Common Course in Malayalam for II Semester BA.B Sc.universityofcalicut.info/syl/IICommoncourseMalayalam.pdf · Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM For BA/B Sc. ... BA/B Sc

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School of Distance Education

hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

109

hnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM

For

BA/B Sc.II SEMESTER

(2011 Admission onwards)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

10CALICUT UNIVERSITY.P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA,INDIA – 673 635

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA/B Sc.

II Semester

Common Course in Malayalam


Prepared by:Smt.V.K.SheejaDepartment of MalayalamMajlis Arts & Science CollegePuramannurValanchery

Sruitnized by:Dr. K.M. PriyadarsanlalSwathi, MalapparambaKozhikode - 673009.

Layout: Compputer Section, SDE

(c)

Reserved

3



Df-f-S°w t]Pv

samUyqÄ þ1 05-- þ 33

samUyqÄ- þ2 34 ----- þ 42

samUyqÄ þ3 43 -þ 47

samUyqÄ --- -----þ4 48 þ 51

amXr-Im-tNm-Z-y-§Ä 52 þ 60

tamUÂ Assk³saâ v 61 þ 62

4



5



MODULE IUNIT-1

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚-N-cnXw

]mNo\ Imew -ap-X-¬°pXs∂ temIsØ hnhn-[`m-j-I-fn¬ hnh¿Ø\w-\-S∂p h∂n- p-≠v.

amXr-`mj amXw D]-tbm-Kn®p hf¿∂ Hcmƒ°v Nne ]tXyI kml--Ncy-ß-fn¬ DZm: hmWn-Pyw,

sXmgn¬ XpS-ßnb Imcyßƒ°v A\y-tZ-- i-ßsf kao]n-t°-≠-Xmbn hcpw.- AØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

hnh¿Ø\w AXym-hiyambnØo-cp-∂p. I®-hS Bh-iy-ßƒt°m, aX ]c-am-b Bh-i-y-ßƒt°m th≠n

Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏´ en]n kº-Zmbw hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-®-tXmsS hyXykvX `mj-I-fnse KŸ kµ¿ -ß¬

Fgp-Xm\pw Ahsb Xmc-fly-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw kuIcyw e`n®p. \mw C∂-dn-bp∂ hnh¿Ø\w CXns\

XpS-¿∂m-bn-cn-°Ww \S-∏n¬h-∂-Xv. InkvXp-hn\v 3000 h¿j-ßƒ°pw apºv- A-ko-dnb `cn-®n-cp∂

km¿tKm - F∂ NI-h¿Øn Xs‚ hoc-Ir-Xy-ßƒ Ako-dn-b≥ `m-jbn-ep≈ imk-\-ß--fn-eq-sS

-hn-fw-_cw sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn]p-e-amb Ako-dn-b≥ km-am-Py-Øn¬ Ako-dn-b-\-√mØ `mj-Iƒ

kw-km-cn-°p∂ H-t´sd P\-hn- m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°mbn Ah-cp-sS- m-j-I-fn¬- Cu -im-k-\-ßƒ

hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. temI-Øn¬- C-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ BZysØ hnh¿Ø\ ]cn-iaw CXm-sW-∂v

I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. CXp t]mse-- In-kvXp-hn\ v c≠m-bn-cØ™qdp h¿-jßƒ°p apºp _m_n-tem¨

-cn-®n-cp-∂- l-Ωp-dm-_n-bpsS imk-\-ßfpw ]e mj-I-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw In-kvXp-hn\v

c≠p-\q-‰m≠p apºv Fgp-X-s∏´ ]-kn-≤-amb "tdm-k‰m' inem-im-k-\-amWv \ne-hn-ep≈ G‰hpw ]gb

hnh¿Ø\ amXr-I-bm-bn -C-t∏mƒ I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

F-∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy cmPy-ß-fn¬ hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v H∏w Nn´b-pw- ]m-c-º-cyhpw G¿s∏-´Xv

ss__n-fns‚ X¿÷a hgn-°mWv. Ko°p-Im-cpsS hnh¿Ø\ ]mc-º-cy-sØ -]n≥Xp-S¿∂v

tdmam-°m¿ Ko°p `m-j-bn-ep≈ ]e KŸ-ß-fpw- em-‰n≥ `m-j-bn¬ X¿÷a sNbvXp. Ko°p

\mS-I-ßfpw tπt‰m-hn-s‚- Ir-Xn-Ifpw a‰pw XpS¿∂v em‰n-\n-te°v ]e-cpw hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXp. CXn-\n¬

anI®p \n¬°p-∂Xv In. ]n. \memw- i-X-I-Øn¬ "skbv‚ v sPtdmw Fgp-Xnb hnh-¿-Ø-\-a-tX. i_vZ--tØ-°mƒ

Bi-b-Øn\p ]m[m-\yw- \¬Inb hnh-¿Ø-\-sØ -B-kv]-Z-am°n -sk-bn‚ v Ptdm-ans\ imkvXob coXn-bn-ep≈

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚- kvYm-]-I-s\∂v ]pI-gvØn-h-cp-∂p.

Ko°p-Im¿°pw tdmam-°m¿°pw tijw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ cwK-Øn¬ Imcy-am-bn -]-h¿Øn-®-Xv-

A-d-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. In-. -]n. 8,9,10 iX-I-ß-fn¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ, kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂ GXtbm K\vY-ßƒ

kz¥w `mj-bn-te°v ]I¿Øn.

Awi-K-Wn-Xw, Pyman-Xn, tPmXn-jw, sshZy-imkvXw apX-emb hnj--b-ß-fn-ep≈ KŸ-ßfpw

Ch-bn¬ s]Sp-∂p. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ]mNo\ hn⁄m\w ]m›m-Xy¿°v -B-Zy-ambn e`n-®Xv Ad_nbn¬

hnh-¿Ø\w sNbv-XXn-eqsSbmWv. am¿ń≥ eqY¿ em‰n-\n¬ \n∂v P¿Ω≥ `mj-bn-te°v ss__nƒ

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xn-eqsS hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ ]pXnb bpKw Bcw-`n-®-Xmbn Icp-Xmw, aX-Øns‚

taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø-\w -aX \nc-t]£ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v AXn-thKw hym]n-®p. C∂v

temI-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp tImWn¬ FX A]-kn≤ `mj-bnembmepw ]pXnb GsX¶n-epw- A-dnhv

Bhn-jvIr-X-am-hp-I-bm--sW-¶n¬ GXm-\pw-h¿j-ßƒ°Iw -AXv hnh¿Ø-Øn-eq-sS -a-s‰√m mj-I-fn-epw-

e-`y-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn h∂ptN¿∂n-´p≠v.

kmln-Xyw, Ie XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fnepw Cu ]hWX e`y-am-Wv. cmjvSob ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

`mj-I-fpsS hf¿®-°pw ]kn-≤n°pw hgn sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp sIm≠mWv BZy-°m-eØv Ko°v,

em‰n≥ mj-I-fn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp h∂ Cw•ojv mj; ]n∂oSv ^©n\pw, P¿Ω\pw,

djy-\pw IqSp-X¬ ]m[m-\yw \¬In-b-Xv. Cw•ojv `mj-°v temIsaºmSpw CX henb kzm[o\w

D≠mIm\p≈ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v Cw•o-jp-Im¿ temI-Øp≈ F√m `mj-I-fn¬\n∂pw KŸ-ßƒ

6



Cw•o-jn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ ian-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv "amÃ¿ ]okkv Hm^v thƒUv en‰-td-®¿' F∂

Xe-s°-t´m-Sp-IqSn \mep `mK-ß-fn-em-bn- Cw-•o-jn¬ temI kmln-Xy-Ønse ]ikvX KŸ-ß-fp-sS-

kw-t£]w ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

hnh¿Ø\w mc-Xob`mj-I-fn¬

`mc-X-Ønse hnh¿Ø\]mc-ºcyw bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v Aev]w `n∂-amWv. ]mNo-\-Im-eØv

kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p `mc-X-Ønse kmwkvv-ImcnI `mj. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse ¢m- nIv `mj-bmb

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\ßƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. a‰p mc-Xob mj-I-sfm∂pw A∂v th≠X hnI-kn-°m-

Xn-cp-∂-Xmbncn°mw -A-Xn\p Imc-Ww. kwkvIr-X-Ønse hnh¿Ø\ KŸ-ß-fn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂

H∂v ss]im-Nn `mj-bn¬- F-gp-X-s∏´ KpWm-Vys‚ _rl¬ IY-I-fp-sS kwt£-]-ß-fmb, "_rl¬

IYm a-RvP-cn'bpw "IYm kcn-Xv km-K-c'-hp-am-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Ønse an°-Ir-Xn-Ifpw

`mc-Xob mj-I-fn¬hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn- p-≠v. ]Zm\p ]Z hnh-¿-Ø\w apX¬ "`m-hm-\p-hmZw' hsc-bp≈

F√m hnh¿Ø-\ -cq-]-t`-Z-ßfpw Ch-°n-S-bn¬ Im-Wmw.

]mNo-\-X-bn¬ kw-kvIr-X-tØmSv ASpØv \n¬°p∂ `mc-Xob `mj Xan-gm-Wv. Xangv `mj

hnh-¿-Ø\ KŸ-Øn\v "hgn-\q¬' F∂-t]-cp -\¬In AXns\ Hcp ]-ÿm\w Xs∂bmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p.

]t£ "-h-S-samgn'bn¬ \n∂v AYhm kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n-∂v ]-Z-ßƒ FSp-°p-tºmƒ Zmhn-Uo-I-cn®v

]tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v hy-h-ÿbpw sN-bvXp.

B[p-\nI mc-Xob mj-Iƒ s]mXpth \mep hnh¿Ø\ L -ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]m∂-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw.

BZy-L-´-Øn¬-kw-kvIrX KŸ-ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. c≠mw L´-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥ Ad-_n-

Xp-S-ßnb hntZi `m-jm-K-Ÿ-ßƒ hnh¿-Ø\w sNbvXp. aq∂mw L´-Øn¬- Cw-•ojv ]m›mXy `mjm

KŸ-ßfpw \memw L´-Øn¬ -C-Xc `mc-Xob `mjm KŸ-ß-fpw.

ae-bm-f-Ønse hnh¿Ø\ NcnXw

ae-bm-f-Ønse hnh¿Ø-\-N-cn-X-Øn-\v \√ ]g-°-ap-≠v. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv

BZyw Chn-sS -D-≠m-b-Xv. CXc mc-Xob mj-I-fnepw ÿnXn n∂-a-√. Hcp ImeØv tI-c-f-Ønse mj-

Xs∂ Xan-gm-bn-cp-∂pXp sIm≠v Xan-gn¬ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂ tPymXnjw, sshZyw XpS-ßnb

hnjb-ß-fn-ep-≈ -Ir-Xn-Iƒ ap≥ Xe-ap-d-I-fn-ep≈ ]e-a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw a\-]m-T-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmam-b-W-Øn-\pw-

a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn\pw ]e ]Im-c-Øn¬ ]e-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-`m-j-I-fp-≠m-bn. ]Zm\p-]Z hrØm-\p-hrØ

samgn-am‰w, `mKnI IYm-Jym\w, kw£n]vX hnh-cWw F∂n-ß-s\- Im-e-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v -A-h-bp-sS

-cq] `mh-ßƒ Nn -s∏-s∏SpØ-hm≥ cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ ian-®p. "Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A[ym-fl-cm-am-bW' hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wv

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb≠ IrXn. cma-N-cnXw, cma IYm-]m v, IÆ» cmam-bWw F∂nhbpw

it≤b-amb hnh-¿-ØnX IrXn-Iƒ Xs∂.

