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Commercial local urban districts program (cluds) 2012

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urban regeneration, public private partnerships, economic development, territorial milieu, smart growth

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CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS

PEOPLE 2012 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsIn Horizon 2020

UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTYY OOFF CCYYPPRRUUSS55--66 NNoovveemmbbeerr 22001122

NNiiccoossiiaa -- CCyypprruuss

IISSBBNN 997788--99996633--770000--6622--22

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Conference ProceedingsPEOPLE 2012

PPrreeffaaccee

During�a�period�of�economic�crisis�and�at�the�beginning�of�the�next�framework�programmefor�research�and�innovation,�HORIZON�2020,�the�discussion�of�mobility�of�researchersacquires�greater� importance�than�ever�before.�The�Marie�Skłodowska�Curie�Actions� issupporting�the�mobility�of�researchers,�which�in�sequence�is�directly�linked�to�innovationand�becomes�the�catalyst�for�transforming�the�EU�knowledge�base�into�the�developmentof�new�products�and�solutions.�Access�to�finance�for�research�and�innovation�in�Europe�isthe�fuel�to�ensure�that�innovative�ideas�can�be�turned�into�products�and�services�that�creategrowth�and�jobs.

The�Research�and�International�Relations�Service�of�the�University�of�Cyprus�is�pleased�inhaving�the�opportunity�to�organize�the�Marie-Curie�PEOPLE�2012�conference�with�thesupport�of�the�European�Commission�and�the�Cyprus�presidency�of�the�Council�of�theEuropean�Union.

A�good�number�of�Poster�Presentations�took�place�during�PEOPLE�2012�conference�inaddition� to� the� rich� programme� of� plenary� and� parallel� sessions.� The� conferenceparticipants�had�the�opportunity�to�discover�what�Marie�Curie�Fellows�are�producing�andhad�a� taste�of� the�wealth�of� ideas�and� innovation�produced�by� the� research� fundingprovided�by�the�European�Commission.

I�would�like�to�thank�the�presenters�who�submitted�their�contribution�to�the�publication�ofthese�proceedings.�

Dr�Gregory�MakridesProject�PEOPLE�2012�CoordinatorDirector�of�Research�and�International�Relations�ServiceUniversity�of�Cyprus

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Table of Contents

SSppeeaakkeerrss PPaappeerrss

Marie�Curie�International�Fellowships�under�the�7th�RTD�FrameworkProgramme 8Francois Willekens

STRAVAL�Title:�Studies,�Training,�Socio-Economical�Valorization�andManagement�of�Natural,�Cultural�and�Monumental�Property�for�thePromotion�of�the�Local�Societies�of�Latin�America(Argentina,�Brazil�and�Mexico) 13Jose Luis Brianso and all STRAVAL team

PPoosstteerr PPaappeerrss

Reform�not�Revolution.�Smooth�Transition�from�the�Ottoman�to�the�Latin�Script�in 32�Beatrice Hendrich

Reversible�Phase�Exchange�of�Gold�Nanoparticles�using�a�SwitchableSurfactant�Triggered�by�Co2�and�N2 34Maria Gonzalez-Bejar, Salvador Pocovi-Martinez, Laura Frances-Soriano, Elena Zaballos and Julia Perez-Prieto

A�Study�of�Materials�used�in�the�Production�of�Wall�Mosaics�from�early-Christian�Cypriot�Basilicas:�Preliminary�Results 36Olivier Bonnerot

Archaeometric�Research�on�Glassy�Materials�used�in�Mosaics�from�Delos�(Greece) 41Francesca Licenziati

Techniques�and�Materials�used�in�Wall�paintings�from�the�Classical�to�the�Roman�Period,�in�the�Eastern�Mediterranean 49L.Avlonitou

Active�and�Passive�Microwaves�for�Security�and�Subsurface�Imaging�(AMISS) 56L.Crocco, E. Slob, A.S. Turk, I. Catapano, F.Soldovieri

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Conference ProceedingsPEOPLE 2012

Towards�a�Green�Future�of�Aeronautics�and�Wind�Energy�Generation�through�Innovative�Research�and�Training 66C.A Dan

Commercial�Local�Urban�Districts�Program�(CLUDS) 75Carmelina Bevilacqua, Bruno Monardo, Claudia Trillo, Jusy Calabr, Pasquale Pizzimenti

Transition�to�Coherent�Turbulence 85Takeshi Akinaga, Gregory Cartland Glover, Kaoru Fujimura, John Fletcher, Tomoaki Itano and Sotos Generalis

MATSIQEL:�Models�for�Ageing�and�Technological�Solutions�for�Improving�and�Enhancing�the�Quality�of�Life 92M. Angelova, P.M. Holloway, H. Gibson, A. Ben- Halim, J. Easton, A. St Clair Gibson, G. Cook, L. Rauch, E. Lambert, B. Klein

“SMARTSocket”�Intelligent�Amputee��Sockets�Employing�Real�Time�Advanced�Photonic�Sensors�for�Optimum�Fit�and�Pressure�Relief�through�Active�Controls 101George J. Konnis

