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COMM 205 REVIEW SESSION BY OLGA ALKINA

COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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Page 1: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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!!COMM!205!REVIEW!SESSION!BY!OLGA!ALKINA!

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Page 2: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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TABLE!OF!CONTENT!0. About!the!Tutor!+!Package!Overview!1. IF,!nested!IF,!AND/OR!2. COUNTIFS,!SUMIFS!3. VLOOKUP!4. LEFT/RIGHT/MID,!CONCATENATE,!&!operator!5. LEN,!TRIM,!SUNSTITUTE,!REPLACE!6. FIND,!SEARCH!7. Extra!material!8. Practice!problems!9. Practice!midterm!

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Page 3: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS!My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I!took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and!got!86!as!my!final!grade.!I’m!here!to!provide!you!with!the!materials!necessary!to!succeed!in!your!COMM!205!midterm.!During!the!review!session,!I!will!go!through!all!the!functions,!do!some!practice!problems,!and!answer!your!questions.!!

This!package!consists!of:!

1. Course!material!review!2. Practice!problems!3. Practice!midterm!

Review!Sections!1]6!don’t!cover!every!single!aspect!of!any!given!function!but!only!the!most!important!points!that!you!should!remember.!

The!Problems!Section!8!consists!of!problems!created!by!me!and!is!aimed!to!tackle!a!number!of!tricky!questions!students!are!likely!to!make!mistakes!in.!

Last,!but!not!least,!during!the!review!session,!I!may!go!through!the!practice!midterm!your!professor!posted!on!Connect!if!I!have!any!time!left.!In!case!you!didn’t!download!it!from!Connect!yet!or!couldn’t!find!it,!I!attached!it!below!the!practice!problems.!

Before!you!start:!these!problems!may!seem!a!bit!too!hard.!But!don’t!get!discouraged!!The!questions!I!created!are!tricky!for!your!own!good!and!test!not!only!your!general!MIS!knowledge,!but!also!your!attention!to!details.!Remember:!attention!in!MIS!is!extremely!important!!If!you!complete!more!than!80%!of!these!questions!correctly,!you!are!quite!ready!for!the!midterm!(but!you!can!never!be!too!prepared!so!keep!practising!).!If!you!make!quite!a!bit!of!mistakes,!review!the!material!provided!here!again.!It!will!answer!all!(or!most)!of!your!questions.!

One!last!note:!problems!of!“Write!the!formula!by!yourself”!type!may!have!multiple!answers,!so!that!your!answers!can!differ!from!what!I!myself!came!up!with.!If!your!answer!is!different!from!mine,!feel!free!to!ask!me!about!it!at#the#end#[email protected]!(please!don’t!email!me!questions!like!that!before!the!review!session).!In!case!you!email!me!after!the!review!session,!please!give!me!at#least!3!hours!(max!6!hours)!to!get!back!to!you!!

Good!luck!!

Page 4: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!1!–!IF,!NESTED!IF,!AND/OR !IF!function:!

• =IF(logical_test,![value_if_true],![value_if_false]!• Quotation!marks!“”!are!needed!for!text,!but!not!for!numbers,!cell!references,!or!

formulas.!• Nested!IF:!to!get!more!than!two!results!

AND!function:!

• AND(logical1,![logical2],!…)!• Evaluates!if!all!logicals!are!TRUE!or!FALSE!• Up!to!255!logicals!can!be!tested!• Can!be!nested!in!IF!function!

OR!function:!

• OR(logical1,![logical2],!…)!• Evaluates!at!least!one!of!logicals!are!TRUE!or!FALSE!• Up!to!255!logicals!can!be!tested!• Can!be!nested!in!IF!function!

MAX/MIN!function:!

• =MAX/MIN!(number1,![number2],…)!• Returns!the!largest/smallest!value!in!a!set!of!values!• Values!can!be!numbers,!cell!references!containing!numbers,!or!a!cell!range!

containing!numbers.!

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Page 5: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!2!–!COUNTIFS,!SUMIFS!COUNTIFS!function!

• =COUNTIFS(criteria_range1,!criteria1,…)!• Counts!values!in!a!specific!range!that!meet!certain!criteria!• Up!to!127!criteria!can!be!tested!• Criteria!can!be!in!the!form!of!a!number,!cell!reference,!or!text!• Criteria!need!to!be!enclosed!in!“”!when!you!use:!

! Logical!operators!with!text,!number,!or!cell!references!! Any!text!(with!or!without!logical!operators)!

• Criteria!don’t!need!to!be!enclosed!in!“”!when!you!use:!! Numbers!(if!you!enclose,!formula!will!work!too)!! Cell!references!

SUMIFS!function!