Cw-•o-jv ae-bmfw hnh¿Ø\w

]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØmsS Cw-•o-jns‚ kzm[o-\X mj-bn¬ i‡-am-bn. A°m-eØv

aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn\p tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am-cp-sS- ]-h¿Ø\-ßƒ mj-bpsS hf¿®°p

Imc-W-am-bn. hymI-cW KŸ-ßfpw \nL-≠p-hpw -\n-e-hm-c-s∏´ D®m-c-Whpw ae-bm-f-Øn-\p -\¬Im≥-

A-h¿ ian-®p. ss__nƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv CXp sN-bvX-Xv. F¶nepw ae-bmf mj°v

]ptcm-KXnbp≠m°m≥ anjWdn KZyw Imc-W-am-bn.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse tImtfPp hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]mTy-I--a-Øn¬

Cw-•o-jp Ihn-X°v ][m-\ -ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sS\n-k¨, tKmƒUv kvanØv, tXmakv tK,

XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS ]ikvX Ihn-X-Iƒ ]eXpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ lrZn-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw Ihn-Xm-hm-k-\-bp≈

bphm-°ƒ Ah ae-bm-f-Øn¬ X¿÷a sNøm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

7



B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ht´sd hntZ-iob mj-I-fnse Ihn-X-Iƒ Cw-•o-jp hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

X¿÷-a -sN-bvX-p h-cp-∂p. djy≥, Pm∏m-\n-kv., B^n-°≥ XpS-ßnb ]e mj-I-fn-ep-ap≈ IhnX-I-fpw

hnh¿Ø\w sNøs∏-Sp-∂Xv.

KZy hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ afi-e-Øn¬- BZy hnh¿ØI¿ anj-W-dn-am¿ X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. IY-Iƒ,

t\mh-ep-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hm-bm-WmZyw ae-bm-f--Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏- -Xv. 1806 ¬ t¢mUn-b≥ _p°m-\≥

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ss__nƒ X¿÷-abv°v t\XrXzw \¬In. tUm. s_©-an≥ s_bven Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂p

-\m´p `mj-bn-te°v ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. tUm. sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿ v, \nL-≠phpw, hymI-c-W-hpw,-

ss_-_nƒ hnh¿Ø-\hpw hgn ae-bmf KZy-Øn-\v i-‡-amb Hc-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´p. Cw•ojp ]Tn® \m´p

]mXn-cn-amcpw-X¿÷-abv°v Hcp-sº- p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy bmXm hnh-c-W-K-Ÿ-am-b -h¿Øam\-]p--kvXIw

Fgp-Xnb ]mtd-am -°¬ tXm-am -I-Ø-\m¿, B¿®p Un°≥ tImin dh: tPm¿÷v amØ≥-

F-∂n-hcpw hnh¿-Ø\ cwKsØ ]i-kvX-cm-Wv. "Can-t‰-j≥ Hm^v ssIÃv' "InkvXzm\p Ic-W-'sa∂

t]cn¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿ X¿÷a sNbvXp. tPm¨ s_\n-bs‚ "]n¬Knw t]mK- n's‚ ae-bmf

`mj°v B¿®p Un°≥ tImin \¬Inb t]-cv ]-c-tZio tamj-bmX F∂-Xm-Wv.

tIcf h¿Ω-bpsS "AIv_¿', Hcp U®p KŸ-Øns‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-`m-j-bpsS ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-

\-am-bn-cp-∂p. \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-Wta-t\m≥ F. _m-e-Ir-jvW-]n≈ F∂o c≠p ]i-kvX -hy-‡n-I-fmWv

]m›mXy kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ i‡m-am-bn- hn-h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ apt∂m- p-h-∂-Xv. hnIvS¿lyq-tKm-bpsS

te an-dm-_n-fns\ "]mh-ßƒ' F∂-t]-cn¬ \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-W-sa-t\m≥ hnh¿Ø\w sN-bvXp. tIkcn

_m-e-Ir-jvW-]n≈ ]pXnb km-lnXy cq]-ßfpw tIc-fo-b¿°v X¿÷-a-bn-eqsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-Øp.

djy≥ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb tSmƒtÃmbv ZkvX-tbm-hn-kvIn, amIvknw-tKm¿°n abvt°mhnkvIn, t_mdnkv,

]mÃ¿ \m°v F∂n-h-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ a-e--bmfw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw X¿÷-a-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

CXc `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p≈ hnh¿Ø\w

C-Xc `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\--Øns‚ then-tb‰w D≠m-bXv

tIc-fo-b¿°v t\mh¬ ]kvYm-\-tØm-Sv Xm¬]cyw tXm∂n-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. _wKm-fnse k¿K[-\-cmb

_¶nw NµNm-‰¿Pn, icXv NµNm-‰¿Pn, cho-µ\mY tSmtKm¿ F∂o aq∂p t]cpsS t\me-hp-Ifpw IY-Ifpw

]e-cpw -B-h¿Øn®p hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. amknIm ]h¿Ø-\-amWv Cu hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

t]c-I-am-b-Xv. kn.Fkv. kp_-“-Wy≥ t]m‰n, "Zp¿tK-i-\-µn\n' hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv CXn\v XpS°w

Ipdn-®p. _wKm-fn-bn¬\n∂v Cw•o-jn-eq-sSbpw lnµn-bn-eq-sSbpw BWv ae--bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w

\S-Øp-∂Xv. _wKmfn t\mh¬ -GXpw \√-sX∂v Hcp [mcW tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-hm--\p≈ ImcWhpw

Cu hn-h¿-Ø\w X-s∂. Ihn-X-bpsS cwKØv SmtKmdns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ DZm:˛Ko-Xm-⁄-en amX-amWv

tIc-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[n-Iw ]ikvvXn t\Sn-b-Xv.

_wKmfn Ign-™m¬ lnµn kmln-Xy-amWv hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS- a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°p IqSp-X-em-bn h∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ km-lnXy ZrjvSym hnh¿Ø\ IrXn-I-fp-sS -FÆw Ipd-hm-Wv. lnµn-bn¬ CtX-hsc

]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ h∂n-´p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw t\m°n-bm¬

hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- A-\p-]mXw hfsc sNdp-Xm-Wv. lnµn-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-tØ-te°p hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXn-´p≈ hy‡n-I-fn¬ chn h¿Ω, sI.hn. aW-en-°c, A`-b-tZhv, hn.--Un. Ir-jvvW≥ \ºym¿,

thWp acp-Xmbn Xp--S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS -t]-c-pIƒ ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ imkvvX cwKØp \S-Ø--s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø\hpw hne-s∏- -Xm-Wv. Bcw- -I-Im-e-Øp

-Fw. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, amXyp. Fw. Ipgn then, sFkn. Nmt°m, Sn.sI tPmk^v, ]n.sI tImcp,

sI.kn Nmt°m, tUm. sI `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cwKØv ]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®-h-cm-Wv.

8



c≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\p tijw hnh¿Ø\w hf-sc-b--[nIw Bfp-Iƒ°v tPmen-\¬Ip∂

hrØn-bmbn Xo¿∂p. s]m-Xpsh km£-c-Xz-Ønepw hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønepw D≠mb hf¿®bpw hm¿Øm-

hn-X-c-W-Øn¬ h∂p tN¿∂ hnπ-hhpw hnI-kz-c-ambn hcp∂ GI temI at\m-`m-hhpw km-lnXy ]X

]h¿Ø\ cwK-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hnh¿Ø\ ]In-bsb hfsc-b-[nIw hn]p-e-am-°n. tIcf mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-ńs‚ Bhn¿`mhw hn-⁄m\ kmlnXy KŸ-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\ cwK-Øv K-Wy-amb

]ptcm-K-Xn- D-f-hm-°n. tImcf imkvX ]cn-jØv t]mep≈ k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Ifpw CXc ]kn-≤o-I-cW

kwL-S-\-Ifpw Cu cwKØv t\´w ssIh-cn-®p.

Z£nW `mjm _p°v SÃv', "kmlnXy A°m-Zan' XpS-ßn-b- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ [mcm-fw- Ir-Xn-Iƒ

`mjm¥co-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS \ap°v e`yam°nbn-´p-≠v. Cu BtcmKyI-c-amb ]h-WX Ct∏mg-pw \S∂p

hcp-∂p-≠v.

9



UNIT-2hnh¿Ø-\w

"s]mcpƒ \jvS-s∏-SmsX Hcp Bibw -Hcp `mj-bn¬\n∂v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°v am‰p-∂-XmWv

hnh¿Ø-\w'. X¿P-a, X¿Ppa, hnh¿Ø-\w, ]cn`mj,- sam-gn-am‰w F∂o ]Z-ßƒ Translation F∂

Cw•ojv hm°n\v ]Icw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c--ap-≠v. `mj cq]-s∏´ Imew apX¬ ]-cn-`m-jIfpw

kw`-hn-®n-cn-°Ww. e`y-am-b-Xn¬ -sh®v G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-am-b- hn-h¿Ø\w "tdmsk‰m' (-_n.kn c≠mw

iX-Iw) F∂ inem-te-J-\amsW∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p

temI mj-I-fn¬ G‰-hpw -A-[nIw hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-ø-s∏-ń-´p≈ K\vYw ss__n-fmWv. lo_q

`m-j-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]g-b-\n-baw blq-Z¿°v BZy-Imeßfn¬ kpKm-ly-am-bncp-∂n-√. Ah¿°v

a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n "ss__nƒ' D]-`m-j-I-fn-te-°pw amt‰≠n h∂p. tlma-dpsS HUo-kn- Ko°n¬

\n∂pw eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-∏-´Xv _n.-kn. 130 emWv. InkvXp--a-Xw- tem-I-saßpw hym]n®Xv

hnh¿-Ø-\-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-Øn\v hgnsXfn--®p. ss__nƒ temI-Ønse an° `mj-Ifnte°pw X¿Pa

sNø-s∏-´p. ]e `mj-I-fp-tSbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw I-cp-Øm¿÷n-°-en\pw CXp Imc-W--am-bn.

Ad_n `m-j-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh¿Ø\ i-a-ßƒ ]pcm-X\ \K-c-amb _mKvZm-Zn-emWv

\S-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. hn⁄m-\-Øn-t‚bpw kwkv-Im-c-Øn-t‚bpw G‰hpw h-enb tIµ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu

\K-c-Øn\v Bbn-c-Øm-≠p-I-fp-sS- N-cn-X-ap-≠v. hnhn[ mj-bnse hnip-X-amb KŸ-ßƒ [mcm-f-am-bn-

A-d-_n-bn-te°v X¿÷-a-sN-ø-s∏-´p. \ΩpsS ]©-X¥w IY-bnse Ad-_n-bnse t]cv "Ieoe Za\'

F∂mWv.

][m\ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ

Hcp ]-Z-Øn-t‚tbm hmIy-Øn-t‚tbm KŸ kµ¿`-Øn-t‚tbm ]pkvI-Øn-t‚tbm A¿∞w

as‰mcp mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvvI-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \nL≠p \n¿∆N\ ]Imcw hnh-¿-Ø\w (Translation).

A¿∞w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠p as‰mcp `mj-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-amWv X¿÷-a.

Dr. tPm¨k¨

Hcp mjbnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-hns\ a-s‰mcp mj-bnse XØp-ey-amb ]mTy-h-kvXp-sIm≠v BtZiw

sNøp-∂-XmWv hnh¿Ø-\w. ˛ sPkn Iym‰v t^m¿Uv

BZyam-bn A¿∞-Ønepw c≠-a-Xmbn ssi-en-bnepw aqe `mj-bnse ktµ-i-tØ-mSv G‰hpw

ASp-∏-ap≈ Xpey ]mTw -e£y `mj-bn¬ krjvSn-°-emWv hnh¿Ø\w.

˛ bqPn≥ ss\U.

A¿∞w ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m≠v as‰m-cp-`m-j-bn-te°v am-‰p-∂-XmWv hnh¿Ø-\w.

˛ kmaph¬ tPm¨k¨

`mjmim-kvX-]-c-amb \n¿∆-N\w

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-imkvX hißƒ F∂ ]_-‘-Øn¬(1959) tdma≥ bmt°m_vk¨

Hcp -]-Z-Nn”sØ hyJym-\n-°m-\p≈ aq∂v D]m-[n-Isf ]‰n ]d-bp-∂p.

