Color Blind Labwork

7/30/2019 Color Blind Labwork

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GENETIC LABWORK

COLOR BLIND

BY:

MISRAI FARAUK

100210103057

BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

2011


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I. TITLE : COLOR BLIND

II. PURPOSE :

Do the test of color blind

III. BASIC THEORY

The first important sense is vision senses (eye). Eyes are the senses that are

used to seeing in the surrounding environment so as to form an image by identifying

the objects around him quickly. People who do not have the eye called the blind. The

eye is a vision for receiving light stimuli. Part of the eye that is sensitive to light is the

yellow spots are present in the retinal layers.

We can see objects when light stimuli received by the retina right at the

yellow spots, and then transmitted by nerve stimulation to the brain visual center in

the brain. However, sometimes there are abnormalities that occur in a person due to a

genetic abnormality or an accident. It would be nice if a parent can detect

abnormalities in color blind since early childhood. (Meriem, 2011).

Color blind is a vision disorder caused by the inability of cone cells (cone

cells) in the retina of the eye to capture a specific color spectrum so that the color of

objects that look is not the real color. The disorder is generally a hereditary, caused

by a recessive gene "c" an X-linked (Xc). The term color blindness can be interpreted

as a vision disorder caused by the inability of cone cells in the retina of the eye to

capture a certain color so the color spectrum of visible objects is not the true color of

(Karina, 2007).

In other words, color blindness or color vision deficiency is the inability or

decreased ability to see color , or perceive color differences, under lighting conditions

when color vision is not normally impaired. "Color blind" is a term of art; there is no

actual blindness but there is a fault in the development of either or both sets of retinal

cones that perceive color in light and transmit that information to the optic nerve. The

gene that causes color blindness is carried on the X chromosome, making the

handicap more common among men (who have just one X chromosome) than among
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_vision


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women (who have two, so must inherit the gene from both parents) (Wikipedia,

2011).

We can know someone suffer color blind or not, use color blind test. Shinabu

Isnihara have designed art picture that can use to color blind test and can make

accurate result about inheritance color blind (Genetic Team, 2011).

4 Sex-Linked Traits:

1. Normal Color Vision:A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26

2. Red-Green Color-Blind:A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --

3. Red Color-blind:A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6

4. Green Color-Blind:A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2

Source: (Armstrong, 1988)

The retina has two kinds of cells are stem cells and cone cells are sensitive to

light. Stem cells are more sensitive at night and also black and white. Whereas more

cone cells work in the daytime that is sensitive to a variety of colors. There are 3

types of cones, each most sensitive to the color spectrum of red, green, and blue

(Karina, 2007).

Cone cells and stem cells in the retina have different functions. Stem cells can

not distinguish colors and more intensive towards the light, cone cells require more

lighting to stimulate these cells. Color vision caused the three subclasses of cone

cells, each having its own its opsin type and are associated with retinal to form the

visual pigment photopsin. Cone photoreceptors as red, green and blue. Absorption

spectrum for these pigments overlap and the brain's perception of the pattern of

intermediates depends on the difference of two or more cone stimulation. Example,

when red and green cone cells are stimulated we may be biased to see the color

yellow or orange, depending on the cone cells are most strongly stimulated. Color

blindness is more common in men than women because generally inherited as sex

linked properties (Campbell, 2002).

People with color blindness can not distinguish certain colors. For example

red, green. and blue. Color blindness is a hereditary disease that is incurable. Each


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cone reacts to different colors of light are red, blue or green. Damage to a cone

causing mild color blindness. If the cone is completely broken, color blindness

becomes more severe. Color blindness affects more men than women. The most

common cause of color blindness is a hereditary factor. Other causes are

abnormalities acquired during life, such as accidents or trauma to the eye (Frita,

2010).

If the stem cells and cone cells are stimulated, the signal will continuous

through a series of nerve cells in the retina itself and eventually into the fibers of the

optic nerve and cerebral cortex (Guyton and Hall, 1996).

