River, the first Englishsettlement.

13 May 1607The English colonists landed near the James River and founded the colony at Jamestown,Virginia (some sources claim May 14). In 1996 archeologist discovered the originalJamestown Fort and the remains of one settler, a young white male who died a violentdeath.

24 May 1607Englishman John Smith founds the colony of Virginia at Jamestown at the mouth of theJames river. It becomes the first permanent settlement in North America.

15 Jun 1607Colonists in North America completed James Fort in Jamestown.

14 Aug 1607The Popham expedition reached the Sagadahoc River in the northeastern North America andsettled there.

28 Sep 1607Samuel de Champlain and his colonists returned to France from Port Royal Nova Scotia.

29 Dec 1607The Native American Chief Powhatan, who spared John Smith's life after the pleas of hisdaughter Pocahontas, was born.

3 Jul 1608French explorer Samuel de Champlain founds the French colony of Quebec as a trading post.

10 Sep 1608Capatin John Smith was elected president of the Jamestown colony council in Virginia.



1608Fire destroys the Jamestown settlement in Virginia.

1608Matthias von Hapsburg's army reaches Lieben, at Prague.

1608Bowling in Jamestown was banned after workers were found bowling instead of building thefort.

1608Settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, shipped distilled tar back to its sponsors in England,the first manufactured item exported from the US.

12 Mar 1609The Bermuda Islands become a British colony.

1609Henry Hudson gave brandy to the local Indians and their chief passed out. The place wasrenamed 'Manahachtanienk', meaning 'where everybody got drunk'. Authorities say that'Manhattan' came form an Indian word meaning 'high island'.

4 Jul 1610Battle at Klushino where King Sigismund II (III) of Poland beat Russia & Sweden.

1610Polish King Sigismund III, forces the Dimitri & Romanov families to sign a covenantagainst czar Vasili Shushki.

1610The first Dutch settlers arrive from New Jersey, to colonize Manhattan Island.

1610In Ireland the settlement at Derry was colonized by the English, who built a fortresssurrounded by stone walls and renamed it Londonderry.

1610The Dutch ousted the Portuguese from Indonesia by this time, but the Portuguese retainedthe eastern half of Timor.



22 Jun 1611English explorer Henry Hudson, his son and several other people were set adrift inpresent-day Hudson Bay by mutineers. He was never seen again.

1611Matthias, brother of Rudolf II, occupied Prague and captured Rudolf II.

27 Oct 1612A Polish army which invaded Russia capitulated to Prince Dimitri Pojarski and hisCossacks.

1612In Russia the end of the 'Time of Troubles', a period of popular uprisings and fightingbetween noblemen and pretenders to the thrown.

1613Peace of Knärod ends War of Kalmar between Denmark and Sweden.

1613The American Indian Tisquantum, aka Squanto, returned to the New World from England asthe interpreter for John Smith. He was freed by Smith but then kidnapped with 19 fellowIndians by an Englishman and carried off to Milaga, Spain. He managed to escape toEngland.

1613Khushhal Khan Khattak (1613-1689), an Afghan warrior-poet, was born. He initiated anational uprising against the foreign Moghul government.

15 May 1614An aristocratic uprising in France ended with the treaty of St. Menehould.

1614The Don Cossacks made a pact with the Russian Czar and gained self-government in exchangefor military service.

4 Jun 1615The Tokugawa Shogun captured Osaka Castle and eliminated Hide-yoshi's heirs. The fortressof Osaka, Japan, fell to shogun Leyasu after a six month siege.



1615In India prince Shah Jahan, son of Jehangir, returned home after a successful militarycampaign.

25 Dec 1616Nathaniel Courthope, a British merchant-adventurer under direct orders from James I,landed his ship Swan at the Banda Island of Run. He persuaded the islanders to enter analliance with the British for nutmeg. He fortified the 1 by 2 mile island and with 30 menproceeded to hold off a Dutch siege for 1,540 days.

1616Treaty of Loudun kills French civil war.

9 Mar 1617The Treaty of Stolbovo ended the occupation of Northern Russia by Swedish troops.

1617Fort San Diego was built to protect Acapulco, a major port for Spanish galleons, againstbuccaneers.

1618Thirty Years' War begins in Germany (1618-1648) which spread throughout central europe.

16182nd Defenestration of Prague at the beginning of the 30 Years War.

1618Imperial civil servants thrown out a window of Prague Castle.

1618The Dutch began their rule of Indonesia, until 1945. They were drawn to Jakarta, afishing village which they called Batavia, for the spice trade.

20 Aug 1619The first black Americans land at Jamestown, Virginia. This group of twenty Africans werebrought as indentured servants.



1619Dutch settlement on Java changes name to Batavia.

31 Jan 1620Virginia colony leaders wrote to the Virginia Company in England, asking for moreorphaned apprentices for employment.

10 Feb 1620Supporters of Marie de Medici, the queen mother, who had been exiled to Blois, weredefeated by the king's troops at Ponts de Ce, France.

16 Sep 1620Pilgrim Fathers sail from Southampton in England in the Mayflower. The Pilgrims wereactually Separatists because they had left the Church of England. The 4 children ofWilliam Brewster, who arrived on the Mayflower, were named Love, Wrestling, Patience, andFear.

8 Nov 1620The King of Bohemia was defeated at the Battle of Prague. With Hapsburg support inBohemia the Catholics defeated the Protestants at the Battle of the White Mountain.

11 Nov 162041 pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, anchored off Massachusetts at Cape Cod, sign theMayflower Compact for 'just & equal laws'.

20 Nov 1620Peregrine White was born aboard the Mayflower in Massachusetts Bay, the first child bornof English parents in present-day New England.

11 Dec 1620103 Mayflower pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts. They called themselvesSaints and others Strangers. One passenger died enroute and 2 were born during thepassage. Their military commander was Miles Standish.

1620Prince Bethlen Gabor signs peace with emperor Ferdinand II.



1620The chronicle of the Pilgrims voyage to and settlement in America was begun by NathanialMorton, keeper of the records of Plymouth Colony, based on the account of WilliamBradford, sometime governor thereof.

3 Jan 1621William Tucker was born. He is believed to be first American born African-American.

16 Mar 1621Native American chief visits colony of Plymouth. Samoset, an English speaking Indian, andhis friend Tisquantum of the Wampanoag tribe, became friends with the Pilgrims.

1 Apr 1621The Plymouth, Massachusetts colonists created the first treaty with Native Americans.

5 Apr 1621Mayflower sails from Plymouth on a return trip to England. By this time 44 of the landingparty had died and 54 people, mostly children, were left to build the colony.

3 Jun 1621Dutch West India Company receives charter for 'New Netherlands', later to become 'NewYork'.

Oct 1621The first American Thanksgiving feast was held by Plymouth Colony Pilgrims inappreciation of assistance from members of the Massasoit tribe and celebration of thefirst harvest.

1621Jan Pieterszoon Coen's fleet sets sail to the Moluccas from Jacarta.

1621John Pieterszoon Coen's troops land on Lontor, East Indies.

1621Massasoit & Pilgrims agree on league of friendship at Plymouth.



1621Miles Standish appointed first commander of Plymouth colony.

22 Mar 1622The Native Americans Powhattan Confederacy killed 350 colonists, a third of the Virginiapopulation of European settlers, in apparent retaliation for the encroachment of theseimmigrants on Indian cornfields.

24 Jun 1622The Dutch defeated Macao.

1622Germany & Transylvania sign Peace of Nikolsburg.

1622Queen Nzinga of Matamba visited Portuguese officials to plead for peace.

1623Fire at Plymouth, Massachusetts destroys several buildings.

1623In Massachusetts Governor William Bradford instituted private property so that thepilgrims could cultivate food at a profit. He assigned every family a parcel of land.

5 Mar 1624Class-based legislation was passed in the colony of Virginia, exempting the upper classfrom punishment by whipping.

24 May 1624After years of unprofitable operation, Virginia's charter was revoked and it became aroyal colony.

1624Admiral Hermites conquering fleet reaches Callao the Lima, Peru.

1624Hung King Bethlen Gabor and Emperor Ferdinand II sign the Treaty of Vienna.



1624Spanish silver fleet sails to Panama.

1624The Dutch conquered Salvador, Brazil.

1624Captain John Smith published his 'General Historie of Virginia'. His adventures arepictured in the book's engravings.

2 Jul 1625The Spanish army took Breda, Spain, after nearly a year of siege.

Sep 1625Dutch General Bowdoin Hendrik and his fleet of 17 ships sailed into San Juan and attackedEl Morro. He held the garrison under siege for 3 weeks and then set the town to flames.This infuriated the Spanish who attacked and sent the Dutch fleeing.

1625Dutch found New Amsterdam (later New York).

162516 rebellious farmers were hanged in Vocklamarkt Upper-Austria.

1625Boers besiege Frankenburg estate in Upper-Austria.

1625Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico.

1625Portuguese and Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador (Bahia).

1625St. Croix island in the West Indies was settled by the Dutch and English.

16 Feb 1626Huguenot rebels and the French sign Peace of La Rochelle.



4 May 1626Dutch explorer Peter Minuit landed on what is now Manhattan island. Indians soldManhattan Island for 60 guilders ($24) in cloth and buttons. The site of the deal waslater marked by Peter Minuit Plaza at South Street and Whitehall Street.

7 Nov 1626Peter Schager of Amsterdam informed the States General that the ship 'The Arms ofAmsterdam' had arrived with a cargo of furs and timber from New Netherlands and that thesettlers there had bought the Island of Manhattes for 60 guilders.

15 Nov 1626The Pilgrim Fathers, who settled in New Plymouth, bought out their London investors.

1626Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherlands.

23 Jul 1627Sir George Calvert arrived in Newfoundland to develop his land grant.

1627Piet Heyn conquerors 22 ships in Bay of Salvador, Brazil.

8 Sep 1628John Endecott arrived with colonists at Salem, Massachusetts, where he would become thegovernor.

28 Oct 1628After a fifteen-month siege, the Huguenot town of La Rochelle surrendered to royalforces.

1628Massachusetts colony founded by Englishmen.

14 Mar 1629A Royal charter was granted to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The official seal to thedocument was reported found in 1997.



1629Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign Peace of Lubeck.

1629French Huguenot leader duke De Rohan signs accord with Spain.

13 Aug 1630Emperor Frederick II of Bohemia fired Albrecht von Wallenmanders, his best militarycommander.

1630French troops occupy Pinerolo Piedmont.

1630Patent to US Plymouth Colony issued.

1630Staten Island was acquired by Dutch settlers.

5 Feb 1631A ship from Bristol, the Lyon, arrived with provisions for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

5 Feb 1631The founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams, and his wife arrived in Boston from England.

23 Jul 1631Sweden's King Gustavus II repulsed an imperialist force at Werben, Russia.

1631British colony of Massachusetts Bay grants puritarians voting rights.

1631France and Sweden sign the anti-German Treaty of Barwald.

1631Maximilian van Bavarian signs Accord of Fontainebleau.



1631German army under earl Johann Tilly conquerors Maagdenburg.

1631John Winthrop is elected the first governor of Massachusetts.

1632Albrecht von Wallenstein recaptures Prague on Saksen.

1632Britain grants 2nd Lord Baltimore the rights to the Chesapeake Bay area.

1 Feb 1633The tobacco laws of Virginia were codified, limiting tobacco production to reducedependence on a single-crop economy.

25 Mar 1634Catholic colony of Maryland was founded by English colonists sent by the second LordBaltimore.

1634Battle at Smolensk when Polish King Wladyslaw IV beats the Russians.

1634Emperor Ferdinand II declares Albrecht von Wallenstein a traitor.

1634Irish captain Walter Devereaux kills duke Wallenstein.

1634US colony Massachusetts Bay annexes Maine colony.

1634Finland is fully incorporated into Sweden.

19 May 1635Cardinal Richelieu of France intervened in the great conflict in Europe by declaring waron the Hapsburg dynasty in Spain.



28 Jun 1635The French colony of Guadeloupe was established in the Caribbean.

1635Emperor Ferdinand II and Saksen sign Peace of Prague.

1635France declares war on Spain, the beginning of the 'thirty years war'.

1635French colony of Guadeloupe established in the Caribbean.

1635European ships carrying African slaves to the West Indies sank off the coast of St.Vincent. The surviving salves escaped and gradually intermarried with the island's CaribIndian natives.

8 Aug 1636The invading armies of Spain, Austria and Bavaria were stopped at the village ofSt.-Jean-de-Losne, only 50 miles from France.

17 Nov 1636Henrique Dias, Brazilian general, won a decisive battle against the Dutch in Brazil.

1636During the Dutch occupation of Ceylon, villagers were forced to supply quotas of cinnamon.

1636The Dutch began thier occupation of Ceylon.

5 Jun 1637The English and their Mohegan allies slaughtered as many as 600 Pequot Indians (in thearea of Connecticut). The survivors were parceled out to other tribes. Those given to theMohegans eventually became the Mashantucket Pequots. American settlers in New Englandmassacred a Pequot Indian village.

23 Jul 1637King Charles of England handed over the American colony of Massachusetts to Sir FernandoGorges, one of the founders of the Council of New England.



1637The first battle of Pequot at New Haven CT kills 500 Indians.

22 Mar 1638Religious dissident Anne Hutchinson was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

29 Mar 1638The first permanent white settlement was established in Delaware. Settlers from Swedenwho came to Delaware were the first to build log cabins in America.

24 Dec 1638The Ottomans under Murad IV recaptured Baghdad from Safavid Persia.

1638Admiral Adam Westerwolt conquerors Batticaloa in Ceylon.

