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BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis Jean Guard, Richard K. Gast, and Rupa Guraya Source: Avian Diseases Digest, 5(2):e41-e42. 2010. Published By: American Association of Avian Pathologists DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/9326-906910-DIGEST.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1637/9326-906910-DIGEST.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org ) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use . Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.

Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis

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Page 1: Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, researchlibraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.

Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations ofSalmonella EnteritidisJean Guard, Richard K. Gast, and Rupa GurayaSource: Avian Diseases Digest, 5(2):e41-e42. 2010.Published By: American Association of Avian PathologistsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/9326-906910-DIGEST.1URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1637/9326-906910-DIGEST.1

BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, andenvironmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books publishedby nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance ofBioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use.

Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiriesor rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.

Page 2: Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis

COLONIZATION OF AVIAN REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT TISSUES BY VARIANT SUBPOPULATIONS OFSALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS

JEAN GUARD, RICHARD K. GAST, AND RUPA GURAYAContact Address: [email protected]

Important FindingsThe results of this study suggest that the status of the reproductive

tract at the time of infection may impact recovery of culture-positivetissue and contribute to variance. It is suggested that SalmonellaEnteritidis cultures that vary in subpopulation composition havesubtle differences in colonization of reproductive tissue thatcontribute to variance in egg contamination. Culture of non–reproductive-tract organs such as the liver and spleen was overallmore reliable for detection of infected hens. The spleen was especiallyuseful for detection because of its small size. Further research isneeded to determine how sex hormones influence the infectionpathway that results in egg contamination.

Significance of FindingsIt is common to find a mixture of phenotypes in cultures of

Salmonella Enteritidis, which suggests that there may be somesynergy associated with mixed cultures for achieving egg contamina-tion. Alternatively, the biofilm-forming subpopulation may introducea nidus of inflammation in the intestinal tract that is a portal forstrains more adapted to systemic niches following oral coloniza-tion. These findings may have implications for broiler carcasscontamination. For example, a strain of Salmonella Enteritidis thatachieves more efficient colonization of the intestinal tract might bemore likely to cause carcass contamination. There is evidence thatcontamination of broiler carcasses increased in incidence within theUnited States in recent years. More research is needed to comparestrains of known genomic content that vary in the ability tocontaminate eggs and that otherwise threaten the safety of the foodsupply.

Additional InformationSalmonella enterica subsp. I serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enter-

itidis) is the world’s leading cause of human salmonellosis. It is uniqueamong over 1400 Salmonella enterica subsp. I serotypes, because italone has the ability to contaminate the internal contents of eggsproduced by otherwise healthy hens at a frequency that is a majorsource of food-borne disease. The phenomenon of egg contaminationappears to be a pinnacle biological behavior impacting epidemiologicprevalence, because Salmonella Enteritidis has remained a prevalentand persistent problem within the food supply ever since its emergence.The presence of Salmonella Enteritidis within broilers is also a majorconcern. Finding Salmonella Enteritidis in chicken flocks can beespecially problematic for exporters of live breeding stock if birds testpositive for the pathogen when received by the importer.

Progress has been made in understanding some of the moreconfounding aspects of this serotype. For example, strains of SalmonellaEnteritidis vary greatly in their ability to contaminate eggs, even whenthey appear to be highly clonal. An explanation for this conundrum hasbeen provided. Salmonella Enteritidis is currently evolving by makingonly small changes in its genome, but these changes have a great effecton the behavior of the bacterium. These changes, known as singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are difficult to detect.

Although progress has been made in understanding the type ofevolutionary events linked to the emergence of egg contamination,hen infection studies do not routinely incorporate new knowledge ofthe subpopulation biology of Salmonella Enteritidis into the design ofchallenge experiments. This is an important issue, because questionsabout how to detect Salmonella Enteritidis within flocks must beaddressed in order for producers to implement new regulations. Inthis article researchers investigated the hypothesis that variation inbacterial loads in different tissues of hens exists, and that some tissuesare better for sampling than others. Results strongly suggest thatconsiderable differences exist between bacterial loads of SalmonellaEnteritidis in tissues and that knowledge of these differences could beused to improve detection.