Color blindness can be classified into 3 types according to Dickyspeed (2009):

1. Trichromasi types of color blindness is a change in the color sensitivity of one or

more types of cone cells. There are three kinds of trikomasi namely:

a. Protanomali which is a weakness in red.

b. Deuteromali the green color weakness.

c.Tritanomali (low blue) that is the weakness in blue. This type of color

blindness is most often experienced than other types of color blindness.

2. Dichromasi an absence of one of three types of cone cells, consisting of:

a. Protanopia namely the lack of red cones so that the brightness of the color red

and something in between reduced.

b. Deuteranopia namely the lack of cone cells are sensitive to green.

c. Tritanopia to blue.

3. While monochromasi characterized by loss or reduction of all color vision, so that

looks just white and black on the type of typical and a little color on what kind of

atypical. This type of color blindness is extremely rare prevalence

The most common cause of color blindness is inherited, disorder occurs

usually in both eyes, but it does not deteriorate with the passing age. Other causes are

abnormalities acquired during life, such as accidents / trauma to the retina and brainabnormalities generally occur only in one eye and can often function decline over

time. Besides color blindness can also be caused by Shaken Baby Syndrome (which

can cause damage to the retina and brain so that there was color blind) or exposed to

UV radiation (not wearing protective) (Wikipedia, 2011).

The gene for color blindness associated with the X chromosome (X-linked

genes). So the possibility of a man who has genotype XY for color blindness is a


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derivative exposure is greater than women who have genotype XX for color blindness

affected. If only related to one of her X chromosomes, the woman called a carrier or

carriers, which can reduce the gene for color blindness in children. According to one

study 5-8% of men and 0.5% of women are born color-blind. And 99% of people

with color blindness include dicromasi, protanopia, and deuteranopia (Karina, 2007).

Genes are the heredity units a living organism. These genes encoded in the

organism's genetic material, which we know as molecules of DNA, or RNA in some

viruses, and its expression is influenced by internal or external environment such as physical or behavioral development of the organism. Genes are composed of both the

sequence of nucleotide bases that encodes a genetic information (gene-coding region

as exon) and also areas that do not encode genetic information (non-gene-coding

regions as introns), it is important for the formation of a protein whose function is

required at the level of cells, tissues, organs or whole organisms.

DNA molecules carry hereditary information from the cell and protein

components (histone molecules) of the chromosome has important functions in the

packaging and control of a very long DNA molecules that can fit inside the nucleus

and is easily accessible when needed. During reproduction, the haploid number of

chromosomes and genetic material DNA is only half of each parental, and is called

the genome. In eukaryotic individuals (individuals who have a true nucleus),

differentiated human chromosomes into autosomes and sex chromosomes. One part

of the X-chromosome that is not homologous with part of the Y-chromosome (Suryo,

1994).

Color blindness is a genetic disorder or default derived from parent to child, is

often called sex linked disorder, because the disorder is brought about by

chromosome X. This means that the Y chromosome does not carry the color blind

factor. This is what differentiates between people with color blindness in men and

women. Women with a nature, is physically not experience disorder color blind asnormal women in general. But women with hereditary factors potentially lower the

color blind to his future (Bejo, 2008).

It has been known that the individual had two kinds of chromosomes, the

autosomes and sex chromosomes. Because individual females and males have the

same autosome, then the nature of the offspring is determined by genes on autosomes


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is inherited from parents to their children regardless of sex. For example the nature of

heredity as more fingers, hair and eye color or albino may be inherited, but F1 and F2

offspring never mentioned sex.

In addition to autosomal genes, also known genes contained in the sex

chromosomes. This event is called a series of sex (sex linkage). Genes that are strung

on sex chromosomes are called genes strung sex (sex-linkage genes). The strung-X

gene (X-linked genes) are genes that are strung on the X chromosome and gene-

strung-Y (Y-linked genes) are genes that are strung on the Y-chromosome (Suryo,1994).