1638Dutchman Cornelis S Goyer takes possession of Mauritius which was uninhabited.

1638Jonas Bronck of Holland becomes the first European settler in the Bronxin the USA.

1638Thomas Emerson came from England and settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Ralph WaldoEmerson came along 5 generations later.

24 Jan 1639Representatives from three Connecticut towns banded together to write the FundamentalOrders, the first constitution in the New World.

28 Aug 1640The Indian War in New England ended with the surrender of the Indians.

1640(crica 1640s) In England the parliamentary battles that led up to the English Civil Warwere recorded in 7 tomes known as Rushworth's Collections.



6 Jun 1641Spain lost Portugal.

1641Paul de Chomedy de Maisonneuve claims Montreal.

1641In Ireland a Catholic uprising in Ulster was suppressed. English Gen'l. Oliver Cromwelltook away the land rights of 44,000 Catholics in Ulster and adjacent counties.

4 Jan 1642English King Charles I attempted to arrest five members of the English parliament. Thisattempt failed, since they were spirited away before the king's troops arrived.

Jul 1642Robert Devereux 3rd Earl of Essex was appointed Lord General of the English Parliamentaryarmy, until 1645.

22 Aug 1642Civil war in England officially began as Charles I declared war on Parliament fromNottingham. Charles I went to the House of Commons to arrest some of its members and wasrefused entry. From this point on no monarch was allowed entry. The war ended in 1651.

23 Oct 1642The battle of Egehill, when the English Parlimentariand fought the Royalists under ChalesI. The result was inconclusive.

29 Oct 1642King Charles I and his Royalist army enter Oxford.

11 Nov 1642King Charles I and his Royalist army move East and entered Colnbrook.

12 Nov 1642The Battle of Turnam Green, West of London, between the Royalist army under King CharlesI and the Parliamentarians under Robert Devereux. No actual battle was fought as Charleshad no chance against 24,000 men so turned south to Kingston and then withdrew toReading.



1642British King Charles I with 400 soldiers attacks the English parliament.

13 Jul 1643In England, the Roundheads, led by Sir William Waller, were defeated by royalist troopsunder Lord Wilmot in the Battle of Roundway Down.

1643Battle at Grantham when English Parliamentary armies beat the Royalists.

1643Battle at Rocroi/Allersheim when the French army beat the Spanish army.

1643British leader Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Leeds for the Parliamentarians.

1643Dutch US colonists kill Algonquin-Indians.

1643In England the bloody battle of Chalgrove Field occurred. Royalist strategy meetings wereheld at the Horsenden Manor at Buckinghamshsire.

25 Apr 1644The Ming Chongzhen emperor committed suicide by hanging himself. The Qing, or Chi'ing,dynasty of China began when the Manchus invaded from Northeast China and overthrew the300-year-old Ming Dynasty.

2 Jul 1644Lord Cromwell crushed the Royalists at the Battle of Marston Moor near York, England.

1644Battle at Nantwich Cheshire British Parliamentary armies win.

1644Britain grants patent for Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island).



10 Jan 1645The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, was beheaded on Tower Hill, accused of actingas an enemy of the Parliament.

14 Jun 1645Oliver Cromwell's army routed the King's army at Naseby.

1645Battle at Jankov Bohemia when Sweden beats Roman Catholic emperor Ferdinand III.

1645The Dutch and North American Indians sign a peace treaty.

1645Turkish invaders of the Ottoman Empire captured Hania on the island of Crete and built amosque.

1646English Royalist leader, King Charles I, surrenders in Scotland.

1646Spain and the Netherlands signs a temporary cease fire.

14 Mar 1647The 1647 Treaty of Ulm was reached between the French and the Bavarians during the ThirtyYears' War. In negotiations with the French, Maximilian I of Bavaria abandoned hisalliance with the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III through the Treaty of Ulm. In 1648Bavaria returned to the side of the emperor.

26 May 1647A new law banned Catholic priests from the colony of Massachusetts. The penalty wasbanishment or death for a second offense.

4 Jun 1647The English army seized King Charles I as a hostage.

10 Nov 1647The all Dutch-held area of New York was returned to English control by the treaty ofWestminster.



1647Scottish Presbyterian army seizes King Charles I as a prisoner.

1647Scottish Presbyterians sell captured Charles I to English parliament for £400.

1647Willem II sworn in as viceroy of Holland.

8 Aug 1648Ibrahim, the sultan of Istanbul, was thrown into prison, then assassinated.

24 Oct 1648The Peace of Westphalia ended the German Thirty Years War and effectively destroyed theHoly Roman Empire.

1648Battle at Zolty Wody when Bohdan Chmielricki's cosacks beat John Casimir.

1648Emperor Ferdinand III defeats Maximilian I of Bavaria.

1648Peace of Westphalia ends 30 year war and Holy Roman Empire.

1648The island of St. Martin in the Lesser Antilles was divided between the French and Dutch.The southern half went to the Dutch as Sint Maarten, while the northern half, SaintMartin, became part of the French department of Guadeloupe.

1649Marblehead, Mass., was founded by Cornwall fishermen.

1649Gov. Peter Stuyvesant granted Lambert Jochemse Van Valckenburg and his wife Annetje 50acres, now nine blocks in the heart of Manhattan.



3 Sep 1650The English under Cromwell defeated a superior Scottish army under David Leslie at theBattle of Dunbar.

1650French Prince Louis II of Conde is captured.

1650St. Croix island in the West Indies was taken over by the French and then abandoned in1695.

3 Sep 1651The Battle of Worcester when Charles II and his Scottish army was defeated by OliverCromwell and the parliamentarian army.

7 Apr 1652The Dutch established settlement at Cape Town, South Africa.

Apr 1652Officials (farmers) of the Dutch East India Company were sent from Europe to run thesmall victualing station at the cape of South Africa. They were distinguished from thenative born Dutch people who are called Afrikaner. It marked the beginning of Cape Town.

Jul 1652Prince Conde's rebels narrowly defeated Chief Minister Mazarin's loyalist forces at St.Martin, near Paris.

1652The Dutch founded Cape Colony (Cape Town) in South Africa when they sent two ships toTable Bay to establish a garden to provide fresh foods and fruits for sailors on theirvoyages around the Cape of Good Hope.

1652Battle at Etampes when the French army under Turenne beats tthe Fronde rebels.

1652British Admiral Robert Blake drives out Dutch fleet under Lieutenant-Admiral Tromp.



1652Duke of Orleans joins Fronde rebels.

1652Spanish troops occupy Grevelingen.

1652Under the 'Liberty Tree', a tulip poplar at St. John's College campus in Annapolis, Md.,Virginia Puritans were welcomed as colonists by Lord Baltimore, and smoked peace pipeswith the Susquehanna Indians.

2 Feb 1653New Amsterdam, now New York City, was incorporated.

5 Nov 1653The Iroquois League signed a peace treaty with the French, vowing not to wage war withother tribes under French protection.

16 Dec 1653Oliver Cromwell took on dictatorial powers with the title of lord protector' of England,Scotland and Ireland. He served as dictator of England to 1658.

1653Defeat of Dutch fleet under Admiral Van Tromp by Admiral Blake in a 3 Day Sea battle offPortsmouth.

1653Johan van Galen beats English fleet at Livorno.

1653Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands, ordered a wall built to protect the Dutchsettlers from the Indians. The wall gave New York's Wall Street its name.

1654Portuguese troops conquer the last Dutch base on Recife in Brazil.

1654Venetian fleet under Admiral Adeler beats the Turkish.



1655English captured Jamaica from the Spanish.

c. 1656Robben Island in Cape Town's Table Bay, South Africa, from this time on was variouslyused by European settlers as a mental institution, leper colony and prison.

23 Mar 1657France and England formed an alliance against Spain.

20 Apr 1657English Admiral Robert Blake fought his last battle when he destroyed the Spanish fleetin Santa Cruz Bay.

1657France and England form alliance against Spain and England gets Dunkirk in exchange.

1658The Battle of Dunes (Spanish-French War) is fought.

1658Peace of Roskilde between Sweden and Denmark.

1659Battle at Elvas Portuguese beat Spanish.

1659Netherlands, England and France sign the Treaty of The Hague.

1659Cornelius Meylin, patroon of Staten Island, wrote in his recollections that Staten Islandwas acquired in 1630 in exchange for 'kittles, axes, Hoos, wampum, drilling awles, JewsHarps and diverse small wares'.

1660Denmark and Sweden sign a ceasefire agreement.



1660Sweden, Poland, Brandenburg and Austria sign Peace of Oliva.

29 Apr 1661Chinese Ming dynasty occupied Taiwan.

1661Chinese Ming dynasty occupies Taiwan.

1662Dutch garrison on Formosa surrenders to Chinese pirates.

1662Dutch invasion of Macau repulsed (now called Macau Day).

1662Dutch fortune seekers killed over 400 members of the Nayar warrior caste in Kerala,India.

24 Mar 1663Charles II of England awarded lands known as Carolina in North America to eight membersof the nobility who assisted in his restoration. This established the American Colony ofNorth Carolina.

8 Jul 1663King Charles II of England granted a charter to Rhode Island guaranteeing freedom ofworship..

1663King Charles II affirms charter of Royal African Company.

1663King Louis XIV affirms covenant with Rynstaten.

1663Quebec became the capital of New France.



12 Mar 1664New Jersey became a British colony as King Charles II granted land in the New World tohis brother James, the Duke of York.

22 Mar 1664Charles II gave large tracks of land from west of the Connecticut River to the east ofDelaware Bay in North America to his brother James, the Duke of York.

24 Mar 1664A charter to colonize Rhode Island was granted to Roger Williams.

Aug 1664The Turkish army was defeated by French and German troops at St. Gotthard, Hungary.

5 Sep 1664After days of negotiation, the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam,under Peter Stuyvesant,surrendered to 300 British, soldiers. The British later renamed it New York.

1664Count Miklos of Zrinyi sets out to battle Turkish invasion army.

1664King Louis XIV of France and the Emperor of Brandenburg sign a covenant.

1664Turkish great Koprulu attacks 120,000 Donau soldiers.

1665Battle at Elmina when Gold Coast Vice-Admiral De Ruyter beats the English.

1665British King Charles II declares war on The Netherlands at the beginning of the SecondAnglo-Dutch War (1665-1667).

1665The British briefly recaptured the Banda Island of Run from the Dutch.



1666Netherlands and Brandenburg sign a treaty.

18 Jun 1667The Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames and threatened London.

21 Jul 1667The Peace of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War and ceded Dutch New Amsterdam to theEnglish. The South American country of Surinam, formerly Dutch Guiana, was ceded byEngland to the Dutch in exchange.

1667A Duch fleet under Abraham Crijnssen conquerors Fort Willoughby (Zeelandia) and then theBritish colony of Suriname on the Suriname river.

1667The French and the British sign an anti-Dutch military accord.

1667French troops attack into Southern Netherlands.

1667King Afonso VI of Portugal flees.

1667Treaty of Andrussovo ends the 13 year war between Poland and Russia.

1667The Cossack Stench Razing led a peasant uprising.

7 Feb 1668The Netherlands, England and Sweden concluded an alliance directed against Louis XIV ofFrance.

2 May 1668Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of Devolution in France.



1668Britain takes control of Bombay in India.

1668Britain, Netherlands and Sweden sign a Triple Alliance against French.

1668English King Charles II gives Bombay to East India Company.

1668King Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold I sign a treaty dividing Spain.

1668The first peace of Aken which ends French-Spanish war in The Netherlands.

1668Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ends the War of Devolution.

1668Treaty of Lisbon when Spain recognizes Portugal.

27 Aug 1669The island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea fell to the Ottoman Turks after a 21-yearsiege.

Apr 1670Colonists landed on the western bank of the Ashley River, five miles from the sea, andnamed their settlement Charles Town in honor of Charles II, King of England.

26 May 1670A treaty was signed in secret in Dover, England, between Charles II and Louis XIV endinghostilities between them.

May 1670The Hudson Bay Co. was chartered by England's King Charles II.

1670France and Bavaria sign military assistance treaty.



1670The Cayman Islands came under British rule. They were named after an indigenous type ofcrocodile that no longer lives there.

1671Cossack rebel leader Stenka Razin tortured, executed in Moscow.

29 Apr 1672King Louis XIV of France invaded the Netherlands.

1672Brandenburgs monarch Frederik Willem signs a treaty with the Netherlands.

1672Britain declares war on the Netherlands at the beginning of the third Anglo-Dutch war(1672-1674).

1672The Royal African Co. was granted a charter to expand the slave trade and itsstockholders included philosopher John Locke. The operation supplied English sugarcolonies with 3,000 slaves annually.

1673Dutch briefly recapture New York from the British which was regained by the British in1674.

1673Michiel A de Ruyter is appointed Lieutenant-Admiral-General of the Dutch fleet.

1674British re-conquer New York from the Netherlands.

1674German Parliament declares war on France.

1674The Netherlands and Cologne sign a peace treaty.



1674Netherlands and England sign Peace of Westminster when New York City formally becomesBritish, ending the third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674).

24 Jun 1675King Philip's War began when Indians, retaliating for the execution of three of theirpeople who had been charged with murder by the English, massacred colonists at Swansee,Plymouth colony.

28 Jun 1675Frederick William of Brandenburg defeated the Swedes.

19 Dec 1675Wakefield, Rhode Island, USA, The Great Swamp Memorial marks the site where 4,000 Indiansdied in defense of a secret fort.

1675Battle at Turkheim (Colmar) when the French army beat the Brandenburg army.

1675Don Carlos de Gurrea of Aragón becomes the Spanish land guardian of South Netherlands.

