Commercially Deployed Energy Storage Solutions for the Grid · Energy Output 98 MW Energy Output 2 MW Freq. Reg. 2 MW freq. reg. 21 The Solution: •Storage can provide Regulation

©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.

Commercially Deployed Energy Storage Solutions for the Grid

Presented by Michael Hoff

Director Applications Engineering

Energy Solution Group

A123 Systems

©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.

Pillars of Competency

Smart Application

Of Grid Assets

Energy Storage Grid Functions

Energy Storage Technology

Systems Engineering


Lithium Ion Nanophosphate Technology

3

~5 microns

<0.1 micron

Li+

The addition of dopant significantly

increases rate capability

e-

e-

e-Li+

Li+

High Contact Area

Low Internal Impedance

Nano Particle Size

Extremely Fast diffusion

©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential. 4

Cylindrical and Prismatic Form Factors

Cells


Benefits of A123 NanophosphateTM

5

•Wide product portfolio

•For high energy applications: 140Wh/kg with 3000W/kg

•For medium power applications: Various designs

•For high power applications: 90WH/Kg with 5000W/kg

Power

•Safest Li Ion chemistry in the market

•Validated by National Labs and multiple automotive customersSafety

•20 year calendar life

•Excellent Watt Hour throughput and cycle lifeLife


A Smaller Cell Producing Higher Power

6

Conventional Batteries

• Discharge slowly

• Bigger, heavier

• Charge slowly

A123 Batteries

• Discharges quickly

• Smaller, lighter

• Charges quickly


• The Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) test of LiFePO4 in contrast with Spinel, NCA, or NMC, indicates the LFP less likely to release oxygen

+ Reduced potential for electrolyte oxidation during thermal abuse (Source: K. Amine, ANL, ATD Review April 2006)

Safety: LiFePO4 Thermal Stability

Weight loss = oxygen

evolution

Phosphates in general have much better

abuse tolerance than metal oxide cathodes.

A123’s Nanophosphate is no exception.

7


Explosive Runaway/Flame

Figure 6: Heating rate profile comparison including additional common cathode compositions in 18650 cells.

1800 °C/min20 °C/min

The A123 cell that showed flame had a much lower self-heat rate,

compared to the metal oxide cells.

Safety: Thermal Ramp TestingIndependent test results from Sandia National Laboratory

8


Test Videos – Nail Penetration Testing

A123 26650Oxide based 18650


Life: 1C-1C 100% DOD Cycling of 26650M1

10

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

DC

Imp

edan

ce (% in

itial)D

isch

arge

Cap

acit

y (%

init

ial)

Cycle Number

1C-1C, 100% depth of discharge (DOD) cycling


10C-Rate Pulse Cycling of 26650M1

11


Product Strategy

• Create a standardized and modular product offering

+ A single design concept that can be applied to both power and energy applications

+ Create logical system building blocks that support highly flexible solutions to meet the varied needs of many customers (kW, kWh)

– Easily extend the grid product portfolio into longer duration, high energy application

12


Modular architecture for rapid prototyping and deployment

Common Building Block Architecture

SecondLife

My Videos/Modules Packs & Assemblies.wmv


The GBS System

14

Electric and control

Panels, disconnect switch gearOverhead lighting

Up to 5 cooling units

Up to 20

battery racks:

Fire suppression system

Features: GBS-C

100kW-2MW/container

15 min duration

2C rms, 4C max

Up to 20 racks/container

53’ container (currently)

Manual Disconnect

Inverter Options:100KW/200KW/400KW/600KW

1MW/2MW/4MW

Benefits of GBS DesignFlexible design supports many applications

Shorter delivery lead time

Common DC bus allows expansionAdd capacity as needed



30

kW

h

4MW

2MW

1MW

400kW

200kW

The GBS System: A Flexible Product Architecture

16

100kW

More Power? Larger Inverter Module

More Energy? Add Battery Modules

Capacity Assurance?Add Racks

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

30

kW

h

53’ 40’ 20’