COLONIZACION DE TEJIDOS DEL TRACTO REPRODUCTIVO DE AVES POR SUBPOBLACIONESVARIANTES DE SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS

JEAN GUARD, RICHARD K. GAST Y RUPA GURAYADireccion para contactar: [email protected]

Hallazgos ImportantesLos resultados de este estudio sugieren que el estatus del tracto

reproductivo al momento de la infeccion puede tener impacto sobre larecuperacion de tejidos positivos al cultivo y contribuir a la varianza. Sesugiere que los cultivos de Salmonella Enteritidis que varıan en lacomposicion de subpoblaciones tienen sutiles diferencias en lacolonizacion del tejido reproductivo que contribuyen a la varianza en

la contaminacion del huevo. El cultivo de los organos que no son deltracto reproductivo como hıgado y bazo fue en general mas confiablepara la deteccion de gallinas infectadas. El bazo fue especialmente utilen la deteccion debido a su tamano pequeno. Se necesita mayorinvestigacion para determinar como influyen las hormonas sexuales enlas vıas de infeccion que llevan a la contaminacion de huevo.

Importancia de los HallazgosEs comun encontrar una mezcla de fenotipos en los cultivos de

Salmonella Enteritidis, lo que sugiere que puede existir alguna sinergia

Copyright E 2010, American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. 1933-5334 online

Copyright E 2010, American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. 1933-5334 online

Summarized from Avian Diseases, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2010, Pages 857–861

Page 3: Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis

asociada con los cultivos mixtos para alcanzar la contaminacion de loshuevos. De forma alterna, la formacion de bio pelıcula de subpo-blaciones puede introducir un nodo de inflamacion en el tractointestinal que es un portal para las cepas mas adaptadas a nichossistemicos despues de la colonizacion oral. Estos hallazgos pueden tenerimplicacion en la contaminacion de las canales de aves de engorda. Porejemplo, una cepa de Salmonella Enteritidis que alcance una coloniza-cion mas eficiente del tracto intestinal puede tener mas probabilidad decausar la contaminacion de la canal. Existe evidencia de que lacontaminacion de las canales de pollo de engorda aumento enincidencia dentro de los Estados Unidos en anos recientes. Se necesitamas investigacion para comparar las cepas de contenido geneticoconocido que varıan en la habilidad e contaminar huevos y que de otramanera amenazan la inocuidad de la provision de alimentos.

Informacion AdicionalLa subsp. I serovariedad Enteritidis de Salmonella enterica

(Salmonella Enteritidis) es el agente causal lıder en el mundo de lasalmonelosis humana. Es unica entre los 1400 serotipos de subsp. I deSalmonella enterica, debido a que por si mismo tiene la habilidad decontaminar el contenido interno de os huevos producidos porgallinas por lo demas sanas a una frecuencia lleva ser una fuenteimportante de la enfermedad transmitida por el alimento. Elfenomeno de la contaminacion del huevo parece ser el pinaculo delcomportamiento biologico que impacta la prevalencia epidemiolo-gica, ya que la Salmonella Enteritidis ha permanecido como unproblema prevalente y persistente dentro del abasto de alimentodesde que emergio. La presencia de Salmonella Enteritidis dentro delpollo de engorda es tambien de la mayor preocupacion. El hallazgo

de Salmonella Enteritidis en las parvadas de pollo puede serespecialmente problematica para los exportadores de aves reproduc-toras vivas si las aves son positivas a la prueba para el patogenocuando las recibe el importador.

Se han hecho progresos en el entendimiento de algunos de estosaspectos que mas confunden de este serotipo. Por ejemplo, las cepasde Salmonella Enteritidis varıan grandemente en habilidad paracontaminar huevos, aun cuando parecen ser altamente clonales. Unaexplicacion para esta adivinanza se ha elucidado. La SalmonellaEnteritidis actualmente se encuentra evolucionando haciendo peque-nos cambios en su genoma, pero estos cambios tienen un gran efectosobre el comportamiento de la bacteria. Estos cambios, conocidoscomo polimorfismos de nucleotido unico (SNPs por sus siglas eningles), son difıciles de detectar.

Aunque se han hecho progresos en el entendimiento de l tipo deeventos de evolucion asociados a la emergencia de la contaminacionde huevo, los estudios de infeccion de gallinas no incorporan deforma rutinaria este nuevo conocimiento de la biologıa de lassubpoblaciones de Salmonella Enteritidis dentro del diseno deexperimentos de desafıo. Este es un tema importante, por la cuestionde como determinar la Salmonella Enteritidis dentro de parvadas quedebe trabajarse para que los productores implementen nuevasregulaciones. En este artıculo los investigadores examinaron lahipotesis de que existe variacion en la carga bacteriana en diferentestejidos de las gallinas y que algunos tejidos son mejores pararecolectar muestras que otros. Los resultados fuertemente sugierenque existen considerables diferencias entre cargas bacterianas deSalmonella Enteritidis en tejidos y que el conocimiento de estasdiferencias puede utilizarse para mejorar su deteccion.

Colonizacion del tracto reproductivo por subpoblaciones de Salmonella Enteritidis