Optimization�of�An�MS-Based�Immunoassay�for�Early�Diagnosis�of�Chronic�Kidney�Disease 107Alexandros D. Petropoulos, Jeronyme Zoidakis, Joost P. Schanstra,Harald Mischak and Antonia Vlahou

SocialRobot:�Elderly�Home�Care�and�Socialization 119Christophoros Christophorou

Diagnostically�Robust�Ultrasound�Video�Transmission�over�Emerging�Wireless�Networks 126Andreas Panayides

Improvement�of�Home�Appliances�Efficiency�by�means�of�Advanced�EnergyManagement�Solutions 135Joaquin Capablo, Nelson Garcia- Polanco, John Doyle

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CCoonncclluussiioonnss

Introduction 145

Plenary�Session�I,�“How�Marie�Sklodowska�Curie�Actions�in�Horizon�2020�can�contribute�to�the�Europe�2020�objectives” 147

Plenary�Session�II,�“Strengthening�the�Excellence�of�Human�Potential�in�Research�in�small�EU�member�states” 152

Plenary�Session�III,�“EU�Funding�for�Research�and�Mobility�under�the�researchers’�scope” 155

Plenary�Session�IV,�“Quality�in�Mobility”� 158

Session�A,�“How�Marie�Curie�Actions�contribute�to�solving�societal�challenges�faced�by�regions�in�Europe” 164

Parallel�Session�B,�“The�international�dimension�of�Marie-Curie�Actions”��� 165

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Conference ProceedingsPEOPLE 2012

CCOOMMMMEERRCCIIAALL LLOOCCAALL UURRBBAANN DDIISSTTRRIICCTTSS PPRROOGGRRAAMM ((CCLLUUDDSS))

CCaarrmmeelliinnaa BBeevviillaaccqquuaa**,, BBrruunnoo MMoonnaarrddoo****,, CCllaauuddiiaa TTrriilllloo******,, JJuussyyCCaallaabbrr��**,, PPaassqquuaallee PPiizzzziimmeennttii**

*Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria (IT), ** “Sapienza” Universitàdi Roma (IT), *** University of Salford Manchester (UK).

AABBSSTTRRAACCTTThe CLUDs project intends to explore the potential of a new tool for renovating degraded publicspaces improving the attractiveness and accessibility of deprived urban areas by focusing on thehigh potential of local commercial activities. The implementation is based on a networking ofEU universities (Reggio Calabria, Salford, Aalto, Rome) and US universities (Boston, San Diego).The core of this network activity regards Joint research and training activities on two maintopics: public/private partnership and urban regeneration. Thanks to the CLUDs project, it hasbeen possible to activate a specific measure of the Operational Program 2007-2013 of theCalabria Region financed by the European Social Fund concerning the empowerment ofinternational research network through the international doctorate “Urban regeneration andEconomic development”.

IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn

Local� Economic� Development� issues� are� capturing� growing� interest� within� theinternational� policy� agenda,� thus� encouraging� the� change� towards� a� more� flexiblemanagement�of�local�resources.�According� with� the� European� Commission� (2010)� document� about� “Regional� Policycontributing�to�smart�growth�in�Europe�2020”,�the�development�of�smart�specialisationstrategies�is�crucial�“to�maximize�the�impact�of�Regional��Policy�in�combination�with�otherUnion� policies”.� Smart� specialization� strategies� are� a� key� factor� to� stimulate� privateinvestment�and�“they�should�be�integrated�into�regional�development�strategies�in�orderto�ensure�an�effective�partnership�between�civil�society,�businesses�and�public�authoritiesat�regional,�national�and�European�levels”.Cities�played�an�important�role�within�the�reform�process�of�cohesion�policy�that�took�placein�order�to�build�up�operational�programme�for�2007-2013�period�(Hubner,�2000),�and�forthe�future�programming�period�their�role�is�strictly�connected�with�smart�specializationstrategies�(Europe�2020).Urban�regeneration�gained�a�powerful�role�in�the�empowering�the�future�role�of�cities�inthe�globalization�era:�it�can�be�considered�a�sort�of�public�action�in�a�market�governed�bydifferent�powers�-the�new�powers�of�globalisation�age-��and�triggered�a�more�strategicapproach� in� the� contemporary� urban� planning� theory� and� practice.� This� implied� an