AdvancedControls

Architecture

A123 SmartGrid

Domain Controller

MontaVista CGE

Linux-based

User Interface Display

UTF-16 Chinese

Web browser-based

HTML5/AJAXDL/T 634.5104-2002

STANDBY

(HOT SPARE)

Rack #1 BMS

Rack #2 BMS

Rack #25 BMS

Rack #26 BMS

CANOpen

SSL

XML

Customized Display

User-defined

Control System Interface

(to customer controls)

Master PLC

(Inverter Control

and General

I/O)

Zone Control

PLC #1

Rack #1 BMS

Rack #2 BMS

Rack #25 BMS

Rack #26 BMS

CANOpen

Zone Control

PLC #2

Rack #1 BMS

Rack #2 BMS

Rack #25 BMS

Rack #26 BMS

CANOpen

Zone Control

PLC #2

Inverter

(3MW)

Zone Control

PLC #n

10/100BT (switch not shown)

Fiber Ethernet x2 Fiber Ethernet x2

Transformer Temperature

Breaker positions

EPO

Fire Suppression (optional)

Inverter

Master PLC

Inv. Control

Gen I/O

Transformer Temp.Breaker Positions

EPO

Fire Suppression

Zone Control

PLC #1

Zone Control

PLC #2

Zone Control

PLC #3

Zone Control

PLC #n

Rack #1 BMS

Rack #2 BMS

Rack #25 BMS

Rack #26 BMS

Rack #1 BMS

Rack #2 BMS

Rack #25 BMS

Rack #26 BMS

Rack #1 BMS

Rack #2 BMS

Rack #25 BMS

Rack #26 BMS

Fiber Ethernet x2

A123 Smart-GridDomain Controller

(Linux-based)

Fiber Ethernet x2

Standby(Hot Spare)

XML

SSL

IEC 61850

DNP3/L2

Control System Interface(to customer EMS)

User Interface Displaybrowser basedHTML5/AJAX

Fiber/Copper Switch

Fiber/Copper Switch

Fiber Ethernet

Copper Ethernet

Redundant Backup

CAN

©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.1818

GBS Remote Management System


Grid Support Applications

• Frequency Regulation

• Spinning Reserve

• Wind/Solar Ramp Management

• Renewable Firming

• Peak Load Shedding

• VAR-based Voltage Support

• POL Power Quality – Distributed Storage

19

©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.20

Product Strategy: Advanced Controls

RampCalculation

Calc’dRamp Meets

Criteria?

PBi

Pwind

New PB MW Set Point for Ramp Management

Frequency Droop

Control

Fmeas Fref

PBo

Pgtie

Yes

No

User Input

BatteryLimits

Output PDroop Ramp Management Model

QBiQ Output Control

Vmeas Vsched

QBo

Output Q

• Develop advanced controls technology

+ Increase the value of the solutions in the market

– Control algorithms to support multi-use facilities

– Develop application specific control algorithms

+ Readily integrate with emerging Smart Grid platforms

+ Anticipate stringent cyber-security requirements


Application Review: Frequency Regulation

The Problem:

• Thermal plants that provide regulation service operate less efficiently, have increased operation and maintenance costs and higher emissions

Standard Power Plant

HybridPower Plant

100MW

Energy Output

98 MW

Energy

Output

2 MW Freq.

Reg.

2 MW

freq.

reg.

21

The Solution:

• Storage can provide Regulation service: freeing up thermal generation to deliver more useable energy, add an additional revenue stream and lower emissions by up to 50%


Frequency Regulation Installation in NY

22

• 20 MW Power Capability

• 5 MWh Energy Capacity

• Ten Containers with Integrated Inverters

• Externally mounted Chillers, and Xfmrs


An Interconnection Necessity

Application Review: Wind Ramp Mgt

Turbine Ramp Rate Ramp Limits

Net Ramp Rate w/Storage

The Problem:

• Wind and PV plants intermittent output challenges utility’s ability to balance supply and demand. Interconnection approval requires ramp mgmt.

Violations

Turb

ine

Ch

ange

in P

ow

er

(kW

/Min

.)