29 May 1677King Charles II and 12 Virginia Indian chiefs signed a treaty that established a 3-milenon-encroachment zone around Indian land. The Mattaponi Indians in 1997 invoked thistreaty to protect against encroachment.

1677Britich King Charles II agrees to an anti-French covenant with Netherlands.

1678Earl of Shaftesbury is freed from the Tower of London.

1678French Admiral Jean d'Estrees' fleet runs aground on Aves-islands, Curacao.

1678French conquering fleet arrives at Curacao, when 1,200 die.



1678Louis XIV claimed the region of Alsace from Germany.

10 Jul 1679The British crown claimed New Hampshire as a royal colony.

1679German emperor Leopold I signs peace with France.

1680Parliament of Breisach accept French sovereignty over Elzas.

8 Jan 1681The treaty of Radzin ended a five year war between the Turks and the allied countries ofRussia and Poland.

4 Mar 1681England's King Charles II granted a charter to British Quaker William Penn making himsole propritor of an area of land that later became Pennsylvania. Penn laid out the cityof Philadelphia as a gridiron about 2 miles long, east to west, and a mile wide.

17 May 1681Louis XIV sent an expedition to aid James II in Ireland. As a result, England declaredwar on France.

29 Oct 1682The founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, landed at what is now Chester, Pa. WilliamPenn founded Philadelphia.

1682La Salle claims American lower Mississippi (Louisiana) for France.

1682In Russia a rebellion by government Streltsy regiments killed the grandfather, aunts andother relatives of Peter the Great. The Monastery of Peter the Metropolitan wasreconstructed and as served as the family necropolis.



12 Feb 1683A Christian Army, led by Charles, the Duke of Lorraine and King John Sobieski of Poland,routed a huge Ottoman army surrounding Vienna.

23 Jun 1683William Penn signed a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania. Theonly treaty 'not sworn to, nor broken'.

29 Sep 1683A small armada sailed from the Mexican mainland across the Sea of Cortez to the BahaPeninsula. Hostile natives had forced them back to the mainland on a first landing and astorm forced them back on a 2nd attempt.

6 Oct 1683The small armada from the Mexican mainland landed on their 3rd attempt at crossing to theBaha peninsula and settled at the mouth of a river that they named San Bruno. The sitewas abandoned after 2 years.

168313 German families arrive in present day Philadelphia.

1683Emperor Leopold I and Poland sign a covenant against Turkey.

1683Prince Eugene of Savoy repelled an invasion of Vienna, Austria by Turkish forces.

8 Jul 1686The Austrians took Buda, Hungary, from the Turks and annexed the country.

1686Two Mohican Indians signed a mortgage for their land in Schaghticoke, New York, withsimple markings. It was notarized by Robert Livingston, whose family became one of thegreatest agricultural landlords and international merchants in the colony of New York.

12 Aug 1687At the Battle of Mohacs, Hungary, Charles of Lorraine defeated the Turks.



26 Sep 1687In Greece marauding Venetians sent a mortar through a gable window of the Parthenon andignited a Turkish store of gunpowder. This damaged the northern collonade of theParthenon.

6 Aug 1688Imperial troops defeated the Turks and took Belgrade, Serbia.

26 Nov 1688Louis XIV declared war on the Netherlands.

1688In northern Ireland the gates of Londonderry were shut in the face of Catholic forces.The event was later celebrated by the Protestant Apprentice Boys as the Lundy's Daydemonstration.

11 May 1689The French and English naval battle took place at Bantry Bay.

1 Aug 1689James II's 15-week siege of Londonderry, Ireland, ended in failure. The Catholic Army ofKing James II besieged Londonderry where 13 Protestant apprentices stood in defense. TheProtestants were victorious and the event led to the annual Apprentice Boy's March.

1689Battle of Bantry Bay, a naval battle between the French and the English.

1689Britain and the Netherlands form the League of Augsburg.

1689The German Parliament declares war on France.

1689Montreal is taken by the Iroquois.

1689The Abnaki War (Abenaki) of in North America is better known as King William's War. Itwas the first of the intercolonial wars between France and England in North America,pitting the English and their Iroquois allies against the French and their Abnaki allies.Until 1697.



1 Jul 1690Led by Marshall Luxembourg, the French defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance atFleurus in the Netherlands.

1 Jul 1690The Battle of the Boyne when Protestant English King William III of Orange was victoriousover the Irish Catholics led by his father-in-law Catholic King James II. Protestantstook over the Irish Parliament. This marked the beginning of the annual Drumcree parade,held by the Loyal Orange Lodge on the first Sunday of July.

8 Oct 1690Belgrade was retaken by the Turks.

1690British troops of W Phips conquer Port Royal, Nova Scotia.

1690French and Indian troops set Schenectady settlement, New York, on fire.

1690French King Louis XIV sends troops to Ireland.

1690Iroquois tribes renew their allegiance to the British against the French.

26 May 1691Jacob Leiser, leader of the popular uprising in support of William and Mary's accessionto the thrown, was executed for treason.

12 Jul 1691William III defeated the allied Irish and French armies at the Battle of Aughrim,Ireland.

13 Feb 1692In the Glen Coe highlands of Scotland, thirty-eight members of the MacDonald clan weremurdered by soldiers of the neighboring Campbell clan for not pledging allegiance toWilliam III of Orange. Ironically the pledge had been made but not communicated to theclans. The event is remembered as the Massacre of Glencoe.



3 Aug 1692French forces under Marshal Luxembourg defeated the English at the Battle of Steenkerkein the Netherlands.

1692Battle at La Hogue when the English and Dutch fleet beat France.

4 Jul 1693Battle at Boussu-lez-Walcourt: French-English vs. Dutch army.

29 Jul 1693The Army of the Grand Alliance was destroyed by the French at the Battle of Neerwinden inthe Netherlands.

1693Heidelberg was torched by the troops of Louis XIV in a dispute over a royal title.

11 Sep 1695Imperial troops under Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Zenta.

20 Nov 1695Zumbi dos Palmares, Brazilian leader of a hundred-year-old rebel slave group, was killedin an ambush.

6 Oct 1696Savoy Germany withdrew from the Grand Alliance.

12 May 1697The fall of the Venetian Republic.

30 Sep 1697Under the Treaty of Ryswick, France recognized William III as King of England. Thesignees included France, England, Spain and Holland.

30 Oct 1697The Treaty of Ryswick ended the war between France and the Grand Alliance.



1697Hannah Duston in what is now New Hampshire was attacked and captured by 12 Indians whokilled her daughter. She managed to kill 10 of them with a knife and took home theirscalps for the bounty money. She was the first woman in the US to have a statue erectedin her honor.

1 Jan 1698The Abenaki (Abnaki) Indians and the Massachusetts colonists signed a treaty ending theconflict in New England.

18 Aug 1698After invading Denmark and capturing Sweden, Charles XII of Sweden forced Frederick IV ofDenmark to sign the Peace of Travendal.

1698Elias 'Red Cap' Ball sailed from England to claim his inheritance, a plantation calledComingtee on the banks of the Cooper River in South Carolina.

26 Jan 1699The Treaty of Karlowitz ended the war between Venice, Poland & Austria and the Turks.

1699The Turks lost Hungary to Austria.

1699350 rebellious Streltsi are executed in Moscow.

1699The British established a rule over the colonies that all wool trade must be withEngland, and violations were punishable by stiff fines.

1700Britain, France and The Netherlands ratify the second Extermination treaty.

1700William Penn (1644-1718) began monthly meetings for Blacks advocating emancipation.



1701Britain and Ireland union came into effect, creating the United Kingdom.

1701France, Cologne and Bavaria sign and alliance.

1702Britain and The Netherlands declare war on France and Spain.

1702Swedish troops under King Charles XII occupy Warsaw.

1702War of Spanish Succession, which was the first American conflict between England andFrance.

1703Treaty of Methuen signed by Britain and Portugal.

1703Prince Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg crowns himself Frederick I 'King of Prussia'.

1703Battle at Rultusk when the Swedish army beat the Russians.

1703Dutch and English troops occupy Cologne.

24 Jul 1704Gibraltar is captured by British forces.

12 Aug 1704The British defeat the Franch at the Battle of Blenheim in Bavaria.

1704French and native American Indians attack Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 50 andabducting 100.



1705The Turkish Authority is overthrown in Tunis.

23 May 1706French are defeated at the Battle of Ramillies-Marlborough in Belgium forcing them towithdraw from the Netherlands. 17,000 are killed.

1706The Battle at Fraustadt when the Swedish army beats the Russians.

25 Apr 1707Battle of Almansa when French and Spanish forces defeat the British and Portugese inSpain.

25 Apr 1707The Act of Union which created Great Britain by finally fully uniting England andScotland.

1707Death of Aurangzeb leads to the disintegration of the Indian Mughal Empire.

11 Jul 1708British victory over French at Battle of Oudenarde.

Sep 1708The British capture Minorca.

1708Haverhill in Massachusetts is destroyed by the French and native American Indians.

1708The Slave revolt took place at Newton, Long Island, New York, when 11 die.

27 Jul 1709The first phase of the Northern War (1700-1721) ended with Russia's victory at Poltava.

11 Sep 1709Battle of Malplaquet where the French were defeated by the British, Dutch and Austriansin the bloodiest battle of the war at the French village of Malplaquet.



5 Aug 1711Marlborough forces the 'Non Plus Lines'.

1711Antoin de Guiscard tries English premier Haley for murder.

1711Arch duke Karel of the Austria/Hungarian rebellion signs the Peace of Szatmar.

1712New York Slave Rebellion in which Native and African slaves united.

11 Apr 1713Treaty of Utrecht which recognizes Iroquois as British subjects and cedes French Maritimeprovinces to Britain. This ends the war of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713).

1713Britain and The Netherlands sign the secons anti-French boundary treaty.

1713French troops bomb Willemstad Curacao.

1714The Rastatt a supplement to the Treaty of Utrecht signed by Austria and France.

1714Treaty of Baden-French retain Alsace, Austria gets right bank of Rhine.

13 Nov 1715Defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.

22 Dec 1715The exiled Stewart 'King', James VIII, lands in Scotland, too late to regain the Jacobiteintiative.

1715The French take Mauritius.



1715Barrier Treaty, Austria cedes area to the Netherlands.

1715Prussia declares war on Sweden.

4 Feb 1716Scottish Jacobite pretender to the throne James II (James VIII of Scotland) admitteddefeat and returned to exile in France ending the first Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland.

1716Britain and The Netherlands renew their alliance.

1717Netherlands, England and France sign Triple Alliance.

1718France declares war on Spain.

1719Britain, Hannover, Saxony-Poland and Austria sign and anti-Prussian/Russian pact.

1720Sweden and Prussia sign the second peace Treaty of Stockholm.

1721Treaty of Nystad signed by Russia and Sweden ends the Great Northern War (1700-1721).

1721France and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid.

1722Afghan monarch Mir Mahmud occupies Persia.

1724Most Tulpehocken Delaware native American Indians migrate to Ohio Valley.



172510 sleeping native American Indians are scalped by whites in New Hampshire for £100 perscalp bounty.

1726The People's revolt which was due to increase in gin and brandy tax.

1727France, England and the Netherlands sign accord of Paris.

1728Spain and England sign (the first) Convention of Pardo.

1730French instigate a massacre of the Fox nation in America which reduced them as anindependent force.

9 Apr 1731The infamous 'Rebecca Incident' near Havanna Cuba sets the stage for the War of Jenkin'sEar in 1739.

1732Estates of Holland ratifies Treaty of Vienna.

1732King Frederik Willem I moves Lutherans towards East-Prussia.

1732Russia and Persia (nkw Iran) sign Treaty of Riascha.

1733The start of the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735).

1733Georgia is founded by James Oglethorpe, at the site of Savannah.

1733James Oglethorpe and 130 English colonists arrive at Charleston, in the USA.



1734Spanish army, under Don Carlos III, draws into Naples.

1736Alliance between colony of Pennsylvania and the Iroquois grand council.

1736Russia and Austria begin their war with Turkey (1736-1739).

1736Battle of Ackia (Louisiana) when British and native American Chickasaw Indians defeat theFrench.

1736Stanislaw Lesczynski, the last king of Poland, abdicates and flees the Polish throne.

1738Treaty of Vienna closes the War of Polish Succession between France and Austria. Lorrainewas guaranteed to France.

1738British parliament declares war on Spain. This was known as the 'War of Jenkin's Ear'.

1738Turkish troops occupy Orsova and Ochakov.

1739The War of Jenkins’s Ear, a trade war between Britain and Spain, developed due toBritish attempts to circumvent the Peace of Utrecht

1739Britain captures Porto Bello.

1739Nadir Shah sacks Delhi.

1739Britain and Spain sign the second Convention of Pardo.



1739Slave revolt in Stono SC led by Jemmy when 25 whites were killed.

1739Treaty of Belgrade when Austria cedes Belgrade to Turks.

1740Maria Theresa became ruler of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia.

1741British fleet under Admiral Ogle begins assault on Cartagena.

1741France and Bavaria sign Covenant of Nymphenburg.

1741Prussian forces took Olmutz, Czechoslovakia.

1741Prussians defeat Austrians at Mollwitz.

1741Spain and Bavaria sign treaty.

1742Start of the War of Austrian Succession.

1742Frederick great (Emperor of Prussia) beats Austrians.

1742Sardinia and Austria sign sn alliance.

1743British defeat French at Dettingen.

1744Start of King George’s War (1744-1748).



1744The French/Spanish fight the English fleet of Admiral Matthews at the Battle of Toulon.

1744French army takes Austrian Netherlands.

1744French King Louis XV declares war on England.

1744French troops conquer Kortrijk.