1. A¥¿ mjm hnh¿Ø\w (intra lingual translation)

2. mjm¥c-hn-h¿Ø\w (inter lingual translation)

3. Nn”m-¥c hnh¿Ø\w(inter semiyotic)

10



H-cp `mjbv°p≈n¬ X-s∂, Hcp-Iq´w ]Z-Nn-”ßsf as‰mcp Iq´w ]Z-Nn-”ßfnte°v-

kw-I-an-∏n-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv A-¥¿`mjm hnh¿Ø-\w.

(DZm:˛ DZtb t]cq¿kp-∂-l-tZm-kns‚ It\m-\-Iƒ. CXn-se- `m-j 16-˛17 -\q‰m≠pIfnteXmWv.

C∂sØ ae-bm-f-Øn-√n-√mØ ssien-Ifpw ]-tbm-K-ßfpw A∂sØ `mj-bn¬ ImWmw. C∂Ø

hmb-\-°m¿°pw a\- n-em-I-W--sa-¶n¬ B KŸw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh-¿-Ø\w sNø-Ww.)

C]-Im-cw- H-cp mj-bv°p-≈n¬Xs∂ \S-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-\sØ A¥¿- mjm hnh¿Ø\w F∂p

]d--bp-∂p.

bmt°m_vk¨ ]d-bp∂ c≠m-asØ X-c-Øn¬s]´ inter lingual transalation \mWvv \mw

km[m-cW hnh¿Ø-\sa∂v hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

aq∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]- Xv- Nn”m¥c hnh¿Ø-\-amWv (inter semiyotie) Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v

B[p-\n-I- Im--eØv ]k‡n Gdp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp Nn”-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp Nn” hyh-ÿ-bn-te-°pff

am‰-am-Wn-Xv. B´-°Y/IY-Ifn, Xnc-°Y/ kn\na F∂o Zzµzßƒ Cu hIp-∏n¬s]Spw. "B´-°Y'

kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Nn”-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ, I-Y-I-fn- Zr-iy-I-e-bpsS Nn”-ßƒ D]-tbm--Kn-°p-∂p.

hnhn[ ]fin-X-∑m¿ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xn¬ sh®v kpK-lhpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-am-b-\n¿h-N\w

tUm. kmap-h¬ tPm¨k¨t‚-Xm-Wv. ""A¿∞w ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m≠v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿-Ø-\w.''

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ imkvXo-b-N¿®-bn¬ aqe- m-jbv°v "tkmX- mj' (Source of language). F∂pw

A-Xm-bXv GXp `mjbn¬ \n∂pw hnh¿Ø-\w- sN-øp-∂pthm B `mjsb tkmX `mj F∂pw GXp

`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿-Ø\w sNøp∂pthm B m-jsb "e£y mj' (Target language) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

tkmX `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvvI-cn-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ßsf Ign-bp-∂-X-G-‰-°p-d-®n¬ IqSm-sXbpw e£y

`mj-bp-sS- B-hn-jvI-cW coXn-°v- C-W-ßp∂ coXn-bnepw e£y `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

]b-Xv∂-amWv hnh¿Ø-\w.

c≠v Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. ][m-\-am-bp-w th≠n hcp-∂-Xv.

1. imkvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w

2. kmlnXy KŸ-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\w.

temIØv F√m-bn-SØpw A\y-`m-j-I-fn¬ \n∂v kz-`mjIfn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv A[nIw

ImWp-∂-Xv. CXn\p ImcWw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn- am-Xr-`m-jm-⁄m\wt]mse Hcmƒ°v CX-c-`m-jm-⁄m\w

D≠m-hpI Npcp-°-am-Wv. X¿÷-a-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw kz`m-jm-bn¬ \S-Øp-I-bmWv Ffp-∏w. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf

kw_-‘n®v CXv IqSp-X¬ icn-bm-sW∂pw ImWmw. Imc-Ww imkvX-Øn-se∂ t]mse tIhew

hkvXp-X-I-f√, kq£-a-amb `m-h-ßƒ IqSn CXn¬ ]I¿ØnsbSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

hnh¿Ø-Is‚ G‰hpw ][m\s∏-´- D-]-I-cWw mjm ⁄m\-am-Wv. AZysØ i≤ AXn-emWv

]Xn-tb-≠-Xv. aqe m-j-bn¬ Dd® Adn-hp-≠m-hp-Ibpw AXnse Imcy-ßƒ kz¥w mj-bn¬ hymI-c-W

ip≤n-tbmsS ]I¿Øm≥ Ign-hp-≠m-°p-Ibpw thWw. \sΩ kw_-\v--[n®nS-tØmfw an°-hmdpw

Cw•ojmWv aqe `mj. CXc `m-jm-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Cw•o-jn¬Iq-Sn-bmWv \mw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

AXn-\m¬ aqe `mj-bn¬ \√ ⁄m\w D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. aqe-`mj ⁄m\w

Ign-™m¬- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ X¿-÷-a-°mc\v B-hiyw kz`m-jm-⁄m-\-am-Wv.

tkmX mj-bnse kmaKn e£y- mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]e coXn-Iƒ Bhmw.

]Zm-\p-]-Z-X¿-÷a sNøp-I, D≈-S-°-Øns‚ BsI-ØpI e£y `mj-bn-em-°p-I, kzX¥ambn e£y

`mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°pI F∂n-h-bmWv apJy kº-Zm-b-ßƒ.

11



tlm-d-kns‚ \n¿∆-N\ ]Imcw ]Zm\p]Z X¿÷-a-tb°mƒ kz-X¥ X¿÷-a-bmWv th≠-Xv.

Cu kzmX-¥yw Zp:kzm-X¥yw BI-cp-sX∂pw aqe cN-bn-Xm-hn-t\mSv hnizm-kyX ]pe-¿tØ-≠-Xmb

ISa hnh¿Ø-I-\p-s≠∂pw a‰p Nne \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\√ hnh¿Ø\w kq£va-am-Ip-∂-Xn-tesd hnizm-ky-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv th-≠Xv F∂v hmd-\pw,

(hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ImX¬ hnizm-ky-X-bmWv F∂v B]-Z-Øn¬ Xs∂ A¥¿`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p).

hnh¿ØI≥ aqeKŸ-Im-c-s\-t∏mse B-bn-Øo-cWw Abm-sf- A-Xn-i-bn-°p-I-b√ hnh¿ØIs‚ tPmen

F∂v km-ap-h¬ tPm¨k¨ A`n-]m-b--s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km¿∆-eu-InI XXzßƒ

1. hnh¿Ø\w aqe-Ir-Xn-bn-se -B-i-b-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ-amb ]p\¿teJ\w \n¿h-ln-°-Ww.

2. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ssienbpw coXnbpw aqey-Ir-Xn-bp-tS-Xn\p Xpey-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

3. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS kz—-µX ]q¿Æambpw hnh¿Ø-\Øn\v ssIh-cp-I-bpw thWw.

"]p\¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ aqe-]mTw e`y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv DØ-aw'˛

an®u-Uv.

F∂m¬ hn]-co-Xm-`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n®n-´p≈hcp-ap-≠v. F_lmw Iuen-bpsS A`n-]mbw

CXn-s\bpw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ""Hcmƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-sb- ]-Zm\p ]Zw-]-cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

Hcp `m¥≥ as‰mcp `m¥s\ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv tXm∂pI''.

""hnh¿Ø\w BkzmZ-\m¿∞w hmbn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww'' F∂mWv ^n√n--tam-dp-sS- a-Xw.

""hniz-kvX-X-bp-sS- ssh-cp-]yhpw hnizkvXXbn√mØ kuµ-cyhpw CXp ]g-samgn t]mse

]kn-≤-am-Wv. emh-Wym-flI cq]w ssIsIm≠p I--gn™ H∂ns\ emh-Wym-fl-I-amb as‰mcp

cq]-Øn-e-m-°pI km[ya-√. emh-Wym-flIa√mØ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ shdpw hymJym\ßfmWv F∂m¬

]p\-c-h-X-c-W-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn-e√msX kam-\m-hn-jvI-c-W-ß-fp-sS- cq-]-Øn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø--\-ßƒ°v

Bt]£n-Ikm-[y-X-bp-≠v. \√-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Iem-kr-jvSn-sb-∂-\n-e-bn¬

au-enIamb aqey-hp-ap-≠v.''

˛ s_\-sU‰v tImtN

CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX \n¿∆-N-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ah-iyw -th≠ LS-I-ßƒ

kpKm-lyX, hnizm-kyX, XØp-ey-X, ku-µ-cym-fl-IX, kw£n-]vXX, kq-£vaX F∂n-h-bm-Wv-.

H-gn-hm-t°≠ tZmj-ßƒ Zpcq-lX Ahn-izm-ky-X, hnkvXmcw kuµ-cy-lo-\X F-∂n-hbpw hn-j-b-a-\p-k-cn®pw

hmb-\-°m-cp-sS -X-c-a-\p-k-cn®pw hnhn-[ -hn-hn¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcpw. Ipń-Iƒ

th≠n-bm-sW--¶n¬ kwK-l-am-Imw, km[m-c-W-°m¿°p th≠n--bm-sW-¶n¬ hnizm-kyhpw kpKm-ly-hp-amb

Ah-X-c-Ww. ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw imkvX-⁄-∑m¿°pw th≠n ]Zm-\p-]-Zw F∂n-ß-s\.

imkvXw, \nb-aw, `c-Ww,-F-∂n-hbv°v ]Zm\p ]Z-hn-h¿Ø\w A\n-hmcy-am-Ip-tºmƒ

k¿§m-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ hnizm-ky-Xbv°p ]pdta. A\p-hm-N-I¿-°p≈

ckm-\p- q-Xn-bmWv hnh-¿Ø\ kz- mhw \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬- F-√m-Øcw hnj-b-ßƒ°pw F√m

kµ¿`-ßƒ°pw ]‰nb H‰ imkvXob \n¿∆-N-\w -I-s≠-Øm≥ ]bm-k-am-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬

Ah-\-hs‚ bp‡n°p Bfl- kwXr-]vXn-°pw- tbm-Pn-®- hn-[-Øn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø\ coXn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-

XmWv G‰hpw bp‡n kw-K-X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

12



UNIT-3

hnh¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w,- ]-cm-h¿Ø-\w, ]p\xkrjvSn

DØa hnh¿-Ø-I≥

Ihn-Isf ]‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ZznXm Gh Ihb: Fs∂mcp sNm√v D≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

P≥akn-≤-amb IhnXm hmk\ A\p-Kln-®-h¿t° \√ IhnX Fgp-Xm-\mIq F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ Xm¬]-cyw.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw CXv-G-Xm≠p icn-X-s∂. hnh¿Ø\w Hcp Ie-bmWv AXn¬ ]tXyI

-ssh- hw t\Sn-b-h¿°p amX-amWv \√ hnh¿Ø-I-\m-Im≥ I-gn-bp-I; kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]Xy-In®pw IhnXm

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Cu XXzw XnI®pw ]k‡w Xs∂.

Hcp-Øa hnh¿Ø-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ßƒ

* hnh¿Ø-I\v Ccp-`m-jI-fnepw ]mho-Wy-amWv BZyw -th-≠-Xv. c≠p `mj-I-fnepw icn-bmb

Adnh-pw kzm[o-\hpw D≈ Bfns\ amXta DØa hnh¿Ø-I\-m-Im≥ I-gn-bq. tkmX

`mj-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m-\-tØ-°mƒ e£y mj-bn--ep≈ kzm[o-\-Øn\v hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]m[m\yw IqSpw.