• =SUMIFS(sum_range,!criteria_range1,!criteria1,…)!• Adds!values!in!a!specified!range!or!multiple!ranges!that!meet!specified!criteria!• Up!to!127!criteria!can!be!tested!• Criteria!can!be!in!the!form!of!a!number,!cell!reference,!or!text!• Criteria!need!to!be!enclosed!in!“”!when!you!use:!

! Logical!operators!with!text,!number,!or!cell!references!! Any!text!(with!or!without!logical!operators)!

• Criteria!don’t!need!to!be!enclosed!in!“”!when!you!use:!! Numbers!(if!you!enclose,!formula!will!work!too)!! Cell!references!

• Sum!range!must!be!of!the!same!size!and!shape!with!your!criteria!range!• Nested!IF!with!SUMIFS!function!

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Page 6: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!3!–!VLOOKUP!• =VLOOKUP(lookup_value,!table_array,!col_index_num,![range_lookup])!• Looks!up!a!value!in!the!first!column!and!then!returns!value!from!any!cell!on!the!

same!row.!• Tip:!make!a!table!array!an!absolute!reference!

Exact!matches!(range_lookup=FALSE):!

• If!the!VLOOKUP!is!used!to!find!an!exact!match,!the!rows!can!be!in!any!order.!• Make!sure!that!there!are!no!duplicates!in!the!first!column.!

Approximate!matches!(range_lookup=TRUE):!

• If!you!want!to!look!up!a!value!in!a!range,!you!must!sort!the!data!from!the!LOWEST!to!the!HIGHEST.!

• Include!only!the!lowest!value!in!the!range!(breakpoint)!

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Page 7: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!4!–!LEFT,!RIGHT,!MID,!CONCATENATE,!&!LEFT/RIGHT!functions!

• =LEFT(text,num_chars)!• =RIGHT(text,num_chars)!

MID!function!

• =MID(text,start_num,num_chars)!

CONCATENATE!and!&!functions:!

• =CONCATENATE(text1,[text2],…)!• Joins!two!or!more!strings!of!text!into!one!• Up!to!255!strings!of!text!can!be!joined!• Don’t!forget!to!insert!space!between!words!if!needed!• Alternatively,!use!&!operator:!=Cell1&”_”&Cell2!

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Page 8: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!5!–!LEN,!TRIM,!SUBSTITUTE,!REPLACE!LEN!function!

• =LEN(text)!• Returns!the!number!of!characters!in!a!text!string.!Spaces!are!counted!too.!• Can!be!text!with!“”!or!cell!reference.!

TRIM!function!

• =TRIM(text)!• Removes!all!redundant!spaces!(all!except!for!single!spaces!between!words)!• Can!be!text!with!“”!or!cell!reference.!

SUBSTITUTE!function!

• =SUBSTITUTE(text,!old_text,!new_text,![instance_num])!• Substitutes!a!specific!text!in!a!text!string.!• Case!sensitive!(same!as!REPLACE)!• The!text!can!be!an!actual!text!you!type!in!the!formula!with!quotation!marks!or!

referred!to!from!another!cell.!You!can!also!use!(nest)!LEFT,!RIGHT,!or!MID!function.!This!rule!is!also!true!with!old_text!and!new_text.!

• If!you!use!instance!number!(1,!2,!3,!etc.),!Excel!will!only!substitute!the!new_text!for!the!old_text!in!that!specific!instance.!

REPLACE!function!

• =REPLACE!(old_text,!start_num,!num_chars,!new_text)!• Case!sensitive!(same!as!SUBSTITUTE)!• Removes!a!specified!number!of!characters!starting!at!a!single!location!(the!character!

number)!that!you!specify!in!the!cell!or!text,!and!Replaces!those!removed!characters!with!the!new!text!you!specify.!

• The!old_text!and!new_text!can!be!an!actual!text!you!type!in!the!formula!with!quotation!marks!or!referred!to!from!another!cell.!You!can!also!use!(nest)!LEFT,!RIGHT,!or!MID.!

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Page 9: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!6!–!FIND,!SEARCH!FIND!function!

• =FIND(find_text,!within_text,![start_num])!• Looks!for!one!text!string!inside!a!second!text!string,!and!then!returns!the!character!

number!of!the!starting!position!of!the!first!text!string!that!is!in!the!second!text!string.!

• Case!sensitive!(UNlike!SEARCH)!• Doesn’t!allow!wildcards!

SEARCH!function!

• =SEARCH(find_text,!within_text,![start_num])!• Similar!to!FIND!• NOT!case!sensitive!(UNlike!FIND)!• Allows!wildcards!

Wildcards:!

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Two!functions!that!are!commonly!used!with!the!FIND!or!SEARCH!functions!are!the!MID!and!REPLACE!functions.!

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Page 10: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!7!–!EXTRA!MATERIAL!Types!of!cell!references:!