1744French/Spanish fleet leaves Toulon.

21 Sep 1745Scottish Jacobite victory at the Battle of Prestonpans.

1745The beginning of the last Jacobite uprising aimed at restoring James Stuart to the throneled by James VIII's son Prince Charles Edward Stuart, the 'Young Pretender' or 'BonniePrince Charlie'.

1745American colonials capture Louisburg, Cape Breton I from French.

1745Battle of Fontenoy (Doornik) in the Austrian Succession war.

1745Bonnie Prince Charlies army draws to Glasgow.

1745Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Fort August, Scotland.

1745Britain, Austria, Netherlands & Saxon sign anti-Prussian Quadruple Alliance.



1745Prussians defeat Austrians at Hohenfriedeberg.

1745Treaty of Dresden gives much of Silesia to the Prussians.

17 Jan 1746The Battle of Falkirk between Jacobite Scots and the British dragoons.

28 Jan 1746Jacobite victory at the second Battle of Falkirk.

16 Apr 1746Battle of Culloden when the rebel Jacobite army under Prince Charles Stuart was defeatedwhen it met an army led by his cousin William Duke of Cumberland on a moor outsideInverness.

29 Jun 1746Prince Charles Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie', escapes to the island of Skye disguisedas a girl.

20 Sep 1746Prince Charles Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie', escapes to the island of Skye disguisedas a girl.

20 Sep 1746Prince Charles Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie', escapes to France.

1746Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies the Castle of Inverness.

1746Bonnie Prince Charlies army leaves Glasgow.

1746Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Stirling.



1746William Duke of Cumberland's troops occupy Aberdeen.

1746French troops conquer Brussels.

1746Jacobite troops leave Aberdeen.

1746Russia and Austria sign a treaty of cooperation.

2 Jul 1747Battle of Lauffeld, a British and Allied defeat.

18 Oct 1748Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Austrian Succession (known in British colonies asKing George’s War).

1748Britain, Netherlands, Austria and Sardinia sign anti-French treaty.

1748British Naturalization Act passes granting Jews the right to colonize the USA.

1748French troops conquer Maastricht.

1752Marquis Duquesne arrives at Quebec to be governor general of New France.

1753Ferdinand VI of Spain and Pope Benedictus XIV sign concord.

1754Britain and France are at war in North America over boundaries.



1755British capture Fort Beausjour, and expel the Acadians.

1755Rebel leader Mangkubuni signs Treaty of Gianti Java.

1755The Transylvania Land Company buys Kentucky for $50,000 from a Cherokee chief.

28 May 1756French capture Minorca.

29 Aug 1756The Seven Years' War (1756-63) began when Frederick of Prussia invades the German Stateof Saxony. The war was fought in Europe, the Caribiean, North America and India.

1756Britain declares war on France fighting on two fronts in India and North America.

1756146 British soldiers are imprisoned in India in 'The Black Hole of Calcutta'. Most die.

1756Britain and Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster.

1756French capture Fort Oswego, New York.

9 Aug 1757Fort William Henry captured and destroyed by the French.

1757Austria and France divide Prussia.

1757Battle at Prague when Frederik II of Prussia beats the emperors army.



1757British troops occupy Calcutta India.

1757Failed assassination attempt on French King Louis XV by Damiens.

1757German Diet declares war on Prussia.

1757Prince Mas Said of Mataram surrenders to Mangkubumi in Java.

1757Robert Clive defeats Indians at Plassey, wins control of Bengal.

1758Battle of Minden in Germany.

1758Battle at Emmerich when the British army floats around France on the Rhine.

1758Britain captures Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh.

1758Russian troops occupy Konigsberg in East-Prussia.

1758The first American Native Indian reservation established.

13 Sep 1759The Battle of Quebec, after which Canada becomes English. Both generals lost their liveswhen Wolfe defeats Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham.

1759British capture Quebec during the French and Indian War.



1759British fleet occupies Guadeloupe in the West-Indies.

1759French beat European Aliies in Battle of Bergen.

31 Jul 1760The Battle of Warburg in Germany.

8 Sep 1760Amherst captures Montreal and ends French resistance in Canada.

1760Berlin is burned by the Russians.

1760Afghans defeat Marathas in battle of Barari Ghat.

1760Battle at Wandewash in India when British troops beat the French.

1760Battle of Landshut, in Silesia, Poland.

1760Juptier Hammon, New York slave, publishes poetry in 'An Evening Thought'.

1760Native American hostages are killed in Fort Prince George in the USA.

1761Battle at Panipat India when the Afghan army beats Mahratten.

Jun 1762With the allied forces surrounding Prussia's army, the Russian empress Elizabeth dies.Peter III takes over Russia and immediately pulls out of the war.



1762British seizes Cuba and the Philippines from Spain.

1762Louisiana ceded to Spain by France in an attempt British control of the region.

1762Britain declares war on Spain and Naples

1762The British fleet occupies Martinique.

1762The British take Grenada in the West Indies, from French.

1762Russia and Prussia sign a peace treaty.

1762Sweden and Prussia sign a peace treaty.

1763Treaty of Paris is signed ending the Seven years War in Europe with the Peace of Paris.

1763Britain returns Cuba and the Philippines to Spain in exchange for Florida.

1763Austria, Prussia and Saxony sign Peace of Hubertusburg.

1763Treaty of Paris ends French-Indian War. Canada and the territory east of the MississippiRiver is ceded to Britain by France.

1764Czar Ivan VI is murdered in prison.



1765Robert Clive is appointed governor of Bengal in India.

1765Britain enacts the Quartering Act, required colonists to provide temporary housing toBritish soldiers.

1765Massachutts colonists challenge British rule by an Elm (The Liberty Tree).

1765Patrick Henry's historic speech against the Stamp Act, answering a cry of 'Treason!'with, 'If this be treason, make the most of it!'.

1765People of Frederick County MD refuse to pay England's Stamp tax.

1765The Stamp Act Congress met in New York, wrote the declaration of rights and liberties.

1766Britain repeals the Stamp Act.

1766Britain's right to tax the colonies is restated in the Declaratory Act.

1766British Parliament reinstitutes the Stamp Act.

1766Don Antonio de Ulloa takes possession of Louisiana Territory from the French.

1766The Stamp Act declared unconstitutional in Virginia.

1767Boundary between Md & Pa, the Mason Dixon line, is agreed upon.



1768Samuel Adams' letter, circulates around American colonies, opposing Townshend Act taxes.

1768The start of the Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774) when the Turks declare war on Russia.

1768Genoa sells its rights in Corsica to France.

1768Bougainville claims the Pacific island of Tahiti for France.

1770Battle of Golden Hill in Lower Manhattan.

1770The Boston Massacre when British troops kill 5 in a crowd. Crispus Attackus becomes thefirst black to die for American freedom.

1771North Carolina Regulators Rebellion ends.

1771Spain cedes the Falkland Islands to Britain.

1772An uprising against British authority in New England (the Pine Tree Riot) resulted fromthe levying of fines on a New Hampshire man for cutting what were determined to be theKing's pines.

1772The first partition of Poland-Russia and Prussia, joined later by Austria.

1773Peasant uprisings in Russia (1773-1775).

1773Calcutta becomes the capital of British India.



1773Don Cossack Yemelian Pugachev leads the Peasant's Revolt in Russia.

1773British Parliament passes the Tea Act.

1773Expulsion of tea ships from Philadelphia.

1774Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji ends the Russian-Turkish War.

1774Warren Hastings appointed Governor-General of India.

1774Britain grants Quebec, Labrador and the territory north of the Ohio.

1774Britain passes Coercive Act against Massachusetts.

1774British close port of Boston to all commerce.

1774British Parliament passes Boston Port Bill.

1774Chestertown tea party occurs when tea is dumped into the Chester River in the US.

1775Start of the War between the British and Marathas in India [until 1782].

17759 old women burnt as witches for causing bad harvests, Kalisk, Poland.

1775Turkish state of Bukovina secedes from Austria.



1776US commodore Esek Hopkins occupies Nassau in the Bahamas.

1777British General Howe plots attack on Washington's army for Dec 4

1777Marquis de Lafayette lands in US.

1778Start of the War of Bavarian Succession (1778-1779).

1778Britain declares war on France.

1779Benedict Arnold was court-martialed for improper conduct.

1779John Paul Jones' 'Bon Homme Richard' defeats 'HMS Serepis'.

1779The War of Bavarian Succession ends.

16 Aug 1780The Gordon Riots took place in London.

16 Aug 1780Peruvian Indians revolt against Spain.

1780Britain declares war on Holland.

1780Snowstorm hit Washington's army at Morristown New Jersey.

1781Battle of Jersey took place.



1781Dutch West Indies island of St Eustatia taken by the British.

1781Los Angeles founded in Bahia de las Fumas by 44 settlers, (the Valley of Smokes).

1782Treaty of Salbai.

1782The French fleet occupies St Christopher.

1782Spanish take Minorca in the western Mediterranean from the English.

1783the end of the siege of Gibraltar.

1783India Act gives Britain control in India.

1783Sweden recognizes US independence.

1784Britain and Tippu Sahib van Mysore of the Netherlands sign a peace treaty, the Peace ofParis.

1784Ceylonese student leader Pieter Quint Ondaatje demands democracy.

1784Jews are expelled from Warsaw by Marshall Mniszek.

1784Maryland grants citizenship to Lafayette and his descendants.



1784Turkey and Russia sign a treaty in Constantinople.

Aug 1786Shays' Rebellion in Springfield, Mass.

1787Britain acquires Sierra Leone.

1787Rice riots in Edo, Japan.

1787Shays' Rebellion suffers a setback when debt-ridden farmers, led by Captain Daniel Shays,fail to capture an arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts.

1788Austria declares war on Russia.

1789Chinese troops are driven out of the Vietnam capital Thang Long,

1790Slaves revolt in Haiti but were later suppressed.

1791The Haitian Revolution began against French colonial rule.

1792Austria and Prussia sign an anti-French covenant.

1792France declares war on Austria, Prussia and Sardinia.

1792French defeat Prussians at Valmy.



1792Origin of French Republican Era when the first French Republic was declared.

1792Russia and Turkey sign the Peace of Jassy.

1792The Russian army enters Poland.

1 Feb 1793France declares war on England.

1793The second battle at Neerwinden when Austria army beats France.

1793The second partition of Poland, between Prussia and Russia when Prussia and Russia sign apartition treaty.

1793The Battle of Warsaw.

1793Curaçao Island Council forbids criticism on House of Orange.

1793France declares war on The Netherlands.

1793French troops conquer Breda.

1793French troops conquer Geertruidenberg in The Netherlands.

1793The Netherlands capture the French island of St Maarten which was held until 1795.



1793Prussian troops occupy Venlo Netherlands.

1794The second battle of Bouvines between France and Austria.

1794Battle of Fort Recovery, Ohio.

1794General 'Mad' Anthony Wayne routes Indians at Fallen Timbers in Ohio.

1794Haiti, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolts against France.

1795Battle at Kurdla in India when Mahratten beat the Mogols.

1795The British capture Capetown in South Africa.

1795Democratic revolution in Amsterdam ends oligarchy.

1795Dutch Prince William V accepts British occupation of Dutch Indies.

1795French admitted to Amsterdam without resistance.

1795French army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht in The Netherlands.

1795Governor/Viceroy Willem V flees Scheveningen to England.

1795The Hedges Treaty is signed. The Bataafse Republic becomes a French vassel state.



1795The Treaty of Basel-Prussia ends wthe ar with France.

1795The US pays $800,000 and a frigate as tribute to Algiers and Tunis.

1795The US and Algiers sign a peace treaty.

1795Zealand Netherlands surrenders to French General Michaud.

1796The British take Ceylon from the Dutch.

1796Battle of Arcole when Napoleon's French forces beat Austrians in Italy.

1796The Battle of Bassano whne the French beat the Austrians.

1796France and Sardinia sign the Peace treaty of Paris.

1796French Government arrest 10 utopists.

1796French troops occupy Milan.

1796US game protection law restricts encroachment onto Native American Indian hunting grounds.

1797Treaty of Campo Formio signed by France and Austria after Napoleon's first campaign inItaly.



1797Battle of Cape St Vincent.

1797British naval forces defeat the Dutch off Camperdown, the Netherlands.

1797Russia, Prussia and Austria sign a treaty.

1797Trinidad, West Indies surrenders to the British.

19 May 1798Napoleon sets sail, with the French fleet, for Egypt. There were 38,000 troops, 3,000cavalry and 1,200 horses all aboard 400 transport ships. 150 scholars also accompaniedthe expedition.

1 Jul 1798The French, led by Napoleon, began the invasion of Egypt when the French fleet arrivedoff the coast of Alexandria.

1798British Hondurus beats Spain in battle of St George.

1798The British kill about 500 Irish insurgents at the Battle of Tara.

1798The British, under Admiral Horatio Nelson, beat the French at the Battle of Nile.

1799Napoleon Bonaparte invades Syria.

1799Five nations unite against France.

1799The British expedition to North Holland began under the Duke of York.



1799Napoloeon Bonaparte seizes power in France.

1799Austria declares war on France.

1799USS Constellation captures French frigate Insurgente off Nevis in the West Indies.

19 Feb 1800Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed himself First Consul of France.

27 Mar 1800The first of Napoleon's invasion-force scholars prepared to leave Egypt boarding a shipat Alexandria. They were carring with them many Egyption antiquities including theRosetta Stone. The stone was confiscated by the British before they left.

1801The Act of Union between Britain and Ireland when Ireland and Great Britain (England andScotland) form the 'United Kingdom'.

1801Tripoli declares war on US for refusing tribute.