Time


Wind Ramp Mgt: Denmark

24


• What?+ Wind resources deliver incremental energy resources to the market

+ Smoothes out the over- and under-generation of intermittent resources

• Why?+ Wind farm capacity can be accurately dispatched

+ A Load Serving Entity can more easily integrate into a resource portfolio

+ More efficient use of scarce transmission

+ Making a renewable resource predictable over the long-term will allow it to more easily displace high cost conventional resources

25

Firmed & Shaped Deliveries from Intermittent Resources

Application Review: Wind Firming


26

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

Ge

nera

tio

n (

MW

)

Highly Variable Wind Farm Power Production


Hours0 74493 186 279 372 465 558 651

100% Firm Transmission Coverage of Nameplate



Using battery energy storage to optimize wind power transmission

27

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

Ge

ne

rati

on

100% Firm Transmission Coverage of Nameplate

40%

40% = Project Average Annual Capacity Factor

Hours

0 74493 186 279 372 465 558 651


Application Review: Multi-Use Facility


SCE Use Cases

29

8MW, 4hr

Dynamic 4-Quadrant PCS/Grid Interface

A123 Prismatic Cells

Tehachapi Wind Farm

• Renewable Integration and System Support+ Wind output ramp rate reduction (smoothing)

+ Shift wind generation output, curtailment mitigation (shifting)

+ Provide System Capacity/Resource Adequacy

+ Increased system reliability

• Transmission+ Provide Voltage Support/Grid Stabilization

+ Decrease Transmission Losses

+ Diminish Congestion

+ Provide future T&D investment opportunity


Application Review: Spinning ReserveThe Problem:

• Fragile power system increases risk of loss of production for area mines, driving high generation reserve requirement

The Solution:

• 12 MW storage in eight packaged systems replaced unpaid generating reserve, freeing up this generating capacity for paid energy service.

• In commercial service with < 3 year payback

30

A substation sited Spinning Reserve solution


The Substation Spinning Reserve System

• A packaged, complete modular storage system that fits inside the existing substation building or within substation fence line

• A configurable solution+ Delivers power to reduce transformer peak load or to manage

transformer thermal inertia, allowing the transformer and switchgear to operate more reliably

• As fast deployment solution+ Shorter lead time when compared to complete transformer

replacement

+ Less disruptive to the surrounding area

• A long term solution+ The system is expandable and maintainable, it can adapt to future

increasing stress situations on the substation

+ It can be maintained to deliver full capacity for decades

31


A123 Systems GBS installed on the grid, Chile

12 MW performing grid stabilization spinning reserve

Photo courtesy of


Application Review: Distributed Storage

Regional ISO


Smart Grid Infrastructure Enabling Multi-mode operation

Application Review: Distributed Storage

Demonstration Items:1. Frequency Regulation: (Controlled from Regional ISO)

2.a VAR Support : (Auto control, PF management)

2.b Voltage support: (Auto control, meet utility requirements)

3.a PV output shifting: (Auto control, Time of day)

3.b PV output leveling: (Auto control, ramp management)4. Demand response

4.a Grid support: (Remote Controlled from ISO)4.b Distribution circuit peak shaving: (Remote Controlled from ISO)4.c Customer peak shaving: (auto control, demand charge mgt)

5. Islanding: Coordinated control for intentional islanding


Applications Review: A123 Installations

• Frequency Regulation (28 MW) + AES Huntington Beach, CA – 2009 (2 MW, 15 Min)

+ SCE, Westminster, CA – 2009 (4 MW, 15 Min)

+ AES Westover, NY – 2010 (20 MW, 15 Min)

+ A123 Medway, MA – 2011 (2 MW, 15 Min)

• Renewable Firming & Ramp Management (41 MW)+ Europe – 2010 (400 kW, 15 Min)

+ DTE, Michigan ( 500 kW, 30 Min)

+ SCE Tehachapi, CA - 2011 (8 MW, 4 Hours)

+ West Virginia – 2011 (32 MW, 15 Min)