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76

increase�in�the�importance�of�urban�management�tools�in�shaping�the�cities.�This�kind�ofapproach�produced�a�strong�political�impact�within�urban�affairs,�both�in�Europe�and�US.�The�CLUDs�project,�financed�within�7FP�Marie�Curie�IRSES�program�2010,�intends�to�explorethe�potential�of�a�new�tool�for�renovating�degraded�public�spaces�and�improving�theattractiveness�and�accessibility�of�deprived�urban�areas�by�focusing�on�the�high�potentialof�local�commercial�activities.�The�exploration�is�oriented�to�the�implementation�of�aninnovative� tool:� CLUDs,� Commercial� Local�Urban�Districts,� aimed� at� emphasizing� thestrategic� role� of� small� retails� -handcraft� and� typical� food-� in� reinforcing� the� sense� ofcommunity,�reducing�transportation�costs�and�contributing�to�the�creation�of�attractiveurban�environment,�thus�triggering�an�increase�of�private�investments.�The�implementation�of�the�CLUDs�project�is�based�on�a�networking�of�four�EU�universities(Universities�Mediterranea�of�Reggio�Calabria,�of�Salford,�Aalto�and�La�Sapienza�of�Rome)and�two�USA�universities�(the�Notheastern�University�of�Boston�and�the�San�Diego�State),which�all�hold� leading�positions� in�planning�education,� training�and�research� in�theircountries.�Partners�are�exchanging�staff�members,�early�stage�and�Experienced�researchers,around�yearly�seminars/meetings,�workshops,�and�a�final�international�symposium.�Thecore�of�this�network�activity�regards�Joint�research�and�training�activities�on�the�two�maintopics�of�public/private�partnership�(PPP)�and�urban�regeneration.The�theoretical�hypothesis�of�the�CLUDs�project�is�the�concept�that�in�order�to�increasesustainability� in�urban�regeneration� it� is� important� to�create�a�network�of�producers-retailers,� concentrated� in� urban� regeneration� areas� considered� as� “competitivenessplatforms”,�but�at�the�same�time�strictly�linked�to�the�surrounding�territory,�and�capable�toexploit�the�potential�of�territorial�milieu�both�by�acting�on�transportation�costs�reductionthrough� economic� logistic� and�by� emphasizing� aspects� of� place�branding� and�placemarketing�in�promoting�the�territory�as�a�whole.

UUrrbbaann RReeggeenneerraattiioonn iissssuueess:: aa ssyynntthheettiicc ffrraammeewwoorrkk

Going�back�at�least�to�the�fifties�of�the�previous�century,�the�term�"regeneration"�appliedto� urban� transformation� policies,� implies� a� surprisingly� wide� range� of� culturalinterpretations,�already�set�up�and�implemented�or�still�in�progress�in�the�advanced�andemerging�economies.�It�is�a�complex�and�multifaceted�season,�starting�with�the�“urbanrenewal”�approach�and�developing�through�the�second�part�of�the�XX�century�in�favour�ofthe�maturation�of�specific�models�labelled�by�different�definitions�(Berg,�Braun,�Meer�1998),going�from�the�so�called�"urban�revitalization",�mainly�connected�to�the�North�Americandomain�(Sutton�2008),�to�the�properly�called�“urban�regeneration”�policies,�mostly�referredby�relevant�contributions�in�the�disciplinary�literature�to�the�European�context,�despite�itsdeep�inner�cultural�diversity.Escaping�slippery�epistemological�interpretations,�the�evolutionary�path�from�the�“renewal”rationale�to�the�“regeneration”�dimension�can�be�identified�in�the�transition�from�"place-oriented"�to�"people-oriented"�strategies�in�which,�through�the�strengthening�of�the�socialvector,�the�idea�of�physical,�economic,�environmental�regeneration�is�enriched�by�newopportunities�in�order�to�pursue�an�authentic�holistic�dimension�of�the�city�and�its�enlargedcommunity.

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Conference ProceedingsPEOPLE 2012

In�the�different�styles�of�success�regeneration�policies�and�actions,�the�common�DNA�canbe� identified� in�the� integration�concept:�programs�and�projects�show�virtuous�mix�ofactivities,�services,�infrastructures,�financing,�and�-�"last�but�not�least"�-�forms�of�governancewith�flexible�partnerships�among�actors�as�representative�as�possible�of�the�richness�andvitality�of�the�urban�communities.The�issue�of�innovative�partnerships�within�the�contemporary�crisis�has�become�critical�forgovernments,�called�to�promote�and�implement�effective�transformations�of�urban�andnatural�contexts�through�a�virtuous�cooperative�vision,�involving�not�only�the�traditionalprivileged�subjects�of�the�private�domain,�but�also�the�small�businesses,�the�non-profitworld,�the�community�associations�and�the�molecular,�recessive�stakeholders.�Hence�the�emphasis�on�participatory�democracy�issue,�one�of�the�rising�imperatives�ofinclusionary�urban�policies.�Compelled�cooperation�or�convinced�alliance�towards�a�"loyalexchange"?�It�depends�on�the�"control"�style�and�game�rules.�Public�administration�with�a"pilot"�role,�as� it�usually�occurs� in�Civil� law�countries�or�with�a�"referee"�role,�as� in�theCommon�law�domain?�Or�multifaceted�hybridization�forms�in�a�variable�geometry�context,as�it�is�widespreading�on�both�sides�of�the�Atlantic?The�crucial�issue�seems�to�look�for�a�shared�"vision"�by�leveraging�on�the�system�resourcesand�vocations�of�urban�and�rural�integrated�context,�build�cohesion�through�communityplanning�strategies,�human�capital,�networks,�promote�"people-oriented�local�action”�planswith�new�forms�of�urbanity�and�social�solidarity�within�local�cultural�diversities.