1804Haiti became independant from France.

1804Serbian uprisings against Turkish domination began.

1804Castle Hill rising of Irish convicts in New South Wales.

1804British Vice-Admiral William Bligh's fleet reaches Curacao.

1804People conspired against Napoleon, for the restoration of Louis XVIII.



1804Jean Jacques Dessalines proclaims independence of Haiti from France.

1804Lieutenant Stephen Decatur raids Tripoli Harbor and burns Navy frigate 'Philadelphia'after pirates seized it.

1804New Jersey becomes last northern state to abolish slavery.

1804Ohio legislature passes first laws restricting free blacks movement.

1804Suriname sold to English, until February 1816.

1804US Congress orders removal of Indians east of Mississippi to Louisiana.

1804Vice-Admiral William Bligh ends siege of Fort Amsterdam, Willemstad.

21 Oct 1805Battle of Trafalgar which prevented French invasion of Britain when Admiral Nelson diesdefeating the French and Spanish fleet.

1805Tripoli forced to conclude peace with US after war over tribute when US Marines attack itshores.

1806The French defeated the Prussians ate the Battle of Jena.

1806Battle of Auerstadt when the French beat the Prussians.

1806Britain occupies the Cape of Good Hope taking it from the Dutch. Cape colony becomesEnglish colony which later became Cape Town.



1806The French evacuate Vienna.

1807The British bombardment of Copenhagen caused Denmark to side with France.

1807The Columbian independence movement started in Venezuala.

180717 die and 15 are wounded in a crush to witness execution of Holloway, Heggerty andElizabeth Godfrey in England.

1807The British board USS Chesapeake, a provocation leading to the War of 1812.

1807Curacao is taken by the English. It was held until March 1816.

1808The Peninsular war began with the French invasion of Spain and Portugal.

1808Dutch King Louis Napoleon signs the first Dutch aviation law.

1808The Osage Treaty is signed.

1808Portugal's regent Dom Juan IV arrives in Rio De Janeiro in Brazil.

1808Sierra Leone becomes a British colony.

1808The uprising against French occupation begins in Madrid.



1809Ecuador became part of Colombia.

1809Russia siezed Finland which became a grand duchy with the Russian Tzar as the Grand Duke.The Finns retained thier own legal system, Lutheran religion and calendar (although therewas some use of the Julian calendar which was still used by Russia). The Finns were alsoexempt from Rusian military service.

1809Battle at Aspern-Essling when Austrian arch duke Karl beats Napoleon.

1809British take Cayenne (French Guiana) from the French (until 1814).

1809In Britrain, Dartmoor Prison opens to house French prisoners of war.

1809Ecuador declares independence from Spain.

1809Franz I of Austria declares war on France.

1809French take Saragossa in Spain after a long siege.

1809The Holland Brigade under Brigadier General Chassé reaches Madrid.

1809The Papal States are annexed by France.

1809The Treaty of Dardanelles is concluded between Britain and France.

1810Argentina declares independence from Napoleonic Spain.



1810Chile declares independence from Spain.

1810Hidalgo begins the Mexican revolt against Spain.

1810Seville in Spain surrenders to the French.

1810The US annexes West Florida from Spain.

1811The Luddite riots began in England against mechanisation of production.

1811Venezuela gained independance.

1811Egyptian King Muhammad Ali Pasha oversees the ceremonial murder of 500 prople.

1811El Salvador's first battle against Spain for independence.

1811Paraguay gains independence from Spain.

1811In the Peninsular War, the Allies defeat the French at Albuera.

1811US President Madison prohibits trade with Britain for the third time in four years.

1811Russian settlers establish the Fort Ross trading post, north of San Francisco.

1811The first US colonists on Pacific coast arrive at Cape Disappointment, WA.



11 May 1812British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assasinated on entering Parliament in London.He was shot in the chest by an angry petitioner.

18 Jun 1812War of 1812 begins as President James Madison signed the declaration of war againstBritain.

16 Aug 1812Brigadier General William Hull surrenders the fort at Detroit to Britain without firing ashot. He had recently failed in his foray into Canada and found himself surrounded byBritish regulars and militia under Major General Isaac Brock and Indians under Tecumseh.

13 Oct 1812The Battle of Queenston Heights.

25 Oct 1812US frigate the 'United States' captures British vessel 'Macedonian'.

1812The British storm the Badajoz fortress, which is held by the French and Spanish.

1812The US Congress authorizes war bonds to finance the War of 1812.

1812US warship 'Constitution' defeats British warship 'Guerriere'.

2 Jan 1813Americans capture Frenchtown, in Canada.

27 Apr 1813Americans under General Pike capture Toronto (York). Pike is killed in the battle.

27 May 1813Americans capture Fort George, in Canada.



5 Jun 1813The US invasion of Canada is halted at Stoney Creek.

24 Jun 1813Battle of Beaver Dams, when British and Indian forces defeat US forces.

14 Aug 1813British warship 'HMS Pelican' attacks and captures the war brigantine 'USS Argus' in anengagement off St David's Head, South Wales. The commander of Argus, Lieutenant WilliamHenry, lost a leg and died the following day.

10 Sep 1813Commander Oliver H Perry defeats the British in the Battle of Lake Erie.

5 Oct 1813Battle of the Thames in Canada, when the Americans defeat the British.

18 Dec 1813British take Fort Niagara in the War of 1812.

1813British burn Buffalo, New York during the War of 1812.

1813Captain John Lawrence first utters the US Navy motto 'Don't give up the ship' in the warof 1812.

1813Chilpancingo congress declares Mexico independent of Spain.

1813The German Kingdom of Westphalia is abolished.

1813The first US flag is flown in battle on the Pacific by the frigate 'Essex'.

27 Mar 1814Battle at Horseshoe Bend, General Andrew Jackson beats the Creek-Indians.



31 Mar 1814The French to surrender in Paris to forces allied against Napoleon.

Mar 1814Britian's war with France ends leaving Britain free to concentrate on the ar with America.

8 Aug 1814Peace negotiations begin in Ghent, in Belgium, with the British outlining initial peaceterms.

9 Aug 1814The United States and Creek Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

24 Aug 1814British sack and capture Washington, DC, when the White House was burned.

12 Sep 1814The Battle of North Point fought east of Baltimore during War of 1812. Major GeneralRobert Ross was killed after disembarking and in the battle that followed, the Britishunder Colonel Arthur Brooke won against Brigadier General John Stricker's militia andthey advanced on Baltimore the following morning.

24 Dec 1814Treaty of Ghent, in Belgium, is signed, ending the War of 1812 between America andBritain agreeing on 'status quo ante bellum'.

1814Americans defeat British at Battle of Plattsburgh.

1814Battle of Lake Champlain, New York, when the Americans defeat the British.

1814British attack Fort Ontario, Oswego New York.

1814Field marshal Blücher's troops cross the Rhine at Kaub.



1814Malta becomes a crown colony of the British Empire.

8 Jan 1815Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans. Seven hundred Britishare killed and fourteen hundred wounded as opposed to eight Americans killed and thirteenwounded, all after the war was officially over

16 Feb 1815Treaty of Ghent is approved by the U.S. Senate and President Madison.

17 Feb 1815War of 1812 finally ends as the United States and Britain exchange ratifications.

1815The rise of the Austrian Habsbergs empire.

1815Battle at Tolentino, when Austria beats King Joachim of Naples.

1815The Spaniards execute Mexican revolutionary priest Jose Maria Morelos.

1815US flotilla ends piracy by Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli when the US declares war on Algiersfor taking US prisoners and demanding tribute.

1815Congress of Vienna reunited North and South Netherlands, Willem I proclaimed King of theNetherlands, including Belgium. This results in the signing of the Treaty of Vienna.

1816Shaka began to unite the Zulu clans in South Eeast Africa.

1816Citizens of Geneva thwarted the Savoyard invaders.



1816Dutch regain Suriname.

1817The Third Maratha War in India.

1817Ceylon (Sri Lanka) revolt is suppressed by the British.

1817Ambonese uprising against Dutch authority, under T Matulesia.

1817San Martin leads a revolutionary army over the Andes.

1817US soldiers attack Florida Indian village at the beginning of the Seminole War.

1818Chile became independent from Spain.

1818The 49th parallel is established as the border between US and Canada.

1818General Andrew Jackson captures Pensacola in Florida.

1818US and Britain agree to joint control of Oregon country.

1818US and Chicasaw Indians sign a treaty.

1818The US Senate ratifies the Rush-Bagot ammendment which permits an unarmed US-Canadaborder.



7 Aug 1819Battle of Boyaca, when Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish in New Granada (now Colombia),liberating the territory.

1819Singapore is founded as a British colony.

1819The USA bought Florida from Spain.

1819The Peterloo massacre in England when cavalry charged demonstrators.

1819New South Wales is opened to free settlers.

1819The Manchester Massacre when English police charge unemployed demonstrators.

1819Spain renounces its claims to Oregon Country, Florida due to the Adams-Onís Treaty.

1820Egypt conquered the Sudan.

1820The Dutch city of Leeuwarden forbids Jews to go to synagogues on Sundays.

1820Greek freedom revolt against an anti Ottoman attack.

1820Guayaquil in Ecuador declares its freedom from Ecuador.

1820The Philippines chases out foreigners and about 125 die.



1821Greek War of Independence from Turkey took place.

1821Mexico and Peru became independent.

1821Battle of Carabobo when Simon Bolivar defeats the royalists outside of Caracas.

1821Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua gain independence.

1821Mexican Empire declares its independence from Spain.

1821Mexico permits Moses Austin and 300 US families to settle in Texas.

1821Revolutionary forces occupy Mexico City as the Spanish withdraw.

1821Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) proclaims independence from Spain.

1821Spain sells (East) Florida to the United States for $5 million.

1822At Battle of Pichincha, Bolívar secures independence of Quito from Spain.

1822Brazil declares independence from Portugal and Dom Pedro is crowned emperor.

1822Free American Blacks settle in Liberia, West Africa.

1822A house slave betrays the Denmark Vesey conspiracy and 37 blacks were hanged.



1822In San Salvador, a congress proposes incorporation into the USA.

1822Liberia is colonized by Americans.

1823US President James Munroe declared that any further colonial expansion in the weternhemisphere would be considerdd a threat to US peace. This was called 'the MunroeDoctrine'.

1824The First Ashanti War when the British fought the Ashanti in Ghana for control of WestAfrican trade.

1824Peru became independent.

1824The start of the first Anglo-Burmese War which ended in 1826.

1824Battle of Ayacucho (Candorcangui) when Peru defeats Spain.

1824Brazil is recognized by the US.

1824Russia abandons all North American claims south of 54 deg 40 min N.

1825Bolivia became independent from Peru.

1825The Decembrist uprising in Russia took place against the Tsar Nicholas I.

182533 patriotic exiles return to Uruguay.



1826Britain gained control of Assam.

1826Sheikh Ahmadu conquered Timbuktu.

1826The unexploited forests of Burma gave impetus to the British conquest of the country.Tthe first area opened 'was stripped of teak within twenty years' and by the end of thecentury about 10 million acres of Burma forest had been cleared.

1826The Canada Company is chartered to colonize Upper Canada (Ontario).

1827Battle of Navarino where Turkish and Egyptian fleets were destroyed by the British Frenchand Russians in the war to liberate Greece.

1827Dutch Trade Company NHM gets opium monopoly on Java.

1827Race riots in Cincinnati when 1,000 black people leave for Canada.

1828Uraguay became independent.

1828Battle of Las Piedras, ends conflict between Uruguay and Brazil.

1828Russia and Persia sign Peace of Turkmantsjai.

1829Greece became independent.

1830Britain gained Mysore.



1830Russia conquered Kazakhstan.

1830Revolutions in France, Poland, Belgium and Italy.

1830Algeria became a French colony after military conquest.

1831the first nationalist revolt took place in Lithuania.

1831Former slave Nat Turner led violent insurrection against slavery in Southampton County inVirginia. 55 people die.

1831Polish revolutionaries defeat the Russians in the battle of Growchow.

1831Robert Jenkins loses an ear, which starts war between Britain and Spain.

1832Britain occupied the Falkland Islands.

1832Ecuador annexes the Galapagos Islands.

1832French take Antwerp in liberation of Belgium.

1832Johannes van den Bosch appointed Governor-General of Dutch-Indies.

1832Polish constitution abolished by Czar Nicholas I.



1832A US ship destroys Sumatran village in retaliation for piracy.

1833Britain seizes control of Falkland Islands in South Atlantic.

6 May 1834Four sikh troops from the Punjab take Peshawar, led by their ruler Ranjit Singh.

26 May 1834The six-year Portuguese Civil war ends, when Dom Miguel capitulates and leaves thecountry.

1 Aug 183435,000 slaves are freed in South Africa as slavery is abolished throughout the BritishEmpire.

1834Six farm labourers known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' were transported to Australia forforming a trade union but were pardoned two years later.

1834Civil war starts in Spain as Don Carlos claims the throhne occupied by his niece IsabellaII.

1835Richard Lawrence's gun misfires when he attempts to shoot President Andrew Jackson inWashington DC.

6 Mar 1836The Battle of the Alamo at San Antonio where 180 Texans and US citizens held out for 11days against 4,000 Mexicans led by General Antonio de Santa Anna. The entire garisonwere killed including James Bowie the inventor of the Bowie Knife and Davy Crockett.

21 Apr 1836US Colonel Sideney Sherman defeats Mexican President Santa Anna at the Battle of SanJacinto, in which Texas wins independence from Mexico. The Mexican President was takenprisoner.



1836The Great Trek by Boers (Dutch settlers) to escape British rule in South Africa they wenton to found the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

1836Battle of Wetumka in Florida.