• Fast Response Reserve (32 MW)+ Chile – 2009 (12 MW, 15 Min)

+ Chile – 2011 (20 MW, 15 Min)

35

For commercial service


A123 Services

• Business Case Development+ Understanding the value streams and costs of an implementation

• System Modeling+ Determining the optimal system size for the application

+ Modeling the physical interaction of the system with the grid

• Grid Integration+ Site preparation, development and permitting

+ System installation and commissioning

• Service and Support+ Long term service

+ Capacity assurance

+ Operation and maintenance of storage facilities

36


• A123 supplies physical system simulation models using:

• GE - Positive Sequence Load Flow Software (PSLF)

• Siemens - Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE)

• Market Participant requesting interconnection usually carry the data reporting burden.

• A123 provides the storage system specific data

• A123 will take responsibility to satisfy interconnection-related data reporting requirements

• In general for:

• < 20MW, provide basic performance specification and key electrical equivalents. Load Flow and SCD studies likely, stability not likely.

• ≥ 20MW, dynamic (frequency and voltage stability) simulation studies added.

A123 System Modeling for Grid Studies


Positive Sequence Load Flow Analysis


Transient PSLF Modeling

39

FUTURE STUDIES CAN TEST DYNAMIC STABILITY IMPACT AND MITIGATION:

Growing electrical distances between remote generation and load centers

Increase in import of remote resource output vs local area generator output

Inertia loss with changing generation asset mix


Wind Firming Analysis

• The Objectives+ Maximize the Value proposition for the customer

+ Size a battery energy storage system that keeps the wind farm operating with less than the allowable violations

– Power Capability

– Energy Capacity

• The Alternatives+ Use curtailment to manage violations

– Curtail generation to limit violations

+ Underbid

+ Overbid

+ Purchase Reserve Capacity from other sources

40


Wind Firming: The Analysis Process

• A123 analyzes recorded data supplied by customer

+ Historical output and forecasting data is provided

+ For new construction, A123 correlates existing wind farm data to the new wind farm

+ Data used for analysis should be one minute or less interval

• Details of Power Purchase Agreement are incorporated into the model

• Violation parameters are defined and valued

+ Enable both operational and financial projects

• Build on existing simulation models

+ Target grid-output to nearest forecast ±X MW band

• Add state of charge management

• Simulate with multiple combinations of power and energy configurations

• Map violations rate with respect to power and energy


Constant violation contours for power vs energy

Storage (MWh)

Pow

er

capabili

ty (

±M

W)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

April 9.5% total violations

April 9.5% down violations

August 9.5% down violations

August 9.5% total violations

Constant Cost

42

Violation Surfaces with Forward Estimation

Output from the Model

Proposed System Sizes


Violations per Quarter Contour Map

System Energy (MWh)

Syst

em

Po

we

r (M

W)

10

0

100 100

200

200 20030

0300 300

40

0

400 400 400

50

060

070

080

090

010

00

11

00

12

00

13

00

14

00

15

00

16

00

17

00

18

00

19

00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

24

28

32

36

40

30 min20 min15 min

Violation Study for Wind Ramp Mgt

43


Maximizing Revenue over Service Life

44


Building on the Basics

Smart Application

Of Grid Assets

Energy Storage Grid Functions

Energy Storage Technology

Systems Engineering

QBiQ Output Control

Vmeas Vsched

QBo

Output Q

Violations per Quarter Contour Map

System Energy (MWh)

Syst

em

Po

we

r (M

W)

10

0

100 100

200

200 200

30

0

300 300

40

0

400 400 40050

060

070

080

090

010

00

11

00

12

00

13

00

14

00

15

00

16

00

17

00

18

00

19

00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

24

28

32

36

40

30 min20 min15 min

©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.©2010 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Proprietary and confidential.

Commercially Deployed Energy Storage Solutions for the Grid

Thank You

Documents

Commercially Deployed Energy Storage Solutions for the Grid · Energy Output 98 MW Energy Output 2 MW Freq. Reg. 2 MW freq. reg. 21 The Solution: •Storage can provide Regulation