RReesseeaarrcchh FFrraammeewwoorrkk

The�aim�of�the�CLUDs�project�is�to�construct�an�innovative�urban�management�tool�forachieving�sustainable�local�urban�development�by�enlarging�the�relevant�territory�to�whichdevelopment�policies�are�applied.�The�premise�is�that�sustainable�local�development�inthe� 21st� century� is� best� served� by� tools� that� stimulate� growth� of� new� and� existingbusinesses�across�territories�and�includes�urban�and�rural�spaces.We�argue�that�it�is�important�to�redefine�the�concept�of�"local"�in�ways�that�include�therural�areas�surrounding�urban�centers�in�order�to�reach�a�sustainable�local�development.Starting�from�the�concept�of�“territorial�milieu”�(Dematteis,�1994)�as�an�evolution�from�theordinary�environmental�and�physical�dimension�to�the�complex�social�networks�of�urban-rural�territories�and�incorporating�it�into�our�interpretation�of�urban�management�tools,�itis�possible�to�offer�a�richer�concept�of�sustainability,�properly�defined�as�the�interactionamong�environmental,�social�and�economic�factors�(Governa,�1998).Envisioning�CLUDs�as�an�alternative�to�the�development�strategy�of�globalization,�whichoften�sacrifices�local�differences�in�order�to�standardize�commercial�practices,�the�longterm�objective�of�CLUDs�is�to�strengthen�local�retail�and�business�activities�by�preservingthe�diversity�of�local�territories�by�enhancing�commercial�and�cultural�link�between�urbancenters�and�their�rural�neighbours,�promoting�the�consumption�of�local�foods�and�theproducts�of�small�scale�local�manufacturers�and�retailers.

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In�order�to�activate�competitiveness�inside�the�“territorial�milieu”,�CLUDs�are�designed�tofoster�the�growth�of�competitive�urban�platforms�that�can�serve�as�“windows”�throughwhich�global�markets�can�view�the�economic�and�cultural�products�of�their�territory.So�that�the�innovation�at�the�heart�of�CLUDs�is�to�provide�a�more�creative�role�for�the�publicsector�by�combining�the�private-led�approach,�still�underpinned�in�the�majority�of�currenturban�regeneration�tools,�with�sustainability.In�terms�of�urban�management,�the�new�suggested�tools�are�designated�areas,�reflectingthe�rationale�of�Economic�Opportunity�Zones,�in�which�local�authorities�deliver�integratedpackages�of�services,�aimed�to�foster�investments�and�entrepreneurship,�ranging�fromsubsidies�for�investors�to�public�investments�for�upgrading�premises,�and�from�trainingschemes�for�specific�groups�to�consulting�for�local�entrepreneurs.�Following�this�rationale,CLUDs�aim�to�provide�critical�mass�to�targeted�urban�areas,�through�the�connection�witha�broader� network� of� local� producers,� fostering� the� concentration�of� services� (urbancompetitiveness)�by�connecting�them�to�the�production�of�goods�in�the�wider�territorialmilieu� (urban-rural� balance).� The� CLUDs�model� indeed� is� expected� to� be� structuredaccording�with�a� rural/urban�view�of� regeneration�process.�Purpose� technically� to�bereached�by�using�a�structure�of�indicators�for�testing�urban-rural�areas�and,�at�the�sametime,�by�using�identification�criteria�to�classify�them�according�to�national�and�Europeanstatistics.The�project�area�sample�takes�place�from�the�combination�of�integrated�indicator�andspatial� indicators.�Spatial� indicators�deal�with� the� taxonomy�of�urban/rural�areas,� theaccessibility�level,�the�attractive�index�and�the�export�zone.�Moreover�the�combination�ofintegrated�and�spatial�indicators�sets�the�rationale�of�territorial�milieu.According�to�the�research�framework,�the�architecture�of�the�program�is�divided�in�threeWork�Packages:�Urban�Management�Tool,�Territorial�milieu,�CLUDs'�Local�Action�Plan.�Thefirst�important�phase�of�the�research�activity�has�been�the�construction�of�an�analyticalframe�to�understand�how�Public�Private�Partnerships�can�be�both�marketable�and�socialsustainable.�

MMeetthhooddoollooggyy

The�methodological�approach�used�to�set�up�the�model�comes�from�the�wide�family�ofurban�marketing� techniques,�based�on� the�evaluation�of�business� local� initiatives�byconnecting�entrepreneurial�return�of�scale�with�local�welfare�empowerment�(Bradley,�Hall,Harrison,�2002).Referring�to�the�main�and�specific�goals�of�the�CLUDs�project,�the�research�object�suggestsa�holistic�and�comprehensive�approach�aimed�to�“capture”�complexity.The�research�methodology�was�designed�for�the�empirical�investigation,�approachingissues�not�just�for�theory�testing�but�also�to�explore�new�hypothesis�potentially�emergingduring� the� process� itself.� The� Ground� Base� Theory� (Glaser,� Strauss,� 1967)� has� beenconsidered�the�most�appropriate�approach�for�the�construction�of�the�CLUDs�model�andfor�the�conduction�of�the�empirical�analysis.The�main�advantage�is�GBT’s�capability�to�encompass�the�object�complexity�and�the�high