1836The Dutch garrison evacuates fort Du Bus in New Guinea.

1836Louis Napoleon is banished to America.

1837The colonization of New Zealand began.

1837Papineau and Mackenzie rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada.

1837An uprising in Osaka, Japan, was prompted by famine and restrictive laws.

1837Abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy is murdered by a mob at Alton, Illinois.

1837Canadian militia destroy Caroline, a US steamboat docked at Buffalo.

1837There was a riot in New York over the high price of flour.

1838Massacre of the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River.

1838The start of the First Afghan War when the British garrison at Kabul was wiped out.



1838The Boers beat Zulu chieftain Dingaan in South Africa.

1838Honduras declares independence of Central American Federation.

1838Nicaragua declares independence from Central American federation.

1838Rebellion at Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada.

1838Rebellion at Pelee Island, Ontario Canada.

1839Mehemet Ali pasha of Egypt defeated the Ottoman Turks.

1839Start of the First Opium War when Britain forced China to accept opium in exchnage fortea and to open five treaty ports.

1839Aden conquered by British East India Company.

6 Feb 1840New Zealand became a British colony on 'Waitangi Day' when the Treaty of Waitangi wassigned between Britain and the Maoris of New Zealand.

1840The Act of Union for Canada.

1840Said ibn Sayyid took over Zanzibar.

1841Mehemet Ali is recognised as the hereditary ruler of Egypt and is virtually independantof Ottoman Turks.



1841China cedes Hong Kong to the British who then proclaim it a sovereign territory ofBritain.

1841The US 'Oregan Trail' is opened up and the first wagon trains of settlers left Missourifor Califonia.

1841Akbar Khan successfully revolts against Shah Shuja in Afghanistan.

1841Sarawak obtained by Britain from Sultan of Brunei.

6 Jan 18424,500 British and Indian troops leave Kabul.

Jan 1842The Massacre at Khyber Pass during British retreat from Afghanistan at the end of firstBritish-Afghan War (1839-1842). 16,000 British and Indian troops were massacred.

May 1842Natal, in South Africa, became a British colony.

9 Aug 1842US-Canada border is defined by Webster-Ashburton Treaty.

19 Dec 1842The US recognizes the independence of Hawaii.

1842The French occupied Tahiti.

1842A Pariamentary government is introduced in Greece after rebellion.

1842The Seminole War ends and the Native American Indians are removed from Florida toOklahoma.



1843British arrest Irish nationalist Daniel O'Connell for conspiracy.

1843The first wagon train, with 1000 wagons departs Independence in Montana for Oregon.

1843US and British settlers in Oregon Country choose governmental committee.

1844Spain grants Dominican Republic independence.

1845The start of the Maori revolt against British colonists in New Zealand.

1845Mexico drops diplomatic relations with the US.

1845US President Tyler signs a resolution annexing the Republic of Texas.

25 Apr 1846The start of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) when the first battle between theMexican and US armies is fought at Palo Alto in Texas. The war resulted in US teritorialexpansion.

15 Jun 1846The Oregon Treaty settled the boundary the USA and British possesions at the 49thparallel dipping to keep Vancouver Island British.

1846Xhosa War against British and Dutch colonists in South Africa.

1846Battle of Allwal, Brits beat Sikhs in the Punjab in India.

1846Battle of Sobraon ends first Sikh War in India when the British defeat the Sikhs.



1846The British occupy the Sikh citadel of Lahore.

1846General Stephen W Kearney's US forces captures Santa Fe, New Mexico.

1846General Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey in the Mexican-American War.

1846Mexican army surrounds fort in Texas.

1846Polish revolutionaries march on Cracow, but are defeated.

1846Texas state government formally installed in Austin.

1846US declares war on Mexico, 2 months after fighting begins.

1846US troops take Los Angeles.

1846US troops attack Rio Grande occupying Matamoros.

1846The Yucatan declares independence from Mexico.

1847Liberia became independent.

18471,500 New Mexican Indians and Mexicans are defeated by US Colonel Price.

184712,000 US troops capture Vera Cruz in Mexico.



1847Battle of Buena Vista in Mexico when Zachary Taylor and US troops defeats the Mexicans.

1847Conspiracy in New Mexico against US.

1847US defeats Mexico in the battle of Sacramento.

1847US General Scott occupies Vera Cruz Mexico.

1847US troops under General Scott enter Mexico City.

2 Feb 1848Mexico gives Texas to US, ending the Mexican-American war (1846-1848) by signing theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico also gave the US California and parts of Nevada,Utah, Arizona & Colorado all in return for $15 million.

15 Feb 1848Toscane (Tuscany) a liberal Constitution was issued.

1848The Mayan Indian revolt in Mexico supressed.

1848The second battle at Gioto when Sardinia-Piemonte beat the Austrians.

1848The second republic is established in France.

1848The battle at Curtazone when the Austrians beat Sardinia-Piemonte.

1848The 'Bloody insurrection' of workers in Paris.



1848Britain takes Mosquito Coast from Nicaragua.

1848In Hawaii, Great Mahele (the division of lands) is signed.

1848Neufchatel declares independence of Switzerland.

1848The People's uprising in Palermo, Sicily.

1848a state of siege is proclaimed in Amsterdam.

1849Battle of Novara between King Charles Albert and the Italian republic.

1849Britain formally annexs Punjab after defeat of Sikhs in India.

1849British seize Tigre Island in Gulf of Fonseca from Honduras.

1849The Hungarian Republic is crushed by Austria and Russia.

1849The Hungarian Republic proclaimed.

1850Britain bought Danish settlements in West Africa.

1850The Taiping Rebellion in China that undermined the Qing dynasty. The civil war continueduntil 1864.



1850The British blockade Piraeus, in Greece, to enforce mercantile claims.

1851The British occupied Lagos.

1851Cuba unsuccessfully declared independence.

1852The Second Burmese War when Britain annexed Lower Burma including Rangoon.

1853The Rusian-Turkish war over Palestine began.

1853Britain annexed Nagpur in Maharashtra India.

1853Start of the Crimean War (1853-1856).

Aug 1854Turkey drives Russin forces out of the Balkans.

1854The Elgin Treaty over Canadian trade between the USA and Britain.

1854Britain and the Orange Free state sign the Convention of Bloemfontein. The British agreeto recognize the independence of Orange Free State in South Africa.

1854The British and the French defeat the Russians at Alma, in the Crimea.

1854During the Crimean War, Britain and France declare war on Russia.



1854Filibuster William Walker proclaims Republic of Sonora in NW Mexico.

1854Lord Tennyson's poem, 'Charge of the Light Brigade', published.

1854The charge of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaklava in the Crimean War.

1855Santa Anna is overthrown in Mexico. Liberal reforms were then introduced.

1855The Battle of Acapulco during the Mexican Liberal uprising.

1855US adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua and reestablishes slavery.

1856The end of the Crimean War.

1856Britain annexed the kigdom of Oudh in Northern India.

1856Persia (Iran) was at war with Britain after taking Herat in Afghanistan.

1856Battle of Rivas when Costa Rica beats William Walker's invading Nicaraguans.

1856Battle of San Jacinto when Nicaragua defeats the invaders.

1856Hostilities cease in the Russian-Turkish War.

1856Peace is established between England and Russia.



1856Photojournalism of Crimean War documented by Roger Fenton, James Robertson, and CarolPopp de Scathmari.

1857The Indian Mutiny begins with revolt of Sepoys of Meerutkazerne in Delhi.

1857US occupies the Sand, Baker, Howland and Jarvis Islands, south of Hawaii.

1857William Walker, conqueror of Nicaragua, surrenders to the US Navy.

1858Vietnam is conquered by France.

1858Battle of Azimghur when the Mexicans defeat the Spanish loyalists.

1858War of the Reform in México when the Liberals establish their capital at Vera Cruz.

1859France and Sardinia at war with Austria.

1859Morocco and Spain are at war.

1859General Horsford defeats Begum of Oude and Nana Sahib in the Indian mutiny.

1859US recognizes Liberal government in Mexico's War of the Reform.

1859Vera Cruz besieged by Miramón in Mexican War of Reform.



1860The end of the Opium War when Britain and France occupied Beijing.

1860Giuseppe Garibaldi won Napels and Sicily for the projected new kingdom of Italy.

1860The start of the Maori revolt in New Zealand.

1860Britain formally returns the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua.

1860Dutch troops conquer Watampone in Celebes.

1860Garibaldi occupies Palermo in Italy.

1860The masscre of thousands of Maronite Christians by the Muslim Druse in Lebanon led toFrench intervention.

1861Lagos was ceded to Britain.

1861Colonel Bernard Irwin attacks and defeats hostile Chiricahua Native Americans.

1861Italy declares independence and the Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed.

1861Mexico City captured by Juárez of the Liberals in the War of the Reform.

1861The Warsaw Massacre when Russians fire on crowd demonstrating against Russian rule ofPoland.



1862Prince Otto of Bavaria was deposed from the Greek throne and replaced by Prince George ofDenmark

1862French army intervenes in Puebla Mexico, Cinco de Mayo.

1863Cambodia became a French protectorate.

1863Mexico City is captured by French troops.

1863The first black Civil War regiment, the SC Volunteers, is mustered into the US army.

1863An uprising begins in Poland.

1864Denmark and France begin war with Prussian alliance.

1864The Tripple Alliance Paraguayan War

1864Germany in alliance with Austria declare war on Denmark and the second German-Danish warbegins.

1864Austrian Archduke Maximilian of the house of Habsberg, became emperor of Mexico.

1864Austrian and Prussian troops occupy Sleeswijk and Holstein.

1864Bread riots in Mobile, Alabama.



1864Britain gives Isotope Islands back to Greece.

1864The Geneva Convention is signed, by 12 nations.

1865Rebellion in Jamaica.

1866The Austrian-Prussian War begins.

1866Crete revolted against the Turks.

1866German premier Otto von Bismarck is seriously wounded in an assassination attempt.

1866Irish Fenians raid Pigeon Hill in Québec.

1866Kingdom of Italy annexes Venetia.

1866Paraguayan canoes sink two Brazilian ironclads on Rio Parana.

1866Prim's Insurrection in Spain ends.

1866Renegade Irish Fenians invade Fort Erie Ontario from US.

1866Renegade Irish Fenians surrender to US forces.

1866Treaty of Prague ends the Austro-Prussian war.



1867Garibaldi's march on Rome.

1867French left Mexico and emperor Maximilian was executed.

1867The Meiji Restoration in Japan when executive power was given to the emperor and theshoguate was abolished and hence the 15th & last Tokugawa Shogun resigned.

1867Battle of Pueblo when the Méxicans defeat Maximilian's forces (Cinco de Mayo).

1867Midway Islands is occupied by the US and formally declared a US possession.

1867Treaty of London is drawn up, concerning Luxembourg.

1867Victims of the 'Angola Horror' are burned to death.

1868Basutoland (now Lesotho) in Africa became a British protectorate.

1868Battle of Alcolea, causes Queen Isabella II of Spain to flee to France.

1868British defeat King of Abyssinia at Magdala.

1868Cuba revolts for independence against Spain.

1868Grito de Lares proclaims Puerto Rico's independence but is crushed by Spain.



1868Race riots in New Orleans.

1868White terrorists kill several blacks in St Bernard Parish.

1869Red River Rebellion broke out in Canada.

1870The start of the Franco-Prussian War.

1870Italy annexed Rome and the Papal States completing Italian unification. Rome is made theItalian capital.

1870173 Blackfoot Indians (140 women and children) were killed in Montana by the US Army.

1870Irish Fenians raid Eccles Hill, Québec.

1870Manitoba and Northwest Territories incorporated and Manitoba becomes a province of Canada.

1871The French Communards revolt in Paris is put down.

1871The English-US treaty ends the Alabama dispute.

1871French regular troops attack Commune of Paris and 17,000 people die.

1871Guatemala revolts for agarian reforms.



1871Paris surrenders to the Prussians.

1871The province of Allsace-Lorraine (Elzas)taken by Germany when the Peace ofFrankfurt-am-Main concluded between France and Germany.

1872End of the Maori revolt in New Zealand.

1873Prince Edward Island joins Canada.

1873Spanish Cortes removes King Amadeus I.

1873The US marines attack Panama.

1874Armed Democrats seize Texas government ending Radical Reconstruction.

1874Battle between jobless and police in New York City, when hundreds of people are injured.

1874Fiji becomes a British possession.

1875Violent bread riots took place in Montreal.

1876Battle at Gura when the Ethiopian emperor Yohannes beats the Egyptians.

1876The Reciprocity Treaty between US and Hawaii is ratified.



1877Britain annexes Walvis Bay at Cape colony.

1877British annex the Transvaal, in South Africa.

1878Austria given control of Bosnia and Hetzegovinia.

1878Bulgaria liberated from Turkey by the Peace of San Stefano.

1878Cyprus ceded by Turkey to Britain for administrative purposes.

1878Greece declares war on Turkey.

1879The Dual Alliace is signed between Germany and Austria.

1879British troops under Lord Chelmsford set camp at Isandlwana.

1879British Zulu War begins Lieutenant-General Chelmsford invades Zululand.

1879Chilean troops occupy Antofagasta.

1879The news of the slaughtering of Isandlwana reaches London.

1879Treaty of Gandamak was signed to set up Afghan state between the Russians and the English.

1879Zulu war against British colonial rule in South Africa begins.



1879Zulus attack British Army camp in Isandhlwana South Africa.

1880Tsar Alexander II of Russia survives an assassination attempt.