Red-green color blindness is in the majority of cases provoked through a

defective X-chromosome. Human beings have 23 different pairs of chromosomes

whereof one pair is the so called sex-chromosome. This pair consists of two X-

chromosomes on women and one X- coupled with one Y-chromosome on men. Color

vision in the red-green area is coded on the X-chromosome which is called a sex

linked trait.

This concludes if a man is a carrier of a defective X-chromosome he will

suffer from color blindness. On women the not defective chromosome is in charge

and therefore she is not color blind but a carrier for color blindness. Because a

women needs two defective X-chromosome to be affected this sympstome is called

X-linked recessive . A very interesting conclusion of this: If you are male and your

father suffers from a red-green color vision deficiency you can not inherit it from

him. Only women can be carriers for color blindness who pass it on to their sons.

Possibility pedigree of in color blind inheritance:

Source: Wikipedia. 2011: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness


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Lets have a look at some illustrations. On the left you can see how the

disorder is passed on from an affected father to his children. The sons are unaffected

and do not have the mutation. The daughters are not affected but are both carriers of

the disorder because they inherited the defective X-chromosome from their father.

The illustration on the right side shows a mother which is a carrier and a father which

is unaffected. Their son is at a rate of 50% affected i.e. red-green color blind and their

daughter is at the same rate either are carrier or unaffected. (Wikipedia, 2011).

Source: Wikipedia. 2011: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

In the last illustration we coupled an affected man with a women which is a

carrier. As you can see their children are at a rate of 50% affected. This is the only

case shown here, where a women can be affected i.e. suffering from a red-green color

blindness. If the children are unaffected the daughter is anyway a carrier of the

disorder. The not shown combinations where man and women are either both affectedor both unaffected are left to the reader

Clinical trials test commonly used to detect of defects Ishihara color blindness

test and the test is the American Optical HRR pseudoisochromatic.

These methods are used to quickly determine a color-blind disorder based on the use

of cards dotted with a variety of colors that make up the numbers (Ishihara) and

symbols (HRR). Meanwhile, to make definite classification of protanopia,

deuteranopia, protanomali, and deuteranomali require the use of which involves

matching color anomaloscope.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XlinkRecessive.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness


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IV. OBSERVATION METHOD

IV.1 Materials and Equipments

Brightly room

Book of color blind test

IV.2 Work Procedures

Prepare book of color blind test

Let participators form a group to do color blind test one by one

Make group data and class data

Do more analysis for them that suffer color blind


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V. OBSERVATION RESULT

No. Group Probandus Mistake

1. 1 Tita Enestya 02. 2 Martin Artiyono 1

3. 3 Irfan Fauzi 3

4. 4 Haqqi Anajili 0

5. 5 Ester Yuliana 1

6. 6 Tias Rahayu 1

VI. ANALYSIS

This observation labwork is performed to know the extent ability of cone cells

in the our retina be able to distinguish colors. The indicator that we use in this

observation labwork is the Ishihara test books that match between probandus answer

with art number color in Ishihara test books that examined by lecturer assistancescomparation. From the results that we obtained, the data show that probandus of the

groups is not suffer color blind. This prove by probandus answer, when reading the

numbers on the Ishihara test and looked by comparison or lecturer assistances .

Diagnosis of color blind can be known according to anamnesis, and other

support test. Suitable anamnesis like color blind history in family or cranial trauma

history that can cause neural or eye disorder. Usually Ishihara test book that often

used is 38 plate edition. The contain, 1 - 25 plate is number picture (numeral) that be

better answered by probandus not more than 3 seconds. Then 26 38 plate is pattern

that connect to lines between 2 x and usually answered by probandus in 10 seconds.