* s]mXp-th-bp≈ ]mfin-Xyw- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v aXnbm-hp-I-bn-√. FX-sbX hnjb-ß-fmWv mj-

bn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm: imkvXw, kmln-Xyw, KWn-Xw, F∂n-ßs\ Ht´sd Bhm-¥-c-

hn- m-K-ß-fp-ap≠v Hmtcm-∂n-\pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CØcw taJ--e-I-fn¬ Adnhpw ]mho-Wyhpw t\tS-≠Xv

hnh¿Ø-I\v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

* Hcp-Øa hnh¿-Ø-I\p th≠ kam\y KpWw ]Xyp-Xv]∂ aXn-Xz-am-Wv. kµ¿à\p-k-cn®v Imcyw

Kln-°m\pw AXn-\p-]-‰nb coXn-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-\w -\-SØm\pw Ign-b-Ww. Cu ]Xy-ev]-∂-aXnXzw

s]s´∂p In´p-I-bn-√. AXn-\pw -]n-∂n¬ \o≠ km[-\bpw A\p-`-hhpw thWw. hfsc

Kl-\hpw hym]-I-hp-amb hmb-\-bn¬\n-∂mWv ]Z-k-ºØv ssIh-cp-∂-Xv. Xpd-∂ a\ pw IÆp-ambn

]pXnb ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ ssIhcn-°m≥ ian-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I\v hnPbw e`n-°p-∂p.

* hnh¿Ø\w Hcp inev]w sa\-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ ]hr-Øn-bm-Wv. AXn¬ FX-bpw-

]-cn-i-an-°mtam AX-bpw -`w-Kn-h-cpw- A-Xn-\m¬ A≤zm-\n-°m≥ aSn-bn-√m--Ø-h¿°pw amX-ta

-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-°m≥ ]-‰q.

* F√m Fgp-Øp-Im¿°pw _m[-I-amb Imcy-am-sW-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-I¿ hn-ti-jn-®pw i≤n-t°≠

Hcp Imcy-ap-≠v. BIm-hp-∂X i≤nv®v F√m an\p°p]Wn---Ifpw Ign-™X-n\p tijw amXta

"am‰¿' Xs‚ Iøn¬ \n∂p hnSm-hq. ]q n¬ t\m°n-sIm≈mw F∂pw hnNm-cn-®m¬ _p≤ntamiam-bn-Xo-cmw.

hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ

1. _rl-Ømb tkmX `mjm \nL≠p

FX- A-dn-hp≈ hy‡n-bm-sW-¶-nepw Ft∏m-gpw- F√m ]Z-ß-fp-tSbpw A¿∞-a-dn-b-W-sa-∂n-√.

A¿∞-a-dn-™mepw e£y-`m-j-bnse ]cymbw Adn-b-W-a-t√m. AXn-\m¬ tkmX `mjbp-sS-

_r-l-Ømb\nL≠p \n¿_-‘-ambpw thWw.

2. Zzn `mjm \nL≠p

e£y `mjbn-ep≈ icn-bmb ]Z-ßƒ I≠p ]nSn-°p-I-bmWv G‰-hpw Zp¿e-`w.. AXn\v A\p-

tbm-Py-amb Zzn `mjm \nL≠p Xs∂ thWw. \√ Zzn `mjm \nL≠phns‚ klm-b-an-√msX \√

hnh¿Ø\w km[y-a-√.

13



3. ]cymb hn]-co-X-tImiw

]cym-b-]-Z-ßƒ Adn-™n-cn-s°-≠Xv ][m-\-am-Wv. ]ZßfpsS ]cymbw t]mse hn]-coX ]Zhpw

Btem-Nn® v I-≠p ]nSn®v Fgp-Xm-\p≈ kmh-Imiw e`n-°m-dn-√. Xs∂bpa√ s]-s´∂ptXm∂p-∂-]Zw

icn-bm-hp-I-bp-an-√. Chn-sS-bmWv ]cymb˛hn]-coX ]Z \nL-≠p-hns‚ ]k‡n.

4. sd -d≥kv

\n-L-≠p-°ƒ t]mse AXym-h-iy-amb as‰mcp d^d≥kvK-Ÿhpw e£y- m-j-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

`mc-Xob mj-I-fn¬ -A-[nIw C√mØ sd^-d≥kmWv Dt±iyw. Hcp tIµo-IrX Bib-Øns‚ hnhn[

cq]-ßƒ ]-I-S-am-Ip∂ ]Z-ßfpsS kwK-lw. Hcp ]Z-Øns‚ Iogn¬ \¬Ip-I-bm-Wn-Xns‚ coXn.

Aßs\ In´p∂ ]Z-ß-fn¬ \nt∂ tbmPn-®Xv Xnc-s™-SpØv ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

DZm: kvt\lw.

hm’-eyw, ]W-bw, t]aw, A\p--cm-Kw, Nßm-Øw, kJyw, CjvSw, aa-X, _‘w, XmXv]c-cyw.

F∂o A¿∞-ß-fn¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn tbmPn® ]Zw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ "sYkm-dkv' D]-I-cn-°pw.

5. D®m-c-W -\n-L≠p

tkmX- m-j-bnse ]Z-ßƒ hninjy AXnse hntZ-iob ]Z-ßƒ D®-cn-°p∂ coXn a\-kn-em-°m≥

D®m-cW \nL-≠phpw hnh¿Ø-I-s\- k-lm-bn-°pw. tkmX-`m-j-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ssh-ZKv[yhpw e£y-

`m-j-bn¬ ssh-Z-Kv[yw Ipd-hp-amb hnh¿-Ø-I\v e£y-`mjm \nL-≠p-°fpw e£ym-`mjm

hymI-c-Whpw Ft∏mgpw d^-d≥-kn\v e`y-ambncn-°-Ww.

6. A] i_vZ-t_m-[n\n

hnh¿Ø\ thf-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-I¿- A-dn-bmsX hcp∂ Nne sX‰p-I-fp-≠v. tkmX `mj-bn¬

a\ v IqSp-X¬ hym]cn°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ kzm-[o\w ImcWw e£y `mj-bn¬ A] i_vZ-ßƒ

]tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[y-X-IqSpw. A]-i_vZt_m[n\n Cu Ahk--c-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

7. ]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n

Hmtcm sNSn°pw, Hmtcm- ]m-Wn°pw tI-c-f-Ønse hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ t]cp-I-fm-W-t√m.

Ch-bn-te-XmWv ths≠-sX∂v Btem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n-°Ww. DZm; Yes F∂ ]Zw hnh¿-Ø\w

sNøp-tºmƒ-˛-D-∆v, AtX, icn, Bs´, Hm, F∂n-h-bmWv A¿∞w F¶n¬-Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw

A\p-tbm-tP-b-am-bXv GsX-∂v I-s≠-Øm≥ ]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n D]-I-m-c-am-Wv.

]m›mXy hnh¿Ø\ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

hnh¿Ø\w ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fnepw ]m›mXy tZi-ß-fnepw km[m-cWambn-cp-∂p BZy-ambn

hnh¿Ø\ kn≤m¥w Bhn-jvIcn® ]m›mXy ]fin-X≥ ^m≥knse G‰n-sb≥ tUmse‰v (EtienneDolet 1509- 1546). BsW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1540 emWv At±lw Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Ipdn-®-Xv. B

kn≤m--¥-ßf tUmse-‰n≥ ]©-X-Xz-ßƒ-F∂pw hnfn-°mw.

1. hnh¿ØI≥ Xm≥ hn-h¿Ø\w sNøp∂ IrXn-bpsS D≈-S-°hpw aqe-te-J-Is‚ Dt±iyhpw

`wKn-bmbn Kln-®n-cn-°-Ww.

2. hnh¿Ø-I\v tkmX-`m-j-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb Ah-Km-lw-D-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww AXbpw Xs∂

Ah-Kmlw e£y `mj-bnepw thWw.

3. ]Z-Øn\p ]Zw F∂ Ia-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sN-øm-\p≈ ]hWX Hgn-hm-°-Ww. ImcWw

A-ßs\ sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS A¿∞-Ønepw tIm´w X´p-Ibpw AXnse

Ah-X-cW `wKn \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.

14



4. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj km[m-c-W-]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn°--Ww.

5. DNn-X-amb ]Z-ßfpw kap-Nn-X--am-b- ]-Z-hy-\ym-khpw sIm≠v hn-h¿Ø-I≥ Xs‚ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

DNn-X-amb kzc hn-\ym-k-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb samØØn-ep-≈ -ê ]nXoXn D≠m-°-Ww.

II ssUU≥ (1680)

hnJymX Ihnbpw \ncq-]-I-\p-amb ssUU≥ ]Xn-t\gmw iXI-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aq∂p

ssien-Isf ]‰n hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

1. sa‰m-t^kv (]Z-hn-h¿Ø-\w) ]Z-Øn\p ]Zhpw, hcn°p hcn-bp-ambn hnh¿-Ø\w sNøp∂ coXn.

2. ]mcm-t^kv (]-cm-h¿Ø-\w) Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe teJ-Is‚ cN-\sb hfsc Ah-[m-\-X-tbm-sS-

ap-∂n¬ ImWp-Ibpw, A-Xnse ]Z-ßƒ A¿-∞sØ IqSp-X¬ -A-\p-K-an-°m≥ ian-°pIbpw

sNøp-∂p.

3. Can-t‰-j≥ (A-\p-I-c-Ww) Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe IrXn-bnse ]ZßtfmSpw A¿∞-tØmSpw

kzmX¥yw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS A¥¿KXw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xm-bn-tXm-∂n-bm¬

aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Nne ]Z--ßfpw A¿∞-ßfpw hn´p-I-f-bm-\pw-IqSn hnh¿Ø-I-\v- A-\p-hm-Z-ap-≠v.

III ssS-‰-e-dpsS XXzXbw

kvtIm´p-e≥Up-Im-c-\mb AeIvkm≠¿t^-k¿ ssS‰ve¿ (1790) ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse

hnh¿Ø\ ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

1. hnh¿Ø\w aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Bibw kºq¿Æ-amb-pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

2. hnh-¿Ø-\-Ønse teJ\ coXnbpw ssienbpw aqe IrXn-bnse teJ\ coXnbpw ssienbpw

Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

3. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse emfnXyw apgp-h\pw hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSp kzmX¥yw ImWn-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I¿°v ISn™mWnSp-I-bmWv ssS‰ve-dpsS

Dt±-iyw.

XpeyXm kn≤m-¥-ßƒ (Principles of Correpondance)

GXp c≠p `mj ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw Ah ]Xo--I-ß-fpsS A¿∞ Iev]-\-bntem, ]Z_-‘-ß-fm-tbm

hmIy-ß-fm-tbm -I-a-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bntem, Hcn-°epw A`n-∂-ß-f-s√∂v kv]-jvS-am-Ipw. A`n∂ß-fmb

]Zßƒ C√msX hcp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v G‰hpw Xp-ey-amb ]Zw I≠p ]nSnt°-≠n-h-cpw. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c--ambn

XpeyX c-≠p-X-c-Øn-em-Wp-≈-Xv.

cq] XpeyX Formal Equivalenceaqe- m-j-bn-kse ]Z-hm-Iy-N-tµm--e¶-m-c-ß-sf-√mw Bhp-∂X \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v \n¿∆-ln-°p∂

hnh¿Ø\amWn-Xv. hm°n\p hm°v, hmIyØn\phmIyw, F∂ ań-ep≈ X¿P-a. aqe IrXn-tbm-Sv

]-c-am-h-[n- hn-izkvXX ]pe¿Øm\p≈ ia-am-Wn-hn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. Nn-e-t∏mƒ Nne hnh-¿Ø-\-ßƒ

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-sIm≠v hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xmbpw hcpw.

Eg. Great one another with a holy kissFs∂mcp hmIyap-≠v. hnip≤ Npw_-\-Øm¬ At\ym\yw hµ\w ]dbp-hn≥ F∂ ss__nƒ hmIyw.

ss__nƒ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ an. ]utemkv tdmam-°m¿°v-F-gp-Xnb teJ-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv CXv. ]pXnb

\nb-a-Im-eØv- \-S-∏ne-p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp-A-`n-hm-Z\ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂ CXv-; F∂v ASn-°p-dn∏p \¬In

h-n-iZ-o-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

15



Ne-\m-flI XpeyX

e£y `mj-bp-sS -kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\n-W-ßp-∂ -hn-[-Øn¬ XnI™ kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS

\n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. kzoI¿Ømhv tkmX `mj-bpsS kmw-kvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Adn-b-W-sa-t∂m Dƒs°m-≈-W-sat∂m D≈ \n¿_‘-_p≤n Chn-sS-bn-√. t\csØ ]d™

DZm-l-cWw sh®p-Xs∂ t\m°mw.

