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Color Matters –
The Relationship Between
Color and Pigments in
Architectural Coatings
Valspar sponsors this learning unit provided by Hanley Wood, a
registered provider with the American Institute of Architects (AIA)
Continuing Education Systems (CES). Credits earned on completion
of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion are available for recordkeeping and self-
reporting purposes.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content that may
be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA
of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions
related to specific materials, and services should be directed to
Valspar after you complete this learning unit.
AIA Best Practices
This presentation is protected by US and international copyright laws.
Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without
written permission of the speaker is strictly prohibited.
© Valspar, 2014
Copyright Materials
Course Description
The perception of color is informed by a culture and its symbolism, from
food and fashion to the landscape, structures, raw materials and light.
Color forecasting identifies the newest trends in color that are drawn from
these underlying influences and provides an ongoing resource of
inspiration for designers and architects. This course will demonstrate the
importance of color in the built environment and how color is used in
specific industries and building types to inform an occupant of their
surroundings. The course will discuss the relationship between color and
pigments, including how pigments can affect color performance in
architectural coatings. It will cover ASTM performance test methods used
to ensure coatings meet industry standards and perform well, and the
effect that exposure has on pigments and color retention. In addition
AAMA specifications for various coating technologies will be discussed,
and how these can help specify the correct pigments for optimal form and
function in a project.
Learning Objectives
1. Demonstrate the importance of color in the built environment,
including in specific industries and building types.
2. Explain the relationship between color, pigments, and
architectural coating performance.
3. Describe ASTM test methods used to define the performance
specifications for architectural coatings, including the effect
that exposure has on pigments and color retention.
4. Identify AAMA specifications for various coating technologies.
Learning Objective One
Demonstrate the importance of color in the
built environment, including in specific
industries and building types.
Color is Emotion
“Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions.”
– Pablo Picasso
Red side of color
spectrum evokes
emotions ranging
from warmth and
comfort to anger
and hostility.
Blue side of
color spectrum
evokes feelings
of calm,
sadness and
indifference.
Color Trend Research
Color provokes instant reaction in consumers.
Generates purchases through color attraction.
Companies perform intense research, analysis and forecasting
throughout the year to learn immediate and long term goals of market.
Color Trend Research
Color trends are newest
underlying influences,
inspirations, movements
and prevailing directions
expressed in:
‒ Fashion
‒ Food
‒ Interior products
‒ Architecture
Color and the Built Environment
Color can have a profound effect
on the human experience and on
users of the built environment.
Artists and architects create
ambience and identity in
buildings using:
‒ Colored pigments
‒ Paints
‒ Mosaics
‒ Glass
Color and the Built Environment
Mainstream architecture has overlooked application of color.
Urban planning constraints pose complex obstacles to color
usage in architecture.
But with material
innovations:
‒ Trend for dynamic
color effects emerging.
‒ Academics proving
color in urban planning
is beneficial and
essential.
Color and the Built Environment
Architects should use color in an effective way to create more
human, user-supportive environments through educated
application of color.
Color theory:
‒ Maintains and
reinforces spatial
relations with effective
use of contrasting
color and light.
‒ Integrates certain
pigments to convey a
building’s dimensions
and proportions.
Building Types and Industries - Exteriors
Color and architecture are intimately related, as form first
reaches the human eye through color.
Architects can use exterior color to:
‒ Influence surrounding built
environment.
‒ Fine-tune a building's
appearance and bring it in
harmony with its surroundings.
‒ Differentiate, contain, unite,
equalize and accentuate
elements of a building.
Building Types and Industries –
Restaurants and Food Service
An inviting restaurant that
arouses appetite through multi-
sensory stimulation will be
more successful, provided food
and service are acceptable.
Use of color in restaurant
design should:
‒ Emphasize color's
psychological association with
appetite and smell.
‒ Stimulate the appetite.
‒ Present desired image.