Reading 26 28 plate determine normal or abnormal (color blind) of

probandus. If probandus can can read correctly 17 plate or more, so probandus have

normal sight or not suffer color blind. But if probandus just can read correctly 13


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plate or less, so probandus suffer color blind or experiences of sight degradation of

color. This condition also can be seen if probandus more easily to read 18, 19, 20 and

21 plate as 5, 2, 45, and 73 than when probandus read 14, 10, 13, and 17 plate. But in

this observation labwork we just use 14 plate to test probandus. In this test probandus

is normal if can read 10 plate or more from 1 11. If can read correctly 7 plate or less

so will classified suffer color blind. so if use 14 plate probandus at least false 4 plate.

The explanation of observation result will describe one by one:

1. Tita Enestya (first group) can answer all question about Ishiharanumber test, so the mistake is 0 (zero). Can make conclusion that Tita Enestya

is normal or does not suffer color blind.

2. Martin Artiyono (second group) can answer 13 plate correctly from

14 plate. So just one mistake. And can make conclusion that Martin Artiyono

is normal or does not suffer color blind.

3. Irfan Fauzi (thirth group) can answer 11 plate correctly from 14 plate.

So three mistake in the test, according to literature if the mistake just three the

probandus can classified in normal. So can make conclusion that Irfan Fauzi is

normal or does not suffer color blind.

4. Haqqi Anajili (fourth group) can answer all question about Ishihara

number test, so the mistake is 0 (zero). Can make conclusion that Haqqi

Anajili is normal or does not suffer color blind.

5. Ester Yuliana (fifth group) can answer 13 plate correctly from 14

plate. So just one mistake. And can make conclusion that Ester Yuliana is


6. Tias Rahayu (sixth group) can answer 13 plate correctly from 14

plate. So just one mistake. And can make conclusion that Tias Rahayu is


From the ability of cone cells in the retina of each probandus, it is possible

that there is no family of probandus who experience or suffer color blindness.

Because we know that one of the causes of color blindness is a gene that inheritance

from descendent in which genes that regulate this color blind by sex linked on the X

chromosome. It could be normal or carrier women probandus color blind. However,

in this labwork we can not know the genotype of each probandus because the cost of

DNA tests need much fund.


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Someone that suffer color blind, miss or loss one cone cell or their cone cellshave absorption limitation that difference with normal. Meanwhile in normal human

there are 3 types of cone cell with difference light spectrum degree, they are S-cone,

M-cone, and L-cone. Cone cells and cylindrical cells in the retina have different

functions. cylindrical cells can not distinguish colors and more intensive towards the

light, cone cells require more lighting to stimulate these cells. Color vision caused the

three subclasses of cone cells, each having its own opsin type and are associated with

retinal to form the visual pigment phototopsin. Cone photoreceptors as red, green and

blue. Absorption spectrum for these pigments overlap and the brain's perception of

the pattern of intermediates depends on the difference of two or more cone

stimulation. Example, when red and green cone cells are stimulated we may to see the

color yellow or orange, depending on the cone cells are most strongly stimulated.

Color blindness is more common in men than women because generally inherited as

sex linked properties.

We know that color blind is controlled by recessive gene (c). This gene linked

in X chromosome. There are 5 possibility of genotype in color blind:

1. XCXC : normal female

2. XCXc : carrier female

3. XcX c : color blind female

4. XCY : normal male

5. XcY : color blind male

Here is type of marriage that possible in inheritance of color blind:

Marriage type 1

If there are wife (female) and husband (male), female is normal (X CXC) and

male is also normal (X CY). So the phenotype of their children:


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Normal female ( ) : 25 %

Carrier female ( ) : 25%

Normal male ( ) : 25 %

Color blind male ( ) : 25 %

Marriage type 4

If there are wife (female) and husband (male), female is carrier (X CXc) male is

color blind (X cY). So the phenotype of their children:

P: Carrier female ( ) >< Color blind male ( )

(XCXc) (X cY)