Eg. Great one another with a holy kiss

F∂ ss__nƒ hmIyw Living Bible version F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ shake hands warm with each otherF∂mWp ]cn`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv.

cq]Xp-ey-Xbpw Ne-\m-fl-I-Xp-eyX-bpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ c≠p `n∂ [ph-ßfm-Wv. F√m

hnh¿Ø\ß-fp-tSbpw ÿm\w Cu c≠p Zph-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv. cq]-Xp-eyXm ]cn- mj F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v

]-Zm-\p-]Z ]cn-`m-j. F∂-mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

hmIym¿∞w amXw ]kv‡-amb k¿v-°m¿ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ, m-h-\m-hym-]m-cØns‚ t\-cnb kv]¿iw

t]mepan-√mØ imkvX teJ-\-ßƒ kmt¶-XnI hnh-c-ßƒ, DS-ºSn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v ]Zm-\p-]Z

hnh-¿Ø\w tbm-Pn-°pw. F∂m¬aqe IrXn-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb ISpw]nSpØ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hs´ms°

hy‡-am-bXpw, D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw sImSpØp sIm-≠pf-f-Xp-amb kzX¥ ]cn-`m-j-I-fmWv

Ne\-\mfl-I- -XpeyX ]pe-¿-Øp-∂-Xv.

]cn-`m-j-bn¬-FSp°p∂ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Af-h-\p-k-cn®v Ne-\m-fl-IX Xpey-X-bv°v c≠p

hn-`m-Kßƒ I¬-∏n-°mw.

tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈ Chbv°v kzmX¥yw, F∂pw XXzm-\p-cq-]w -F∂pw t]cn-Sp-∂p.

s]m^ Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \mb¿ \n¿t±-in-°p∂ GI-tZi X¿-÷a (Freetranslation) ]p\:-kr-jvSn

(re-creation) F∂o \ma-IcWßfm¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw CXp-s∂.

hnh¿Ø\w

A¥¿`mjm hnh¿Ø\w `mjm-¥c hnh¿Ø\w Nn”m-¥c hnh¿Ø\w

cq]-Xp-e-yX Ne-\m-flI Xpe-yX

]Zm-\p-hn-h¿Ø\w

eg:ssh⁄m-\nI

KŸw

aX-KŸw GIm-tZi X¿÷a

(k-z-X¥ X¿÷-a)

eg:imIp-¥f ]cn- mj

taL-ZqX ]cn-`mj

]p\krjvSn XX-zm-\p-cq]w

eg:cma-N-cnXw \ncWw

IrXn-Iƒ

16



UNIT-4]cn-`m-jbpw kwkvIm-chpw

hnh¿Ø-I≥ b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ Kuch_p≤ym tkmX-`m-j-bnse kwkv-Im-c-Øn-s‚-cq]w e£y

`mj-sb∂ am[y-Øn-eqsS NnXo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ka¿∞-\m-b-hn-h¿Ø-I≥ CXv A\m-bm-tk\

sNøp-∂p-sh-s∂ms° ]d--™mepw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp `mj-bnse X\Xp kwkvImcw ]e ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn-s\- a-s‰mcp `mj-bn¬ bYm-X-Y-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ hnj-a-am-Wv.

kwkvImcw F∂-]Zw ]e aWvU-e-ß-fnepw A¿∞t`--Z-ß-fnepw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ]t£

]cn- mj-bn¬ kwkvIm-c-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\-sØ-]-‰n- K-l-\-ambn Nn¥n® C≥t-Um¿ ]n©Iv (Indore pinchuk)F∂p ]fin-X≥ kb‚n-^nIv B‚ v sS°n-\n-°¬ Sm≥kvtej≥ F∂ IrXn-bn¬ kw--kvIm-csØ

hnkvX-cn®v A]-K-Yn-®n- p-≠v. kwkvImcw F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ hnj-b-ßsf A©p

hn[-ß-fm-bn-Xn-cn-°mw.

1. ]cn-k-c-hn-⁄m\w (Ecology)

2. kmaq-ly-_--‘-ßƒ (Social Relations)

3. kmt¶-XnI hnZy (Technology)

4. hnizm-k-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw (Beliefs and values)

5. mjbpw Iebpw (Language and art)

Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂mWv Hcp `mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-XbpsS kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm mjbv°pw X\Xp kwkvIm-c-ap-≠v. X\-Xp- kw-kvIm--c-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ß-fm-b- ]-Z-ßƒ hnh¿-Ø-

\-Øn-\v hgßmdn√.

]cn-k-c-hn-⁄m\w

ùXnI ]cn-k-c-amWv CXnse ]-[m\ LS-Iw, tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb- -Im--b¬, ae-

tbm-cw, tXmSv, IS¬, ]p©-∏m-Sw,-ssI-tØmSv XpS-ßn-bh ]pc-bn-Sw, ]Sn-∏p-c, ]qapJw, XpSßnbh

hoSns‚ `mK-ßƒ, Rm‰p-th-e, tImƒ CS-h-∏m-Xn, XpSßnb ]IrXn ]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ Ch-sbms° X\n

tIc-fo-b-am-Wv.

kmaqly _‘-ßƒ

Cu io¿j-I-Øn¬Io-gn¬ ]e hnj-b--ßƒ hcpw. ÿm]-\-ßƒ, Xd, Iq´w, tbmKw XpS-ßn- ]-

e-Xp-ap-≠v. PmXn Xncn®v Krl-ßƒ°p-t]mepw t]cp amdp-∂p.- a\ C√w aTw XpS-ßn-bh _m-“W Krl-

ß-tfbpw, Imhv Aº-e-tØbpw Ipdn-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Ønse D® \oNXzw `mj-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p. PmXn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambXpw `qhp-S-

a-ÿ-X-sb-B-i-bn-®p-amWv Cu D®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒ. Xºp-cm≥, Xncp-ta-\n, P∑n, IpSn-bm≥ ]m´-°m-c≥

ASn-b≥, DSa XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßƒ Cu hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS kw`m-h\Ifm-Wv. Ch-bpsS kmwKXyw kµ¿`m-

\p-kr-X-am-Wv.

kmt¶-XnI hnZy

B[p\--nI kmt¶-XnIhnZysb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw -ln-µnbpw aeb-m-fhpw Hcp t]mse ]m›m-

Xy-]-Zm-h-en-sb -B-i-bn-°p-∂p. ]m›mXy ]Zw `mjm en]n-bn¬- F-gp-Xp-tºmƒ c≠p `mj-°m-cpw-

A¬∏m¬∏w `n∂ cq]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-sh∂ A¥-c-ap-≠v.

17



]m--›-Xy-hn-Zy-bnse X¿P-a-bp-ambn mjm ]fin-X≥am¿ kz¥w km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ \n¿an-®n- p-≠v.

Ch an°-hmdpw kwkvIr-X --]- m-h-ß-fm-Wv. F¶nepw X¬k-a-]-Z-ßƒ Dƒs°m--≈p-tºmƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS

bp‡n-°-\p-cn®v Awi-]-Z-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

Eg: sSIvt\m-f-Pn˛ kmt¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb km¶-XnI hnZy-]-c-º-cm-K-X-amb FX-tbm-

kw-⁄-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠v. Irjnsb kw_-‘n®p≈ ]Z--ßƒ°v IW-°n-√. a©mSn, s\√n-°,-

]-W-anS Ig-©v, ew XpS-ßn-b-h. Ch-sbms° ep]vX-]-Nm-c-am-sb¶nepw Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw hnh¿-Ø-I-s‚-

ap-ºn-¬ h∂p-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°n-√.

Cuizc hnizm-khpw aXm-Nm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-khpw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS s]mXp-hmb ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

F¶nepw Ah-bpsS _mly cq]-Øn¬ Hmtcm `mj-°m¿°n-S-bn-epw -hy-Xymkw ImWp-∂p.

a. NmØ≥, amS≥, b£n, adp-X, £pZ -ssZ-h-ßƒ

b. IY-I-fn, tImew, ]S-b-Wn, IqØv, sXøw, sI´p ImgvN XpS-ßn-b -t£-X-I-e-Iƒ.

c. sN-≠, Xnan-e, CSbv°, sImºv, tN¶n-e, XpS-ßn-b -t£-X-hm-Zy-ßƒ.

Ch-sb-√mw- X\n tIc-fo--am-b-Xn-\m¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ en]y-¥-c-W-a-√msX a‰p-am¿§--hp-an-√.

]g--s©m-√p-I-fn-eqsS ]N-cn-®p-h-cp∂ hyXym-k--ßƒ ]g-b- ]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ Nn”-ß-fm-Wv.

AXp-t]mse ]Sn-b-S®p ]nfiw sh°p-I,-- Hm-Om-\n®p \n¬°-pI Gdm≥ aqfpI XpS-ßnb ]tbm-K--ßƒ

kaq-l-Ønse Nne ]gb aqey-ß-sf-bmWv Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. C∂h amdn-bn--cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw

]g-b-Im-cy-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmtgm ]gb IrXn-Iƒ hnh¿-Ø\w sNøp-tºmtgm Ah-°p≈ ]m[m\yw

Ah-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-X-√.

`mj-bpw-I-ebpw

a-e-bm-fw- tI-c-f-sa-∂ -sN-dnb kwÿm-\sØ `mjbm-sW-¶nepw `mjm-t`-Z-ß-tf-sd-bp-≠v.

]tZ-im-[n-jvTn-Xhpw PmXym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw sXmgn-e-[n-jvT-X-hp-sam-s°-bm-bn-]e ae-bm-f-t`-Z-ß-fpap-≠v.

]mtZ-in-I-t`-Z-ßƒ ]cn-`m-j-s]-]-Sp-Øp-hm≥ e-£y-`m-j-bnse GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mK-sØ -U-b-eIvSv

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xn\v ]tXy-I-bp‡n I≠p ]nSn-t°≠n h-cpw. As√-¶n¬ Ain--£n-X-cmb Bfp-Iƒ

km[m-cW kwkm-cn-°p∂ ssien-bn¬ X¿÷a \n¿h--ln-®v kzbw Xr]vXn-t\-tS-≠n-h-cpw.

kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚ -hn-hn[ LS-I-ß-fn-ep≈ ]Z-ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-X-s√∂

\nK-a-\--Øn¬ \mw GXm≠v FØn-tN-¿∂ncn°p-∂p. ]t£ Cu \n-K-a\w hnh¿Ø\ ]ÿm-\-Øn-\v

lm-\n-I-c-am-Wv.

]-tXyIw Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn X\Xp kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Z-ßƒ tkmX- m-j-bn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n- p-s≠-¶n¬

AXn-√m-Xm-Ip--tºmƒ ]-cn-`m-j-bpsS kzm¿∞-IXzw \jvS-s∏Spw. ssien-Iƒ hmNym-¿∞Øn\p-]-Icw

e£ym¿∞hpw hywKym¿∞-hp-amWv [z\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Zm-\p-]Z X¿÷a-ssi-en-sb- \-jvSs∏Sp-Øp-Itb

D≈q. imkX, kmaqly imkvX KŸ-ß-fn¬ tkmX`mj--bnse ]Z-ßƒ A[n-]-[m-\-am-Wv.

icn-bmb ]cn-`mj ]Zw In´p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ aq-e]-Zw -X-s∂- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fnepw ]tbm--Kn-°-Ww.