1881Chile defeated Bolivia in a war to take control of coastal and island areas. These areaswere where huge deposits of guano (bird droppings) could be harvested for sale to Europefor use in agricultural fertilizers. The war left Bolivia landlocked.

1881Battle at Amajuba, when the South Africa Boers fought the British army under GeneralColley.

1881Battle at Ingogo, when the Transvaal Boers beat superior British forces.

1881Battle at Laing's Neck Natal Boers beat superior powered British.

1881The Boers and Britain sign a peace accord ending the first Boer war.

1881Natal British troops under General-Major Colley occupy Majuba Hill.

1881Treaty of Bardo, when Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.

1882The triple alliace was signed between Germany Austria and Italy.

1882Britain invades Egypt.

1883The French fleet under Pierre begins the siege of Tamatave in Madagascar.



1883Italy signs military treaty with Austria-Hungary and Germany.

1883Treaty of Ancon when Peru cedes Tarapaca to Chile.

1884A British and Portuguese treaty is signed in the Congo by Leopold II.

1884British protectorate proclaimed over southeast New Guinea.

1884The colonization of Africa is organized at an international conference in Berlin.

1884General Charles Gordon departs London for Khartoum.

1884The siege of Khartoum, in the Sudan, begins.

1885The British beat the Mahdists at the Battle at Abu Klea in the Sudan when 800-1000 peoplewere killed.

1885Battle of Batoche when French Canadians rebel against Canada.

1885Britain declares Bechuanaland a protectorate.

1885The Congo Free State is established by King Leopold II of Belgium.

1885Congress of Berlin, 'gives' the Congo to Belgium and Nigeria.



1885General Wolseley receives the last distress signal from General Gordon in Khartoum.

1885German chancellor Bismarck takes possession of Cameroon & Togoland.

1885The Muhammad Ahmed ('Mahdi') rebels conquer Khartoum.

1885The news of fall of Khartoum reaches London.

1886The Carrollton Massacre took place in Mississippi when 20 black people were killed.

1886The Declaration of Berlin neutralizes Tonga.

1886The Haymarket riot took place in Chicago. A bomb killed 7 policemen.

1886US President Cleveland declares a state of emergency in Seattle because of anti-Chineseviolence.

1887Battle of Dogali when the Abyssinian Emperor John IV defeated the Italians.

1887Germany, Austria-Hungary and France end the Triple Alliance.

1887A Sino-Portuguese treaty recognizes Portugal's control of Macao.

1888Italy and Spain sign a military covenant.



1889Abyssinian emperor Menelik II signs Treaty of Wichale with Italy.

1889Battle at Gallabat (Metema) when Mahdi's beat Abyssinian emperor John (Yohannes) IV.

1889Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, is deposed and a republic is proclaimed.

1889The Ivory Coast is declared a protectorate of France.

1890Britain proclaims Zanzibar as a protectorate.

1890José Marti forms La Liga (the Union of Cuban exiles) in New York City.

1890Britain's Lord Salisbury offers Germany Helgoland in exchange for Zanzibar, Uganda andEquatoria.

1890US Federal troops massacre over 200 captive Sioux at Wounded Knee.

1891Battle in Bunyoro when Captain F Lugard stops a Moslem rebellion. 300 people were killed.

1891The British Central African Protectorate (now Malawi) is established.

1891French troops occupy Nioro, West-Sudan, when 3,000 people were killed.

1891French troops under Captain Archinard occupy Diéna in West Sudan.



1891Riot against tax increase in Paramaribo Suriname.

1892Battle at Mengo when Ugandan French missionaries attack British missionaries.

1892Captain Lugard occupies Uganda's King Mwanga's hide out.

1893Chinese people are deported from San Francisco under the US Exclusion Act.

1893Congo cannibals killed 1000's of Arabs.

1893Ivory Coast becomes a French colony.

1893Queen Liliuokalani deposed, Kingdom of Hawaii becomes a republic.

18946,000 Armenians massacred by Turks in Kurdistan.

1894British troops occupy Ilorin, Gold Coast.

1894France ratifies Duple Alliance with Russia.

1894Japan defeats China in Battle of Ping Yang.

1894Korea declares independence from China, and asks for Japanese aid.

1894A revolution in Sicily is crushed by government troops.



1894US intervenes in Bluefields, Nicaragua.

Jan 1895The 'Dual Entente' is signed between Russia and France.

1895Bechuanaland becomes part of the Cape Colony.

1895China cedes Taiwan to Japan under Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the first Sino-JapaneseWar (1894-1895).

1895Cuba rebells against Spain and the Cuban war of independence begins.

1895France proclaims a protectorate over Madagascar.

1895Italian troops invade Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

1895King Koko's Kopermannen assault on Akassa Niger when 100's were killed.

1895Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras form a short-lived confederation.

1896Battle at Doornkop, South Africa when the Boers beat Dr Jamesons troops.

1896Battle of Aduwa, 80,000 Abyssinian (Ethiopian) troops defeats 20,000 invading Italians.

1896British troops occupy Kumasi, West Africa.



1896France annexes Madagascar and dismisses Queen Ranavalona.

1896Italian government decides to attack governor Baratieri of Eritrea.

1896Italian Governor of Eritrea, General Baldissera, reaches Massawa.

1896US marines land in Nicaragua to protect US citizens.

1896Zanzibar loses to England in a 38 minute war (9:02 AM-9:40 AM).

1897Battle at Bida Gold Coast (Ghana) British troops beat Nupe's army and occupy Ghana.

1897Battle at Thessalië when the Turkish army beats Greece.

1897Britain signs a treaty with emperor Menelik II of Abyssinia.

1897France signs a treaty with emperor Menelik II of Abyssinia.

1897Marcel Proust meets Jean Lorrain in a pistol duel.

1897Province of Zululand annexed to Natal colony.

1897Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.

15 Feb 1898USS Maine blows up in Havana harbor and 258 sailors die. The the cause weas unknown.



11 Apr 1898US President McKinley asks US Congress for the Spanish-American War declaration.

23 Apr 1898Spain declares war on US rejecting ultimatum to withdraw from Cuba, the start of theSpanish-American War.

1 May 1898George Dewey commands, 'You may fire when you are ready, Gridley' as US route Spanishfleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Phillipines.

10 Dec 1898The Spanish-American War ends with the Treaty of Paris. The US acquires Philippines,Puerto Rico, Cuba and Guam.

1898Battle of Atbara River when Anglo-Egyptian forces crush 6,000 Sudanese.

1898China leases Hong Kong's New Territories to Britain for 99 years.

1898Hawaii is formally annexed to US.

1898Lord Kitchener retakes Sudan for Britain.

1898Philippine nationalists declare independence from Spain to US control.

1899British and French accord over West-Africa.

1899Revolt against US occupation of Philippines.

1899The US and Germany agree to divide Samoa between them.



1899The US takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific.

1899US-Spain peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, is signed by President McKinley. The USretain Puerto Rico and Guam as part of the settlement.

1900The seven high chiefs of American Samoa sign an Instrument of Cession.

1900France proclaims a protectorate over Chad.

1900US troops arrive in Peking, to help put down the Boxer Rebellion.

1901The Arabs attack Gedara in Palestine.

1901Cook Islands are annexed and proclaimed as part of New Zealand.

1901Dutch troops under General Van Heutsz conquer Batu Ilië on Sumatra.

1901US captures leader of Philippine rebels, Emilio Aguinaldo.

1902Denmark sells Virgin Islands to the USA.

1902Portugal is made bankrupt by a revolt in Angola.

1902The US military occupation of Cuba (1899-1902) ends.



1902The Zulu assault at Holkrantz in South Africa.

17 Sep 1903During an uprising of Macedonians against Turkey, the Turks massacre 10,000 in Macedonia.

18 Nov 1903The US and Panama sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla canal treaty giving the US exclusive canalrights in Panama.

1903The Cuban state of Guantanamo is leased to the USA.

1903Frederick Lugard occupies Kano in West Africa.

1903Frederick Lugard occupies Sokoto in West Africa.

18 Oct 1904The 'Colony of Dahomey and its dependences' became part of French West Africa (now Benin).

1904The American occupation of Cuba ended.

1904The 'Entente Cordiale' was signed by France and England.

1904Herero people of South West Africa, now Namibia, begin an uprising.

1904Japan and Russia declares war after Japan's surprise attack on Russian fleet at PortArthur disabled 7 Russian warships.

1905In Russia, 'Bloody Sunday' when Russian demonstrators are fired upon by tsarist troops.



1905The 'October Manifesto' when Russian Tsar Nicholas II granted civil liberties.

1905The British East African Protectorate becomes the colony of Kenya.

1905The Dominican Republic signs a treaty turning over customs collection to the US.

1905The Great General Strike in Russia began. It lasted 11 days.

1905Japanese Army captures Mukden (Shenyang).

1905Japanese fleet destroys Russian East Sea fleet in Straits of Tushima.

1905Japanese troops capture Port Arthur.

1905Treaty of Portsmouth USA, ends the Russo-Japanese War.

1906A 'Census of the British Empire' shows England rules 1/5 of the world.

1906Attack on King Alfonso XIII and Victoria von Battenberg in Madrid.

1906British-controlled Egypt takes Sinai peninsula from Turkey.

1906Conference of Algeciras concerning Morocco.

1906France and Britain agree to joint control of New Hebrides.



1906Natal proclaims state of siege during a Zulu uprising.

1906Papua placed under Australian administration.

1906US troops reoccupy Cuba andstay until 1909.

31 Aug 1907Britain, Russia and France form the Triple Entente resolving some differences over Persia(Iran).

15 Dec 1907The Shah of Persia tried to overthrow his new liberal Chif Minister but popular uprisingprevents him.

190744 nations meet in the second Hague Peace Conference.

1907Britain grants responsible government to former colony of Transvaal and General LouisBotha is named premier.

1907New Zealand becomes a dominion.

1907Romanian Army puts down Moldavian farmers' revolt.

1907The US invades Honduras.

1907US proclaims a protectorate over Dominican Republic.

1908Bulgaria declares independence from Turkey and Ferdinand I becomes Tsar.



1908The Congo Free State is annexed by Belgium and becomes the Belgian Congo.

1908Crete revolts against Turkey & aligns with Greece.

1908Failed assassination attempt on Shah Mohammed Ali in Teheran.

1909Britain, France, Germany and Italy ask Serbia to set no territorial demands.

1909France and Germany sign treaty regarding Morocco.

1909Netherlands begins unity with Belgium.

1909Russian tsar Nicolas II dissolves Finnish Diet (Parliament).

1909Sultan of Turkey Abdul Hamid II is overthrown.

1909US invades Nicaragua, later overthrows President Jose Santos Zelaya.

1910The British and Russian military intervention in Persia (Iran).

1910Cape of Good Hope becomes part of the Union of South Africa.

1910The Dali Lama flees Tibet from Chinese troop to the British Indies.

1910Germany and Bolivia ends commerce and friendship treaty.



1910Japan annexes Korea.

1910Portugal becomes a republic, King Manuel II flees to England.

1910Revolution broke out in Mexico, led by Francisco I Madero.

1911There was a failed assassination attempt on premier Briand in the French Assembly.

1911Francisco Madeiro is inaugurated as President of Mexico.

1911French troops occupy Fès El Bali in Morocco.

1911Honduras signs a treaty turning over customs to US which was not ratified.

1911Italy attacks Turkey and takes Tipoli and Cyrenaica.

1911Nicaragua signs a treaty turning over customs to US which was not ratified.

1911Revolution in Mexico overthrows President José Porfirio Diaz.

1911Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries overthrow Manchus. This becomes Taiwanese National Day.

1911US helps overthrow President Miguel Dávila of Honduras.

1911The US sent 20,000 troops to the Mexican border.



18 Oct 1912Italo-Turkish war ends with the treaty of Lausanne.

19122,500 US marines invade Nicaragua. The US remains until 1925.

1912Albania declares independence from Turkey.

1912Beginning of the the first Balkan War.

1912A Chinese republic proclaimed in Tibet.

1912A French protectorate in Morocco established.

1912Italian mariners occupy Turkish Island of Rhodes.

1912King Vittorio Emanuel III of Rome is injured during an assassination attempt.

1912Gen Zeledon, a Nicaraguan opponent of US occupation, is executed.

1912A Spanish protectorate in Morocco ia established.

1912Tripoli, in Libya, passes from Turkish to Italian control.

1912US marines invade Cuba (for the 3nd time).

1912US marines invade Honduras.



1912US Marines sent to Nicaragua.

1913The 2nd Balkan War begins.

1913The 2nd Balkan War ends in the Treaty of Bucharest when Bulgaria loses.

1913The British House of Commons accepts Home-Rule for Ireland.

1913Bulgaria captures Adrianople, and the treaty of London ends the the first Balkan War.

1913Mexican General V Huerta takes power in Mexico with US support.

1913The Turkish-Greek sea battle took place, near Troy.

1913US President Taft agrees not to intervene in Mexico.

1914Britain annexes Cyprus.

1915Britain annexes Gilbert and Ellice Islands.

1915Croatians plunder Armenia, killing 250 people.

1915Japan claims economic control of China.

1915Russia occupies Bukovina and the Western Ukraine.



1915US Marines occupy Haiti.

1916Britain proclaims Gilbert and Ellice Island colony in the Pacific.

1916The Easter rebellion of Irish against British occupation begins.

1916Irish nationalists surrender to the British in Dublin.

1916US agrees to buy Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million.

1916US declares martial law in Dominican Republic.

1916US forces invade the Dominican Republic and stay until 1924.

1916US invades Cuba for the 3rd time, to end corrupt Menocal regime.

1917Finland declares independance.

1919Afghanistan Emir Amanoellah begins a war against Great Britain.