Building Types and Industries –
Industrial Work Environments
Poorly designed conditions in
industrial work environments lead to:
‒ Monotony
‒ Boredom
‒ Fatigue
‒ Lack of motivation
‒ Negative interaction
‒ Accidents
Proper color specifications:
‒ Improve perception
‒ Increase efficiency
‒ Minimize errors
‒ Increase safety and
improve orientation.
Building Types and Industries – Offices
Employers should provide environment physically and
psychologically supportive of employees.
Ergonomics experts critical for efficient space planning, noise,
lighting, etc.
Color specialist:
‒ Sets correct mood
and image.
‒ Pays attention to
relationship between
color, visual efficiency
and comfort.
Building Types and Industries – Schools
Designers turning to color as
means to inject affordable fun
into school environment.
Physical environment has
powerful psycho-physiological
impact on students.
Appropriate color design:
‒ Protects eyesight.
‒ Creates surroundings
conducive to studying.
‒ Promotes physical and
mental health.
Building Types and Industries – Healthcare
Color plays important role in
experience of healthcare facility
as competent, efficient and
caring.
Color can:
‒ Enhance healing process.
‒ Inspire user confidence.
‒ Facilitate medical diagnosis
and surgical performance.
‒ Maintain stimulatory balance.
Learning Objective Two
Explain the relationship between color,
pigments, and architectural coating
performance.
Introduction to Color and
Architectural Coatings
Color, form, space and light
are principle components of
an architectural project.
Color sets experience of a
space.
Has profound effect on built
environment where we live,
work and play.
Has dramatic effect in
changing and improving
aesthetic appeal.
Introduction to Color and
Architectural Coatings
Color is consistently a key selling feature
for building components.
Color choices tend to be on conservative
side.
Heightened consumer and design industry
desire to express creativity by re-evaluating
the power of architectural color.
Looking to color trends and bringing bolder
color choices to projects.
Poses a unique opportunity for high
performance architectural coatings.
Introduction to Pigments
Pigments are key ingredient that can make or break a coating.
Provide coatings color.
Pigment component in formulation can enhance or degrade
overall performance of protective color coating.
In architectural building
components chemical
resistance of pigment is
crucial.
‒ Certain colors more
affected by environment
than others.
‒ Bright colors such as
yellows, oranges and reds
fade faster.
Introduction to Pigments
Pigments added to paint to provide color.
Blended to create desired color to suit
aesthetics of application.
Types of pigments include : ‒ Tints
‒ Metallics
Pigments provide opacity to UV light by
either absorbing or reflecting light, which
often ensures a longer life for the coating.
Pigment can affect a coating in two ways: ‒ Increase porosity, making coating less
corrosion resistant.
‒ Increase hardness and surface roughness,
lowering the coating’s gloss level.
Pigments Performance Qualities
Performance properties of final film
are affected by pigments used in
coating mix.
Organic pigments: ‒ Very bright appearance, but low
resistance to fade.
‒ Allow UV and water to penetrate.
‒ Less hiding power than inorganic
pigments, contributing to poor
weathering.
Ceramic (inorganic) pigments: ‒ Metal oxides and mixed metal oxides
that have high resistance to fade.
‒ Represent most heat stable,
chemically inert, UV, and weather
resistant pigments known.
Pigments: Organic vs. Inorganic
A pigment changes color of
reflected or transmitted light
as a result of wavelength-
selective absorption.
Role must be for both
coloration and function.
Pigments either inorganic or
organic in composition, but
sometimes both types must
be used to achieve a certain
shade or color.
Inorganic Pigments
Manufactured from mineral
compounds that are mainly
complex metal oxides.
Have superior: ‒ Color stability
‒ Heat resistance
‒ Chemical resistance
Colors coming from inorganic
pigment are less bright: ‒ Beiges
‒ Browns
‒ Tans
‒ Other earth-tone colors
Organic Pigments
Carbon-based.
Often made from petroleum compounds.
Low resistance to fade.
Low heat resistance.
Allow UV and oxygen to penetrate,
breaking the chemical bonds.
Less hiding power.
Colors from organic pigments have very
bright, vivid appearance.