`n∂kw-kvIm-c-ßsf _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy≥ m-j-sIm≠v krjvSn-°p∂ ]me-amWv hnh¿Ø-\w.-

C‚¿s\-‰n-s‚- B-hn¿`m-h-tØmsS ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Øns‚ hn\n-a-b-km-[yX A\-¥-ambn h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

A¥¿-tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn¬ -cm-jvS-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw -Hcp cmPy-Øns‚

kzXz apZ-Iƒ a‰p-cm-Py-ßƒ°pw- ]-cn-N-b-s∏--Sp-Øm\pw hnh¿Ø\w klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p.

hyXykvX cmPy-ß-fnse hmb-\-°m¿°p Fgp-Øp-Im¿°pw \ncq-]-I-¿°pw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-Sm≥

hn-h¿Ø\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. imkvXw, -X-Xz-Nn-¥, cm-jvS-X¥w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°pw

hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn\v A]m-c-am-b- km-[yX-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. A\y kwkvImcsØ kzmwio-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

AXns‚ B[n-]-Xy-sØ -sN-dp-°m≥ hn-h¿Ø\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.

18



`mc-X-sØ-t]mse `n∂ `mj-Iƒ kw-km-cn-°p∂ Hcp cmPyØv Bfp-Iƒ°v ]c-kv]cw CS-]-g-Im≥

]cn- m-j-b-√msX thsd hgn-bn-√. mc-X-Øns‚ ]mNo\ al-XzsØ C∂pw temIw BZ-cn-°p-∂ps≠¶n¬

AXns‚ ImcWw \ΩpsS ]pcm-X\ KŸßfpsS -]-cn-`m-j-I-fm-Wv.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚-N-cnXw hfsc Zo¿L-am-sW¶nepw 1950 I-fn¬ amX-amWv Hcp sXmgn¬ F∂

\neb-n¬ hnh¿Ø\w Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. International Federation of translators F∂ kwL-S-\-bpsS

ÿm]-\-tØm-sS-bmWv hnh¿Ø\ kwcw- -ßƒ kPo-h-am-b-Xv. CtXmsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬\n∂pw kmln-tXy-Xc

hnj-b-ß-fn-te-tIIpw hnh-¿Ø-\-Øns‚ taJe am‰-s∏- p. B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv Hcp kzX¥ taJ-e-sb-∂-

\n-e-bn¬ hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬- H-cp-]m-e-am-bpw- G-Io-I-cW i‡n-bm-bpw- h¿Øn-°m≥

hn-h¿Ø-I\p Ign-bp-∂p. hy-XykvX `mj-I-fn-se-gp-X-s∏´ kmln-Xy-Øn-te°v AXv hmXn¬ Xpd-∂n-Sp-∂p.

tdma≥ bm-t°m-_vks‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ""-H-cp- m-j-bpsS hmMvab Nn”ßƒ sIm≠p \¬Ip∂

hymJym-\-amWv hnh¿Ø\w''. Npcp-°-Øn¬ hn-h¿Ø-I≥ `mj-I-sf-b-√, kwkvIm-c-sØ-bmWv hnh¿Ø-\w-

sN-øp-∂-Xv.

Hcp mj-bn¬ \n∂p- a-s‰m-cp- m-j-bn-se-°p≈ hnh¿Ø\w A\m-bm-ktam- hn-j-a-I-ctam BIp-∂Xv

kwkvIm-c--ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kwsIm≠v.

]cn- m-j-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

hnh¿Ø--\-Øns‚ e£Ww ]d-bp∂ ÿ-e-sØ√mw Hcp `mj-bnse kma-Kn- a-s‰mcp `mj-bn-te-°vv

hnh-¿-Ø\w sN-øp-∂-Imcyw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. \qdp-i-X--am\w hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂ k¶ev]w k¶¬]w amX-am-bnt´

Ccn-°m-dp-≈q. ]tbm-K-Øn¬ CXp an°-hm-dpw- -A-km-[y-amWv. hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b°v AXnt‚-Xmb

]cn-an-X-I-fp-≠v. sP.-kn. Iym‰v t^m¿Uv hnh¿Ø\ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf `mjn-I-sa∂pw kmw-kvIm-cn-I--sa∂pw

Xcp Xncn-°p-∂p. A¥n-a-ambn c≠pw Htc Xc-Øn-emWv hnh-¿Ø-Is\ A`n-apJoI-cn-°p--∂-Xv.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Zß-fpsS D®m-cWw AtX t]mse- Nne e£y`mjI-fn¬

]-Z¿in∏n°p-hm≥ km-[n-°msX hcp-∂p. kwkvIrX `mjm ]Z-ßƒ X-an-gn¬ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ- D-≠m-Ip-∂-

]-cn-anXn CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kw-kvIr-X-Ønse kpKo-h≥ X-an-gn¬ NpIvco-h≥ -B-Wv.

`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-WsØ kw_-‘n®v t\m°p-tºmƒ aqe-`m-j-bnse cq]-ßƒ -A-tX-t]m-se

-e-£y-`m-j-bn¬ ]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°msX hcp-∂-Xpw -H-cp- ]-cn-an-Xn -X-s∂-bm-Wv. tkmX-`m-j-bn¬

i_vZm-t«jw sIm≠v c≠¿∞w hcm-sa¶nepw AXp- e-£y- m-j-bn¬ h-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°n-√. kmwkvIm-cnI

]cn-an-Xnbpw `mjm ]cn-an-Xn-sb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]-I-S-ambn hnh-¿ØIs\ _p≤n-ap-ń-°p∂p. -Nn-e-t∏mƒ

Hcp `mj-bnse \√ -]-tbmKw as‰m-cp- `m-j-bn¬ A]--cn-Nn-Xhpw t¢i-hp-am-bn-Xo-cmw.

t\mh-enepw IY-I-fn-epw -a‰pw CØcw ]cn-an-Xn--Iƒ D≈ ÿeØv ]k-‡- mKw IYm-L-S-\bv°pw

a‰pw AXym-h-iy-ap-≈-X-s√-¶n¬ hn´p-I-f-bm-dp-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂ Cw•ojn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp--∂

-t\m-h-en¬ Hcp tIc-fo-b- hn-hmlk-ZybpsS hnkvX-cn® h¿Æ-\-bp-sS -hn-h¿Ø-\w -th-W-sa-¶n¬ -H-gn-hm-°-Ww.

Hcp \√ hnh-¿Ø-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠- tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ

1. hnj-b-Km-lyX

2. aqe-`m-j-bp-tSbpw e£y-`m-j-bp-tS-bpw -L-S-\-bn-ep≈ Ah-Km-lw.

3. aqe-`m-j-bnse D≈-S-°-sØ- lr-Zy-amb ssien-bn¬ A¿∞-i-¶-bv°nSw sImSp-°m-sX-

Nn-´-bmbn e£y-`m-j-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]Xn-`.

4. A\p-hm-N-I-\p-ambn hy‡n-]-c-amb _‘w ÿm]n®v lr-Z-b-kw-hmZw \S-Øp-hm-dp≈ Ign-hv.

en]y-¥-cWw (Trans literation)

Hcp `mj as‰mcp `mj-bpsS en]n-bn¬- F-gp-Xp∂ ]In-b-bmWv en∏y-¥-c-Ww.

eg: How old are you- F∂-Xns\ lu HmƒUv B¿ bq. F∂ ae-bmfw en]n-bn¬ B°p-∂Xv

en]y-¥-c-W-am-Wv. en]y-¥-c-W-Øn¬ en]n -am-X-ta -am-dp-∂p≈q `mj am-dp-∂n-√.

19



UNIT-5hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw

b¥ X¿Pa

Iºyq-´¿ `mjm-im-kvXw F∂ \qX\ hn⁄m-\-im-J-bpsS \m\m-ap-J-amb hnImkw

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn ]d-™m¬ b¥ X¿P-a-bpsS hnhn-[-ap-J-ßsf kv]¿in-°p∂ Kth-jW ]T-\-ßsf

Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv D≠m-°n-bn-´p≈Xv. 1940 Iƒ°p ap≥]v, kzbw t]cnX KW-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb

kp]-[m\ LS-I-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√. F¶n-epw, ]cn- mjm cwKØv ]Xn-hmbn I≠pap- m-dp≈

]e ]iv\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-lmcw b¥ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn km[n-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p F∂v BZy-ambn

Nq≠n ImWn-®Xv 1933 ¬ kvan¿t\mhv tSmP≥kvIn F∂ djy-°m-c-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ BZy-sam∂pw

P\-k-ΩnXn e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Cu Bi-b-Øn\v H∂mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬s∏´ Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ h∂-Xn-\p-

tijw 1946 ¬ Hcp-bn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏p-≠m-bn. F.-Un. _qØpw hmd≥ hoh-dp-amWv b¥-X¿÷-a-sb-

°p-dn-®p≈ B N¿®-I-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]¶p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. 1949 ¬ b¥ X¿÷-a-I-fpsS km[y-Xbpw

A`n-e-j-Wo-b-X-Ifpw Nq≠n ImWn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fnse hnZ-KvZ¿°v "hoh¿' Ab®

satΩmdm≠w b¥ X¿P-a-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. 1958

Bb-t∏m-tg°pw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ amXw Dt±iw 20 hn`n∂ kwL-ßƒ b¥-X¿P-a-sb-°p-dn®v

Xm¥m-ß-fp-tS-Xmb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ _≤-i-≤-cmbn Ign-™n-cp-∂p. djy, Cw•≠v

XpSßn b¥-h-XvIrX ]cn-jv°mcw ap∂n-´p \n∂ a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-tebpw Kth-j-I¿ Cu cwK-tØ°v

Xn°n Xnc°n Ib-dn-h-∂p.

CsXm-s°bmsW¶nepw B ]Xn-‰m-≠n¬ b¥ X¿P-abv°v Imcy amX-amb hnIm-k-sam∂pw

D≠m-bn-√. 1957 ¬ tNmwkvIn-bpsS hmIy kwc-N-\-Iƒ (Syntactic structures) F∂ KŸw ]kn-≤n-Ir-

X-am-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc b¥ X¿P-a-bpsS hnImkw GXm≠v kpjva-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

\mep L´-ßƒ

NphsS ImWn-°p∂ ]Imcw \mep L -ßƒ b¥ X¿÷-a-bpsS A\p-t]-£-Wob LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

\nL≠p tkmX e£-y-]m-T-Øns‚]cn-tim-[\ ]mT-Øns‚ kz-cq-]-hn-\n-abw DZvK-Y\w

A]-K-Y\w

]k-‡-amb Hmtcm tkmX-]m-Tmw-ihpw tkmX `mj-bn¬ AwKo-Ir-X-amb ]Z-k-©-b-Øn¬

Dƒs∏-´-XmtWm F∂pw BsW-¶n¬ kwib teiw IqSmsX GXp `mj-W-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-sb∂pw

Xocp-am-\n-°pI. AXm-bXv Hmtcm tkmX-]m-Tmw-i-Øn-t‚bpw A\-\yXz ÿm]\w CXmWv b¥

X¿P-a-bpsS BZy L´-Øns‚ e£yw.

tkmX-]m-T-Øns‚ kz`mhw

imkvX kmlnXy IrXn-Itfm Ah-bpsS ]k‡ `mK-ßtfm BWv an°-t∏mgpw b¥

X¿P-a-°mbn ssIs°m-≈m-dp≈ tkmX-]m-Tw, b¥ X¿Pabn¬ tkmX-]mTw an°-t∏mgpw

enJn-X-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. ImcWw D‡ cq]-tØ-°mƒ enJn-X-cq]w ssIImcyw sNøm-\mWv

b¥-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ kuI-cyw. enJnX `mjm-cq]w amX-amWv Ct∏mƒ b¥ X¿PabpsS ê-ambn

b¥Øn¬\n∂p e`n-°m-dp-≈-Xv.

20



b¥ Kmly-cq]w

tkmX ]mT-Øns‚ b¥ Kmly-cq]w sas\-s™-Sp-°p-I-bmWv b¥ X¿Pabnse BZysØ]Sn.

CXn-t∏mƒ ssS∏p sNøp-∂-Xp-t]msebp≈ Hcp ]In-b-am-X-am-Wv. B\pImen-I-ßƒ A®-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-

t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ teJ-\-ß-fpsS b¥ Kmly cq]-Ønse ]e ]Xn-Ifpw IqSn \n¿Ωn-°m-\mWv

Ct∏m-gsØ ]cn -i-aw. b¥ hXvIr-X-amb A®p \nc-Ø-ens‚ kzm`m-hn-I-amb Dt]m-Xv∏-∂-amhpw

CØcw AwKo-IrX ]I¿∏p-Iƒ.