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potential�to�trigger�an�inductive�process�for�the�incremental�adjustment�of�the�researchhypothesis.�Thus�the�case�study�methodology�as�the�most�appropriate�for�the�conductionof�empirical�analysis.It�is�well�known�that�the�“Case�study�approach”�is�an�appropriate��way�of�learning�anddiscussing� innovative� ideas� through� the�experience� (Johansson,� 2003,�Yin�2008).�Theinvestigation�construction� is� focused�both�on�tools� to�be� implemented�and�selectioncriteria�of�the�case�studies;�the�latter�results�crucial�for�the�reliability�of�the�whole�researchdesign�method�and�plays�a�crucial� role� in�order� to� study�urban�environment�matters(Flyvbjerg,�2006).The�research�activities�within�the�first�year�of�the�CLUDs�project�have�been�articulated�withrespect�to�the�following�main�features:�PPP�rules�and�land�use,�economic�and�financialindicators� to� assess� self� sustaining� urban� districts,� capacity� building� of� non-profitorganizations�in�urban�neighborhoods,�labor�market��in�urban�neighborhoods,�businessstart-up�in�urban�neighborhoods.The�above�mentioned�features�compose�the�frame�for�analyzing�the�factors�of�success�andunsuccess�affecting�PPP�initiatives,�in�order�to�accomplish�the�first�objective�of�the�research.This�latter�refers�to�the�setting�up�of�an�analytical�process�to�understand�how�Public�PrivatePartnership�can�be�both�marketable�and�social�sustainable�by�highlighting�integratedapproaches� related� to� Credit� access,� local� resources� promotion,� job� creation,� socialactivation.The�selection�of�the�case�studies�started�with�the�construction�of�a�list�of�potential�cases,located�in�the�Massachusetts��area.�This�list�was�prepared�by�local�experts�and�included�allthe�potential�cases�they�considered�important�to�the�research,�i.e.�66�cases�covering�a�broadrange�of�topics�and�goals.�A�number�of�12�case�studies�was�considered�by�the�researchteam�adequate�to� investigate� the�WP1�topic,�and�viable�with�respect� to� the�availableresources.

TThhee PPuubblliicc PPrriivvaattee PPaarrttnneerrsshhiipp ooppppoorrttuunniittyy ffoorr iinnnnoovvaattiinngg rreeggeenneerraattiioonn ttoooollss

A�wide�review�on�the�disciplinary�contributions�shows�that�although�the�literature�onPublic–Private�Partnership�(PPP)�is�extremely�wide,�yet�it�remains�confused.�The�reasonsfor�that�are:�conceptual�vagueness,�multiplicity�of�definitions,�ideologically�based�advocacy(both�pro�and�vs),�and�disparate�research�traditions�(Wettenhall�2003;�Weihe,�2006;�Hodgeand�Greve�2008).One�of�the�most�common�definition�of�PPP,�useful�to�the�general�framework�of�our�researchcan�be�“cooperation�between�the�public�and�private�sectors,�usually�based�on�formalagreements,� sometimes� informal� as� well,� to� work� together� towards� specific� urbandevelopment�objectives.�Public-private�partnerships�can�be�understood�analogous�tobusiness�partnerships�with�profit�and�risk�sharing,�general�partners�and�limited�partners,and�different�roles�and�different�objectives�for�those�that�are�responsible�for�developingstrategies�and�those�responsible�for�implementing�it.”(Reuschke�2001).

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The�academic�debate�has�addressed�the�term�“Partnership”�within�a�variety�of�perspectivesmainly�including�references�to�“Partnerships�as�contracting-out”�(Johnston�and�Romzek,2005),�“NGO-government�alliances”�(Brinkerhoff�and�Brinkerhoff,�2002),�and�“Communitylocal�government�cooperation”�(Krishna�2003,�Brinkerhoff�2011).The�huge�family�of�approaches�in�defining�PPP�promoting�the�economic�initiative�withinurban� regeneration� process� has� led� to� distinguish� two� main� categories� with� theirmultifaceted�hybridization�forms.The�first�is�based�on�the�initial�formal�or�informal�agreement�among�Public�and�Privatepartners,� on� the� involvement� of� the� public� sector� regarding� financing� of� specificpartnership�projects,�provision�of�financial�or�not�primarily�financial�incentives�in�order�toattract� private� and� on� the� dominant� thread� concerning� infrastructure� financing,construction,�operation,�and�maintenance.Some�schools�of�through�stress�this�interpretation,�defining�PPP�as�“a�form�of�structuredcooperation�between�public�and�private�partners�in�the�planning/construction�and/orexploitation�of�infrastructural�facilities�in�which�they�share�or�reallocate�risks,�costs,�benefits,resources�and�responsibilities”(Koppenjan�2005)�or��“arrangements�whereby�private�partiesparticipate�in,�or�provide�support�for,�the�provision�of�infrastructure”(Grimsey,�Lewis�2007).The�second�family�is�based�on�a�general�pursuing�to�establish�a�partnership�based�oncommunity� development� principles� dealing� with� the� involvement� of� citizens,� localcompanies�and�professionals�to�improve�various�aspects�of�local�communities;�its�legalentity�is�a�non-profit�organization,�which�allows�to�participate�to�a�set�of�advantages,�suchas�tax�relieves,�special�national�trust�for�grant�and�so�on.�In�such�a�scenario�the�dominantthread� is�concerned�in�providing�services�and�programs�and�engage� in�activities�thatsupport�communities.Concerning�the�two�above�different�categories,�we�can�argue�that�in�general�the�formerconsiders�the�definition�of�PPP�in�its�strictly�meaning�(business�led),�the�latter�in�a�broadersense� (non-profit� led),� without� forgetting� that� the�most� intriguing� effects� are� to� bediscovered�in�the�wide�panel�of�their�hybridization�typologies.In�the�first�working�package�of�the�CLUDs�research�project,�the�case�studies�selected�withinthe�Greater�Boston�area�have�been�organized�following�the�mentioned�main�categoriesand�their�hybridization�forms�within�at�least�three�specific�clusters:�Public-Private�formalagreements�(for�instance�BIDs),�Community�Development�Corporations,�Main�Streets.This�initial�rather�simple�taxonomy�could�represent�a�driver�to�better�understand�whichcould�be� the�more� suitable�model� for� Integrated� Local� Business�Districts� (more� thanCommercial�Local�Urban�Districts)�connected�with�local�production.�In�a�very�generallyway,�we�can�argue�that,� in�Europe,�Non-profit�organizations�seem�to�play�a�role�moreconnected�with�social�purposes�(see�for�example�the�EU�programs�under�Structural�Funds),while�Business�PPPs�play�a�major�role�in�urban�regeneration�process�as�driver�to�enhancecompetiveness.