• Relative!]!A!formula!with!a!relative!cell!reference!changes!when!you!copy!and!paste!the!formula!to!another!cell.!E.g.!A2!

• Absolute!]!does!not!change!when!you!copy!and!paste!the!formula.!E.g.!$A$2!• Mixed!–!locks!either!the!column!($A2)!or!the!row!(A$2)!

Types!of!errors:!

• #NAME?!]!occurs!when!Excel!does!not!recognize!text!in!a!formula!(typo!in!formula!or!forgot!“!“)!

• #VALUE!!–!occurs!when!a!formula!has!the!wrong!type!of!argument.!• #N/A!–!indicates!that!a!value!is!not!available!to!a!function!or!formula.!

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Page 11: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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SECTION!8!–!PROBLEMS!

1st#Problem#You!and!your!friends!decided!to!go!to!Europe!after!you!finish!your!finals.!However,!your!demanding!parents!set!a!couple!of!conditions!you!must!meet!to!join!your!friends!(see!table!below).!

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a)!Choose!all!formulas!you!can!use!for!D2!to!answer!the!question:!will!you!be!able!to!join!your!friends!with!the!results!given?!All!conditions!must!be!met!!

" =IF(C2>=B2,IF(C3>=B3,IF(C4>B4,"Yes","No"),"No"),"No")!" =IF(AND(C2>=B2,C3>=B3,C4>=B4),!"Yes",!"No")!" =IF(C2:C4>=B2:B4,!"Yes",!"No")!" =IF(OR(C2>=B2,C3>=B3,C4>=B4),!"Yes",!"No")!" None!of!the!above!

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b)!Imagine!your!parents!would!care!only!about!exams!(only!Midterm!score!and!Final!exam!score!conditions!are!relevant!for!this!question).!Choose!one!option!to!answer!the!same!question:!

o =IF(AND(C3,C4)>=70,!"Yes",!"No")!o =IF(AND(C3>=B3,C4>=B4),!Yes,!No)!o Both!formulas!can!be!used!o Neither!formula!can!be!used!

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Page 12: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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c)!Imagine!you’re!doing!really!well!in!your!other!courses!so!your!parents!decided!to!be!more!permissive!and!ask!you!to!either!meet!the!Final!exam!score!condition!or!both!of!the!two!remaining!(homework!and!midterm).!

Fill!in!the!gaps!below!to!answer!the!same!question.!

=IF(____>=____,"____",____(____(C__>=B__,C__>=B__),"Yes","No"))!

Challenge!!Write!two!more!formulas!that!would!also!answer!the!question*:!

=!

=!

*!This!is!one!of!those!problems!when!you!may!end!up!with!an!answer!that!is!different!from!mine.!Please!ask!me!about!it!at#the#end!of!the!review!session!or!by!email!AFTER!the!session!! !

Page 13: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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2nd#Problem#

!Write!two!formulas!that!would!join!these!words!into!one!phrase*:!

=!

=!

*!This!is!one!of!those!problems!when!you!may!end!up!with!an!answer!that!is!different!from!mine.!Please!ask!me!about!it!at#the#end!of!the!review!session!or!by!email!AFTER!the!session!!

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Page 14: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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3rd#Problem#You!were!asked!to!create!formula!that!would!automatically!indicate!a!price!for!customers!based!on!their!age.!The!list!of!customers!is!much!longer!than!the!one!you!see!in!the!first!table!(it’s!just!an!extract).!

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Choose!all!correct!formulas!for!C2!that!(a)!you!could!drag!down!to!fill!in!C3:C100!and!(b)!would!indicate!price!for!each!customer.!

" =VLOOKUP(B2,$F$2:$G$6,2,TRUE)!" =VLOOKUP(B2,F2:G6,2,TRUE)!" =VLOOKUP(B2,$E$2:$G$6,3,TRUE)!" =VLOOKUP(B2,F$2:G$6,2,TRUE)!" None!of!the!above!

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Page 15: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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4th#Problem!

You!were!given!a!list!of!100!customers.!Column!‘A’!represents!their!names;!‘B’!is!for!customer!category;!‘C’!is!for!payment!category;!‘D’!indicates!price!that!customers!pay.!An!example!was!given!to!you.!The!example!is!not!the!actual!list!and!simply!shows!different!categories.!

!

Payment!categories:!

0!–!discounted!price!

1!–!full!price!

Each!person!belongs!to!at!least!one!customer!and!payment!category.!In!each!category!(both!customer!and!payment),!there!is!at!least!one!person.!!There!are!only!3!price!categories!($0,!$2,!$5).!No!other!categories!exist.!

a)!Answer!the!following!questions:!