\nL≠p ]cn-tim-[\

b¥ ]cn-`m-jm-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ BZy L´-Øn¬ km[m-cW \nL-≠p-°ƒ Xs∂

Iºyq-´-dns‚ saΩ-dn-bn¬ tiJ-cn®p sh°p-I-bmWv BZyw D≠m-b-Xv.

tkmX-]m-Tm-]-K-Y\w

tkmX-]m-Tm-]-K-Y\w F∂ c≠mw L´-Øn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ c≠p-Xcw kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fmWv

]cm--a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.

1) tkmX-`mjm hymI-c-Whpw IqSn Iºyq-´¿ t]mKm-an¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°pI. AXy-¥w-i-‡hpw

ka¿Y-hp-amWv Cu coXn. GsX-¶nepw `mjm-hn-⁄m-\nbpw Iºyq-´¿ hnZ-Kv[\pw XΩn-ep≈

kl-I-cWw ChnsS A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-Øo-cpw. Iºyq-´¿ t]mKmw AXy-[nIw

k¶o¿Æ-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.

2) Iºyq-´¿ t]mKm-ans‚ kmam\y kz`mhw Bhp-∂X ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ Dƒs∏-SmsX

kzX-¥-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]ń-I-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ tkmX mjm hymI-cWw Npa-°p-Ibpw sNøpI

t]mKm-anse \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°-\p-k-c-W-ambn Iºyq- -dn\p ssIImcyw sNtø-≠p∂ kma-Kn-I-fn¬

H∂v F∂ ]Zhn amXta hymI-c-W-Øn\v Cu kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ D≈p. `mjm hn⁄m-\n°pw

Iºyq-´¿ hnZ-Kv[\pw At\ym-\ym-in-XXzw Hgn-hm°mw F∂-XmWv Cu kº-Zm-b-Øns‚

]I-S-amb sa®w.

kzcq-]-hn-\n-abw

Cu L´-Øn¬ C∂p≈ ]iv\-ß-fn¬ an°Xpw Ime-I-taW `mjm-]-K-Y\ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°v

IqSp-X¬ sI´p-d∏p ssIh-cp-∂-tXmsS kzb-tah ]cn-lr-X-am-hp-sa-∂p-thWw ]Xn-£n-°m≥.

tkmX-˛-e£y `mj-Iƒ At\ym\yw hfsctbsd _‘-s∏-´-h-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu L´-Øn¬ XcWw

sNøp∂ sshj-ay-ßƒ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. \n¿±njvS tkmX-˛-e£y `mj-Isf hnh¿Ø\

\nb-a-ß-fn-eqsS At\ym\yw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ b¥ ]cn-`mjm ]≤-Xn-I-fn-emWv an° Kth-j-Icpw

Ct∂mfw i≤n®p t]m∂n-´p-≈Xv.

lnµn

Xangv ae-bmfw

^©v djy≥

P¿Ω≥ ssN\okv

Cw-•ojv

e£y]mtTm-ZvK-Y\w

e£y ]mtTm-ZvK-Y\w F∂ \memw L´-Øn\pw a‰p L´-ßƒ t]mse D] hn`m-K-ßƒ

Iev]n-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

s]mXp-`mj

21



1) Cu°q-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw ][m\w X¿Pabn¬ ]k-‡n-bp≈ Hmtcm tkmX ]mTmw-i-Øn\pw

ka-aq-ey-amb e£y ]mTmwiw hnhn[ km[y-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.

hymI-c-W-]-chpw kl-ÿnXn ]c-hp-amb ]e hkvXp-X-Ifpw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

2) e£y `mj-bpsS kz\na Imfiw, cq]-kz\nam Imfiw, hymI-cWw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈

F√m Xe-ß-tfbpw kv]¿in-°p-∂-hbpw B `mj-bpsS X\Xp ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°n-W-ßnbhbp-amb

`mj-Wmw-i-ßƒ bYm-ÿm\w hy\y-kn-®mte e£y ]mTw X´p XS-hp-an-√msX hmbn®p

t]mI-Ø-°-Xm-hq.

3) A[ym-b-ßƒ. ]pd-ßƒ, Jfin-I-Iƒ hcn-Iƒ apX-emb ]mT hn`m-K-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°epw e£y

]mTm-]-K-Y-\-Øn¬ hcp-∂p.

ta¬ hnh-cn® L´-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw b¥Øn\v Gs‰-SØp Xr]vXn-I-camw hÆw

\n¿h-ln-°m-\m-hp∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ°v ]e ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v. A¿Y i¶bv°v ]gp-Xn-√mØ hn[w ]cn-l-cn®p

\¬In-bm¬ Iºyq-´-dn\v B \nb-a-ßƒ A\y-£cw A\p-k-cn®v apt∂m-´p-t]mbn êw C∂-Xm-sW∂v

hy‡-ambn Nq≠n ImWn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ GsX-¶nepwsamcn-SØv ASp-Ø-Xmbn sNtø-≠-sX¥v?

F∂v sXs√mcp kwibw Xe-s]m-°n-bm¬ ]ns∂ b¥Øn\v Hc-Sn-t]mepw ]ptcm-K-an-°m-\m-hn-√.

X≥aqew ]e b¥ ]cn-`mjm kwL-ßfpw b¥ hXv°-cWw `mKn-I-ambn t]mbm¬t]mepw

t]mcm-bvI-bn√ F∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

Cu temI ]cn-⁄m\-Øn-¬ FX-tØmfw? Fßs\? b¥Øns‚ [mc-W-bn¬ tiJ-cn®p

sh°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWv b¥ X¿Pam cwKsØ G‰hpw henb hnj-a-]-iv\w. ]e-t∏mgpw

b¥ X¿Pa KpW-Øn¬ ]Xn-£-s°mØv Db-cp-∂n-√.

Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w

Iºyq- ¿ t]mK-ap-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v mjm-¥-co-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Iºyq- ¿ hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂v

]d-bp-∂-Xv. a\pjy ]b-Xv\hpw ka-bhpw Npcp°n Imcy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ XXz-amWv

b¥hXv°-c-W-Øn\p ]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. Cu hgn-bn¬ A¤q-X-ßƒ krjvSn® b¥amWv Iºyq-´¿.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb tkm^vSv shb¿ Xøm-dm-°-emWv Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse

hnj-a-I-c-amb IS-º. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Zzn`mjm \nL-≠p, hymI-cW \nb-a-ßƒ,

hmIy-L-S-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ F∂nh t]mKm-ap-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°-Ww.

Iºyq-´-dn¬ hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂Xv Fßs\?

Iºyq-´-dns\ ][m-\-ambn 1) C≥]p-´v, 2) Hu´v ]p´v, 3) t]mk- nßv bqWn‰v 4) I¨tSmƒ

bpWn-‰v, F∂o `mK-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. \mw C≥]p-ń¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂ `mK-ßƒ ôUp sNøp-∂p.

AXv b¥Øn\-IØv t]mkkv sNbvXn´v Hu´v ]pń¬ e£y-`m-j-bpsS am‰-dmbn ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p.

t]mk- nßv hym]m-c-Øn¬ At\Iw ]In-b-I-fp-≠v. t]mk-kn-ßns\ \nb-¥n-°p∂ bqWn-‰mWv

I¨tSmƒ bqWn-‰v. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-th≠ klmb hnh-c-ßƒ AXm-bXv ]cymb ]Z-ßƒ ssien

\nL-≠p-°ƒ hymI-cW \nb-a-ßƒ XpS-ßnbhsb√mw tÃm¿ sNøp-∂Xv saΩdn bqWn-‰n-em-Wv. b¥w

]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Bhiyw th≠ hnh-c-ß-sf√mw saΩdn-bn¬ \n∂pw kwL-Sn-∏n®p hnh¿Ø\w

\S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Iºyq-´¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-®n´v \m¬]Xp h¿j-am-sb-¶nepw Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\w

Nne ]tXyI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]cn-anXs∏ń-cn-°p-∂p. bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø\w

Iºyq- -dn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ kpK-a-am-Wv. Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ h¿W-ame hmIy LS-\, ]Z-L-S\ F∂n-h-bp≈

c≠v `mj-Iƒ XΩn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cw•o-jn¬\n∂v `mc-Xo-b

22



- m-j-bn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø\tØ°mƒ Hcp `mc-Xob `mj-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp `mc-Xob `mj-bn-te-°p≈

Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w kpK-a-am-Wv.

`mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ ][m\ sshj-ay-ßƒ

C\n]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1) AXym-[p-\nI `mjm imkvX ZrjvSym cNn-°-s∏´ Iao-Ir-X-amb hymI-c-W-Øns‚ A`m-hw.

2) Hcp `mj-bnse kmt¶-Xn-I-]Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ, _lp-`mjm kt¶-Xn-I-]Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ,

]cn-`mjm \nL-≠p-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS A`m-hw.

3) am\I kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fpsS A`mhw.

4) \nb-Xm¿∞-ap≈ ]Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb hmIy-ßƒ amXta hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.

5) Ihn-X-t]mse [z\n-]-[m-\-amb kmlnXy cq]-ßƒ Cu cq]-Øn¬ ]cn- mj sNøpI km[y-a-s√∂p

Xs∂ ]d-bmw.

6) aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Bibw ]cn-`m-j-bn-ep-≠m-hn-√. as‰-¥-¶n-ep-am-bn-cn°pw e`n-°p-I. CØcw

kµ¿`-Øn¬ X¿Pa sNtø≠ IrXn ]o FUn-‰n-ßn\p hnt[-b-am-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

7) b¥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p tijw hnh¿Ø-I≥ Nne an\p-°p-]-Wn-Iƒ IqSn \S-Øn-sb-¶nte

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]q¿W-X-bp-≠m-hq.

8) A¿∞w Xncs™Sp°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Iºyq- -dn\v ]e-t∏mgpw ]cymb ]Z-ßfpw kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-amb

A¿∞-ßfpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign™p F∂p hcn-√.

Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p `mc-Xob `mj-Isf k÷-am-°m≥ Nne Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv.

1. _rl-Ømb imkvXob ]Zm-hen \n¿an-°-Ww. apΩq∂v h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v

th≠ hn[w ]cn-jv°-cn-°-Ww.

2. hnj-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Ffp∏w d^¿ sNøm-hp∂ t]m°‰v sskkv imkvXob ]Zm-hen thWw.

3. imkvX _ncpZw Ign™v imkvXob hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Snb hnh¿Ø-Isc t]mKmw

Xøm-dm-°m≥ e`n-°-Ww.

A\n-ta-j≥

Nn”m-¥c hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p hfsc km[y-X-I-fp≈ Hcp ]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bmWv A\n-ta-j-t‚Xv.

alm- m-c-X-hpw, cmam-b-W-hpw a‰p ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ßfpw A\n-ta-j-\n-eqsS ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. `mh-\-bpsS

AXn¿Øn-Iƒ°-∏pdw \n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-Xß-tfbpw kw -h-ß-tfbpw A\n-ta-j-\n-eqsS hfsc Ffp∏w

]p\:krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. tSmw B‚ v Pdn kvss]U¿ am≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ Cu A\n-taj

X¥-ß-fm-Wp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

23



UNIT - 6hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

kmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø\w (k¿Km-flI hnh¿Ø-\w)

km[m-cW IrXn-I-sf√mw am\-I-`m-j-bn-em-bn-cn°pw hnti-jn®v imkvX, kmaq-ly-im-kvX-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ t\cn-Sm-\n-S-bn-√mØ Hcp ][m\ ]iv\w k¿Km-flI kmln-Xy-

hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw. `mjm-t`-Z-ß-fpsS km∂n-[y-am-W-Xv.