G: X C, X c Xc, Y

F1: X CXc, X cXc, X CY, X cY

Carrier female ( ) : 25 %

Color blind female ( ) : 25%

Carrier male ( ) : 25 %

Normal male ( ) : 25 %

Marriage type 5

If there are wife (female) and husband (male), female is color blind (X cXc)

male is normal (X CY). So the phenotype of their children:

P: Color blind female ( ) >< Normal male ( )


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(X cXc) (X CY)

G: Xc

XC

, Y

F1: X CXc, X cY

Carrier female ( ) : 50 %


Marriage type 6

If there are wife (female) and husband (male), female is color blind (X cX c)

and male is also color blind (X cY). So the phenotype of their children:

P: Color blind female ( ) >< Color blind male ( )

(X cXc) (X cY)

G: X c Xc, Y

F1: X cXc, X cY

Color blind female ( ) : 50 %


From the all marriage types, we cant to find carrier in male. Its because in

chromosome in male consist of X chromosome and Y chromosome. Meanwhile we

know that gene recessive of color blind (c) just linked in X chromosome. Because of

male just have one X chromosome in genital cell, so this X chromosome only can

occupied by C gene that result in normal to determine color or linked by gene

recessive of color blind (c) that effect someone suffer color blind. That why, nothing

carrier in male.

VII. CONCLUSION

Color blind is a vision disorder caused by the inability of cone cells (cone

cells) in the retina of the eye to capture a specific color spectrum.


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The disorder is generally a hereditary, caused by a recessive gene "c" an X-

linked (X c).

Someone that suffer color blind, miss or loss one cone cell or their cone cells

have absorption limitation that difference with normal.

We can do the test of color blind use anamnesis and clinical trials.

All probandus in this labwork activity are not suffer color blind according to

Isnihara test.

Nothing carrier in male because male chromosome consist of X chromosomeand Y chromosome. So gene C (normal ) and c (cb) only can linked in X

chromosome.

VIII. REFERENCES

Armstrong, W.P. 1988. Biology Laboratory Manual & Workbook .

Edina, Minnesota: Burgess International Group, Inc.

Bejo. 2008. Color Blind Test. [online] http://rxbejo.blogspot.com/2008/11/tes-buta-

warna.html. Accessed at Jember on November 6, 2011.

Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece & Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2002. Biology Fifth

Edition Volume 3. New York: publisher.

Dickyspeed. 2009 . Color Blind . [online] http://dickspeed.blogspot.com/2009/05/

buta-warna.html. Accessed at Jember on November 6, 2011.

Frita. 2010. Eye 1 . [online] http://fri3ta.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/mata1.pdf.

Accessed at Jember on November 6, 2011.

Genetic Team. 2011. Genetic Labwork Module . Jember: Jember University.

Guyton and Hall, 1996, Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran , edk 9, trans. dr. Irawati

Setiawan, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta.

Karina, Nina. 2007. Mengenal Lebih Dekat Buta Warna .

http://mengenallebihdekatbutawarna.wordpress.com/2010/04/ . accessed on

November 4 2011.
http://dickspeed.blogspot.com/2009/05/http://mengenallebihdekatbutawarna.wordpress.com/2010/04/http://dickspeed.blogspot.com/2009/05/http://mengenallebihdekatbutawarna.wordpress.com/2010/04/


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Meliem, Selis. 2011. Color blind Labwork report . [online]

http://selismeriem.wordpress.com/category/laporan-praktikum/ . accessed et

Jember on November 4, 2011.

Suryo, 1994, Genetika Manusia , Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.

Wikipedia. 2011. Color blind . [online]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Color_ blindness. Accessed at Jember on November 4, 2011.

IX. ADDITION

Are you color blind? Lets check it out!
http://selismeriem.wordpress.com/category/laporan-praktikum/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://selismeriem.wordpress.com/category/laporan-praktikum/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/


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http://www.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu/mccourt/Psy460/Color%20Vision/Ishihara%20Plates/ishihara%20plate%2015.JPG


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for correction can call me!

Documents

Color Blind Labwork