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UUrrbbaann mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoooollss:: lleessssoonnss ffrroomm tthhee GGrreeaatteerr BBoossttoonn aarreeaa

As�widely�recognized,�Business�Improvement�Districts�(BIDs)�initiatives�rely�on�flexibleforms�of�urban�governance;�partnerships�are�usually�designed�to�bring�together�public,private�and�civic�actors�to�achieve�comprehensive�community�goals�in�primary�businessand�mixed�used�areas.�In�general,�as�many�authors�stress�(Hoyt�2004,�Hoyt,�Gopal-Agge2007),�BIDs�are�organizations�publicly�authorized�and�privately�promoted,�started-up�anddirected.�The� ordinary�management� is� in� charge� of� non-profit� organizations� (greatercommunities)�or�mixed�ones�(smaller�communities).�However,�the�Downtown�Boston�BIDis�an�interesting�exception,�as�the�City�of�Boston�was�practically�forced�to�assume�the�roleof� primary� engine,� promoter� and� supporter� of� the� initiative� after� 15� years� of� failingattempts.� In� fact,� the� Mayor� Menino’s� administration� could� not� risk� to� lose� politicalconsensus� after� having� declared� commitment� for� inverting� the� decline� trend� of� thenineties.�In�this�particular�condition,�it�is�evident�the�changing�role�of�the�local�government:it�is�more�a�driver�than�a�referee�of�the�long�process�of�implementation�of�the�initiative.This�situation�is�very�different�from�what�is�happening�in�some�Mediterranean�Europeancontexts�concerning�the�hybridization�of�the�public�administration.�While�the�pilot�role�ofthe�City�of�Boston�is�positive�on�one�hand,�it�is�also�negative�on�another�one,�because�ofthe�weakness�showed�by�the�City�of�Boston�in�terms�of��lack�of�control�and�engagementrules� on� private� investors,� as� for� the� “Filene� affair”,� the� delicate� rehabilitation� of� anabandoned�historical�Department�store�in�the�core�of�the�city.�Community�DevelopmentCorporations� (CDCs)�propose�a�sophisticated�form�of�partnership;�officially�non-profitorganizations,� “de� facto”� sort� of� developers,� they� put� together� social� and� economicdevelopment�applied�to�low�income,�deprived,�disadvantaged�communities,�with�a�place-based�approach.�Generally�they�operate�tackling�the�failures�or�the�lack�of�priorities�of�thegovernmental�institutions.�CDCs�limit�is�the�lack�of�resources�and�expertise�in�finance,�realestate,�planning�(defined�“limits�to�comprehensiveness”).�An�interesting�exception�is�thecase�of�Dudley�Street�Neighborhood�Initiative�(DSNI)�which�is�not,�by�choice,�a�real�CDC;�itis�a�“variable�geometry”�non-profit�organization,�a�particular�hub�which�identifies�from�timeto�time�different�partners�for�implementing�single�projects.�A�sort�of�horizontal�platformwith�a�stimulating�role�for�endogenous�and�exogenous�stakeholders�and�agencies.�The�Main�Street�approach�is�an�interesting�response�to�the�urban�revitalization�(todayregeneration)� policies� and� a� significant� contribution� for�“integrated� area-based� PPP”.Managed� through� the�Main�Street� Inc.� (non-profit�organization),� they� implement� thegeneral�(National�Trust�of�Historic�Preservation)�and�local�(Boston�Main�Street)�Programmes,being�allowed�to�receive�public�grants�and�tax�exemptions.�Their�effectiveness�is�closelylinked�to�the�critical�mass�of�available�budget�as�two�opposite�case�studies�demonstrate(Washington�Gateway�and�East�Boston�MS).The�Public�sector�can�be�generally�seen�in�amutating�role�from�a�“resource�provider”�to�a�“resource�broker”,�a�facilitator�of�investmentsand�general�involvement�of�plenty�of�actors�potentially�interested�in�the�regenerationprocess.�In�this�sense,�MS�projects�cannot�do�without�the�direct�and�active�involvementand� cooperation� of� the�whole� local� community� in� a� flexible� context� of� regenerationstrategies.