What!is!the!minimal!value!of!COUNTIFS!with!one!criterion!(customer!category)?!Two!criteria!(customer!and!payment!categories)?!What!are!the!maximum!values!for!one!and!two!criteria?!

Same!questions!for!SUMIFS:!what!is!the!minimal!possible!value!of!SUMIFS!with!one!criterion!(customer!category)?!Two!criteria!(customer!and!payment!categories)?!What!are!the!maximum!possible!values!for!one!and!two!criteria?!

!

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!

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Page 16: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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b)!Which!of!the!following!formulas!could!you!use!if!you!wanted!to:!

• count!all!customers!who!are!adults!and!get!discounted!price?!=COUNTIF(B2:B101,!"=Adult",!C2:C101,!"=0")!=COUNTIF(B2:B101,=Adult,!C2:C101,!=0)!=COUNTIFS(B2:B101,!"=Adult",!C2:C101,!"=0")!

• count!all!customers!who!get!discounted!price?!=COUNTIFS(C2:C101,!"0")!=COUNTIF(C2:C101,!"=0")!

• count!all!customers!who!are!adults?!=COUNTIFS(B2:B101,"Adult")!=COUNTIFS(B2:B101,"=Adult")!

c)!Write!a!formula!that!would!indicate!the!total!amount!paid!by!customers!who!are!adults!but!don’t!get!discounted!price.!

=!

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Page 17: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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5th#Problem#

!Here,!you!can!see!a!list!of!customers!who!made!a!purchase!at!a!tech!store!in!the!past!3!months.!Now,!the!management!team!wants!to!know!if!they!reached!the!revenue!breakpoint!(earned!a!certain!amount!of!money).!The!revenue!breakpoint!is!$1,500!paid!by!all!loyal!customers!who!made!4!or!more!purchases.!

Your!task!is!to!create!a!formula!for!E2!that!would!answer!the!question:!did!the!company!reach!the!breakpoint?!If!the!target!is!met,!indicate!‘TargetMet’.!If!not,!indicate!‘TargetNotMet’.!

=! !

Page 18: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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6th#Problem#

!Choose!all!correct!formulas!that!would!transform!A1!text!into!A3!text.!

" =SUBSTITUTE(A1,"great","Great")!" =SUBSTITUTE(A1,"great","Great",1)!" =REPLACE(A1,32,5,"Great")!" =REPLACE(A1,32,5,"=Great")!" =Substitute(A23,!'great',!'Great')!" None!of!the!above!

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Page 19: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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7th#Problem#You!were!given!a!list!of!BC!addresses.!However,!the!list!is!not!edited!properly,!and!the!addresses!contain!a!lot!of!redundant!spaces.!

!

(1)!Create!formula!in!B2!that,!if!dragged!down,!removes!redundant!spaces:!

=!

(2)!Fill!in!blanks!in!the!formula!in!C2!that,!if!dragged!down,!converts!province!abbreviations!into!full!names!

=IF(______(______!(B2,4),!__)=",",REPLACE(B2,!____________,2,"British!Columbia"),!B2)!

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Page 20: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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8th#Problem#

!Your!task!here!is!to!extract!option!name!(e.g.!Accounting)!from!cells!C2:C7!into!B2:B7.!However,!you!need!to!create!two!formulas:!the!first!one!should!contain!SEARCH!with!wildcard!operators;!the!second!one!should!contain!FIND.!

Once!you!create!two!formulas!for!B2!cell,!you!should!be!able!to!drag!them!all!the!way!down!to!B7.!

=!

=!

*!This!is!one!of!those!problems!when!you!may!end!up!with!an!answer!that!is!different!from!mine.!Please!ask!me!about!it!at#the#end!of!the!review!session!or!by!email!AFTER!the!session!!

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Page 21: COMM 205 REVIEW!SESSION · 2015-10-14 · ABOUT!THE!TUTOR!+!SOME!INSTRUCTIONS! My!name!is!Olga,!and!I’m!a!third]year!student!completing!two!options:!BTM!and!OPLOG.!I! took!COMM!205!in!Term!2!last!year!and

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9th#Problem#Here’s!a!real!challenge!for!you!!(But!there’s!nothing!you!can’t!cope!with!right?)!Hint:!you!will!probably!have!to!use!3]4!different!formulas,!but!you!may!use!some!of!them!more!than!once!(depends!on!how!you!will!tackle!this!problem).!

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In!this!problem,!you!need!to!replace!province!abbreviations!as!you!see!them!in!A2:A9!with!full!province!names!(ON!]>!Ontario)!while!keeping!the!rest!of!an!address.!Thus,!what!you!should!get!in!B2!is!‘6554!Blue!Zephyr!Road,!Hooker,!Ontario’!

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Create!at!least!one!formula,!but!feel!free!to!challenge!yourself!and!come!up!with!even!more.!

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