Combustion and conversion of fuels to produce energy (1 A 1)

UNECE Workshop

Pepa López Juan Luis Martín

Almaty 17 June 2015

Contents

What is included? Key data Calculation methods Example Summary

1. Background and major sources

• 1.A.1.a Public electricity and heat production • 1.A.1.b Petroleum refining • 1.A.1.c Manufacture of solid fuels

1.A.1 Combustion and conversion of fuels to produce energy

What is included?

What is included?

• Emissions released by a controlled combustion process (boiler emissions, furnace emissions, emissions from gas turbines or stationary engines) mainly characterised by the types of fuels used.

• A characterisation of the combustion sources may be developed according to

the size and type of plants as well as from primary or secondary reduction measures (solid, liquid or gaseous fuels are used and there are a range of abatement measures for PM, SO2 and NOx).

• In general, the size of an installation under this NFR category will exceed 50

MWth; emissions from smaller appliances are included under 1.A.4. • Small number of installations but wide range of fuel types, combustion

technologies and abatement technologies in use.

What is included?

1. Background and major sources

• 1.A.1.a Public electricity and heat production • 1.A.1.b Petroleum refining • 1.A.1.c Manufacture of solid fuels

1.A.1 Combustion and conversion of fuels to produce energy

What is included?

What is included?

• Heating of crude and petroleum products without contact between flame and products.

• Include fuels such as refinery gas.

• Production processes such as thermal cracking and catalyst regenerator units as well as venting, flaring and fugitive emissions are covered under 1.B.2.

What is included?

1. Background and major sources

• 1.A.1.a Public electricity and heat production • 1.A.1.b Petroleum refining • 1.A.1.c Manufacture of solid fuels

1.A.1 Combustion and conversion of fuels to produce energy

What is included?

What is included?

• Coke production and emissions associated with combustion in the coke oven

(Most coke production is associated with iron and steel production). • Extraction of coal and initial treatment is covered under 1.B. • Fugitive emissions from extinction (quenching) and door leakage covered in 1.B.

What is included?

• In the absence of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) technology, the emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) are directly related to the sulphur content of the fuel. The sulphur content of refined natural gas is negligible.

• Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) arise from nitrogen in the fuel (mainly relevant to solid and liquid fuels) and from reaction of atmospheric nitrogen. Combustion control can provide a high degree of NOx emission control (low NOx burner technology) and this may be supplemented by use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction techniques (SNCR).

• Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) result from incomplete combustion.

• Carbon monoxide (CO) appears always as an intermediate product of the combustion process.

• Coal and other fuels with significant ash content have the highest potential to emit PM.

• The content of heavy metals in coal is normally several orders of magnitude higher than in oil and natural gas. For natural gas only emissions of mercury are relevant.

What is included?

Fuel use data

Emissions

Emission factor

(Unit Conversion)

Key data sources

For a Tier 2 approach these data need to be stratified according to technologies applied. Typical data sources are specific questionnaires to the individual combustion installations.

• Fuel use data

• Emission factors

National energy balance

National statistics

Private companies

International statistics

Point sources

EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Country-specific (research / studies)

Using information from neighbouring

countries

Key data sources

International data sets e.g. UN statistics

Private industry fuel consumption data

EMEP/EEA Guidelines

Fuel consumption

data

Emission

Emission factor

(Unit Conversion)

National energy balance

Point source (measured) data

Country-specific EFs

SIMPLE!

Calculation methods

Example

Summary

• Obtaining complete energy balance data will enable a first estimate of total emissions using Tier 1 Efs

• Move towards improving the accuracy Obtain technology and abatement details (Tier 2) Bring in point source data (Tier 3)

• Do the basics first, and then look for continuous

improvement