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UUrrbbaann--rruurraall iinntteerraaccttiioonnss ffoorr eennhhaanncciinngg llooccaall uurrbbaann rreeggeenneerraattiioonn iinniittiiaattiivveess

Investigations�already�conducted�in�the�Work�Package�1�can�help�to�define�the�ways�totransform�urban�externalities� in�a�competitive�advantage� for� local�business�activities,particularly�handicraft�and�retail�trade.�Among�the�findings�of�the�first�year�it�is�clear�that,in�general,�firms�can�get�possession�of�the�externalities�produced�from�the�qualities�ofurban�legacy�if�the�public�actor�should�increase,�in�an�appropriate�way,�the�"total"�qualityof�public�spaces�and�services.�This�involves�the�redevelopment,�on�one�hand,�of�urbancentralities�(recovery�of�urban�spaces,�street�furnishings,�lighting,�restoration�of�buildingsand�facades,�etc.)�for�supporting�the�life�quality�of�residents�and�attracting�more�visitors;on� the�other�hand� it� implies� the� redevelopment�of�urban�services� (mobility,�parking,security,�etc.)�in�support�of�usability�of�public�spaces�and�for�increasing�the�demand�of�theactivities�located�in�those�centres.�Moreover,�private�actors�should�improve�the�quality�andcomposition�of�commercial�and�handicraft�offers�together�with�consumer�services;�morespecifically� they� have� to� make� consistent� their� supply� quality� with� the� cultural� andenvironmental�values�of�urban�centres�and�outer�neighborhood�poles,� increasing�thequality�of�products�and�services�for�the�consumer�(local�products,�quality�labels,�shop�signsand�windows,�e-commerce,�etc.).Finally,� the�two�main�actors�should,� in�a�cooperative�and�integrated�approach,� jointlypromote�all�the�products�and�the�resources�of�the�urban��centre�(museums,�exhibitions,fairs,�shows,�etc..)�to�increase�the�allure�and��the�"global"�quality�of�a�town�and�its�territory.In�the�last�months,�the�research�groups�are�going�to�join�the�results�of�the�work�package�1(in� terms� of� innovating� urban� management� tools� through� peculiar� “partnershiparchitectures”),� with� the� WP2,� in� which� they� have� been� studying� the� possibility� ofintroducing�new�forms�of�sustainable�regeneration�(on�a�physical,�social�and�environmentallevel)�through�an�inclusive�approach�of�the�already�mentioned�“territorial�milieu”.�Thismeans� exploiting� the� potential� of� grass-rooted� community-driven� initiatives� byincorporating�urban-rural�interactions�into�urban�management�tools.�In�Europe�there�is�atendency�to�identify�the�rural�municipalities�(where�most�people�live�with�the�incomegenerated,�directly�or� indirectly,�by�the�agricultural�sector)�with�the�small� towns.�Thisidentification�is�accepted�by�the�most�of�the�economic�literature�and�it�is�the�basis�of�policyintervention� (European�Commission).The� "rurality"� is� not,� for�many� reasons,� the� onlydiscriminating�criterion�because�it�is�"not�homogeneous".�The�urban�areas�at�the�"service"of�the�countryside�are,�in�fact,�significantly�diversified�in�terms�of�functions�and�activities.The�lack�of�homogeneity�tends�to�increase�in�Europe�as�a�result�of�the�Common�AgriculturalPolicy�(CAP)�which�enriches�functions,�not�immediately�agricultural,�both�the�industry�andthe�territory."Christaller's�approach"�is�the�basis�of�identification�among�different�urbancategories�for�the�reason�that�cities�are�seen�as�the�"central�places"�that�offer�services�and"essential�goods"�to�rural�areas.�New�determinations�introduced�in�the�analysis�and�therelationship�with�the�countryside�will�modify�if�this�interpretative�model�is�changed�and�theanalysis�moves�towards�a�systemic�or�"networking"�approach,�where�the��centres�are�alsolinked�with�each�other�on� the�basis�of� relations�of� complementarity�and�affinity.�Therelationship� becomes� a� “biunique”� correspondence� � and� specificity� of� agricultural

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production�can�become�an�opportunity� to�change�profoundly� the� functions�and� thepositioning�of�urban�municipalities.�The�result�of�this�change�of�vision�could�have�an�effecton�the�strategies�of�revitalization�of�small�towns�and�on�the�CLUD�project.�If�the�CLUD�werebased�on�their�specialization�as�"markets"�of�the�local�products,�the�urban�area�could�takeownership�of� the�externalities�produced�by�agriculture�and�viceversa.�The�use�of� thisstrategy�(where�the�relationship�between�town�and�countryside�is�not�of�hierarchical�kind)will� increase�the�rank�of�the�offers�of�smaller�centres,�widening�the�target�market�and"lengthening"�the�territorial�radius�of�attraction.�For�these�reasons,�the�case�studies�to�beanalyzed�in�San�Diego�area�and�the�Orange�County�will�be�selected�and�studied�on�thebasis�of�the�relationships�among�the�urban�patterns,�the�rurban�(rural-urban)�surroundingsand� the�outer� countryside�where� agriculture� is� dominant.� In� the� comparative� surveybetween�USA�and�European�experiences,�particular�attention�will�be�placed�on�the�possibleinnovative�approach�of�the�American�revitalization�projects�connected�to�the�urban-ruralnexus,�the�new�European�Union�agricultural�policies�and�the�potential�impact�of�integratedlocal�business�activities�(the�CLUDs�model)�on�regeneration�strategies.