1919An Anti-British uprising in Ireland took place.

1919British forces kill 100s of Indian Nationalists in the Amritsar Massacre.

1919Communist Party in Germany announces a general strike which is later crushed.



1919Monarchist riot in Portugal.

1919Polish Army captures Vilno, Lithuania from Soviet Army.

1919Revolutionary strike in Barcelona.

1919Romania annexes Transylvania.

1919Semana Tragica (Tragic Week) Bloodbath in Buenos Aires.

1919Sinn Fein proclaims parliament of 'Free Ireland'.

1919Treaty of Rawalpindi, British recognize Afghanistan's independence after the third Afghanwar.

1919US marines invade Costa Rica.

1919US marines invade Honduras.

1920British Empire receives League of Nations mandate to Nauru.

1920British parliament accept Irish 'Home Rule' law.

1920Estonia declares its Independence from Russia in the Dorpat Peace.



1920France occupies hye German Memel territory.

1920Ireland divided into 2 parts, each with its own parliament.

1920Polish troops occupy Kiev.

1920Turkey and Armenia agree to a peace treaty.

1920The French becan their administation of Lebanon under a League of Nations mandate (until1941).

1921Poland is enlarged after the 2nd Peace of Riga.

1921After 84 years of British control, Afghanistan achieves sovereignty.

1921Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras & El Salvador sign a Pact of Union.

1921Irish Free State gains independence from Britain.

1921Mongolia, formerly Outer Mongolia, declares its independence from China.

1921Red Army under Trotsky attack revolting sailors of Kronstadt and thousands die.

1921Rwanda is ceded to England.



1921Soviet troops invade Georgia.

1921The US, France, Japan and British Empire sign a Pacific Treaty.

1921The Washington Conference for Limitation of Armaments took place.

1922Britain grants Egypt independence, but British troops remain.

1922The British mandate of Palestine begins.

1922The Conference of Cannes is held concerning German retribution payments.

1922Italian fascists occupy Fiume and Rijeka.

1922Latvia and the Vatican sign an accord.

1922Sultan Fuad I crowned king of Egypt, England recognizes Egypt.

1922The US intervention army leaves Honduras.

1922The US, the UK, France, Italy and Japan sign Washington naval arms limitation.

1923Britain recognizes Transjordan with Abdullah as its leader and grants autonomy.

1923US President Coolidge pardons World War I German spy, Lothar Witzke, who had beensentenced to death.



1923French and Belgian troops occupy Ruhr to collect WW I reparations.

1923Lithuania seizes and annexes the country of Memel.

1923Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator of Spain.

1923Nepal changes from a British protectorate to an independent nation.

1923New Zealand claims the Ross Dependency in Antarctica.

1923Poland annexes Central Lithuania.

1924After 8 years of occupation, US troops leave the Domincan Republic.

1924The Allies direct Fiume (Rijeka) in Italy.

1924Bayern and the Vatican reach an accord.

1924Britain orders the Egyptians out of the Sudan.

1924The British Crown takes over Northern Rhodesia from the British South Africa Company.

1924The Memel territories given to Lithuania.

1924All US Native Americans are proclaimed US citizens.



1924The USA begins its intervention in Honduras.

1929Afghan King Amanullah forced to resign.

1929Alexander I establishes a royal dictatorship in Yugoslavia.

1929American Samoa is made a territory of the USA.

1929Border dispute between Peru and Chile resolved.

1929Coup by King Alexander in South Slavia.

1929US Cruiser Act consents to the construction of 19 new US cruisers and an aircraft carrier.

1929General Feng Yu-Xiang of China declares war on Chiang Kai-Shek Government.

1929Leon Trotsky is expelled from Russia to Turkey.

1929Police kill 19 May day demonstrators in Berlin.

1929Prussia bans anti-fascists.

1929Spanish dictator Primo de Rivera closes university of Madrid.

1929Stalin proposes to ban Trotsky from the Politburo.



1929Turkey and Bulgaria sign friendship treaty.

1929Turkey signs Litvinov-pact.

1929USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Poland & Romania sign Litvinov Pact.

6 Feb 1934The first official Waitangi Day celebration in New Zealand, commemorating the 1840 treatywhn New Zealand beame a British Colony.

19 May 1939Winston Churchill signs British-Russian anti-Nazi pact.

1941Lebanon gains independence from France with a constitution that includes Muslim-Christianpower-sharing.

1942Launch of the first A-4/V-2 rocket to an altitude of 53 miles (85 km).

1942Malta is awarded the George Cross by King George VI, Britain's highest civiliandecoration, for heroism.

1943France transfers most of her powers in Lebanon to Lebanese government.

1945Chinese civil war begins, Chiang Kai-Shek vs Mao Tse-Tung.

1945Juan Peron becomes dictator of Argentina.

1946French troops leave Lebanon.



1947Malta is granted self-government.

14 May 1948The independent Jewish state of Israel comes into existence under Prime Minister DavidBen-Gurion.

24 Jun 1948The Soviet Union begins the Berlin Blockade which cut off West Berlin from the West.

25 Jun 1948Following the Soviet blockade, the United States begins vast airlift to keep Berlinsupplied with food and fuel.

1948Soviets set up a separate municipal government in East Berlin.

1949British government recognizes the Republic of Ireland.

Feb 1950Senator Joseph McCarthy launches a crusade to rout out communism in America and'McCarthyism' is born.

1950During Korean conflict, UN forces land at Inchon in the south.

1950Nuclear physicist Klaus Fuchs was arrested on spy charges.

1950Puerto Rican nationalists try to kill President Truman at the Blair House.

1950Rebel army of cap Raymond Westerner occupies Bandung.

1950The first helicopter rescue of American pilot behind enemy lines.



1950US President Truman proclaims state of emergency against 'Communist imperialism'.

1950US recalls all consular officials from China.

1951British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean defect to the USSR.

1951Chinese Communists force Dalai Lama to surrender his army to Beijing.

1951Japan signs a treaty of peace with 48 countries.

1951Mozambique becomes an oversea province of Portugal.

1952The Word War II Pacific peace treaty takes effect.

19 Aug 1953In Iran, the Mossadeq government is ousted, to be replaced by dictatorial rule under theShah, backed by General Zahedi.

4 Dec 1958The Republic of Dahomey was proclaimed (now Benin).

Jan 1959Castro leads Cuba to victory as Fulgencio Batista flees to Dominican Republic.

1959Britain revokes Malta's right self-government.

May 1960USSR and Cuba resume diplomatic relations.



Jul 1960The US suspends the Cuban sugar quota, effectively cutting off 80 percent of Cubanexports to the US.

1960The Cold War continued under President Kennedy with an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba the'Bay of Pigs'

1960Algeria uprises against French President De Gaulle

1960Benin (Dahomey) gains independence from France

1960Big 4 summit in Paris collapses as USSR levels spy charges against US

1960Britain grants independence to crown colony of Cyprus

1960British Somaliland (now Somalia) gains independence from Britain.

1960Cameroon (French Cameroon) gains independence from France

1960Central African Republic proclaims independence from France

1960Chad declares independence from France

1960Chinese army kills 12 Indian soldiers

1960Congo (Brazzaville) gains independence from France.



1960Eisenhower & Premier Kishi sign US-Japanese Security pact.

1960Eisenhower forms anti-Castro-exile army under the CIA.

1960Extreme right-wing rebels in Algiers surrender

1960France grants Mauritania independence

1960France grants Togo independence (Natl Day)

1960Francis Gary Powers convicted of spying by USSR in the 'U-2 incident'.

1960Gabon gains independence from France (National Day)

1960Iraq executes 30 after attack on President Kassem.

1960Israeli soldiers capture of Nazi Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires in Argentina.

1960Ivory Coast (C“te d'Ivoire) gains independence from France.

1960Madagascar gains independence from France.

1960Mali (without Senegal) gains independence from France.

1960Military coup overthrows democratic government of Turkey



1960Niger gains independence from France.

1960Nigeria gains independence from Britain.

1960Protest strike in Poznan Poland.

1960Russia shoots down Francis Gary Powers' U-2 spy plane over Sverdlovsk

1960Senegal breaks from the Mali federation and declares independence.

1960Sharpeville Massacre: Police kill 72 in South Africa & outlaws ANC

1960Upper Volta (Burkina Faso) gains independence from France.

Jan 1961US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba.

16 Apr 19611,400 Cuban exiles land in Bay of Pigs attempt to overthrow Castro. They were backed bythe US Central Intelligence Agency.

1961Adolf Eichmann convicted of crimes against humanity in Israel.

1961After a 4½ year trial Nelson Mandela is acquitted on treason charge.

1961Castro offers to exchange Bay of Pigs prisoners for 500 bulldozers.



1961East & West Cameroon merge as Federal Republic of Cameroon.

1961Iraq announces that Kuwait is a part of Iraq.

1961Kuwait regains complete independence from Britain.

1961Martin Luther King Jr & 700 demonstrators arrested in Albany GA.

1961Military coup in El Salvador.

1961Russian espionage ring detected in Great Britain.

1961South Africa withdrews from British Commonwealth.

1961Tanganyika becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.

1961Trial of Adolf Eichmann begins in Jerusalem.

1961Union of South Africa becomes a republic, leaves the Commonwealth.

1961Yugoslav ex-Vice-President Milovan Djilas flees.

Aug 1962Cuban missile crisis began as JFK becomes aware of missiles in Cuba.

23 Oct 1962John F Kennedy imposes air and naval blockade on Cuba, beginning missile crisis.



21 Nov 1962US lifts blockade of Cuba.

1962British Antarctic Territory is formed.

1962Cuba starts returning US prisoners from the Bay of Pigs invasion.

1962Libya, Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia plan to form United Arab Maghreb.

1962Mandela leaves South Africa, travels to Ethiopia, Algeria & England.

1962Military coup in Syria, President Nazim al-Kudsi flees.

1962Nelson Mandela arrested for incitement and illeagally leaving South Africa.

1962Nyasaland secedes from Rhodesia & Nyasaland.

1962Pathet Lao breaks cease fire/conquerors Nam Tha Laos.

1962Rwanda & Burundi become independent.

1962Trinidad & Tobago gain independence from Britain (National Day).

1962US marines arrive in Laos.

1962Western Samoa gains independence from New Zealand; Susuga Malietoa Tanumafili II becomesco-chief of Western Samoa.



1962Yugoslavia grants 1,000 prisoners amnesty.

1962Britain restores Malta's right self-government.

4 Jun 1963In Iran, peasant riots signal the failure of the 'white revolution' (Iran's agrarianreform). Ayatollah Khomeini is imprisoned, released, then expelled.

1964Malta gains full independence from Britain.

1964The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was formed in Beirut in the Lebanon.

1969British troops intervenes militarily in Northern Ireland.

1971British begin internment without trial in Northern Ireland.

26 Oct 1972A miliary coup in Benin installes communist government.

1972Britain imposes direct rule over Northern Ireland.

Oct 1973Security Council Resolution 338 calls for a cease fire in the Yom Kippur War.

1973Yom Kippur War begins as Syria and Egypt attack Israel.

1973Yom Kippur War ends, Israel 65 miles from Cairo, 26 from Damascus.



1974Arganat Commission publishes report concerning Yom Kippur War.

1974Malta becomes a republic.

30 Nov 1975Dahomey was put under a centrally controlled government with a Marxist-Leninist ideologyand eventually became the People's Republic of Benin.

1979The British military base on Malta closes.

1980UN Security Council condemns (14-0, US abstains) the Israeli declaration that all ofJersualem is its capital.

Sep 1985Mordechai Vanunu a technician at Israel's Dimona nuclear installation releasedinformation about Israel's nuclear weapons program. Based on his evidence expertsconcluded that Israel may have had up to 200 nuclear weapons stockpiled.

198558 die as Egyptian commandos storm hijacked Egyptair jet in Malta.

1985Republic of Ireland gains consultative role in Northern Ireland.

1986The 8 year war between Iran and Iraq begins.

1987Occupied Palestinians start 'intefadeh' (uprising) against Israel.

1987Palestinian uprising began in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.



1988Yasser Arafat and the PLO proclaims the State of Palestine and recognizes existence ofIsrael.

14 Feb 1989Iran's Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called on Muslims to kill Salman Rushdie, author of'The Satanic Verses', a novel condemned as blasphemous.

13 May 1989Approximately 2,000 students begin hunger strike in Tiananmen Square, China.

30 May 1989Student protesters in Tiananmen Square China construct a replica of the Statue of Liberty.

4 Jun 1989Troops in China shoot and kill 100s of students demonstrating for democracy in TiananmenSquare, Beijing.

8 Dec 1989Communist leaders in Czechoslovakia offered to surrender their control over thegovernment and accept a minority role in a coalition Cabinet.

1989The US Food and Drug Administration began a quarantine of all fruit imported from Chileafter traces of cyanide were found in two Chilean grapes.

3 Oct 1990Germany is reunited as one country for the first time since the end of World War II.

1991Iraq fires 8 SCUD missiles on Israel.

1993Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Liberation Organization ChairmanYasser Arafat signed a Declaration of Principles.

1993The second tallest building in world, the NYC World Trade Center is bombed when 7 die.



1993The 'Downing Street Declaration' on Northern Ireland is issued.

1993Israel recognizes PLO as no longer criminal.

19944 Arab terrorist founded guilty of bombing the World Trade Center.

1994Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip.

8 Jan 1998World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Ahmed Yousef sentenced to life.

1998Failed assassination attempt on Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze.

20 Mar 2003American and British forces begin the invasion of Iraq, without obtaining a second UNresolution.

Documents

Colonization & Conquest (0001-)