Comparison of Inorganic and Organic Pigments
Characteristic Inorganic Organic
Color Often Dull Bright Colors
Color Strength High Low
Opacity Opaque (strong coverage) Transparent (low coverage)
Environment 100% Sun 50% Sun or less
Weatherability/Heat
Resistance
High Low
Warranty High (10 – 30yrs) Low (5 – 10 yrs)
Source Minerals Petroleum
Cost Low High
How Color Affects Warranty
Analyze each architectural project in
terms of its particular situation, function
and needs:
‒ What is the end use application?
‒ What is the application’s environment?
‒ What are the performance requirements?
Not all pigments suitable for every
application.
Pigments for exterior high performance
architectural coatings require high-end
products with outstanding properties;
especially heat resistance.
How Color Affects Warranty
Color warranties based on % of organic vs.
inorganic pigments used to create final color.
Film integrity determined by resin system used: ‒ PVDF
‒ SMP
‒ Polyester
Gloss: ‒ Measure of surface roughness.
‒ Smoother surface = higher gloss.
Chalk: ‒ Degraded resin appearing as a white powder.
Fade: ‒ Caused by resin degradation
‒ Affected by gloss changes and depletion of pigment
How Color Affects Warranty
Warranty PVDF - Brick Red PVDF – Bright Red
Film Integrity 20 years 20 years
Chalk (8 rating) 20 years No warranty
Fade (5.0 DE) 20 years No warranty
Clear Coat
Clear coat will improve durability
of any coating.
Critical for metallic colors using
aluminum pigmentation.
This top coat keeps aluminum
from discoloring when exposed to
certain chemicals in environment.
Can help bright colors, as color
fade and chalk resistance of
some organic pigments can be
improved by using a clear coat.
Solar Reflectance Pigments
Metal building components coated with solar
reflective pigments help to keep the building cooler.
Lighter colors and inorganic pigments cool better.
SR pigments can be altered physically and
chemically to reflect infrared radiation, while still
absorbing the same amount of visible light, allowing
the coating and roof to stay cooler.
Products containing solar reflective pigments are
available in a variety of formulations such as 70%
PVDF, SMP and polyester.
Metamerism
Change the light source and each of
those matches will then look visually
different from one another.
Colors that shift relative to one another
when a light source changes are said to
be metamers, or to be exhibiting
metamerism.
The color of an object is determined by 2 components:
‒ The chemistry of the object’s pigmentation.
‒ Type of light illuminating the object.
Using only 1 light source, a given color could be
matched with multiple pigment combinations.
Metamerism
Practical applications of metamerism are
experienced every day in our atmosphere.
Visible spectrum of light is evenly distributed
at noon when sun is directly overhead.
At sundown, when the angle of direct sunlight
has shifted due to a change in position of the
earth relative to the sun, visible light is shifted
toward red end of spectrum.
Two colors that look identical at noon could
shift considerably in appearance at sundown
if they not matched using identical
pigmentation.
Metamerism
Samples entering lab to be matched are first analyzed in reflectance
spectrophotometers.
From those analytical results manufacturers can determine a sample’s
pigmentation and thus avoid producing a metameric match.
In knowing the pigmentation
they also know if the sample
contains a pigment that has
limited or no exterior durability.
When a metameric match must
be submitted they should be
matched under daylight (noon
time sun) conditions, a common
practice in the coatings industry.
Learning Objective Three
Describe ASTM test methods used to define
the performance specifications for
architectural coatings, including the effect that
exposure has on pigments and color retention.
Testing and Coating Performance
Factors such as: ‒ Exposure to sun (UV light)
‒ Moisture and humidity
‒ High temperatures
‒ Temperature fluctuations
Lead to: ‒ Color changes
‒ Chalking
‒ Blistering
‒ Corrosion to protective metal coating.
Knowing the enemy and understanding how it can
affect a painted metal product helps manufacturer
develop and deliver products that meet a project’s
specific performance requirements.
Causes of Coating Failure
Possible causes of a coating failure include:
Oxidation of binder due to UV exposure.
Degradation/oxidation of the pigment.
Reaction of the pigment or etching of the surface
with atmospheric pollutants.