RReeffeerreenncceess

Berg�van�den,�L.,�Braun,�E.,�Meer,�J.�van�der�(1998),�National�Urban�Policies�in�the�EuropeanUnion,�Ashgate,�Aldershot,�UKBradley�A.,�Hall�T.,�Harrison�M.,�Selling�cities:�Promoting�New�Images�for�Meetings��Tourism’Cities,�vol.19.�2002.Brinkerhoff,�D.�W.� and� Brinkerhoff,� J.�M.,� Public–private� partnerships:� Perspectives� onpurposes,� publicness,� and� good� governance.� Public� Admin.� Dev.,� 31:� 2–14.� doi:10.1002/pad.584,�2011.Bult-Spiering�M.�Strategic�Issues�in�Public�Private�Partnerships.�An�alternative�perspective.Blackwell�Publishing,�2006.Dematteis�G.�“Nodi�e�reti�nello�sviluppo�locale”,�in:�Magnaghi�A.�(ed.),�Il�territorio�dell’abitare.Lo�sviluppo�locale�come�alternativa�strategica,�Milano,�Franco�Angeli,�1994,�pp�249-268.Flyvbjerg�B.,�FiveMisunderstandingsAbout�Case-StudyResearch�,�Volume�12�Number�2�April2006�219-245�©��Sage�Publications�2004.Grimsey�D.,�Lewis�M.,�Public�Private�Partnerships:�the�worldwide�revolution�in�infrastructureprovision�and�project�finance,�Edward�Elgar�Publishing�2007.Governa�F.,�“Il�milieu�come�insieme�di�beni�culturali�e�ambientali”,�Rivista�della�SocietàGeografica,�Vol.�105,�85�—�93,�1998Glaser,�Barney�G�&�Strauss,�Anselm�L.,�The�Discovery�of�Grounded�Theory:�Strategies�forQualitative�Research,�Chicago,�Aldine�Publishing�Company�1967.Hall�D.,�PPPs� in� the�EU,�Services� International�Research�Unit� (PSIRU),�Business�School,University�of�Greenwich�2008.Hodge�G.� A.,� C.� Greve,� PPPs:�The� passage� of� time� permits� a� sober� reflection,� Journalcompilation�Institute�of�Economic�Affairs�Published�by�Blackwell�Publishing,�Oxford,�2009,pp.�33-39.

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Hoyt�L.,�“The�Business�Improvement�District:�An�Internationally�Diffused�Approach�forRevitalization.”,�Washington,�D.C.:�International�Downtown�Association,�2004.Hoyt�L.�and�Gopal-Agge�D.,�“The�Business�Improvement�District�Model:�A�Balanced�Reviewof�Contemporary�Debates”,�in�Geography�Compass,�1(4),�2007,�pp.�946-958.Johnston�B.S.,�J.M.�Romzek,,�Network,�stability,�management�and�performance:�learningfrom�social�welfare�contracts,�University�of�Southern�California,�2005.Koppenjan�J.F.�M.,�The�formation�of�PPPs:�lessons�for�nine�transport�infrastructure�projectsin�the�Netherlands:�Public�Administration,�Vol.�83,�No.�1�2005,�pp.�135–157.Krishna,�A.�Partnerships�between�local�governments�and�community-based�organisations:exploring�the�scope�for�synergy.�Public�Admin.�Dev.,�23,�2003,pp�361-371.�Reuschke�D.,�Public-�Private�Partnerships� in�Urban�Development� in�the�United�States,NEURUS-�Network�of�European�and�US�Regional�and�Urban�Studies,�2001.Sutton�S.A.�Urban�Revitalization�in�the�United�States:�Policies�and�Practices,�ColumbiaUniversity,�US�Urban�Revitalization�Research�Project�(USURRP),�2008.Van�Boxmeer�B.,�Van�Beckhoven�E.,�Public-Private�Partnership�in�Urban�Regeneration:�AComparison�of�Dutch�and�Spanish�PPPs.�European�Journal�of�Housing�Policy,�Vol.�5,�No.�1,2005,�pp.�1-16.Weihe,�Guri,�"Public-Private�Partnerships:�Addressing�a�Nebulous�Concept",�Paper�for�TenthInternational�Research�Symposium�on�Public�Management,�Glasgow,�10-12�April�2006.Wettenhall,� Roger,� “The� Rhetoric� and� Reality� of� Public-� Private� Partnerships”,� PublicOrganization�Review:�A�global�Journal,�3,�pp.�77�–�107.Yin,� R.,� Case� study� research:� Design� and� methods� (4th� ed.).� Beverly� Hills,� CA:� SagePublishing,�2008