Dirt (picked up or staining), and
Wind-blown sand abrasion.
Testing and Coating Performance
Coating industry constantly testing and
evaluating how weather interacts with paint.
Tests and evaluations performed to
appropriate industry association
standards by technical experts.
Technology is key to: ‒ Weather testing of coatings.
‒ Formulation of new materials.
‒ Improvement of old formulas.
Allows for: ‒ Coating patch and application performance.
‒ Resin development.
‒ Pigment studies.
Natural Exposure Testing
Weather exposure is key component to coatings performance.
Natural exterior exposure is the best way to see how a coating
system will stand up to the test of time.
Testing facility in Florida
exposes panels at 45°
angle facing south for max
stress on coating
performance, providing
weather conditions ideal
for natural testing.
Numerous coated and
bare metal panels
monitored simultaneously.
Physical Tests
Physical tests performed usings
ASTM test methods to measure: ‒ Color retention
‒ Film thickness and hardness
‒ Gloss levels
‒ Resistance to solvents
‒ Flexibility
To perform physical tests on a
cured film, the film must be cast
on a pre-coated primer: ‒ Coil applications use a draw-
down rod.
‒ Extrusion applications are
sprayed on.
Color Retention Test
Various color instrumentation
utilized to measure color of a batch:
‒ Versus the standard.
‒ As looked at by the human eye.
Film Thickness and Hardness Test
Film thickness:
‒ DJH machine pierces film.
‒ Crosshairs then put on hole to
determine actual DFT.
Film hardness:
‒ Determined by pencil
hardness test.
‒ A number of pencils held
against film at specified angle
and pushed across film.
‒ Test begins with hardest pencil
and continues until pencil can
no longer gouge film.
Gloss Levels Test
The various film gloss
levels used in the
industry are determined
by end use.
Resistance to Solvents Test
Films can be very resistant to solvents.
Cheesecloth saturated in MEK or acetone and rubbed across panel.
One rub is up and back.
Cured fluoropolymer will
take 100 double rubs
without breaching the film.
Flexibility Test
Flexibility is critical as metal
will be post-manufactured into
shapes after film is applied.
“T” bend refers to number of
thicknesses of metal between
the two outside in the bend.
Special tape is applied on
bend to determine if adhesion
is lost.
Sand Abrasion Test
Resistance to erosion important in exterior exposure.
Sand abrasion test determines toughness of film.
Sand put in hopper and allowed to fall from a specified height
through a guide tube onto coated panel below.
Sand continues to fall until
a hole in film is created,
revealing substrate below.
Amount of abrasive per
unit film thickness is
reported as abrasion
resistance of coating on
panel.
Chemical Spot Test
Determines a film’s resistance to
high acidic or alkaline conditions.
Concentrated acid or base is
dropped onto film and covered with
a watch glass.
After prescribed period of time
panel is wiped off and examined.
Fluoropolymers are fairly inert and
do not change when subjected to
such conditions.
Why Coatings Fail - Chalking
Chalking caused by degradation of resin system at surface
of finish, due predominantly to exposure to UV rays.
As resin system breaks down, resin particles take on a
white appearance, and imbedded pigment particles lose
their adhesion to film.
Chalk can easily be rubbed off.
Why Coatings Fail - Fading
Fading is caused by UV and hydrolytic degradation of the resin system.
If organic pigments are present in the color they may also be degraded.
Consult individual manufacturers for more information about their test
methods and facilities.
Learning Objective Four
Identify AAMA specifications for various
coating technologies.
Extrusion Coatings and AAMA 2605 Superior
Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminum
Extrusions and Panels
All extrusion coatings manufactured to protect
aluminum building components fall into one of the
AAMA specifications.
All coatings can be produced in liquid or powder form.
70% PVDF coating:
‒ Most durable coating to ensure long
life of building project.
‒ Best protection against color fade
and chalk, cyclic corrosion,
pollutants, corrosion, and other
harsh conditions.
70% PVDF
Used around the world on exteriors of high profile projects. Trusted
and known in the industry for best use on monumental projects that
need exterior durability to harsh conditions and long life.
Applications include, but are not limited to: ‒ Curtain walls
‒ Monumental window wall systems
‒ Louvers
‒ Sun shades
‒ Entry systems.
Commonly uses earth tone colors.
Two coat system consisting of a
flash primer and color coat.
Solar reflective pigments introduced
within last several years.
Metallic and Pearlescent Effects
Metal flake based
and solar reflective
pigments may be
available.
3 coat system
consisting of:
‒ Primer
‒ Topcoat
‒ Clear coat
Pearlescent (mica) coatings are
man-made (non-metallic) flake.
Best technology for color
consistency and repeatability.
2 coat system consisting of:
‒ Primer
‒ Mica top coat
Solar reflective pigments may be
available.
Bright and Exotic Colors
3 coat systems comprised of a: ‒ Primer
‒ Color coat
‒ Clear coat
The bright pigmentation
requires a clear coat for
exterior durability to meet high
industry specifications.
AAMA 2604
Coatings that meet AAMA 2604
specification are very functional and
ideal for projects that do not need to
meet highest industry specifications,
but still require good durability for
harsh conditions.
50% PVDF containing products may
provide a harder surface than a 70%
PVDF product line due to a lower
PVDF and a higher acrylic content.
50% PVDF resin systems offer good
resistance to chalking and fading.
AAMA 2604
These coatings provide hard, durable
surfaces ideal for high traffic areas such as: ‒ Interiors
‒ Store front entry systems
‒ Residential windows
‒ Low rise commercial
‒ Condominium projects
All 50% PVDF coatings are a 2 coat system
similar to the typical, standard 70% PVDF
system.
Mainly available in an earth tone color range,
although pearlescent systems available and
widely used in market place.
AAMA 2603 Voluntary Specification Performance
Requirements for Pigmented Organic Coatings and
Aluminum Extrusions and Panels
Coatings that meet AAMA 2603 specifications are: ‒ PVDF/acrylic blends
‒ High solid polyesters, or
‒ Conventional acrylics
Perform extremely well for hardness and weatherability.
UV can penetrate glass and breakdown lesser performing coatings.
PVDF/acrylic blends are the highest performing products in 2603
specification.
Polyester resin systems are compliant coatings that are flexible, high
solid, with a low VOC content.
AAMA 2603
Acrylic resin systems are non-
compliant coatings with low solids
and higher VOC content.
Polyester and acrylic coatings create
extremely hard resin systems.
Polyester and acrylic resin systems
are usually used for: ‒ Non-commercial projects
‒ Interior application for monumental
projects
AAMA 2603 coatings are a 1 coat
system (direct to metal coatings),
and available in standard and bright
colors.
AAMA Summary
Coatings are used to protect the substrate from deterioration.
Possible causes of a coating failure include: ‒ Oxidation of binder due to UV exposure.
‒ Degradation/oxidation of the pigment.
‒ Reaction of pigment or etching of surface with atmospheric pollutants,
dirt, and wind-blown sand abrasion.
Using the proper coating system will protect the overall system for
the life of the project.
PVDF coatings used for long life expectancy.
PVDF coatings used for consistent color with minimal fade and chalk.
Polyesters and acrylics are harder.
Ideal for low UV environments and interiors.
Summary
Color has a profound effect on the human experience users of the built
environment.
Architects should use color effectively to create more user-supportive
environments through the educated application of color, whether in an
institutional, commercial or industrial setting.
High performance architectural coatings are a means to this end, but it
is important to select the appropriate color for a specific project, taking
into consideration intended use and environmental concerns.
The pigment component in any formulation can enhance or degrade the
overall performance of the protective color coating and it is very
important to choose correctly between inorganic and organic pigments,
as they have very different aesthetic and performance properties.
Paying attention to ASTM testing and AAMA specifications for certain
architectural coating technologies will help architects to specify the
correct pigments for optimal form and function in a project.
Thank You Thank you for your interest in Color Matters – The
Relationship Between Color and Pigments in
Architectural Coatings.
Please contact Valspar with any questions related
to the information presented within this program.