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I≥ klr-Z-b-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F∂mte

aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-cs‚ mh\m hnem-k-hp-ambn XmZmflyw ]m]n-°m≥ X¿P-a-°m-c\v Ign-bq. GXp- m-j-bn-tebpw

DØ-a-Ir-Xn-Iƒ B`mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS kwkv°mc kº-Øns‚ Hcp \nkvXpe

\nZ¿i-\-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]cn-`m-j-bnepw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb B ]tXy-IX tNm¿∂p

t]mImsX ]I¿Øn-Im-Wn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

hnizm-km-Nm-cßfpw tZi-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v X¿Pa sNøp∂ coXn AX icn-b-√. hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ßƒ

kam-\-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw AXp ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ hyXymkw hcmw. Cu coXn kmaq-ln-I-

k-hn-ti-j-X-bn¬ \n∂v DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. X¿Pa sNøp-tºmƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Cu kmaq-ln-I-amb

khn-ti-j-Xbv°pw ]mtZ-in-I-amb ]tXy-I-Xbv°pw tIm´w hcmsX ]cn- mj sNtø-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø\w

DNn-X-amb ]Z-ßƒ DNn-X-amb Ia-Øn¬ hn\y-kn-°p-∂-XmWv Ihn-X. hrØhpw Xmfhpw

]mk-hp-sa√mw Cu hyXym-ksØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°p am‰ptºmƒ

Cu LS-I-ßƒ th¿]n-cn-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v aµm-Im-¥-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]Zyw Cw•o-jn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ Bi-b-tNm¿® H´pw D≠m-hp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ cq]-L-S\ inYn-e-am-hpw.

ImcWw Cw•o-jn¬ aµm-Im¥ C√.

IhnX s]mXpth hywKym¿∞ ][m-\-amWv hywKyw ]cn-`mj sNøm-\m-hn-√. hm°n\p hm°v

F∂ IW-°n\p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ hmNym¿∞w amXta ]I¿∂p In´q. CXmWv Imhy

]cn-`m-j-bnse ][m\ ]iv\w. aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSv hnizm-kyX ]pe¿Øm-\m-hn√ F∂p kmcw.

hnizm-kyX ]pe¿Øn-bm¬ ]cn-`mj hnIr-X-am-hpw. ]cn-`mj kpµ-c-am-bm¬ hniz-kvXX C√m-Xmhpw

Ch-bn-sem∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ ]cn-`m-j-I≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mhpw hnizm-ky-X-tb-°mƒ ]cn-`m-jbv°v

ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-I-bmWv ]cn-`m-j-I¿ ]mtbW sNbvXp t]m∂n-´p-≈-Xv.

IhnX hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX \n¿an-°pI hnjaw Xs∂. F¶nepw hnh¿Ø\

imkvXw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ Nne am¿K-tc-J-Iƒ Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-Isc klm-bn-°pw.

Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]e Xc-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°mw.

(1) in¬]-a-\p-k-cn®v

a. ]Zy-Øn‚ KZy ]cn-`mj

b. ]Zy-Øns‚ ]Zy ]cn-`mj

]Zy-Øns‚ ]Zy-]-cn-`m-jsb ho≠pw aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-°mw.

(1) aqe-`m-j-bnse ]Zyw AtX Nµ- n¬. e£y-`m-j-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.

(2) aqe-`m-j-bnse ]Zyw e£y-`m-j-bnse hyXykvX Nµ- n¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.

(3) aqe mj-bnse Nµ v GXm-bmepw e£y- m-j-bn¬ ap‡ Nµ- ntem KZy-I-hn-X-bmtbm hnh¿Ø\w

sNøp-I. an° ]m›m-Xy-I-hn-X-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Cu coXn-bn-emWv hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

24



IYm-Imhyhnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v KZy ]cn- mj ]‰n-b-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ hnh¿Ø-I¿°v km[m-c-W-bmbn

Ihn-X-bpsS hnh¿Ø\w Ihn-X-bn¬ Xs∂ sNøm-\mWv XmXv]-cyw. CXn\v c≠p ssien-I-fp-≠v. H∂v

hcn-°p-hcn As√-¶n¬ Cuc-Sn°v Cuc-Sn. hcn-°p-hcn hnh¿Ø\w ]e-t∏mgpw hnc-k-am-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v hnh¿Ø-I≥ aqe-I-hn-I-fpsS Bibw ]q¿W-ambpw Dƒs°m≠v Xs‚ coXn-bn¬

Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv.

(2) hrØm-\p-hrØ hnh¿Ø\w

]mtbW ]Zyw Cuc-Sn-I-fmbpw NXp-jv]-Zn-I-fmbpw a‰p-amWv cNn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu N´-°q-Sn\v

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Nµ v F∂pw Cw•o-jn¬ ao‰¿ F∂pw ]d-bpw. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Nµ v Xs∂

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv kq£n-®p-th-Ww. ae-bm-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kwkvIrX

Imhy-]-cn-`m-j-bn¬ hrØm-\p-hØ coXn kzoIm-cy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ lnµn Ihn-Xtbm Cw•ojv

Ihn-Xtbm hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ Cu coXn kzoI-cn-°pI _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv.

e£y-`mjm Nµ- p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmgpw Ipg-∏-an-√m-Xn-√. Ihn-X-bpsS bYm¿∞-hn-h¿Ø\w

]c-Imb ]th-i-\-Øn\v Xpey-am-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw aqe-I-hn-bpsS PohnX Z¿i-\-tØmsSm hy‡n-Xz-tØmtSm

henb s]mcp-Ø-an-√mØ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ ]cn-`mj ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ \mep ssien-Iƒ ]WvUn-X-\mb temSvam≥ Iev]n-°p-∂p.

1. Bi-b-]-[m\ ssien ˛ CXn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ Ihn-X-bnse CXn-hrØw AYhm Bibw ][m-

\-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. Abmƒ aqe-`m-j-bnse Bibw e£y-`m-jm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ kwt]-jWw sNøp-

∂p.

2. kwc-N-\m-ssien ˛ CXn¬ aqe-IhnX-bnse ]Z-L-S-\bpw a‰pw hnt«-jWw sNbvXv B LS\

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw hcp-Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p.

3. `mjm ][m\ ssien aqe Ihn-X-bnse hrØw, ]Zw, Na-Xv°m-cw, Ae-¶mcw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬

GsX-¶nepw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam LS-I-ßƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw hcp-Øm-\p≈ ia-am-Wn-Xv.

4. kmln-tXy-Xc ][m\ ssien CXn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ Imhy-X-Xz-tØ-°mƒ kmln-Xy-_m-ly-amb

XXz-Øn\p ]m[m\yw I¬∏n-°p-∂p. aX-]-ctam kmaq-lytam a\-im-kvX-]-ctam Hs°-bmb

XXz-ßƒ Ihn-X-bn-eqsS kwt]jWw sNøm-\mWv Cu ssien-bnse iaw.

IhnX hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-bmfpw Ihn-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv DNn-Xw. Ch¿ an°-t∏mgpw kzX¥

hnh¿Ø-\-amWv \S-Øp-I. Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ kw_-‘n®v sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥

]d-™n- p≈ A`n-]mbw ]k-‡-am-Wv. "Cw•o-jn¬ aqe-Ir-Xntbm X¿Patbm Bbn ImWp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ

ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z hrØ Xmf-ß-sfm∏n®v X¿Pa sNøm≥ Ign-™m¬ \∂v. ]t£ an°-hbpw

Aß-s\-bp≈ X¿P-abv°v hg-ßp-∂-h-b-√. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse `mh-\-bpsS Cµ-Pmew As√-¶n¬

]Z-ssi-en-bpsS Cµ-Pmew X¿Pa Ihn-X-bn¬ tNm¿∂p t]mIp-∂-Xm-bmWv A\p-`-hw.'

IhnX kzm`tht\ hnh¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√. X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-sXt¥m AXmWp

IhnX (Potery is what is lost in translations F∂v Robert Frost.

IhnXm hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse sshj-ayßƒ

Ihn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hm°v ssh`hw sIm≠v hmb-\-°m-cs\ AZv p-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. Ihn-I-fpsS

Cu NmXp-cyw, ]Z-L-S\ e£-Wm-hy-RvP-\m-Zn-Iƒ sIm≠p \S-°p∂ A¿∞-]p-jv°-e-X, Ae-¶mcw

]XoI ]tbmKw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. hnh¿Ø-I≥ CsX√mw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Bi-b-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ccp `mj-I-fp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øns‚ A¥cw hnj-aw krjvSn-°pw. Hcp

25



]tXyI ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Ahn-SpsØ mj-bn¬ amXta wKn-bmbn

h¿Wn-°m≥ km[n-°q. kam\]Z-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]bm-khpw Is≠-Øn-bm¬ Xs∂

Ah-bnse sshIm-cnImw-i-Øns‚ \jvShpw Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]iv\-Øn-em-°p-∂p.

Eg:-˛ Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ k¶o¿Ø\w F∂ Ihn-X-bnse t«mIw.

N¥-ta-dnb ]qhnepw

i_-fm-àmw ie-`-Ønepw

k¥Xw Ic Xmcn-sb-s∂mcp

NnX NmXpcn Imńbpw

l¥! Nmcp ISm-£-am-e-I-f¿°˛

civan-bn¬ \ońbpw

Nn¥bmw aWn aµn-c-Øn¬

hnf-ßp-ao-is\ hmgvØp-hn≥.

]ikvX Ih-bnXn kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j.

Praise be to the lordThe skill of whose handShows itself in the lovely flowerAnd the colourful wings of the butterflyWhose glances extendDown the rays of the sunAnd whose dwelling isin the mind of man

ChnsS Nn¥bmw aWn-a-µncw shdpw "Mind' Bbn Npcpßn t]msb-¶nepw Bi-b-tØmSp\oXn

]pe¿Øm≥ Ihn-Xbv°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

KZy-]-cn- mj

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw _p≤n-ap- p-≈-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xv Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v

Xs∂ KZy ]cn-`mj Xmc-X-tay\ Ffp-∏-am-sW-∂mWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnti-jn®v t\mh¬ t]mep≈

k¿Km-fl-I cN-\-Iƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Nne-Im-cy-ß¬ i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

1. Hmtcm hmt°m hmIytam Bbn-´√ hn`mh\w sNtø-≠-Xv. ]cn-`mjm ]In-bsb ]e

JWvU-ß-fmbn Xncn-°-Ww. IrXnsb Hscm‰ bqWn-‰mbn I≠p-sIm≠v Hmtcm JWvUhpw

]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. IrXn-bpsS samØw ]Xo-Xnsb∏‰n-bp≈ t_m[w Ft∏mgpw a\- n-ep-≠m-h-Ww.

2. ssien°p ]Icw ssien F∂ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°-Ww. aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Hcp ssien ]tbm-Kn-

®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn\p Xpey-amb Hcp ssien e£y-`m-j-bn¬ Is≠-Ø-Ww. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse

ssien ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ \n¬°-cp-Xv.

4. Ccp- m-j-I-fnepw ]tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw It≠-°mw. Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬

]tXyIw i≤n-°-Ww. Fs¥-∂m¬ tkmX-`m-j-bn¬ Hcp ]Z-Øn-\p≈ A¿∞-Øn-¬ \n∂p

`n∂-amb Hc¿∞-am-bn-cn°mw AtX ]Z-Øn\v e£y-`m-j-bn-ep-≈-Xv.

5. ss[cy-]q¿∆w \S-Øp∂ Hcp cq]-am‰ Inb-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-`m-j. Hcp A\y-hkvXp

kztZ-iØv icocw ]q≠v Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°p∂ ]In-b-bm-Wn-Xv.

6. ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ Hcn-°epw hnh¿ØnX IrXnsb Ae-¶-cn-°m≥ apXn-c-cp-Xv.

26



\mSIw, t\mh¬ sNdp-IYm hnh¿Ø\w

KZy-Øns‚ hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ \mS-Iw, t\mh¬, sNdp-IY F∂nh ][m\s∏ -Xm-Wv. k¿Km-flI

kmln-Xy-Øns‚ mK-amb Cu aq∂p imJ-Iƒ°v hnh¿Ø\w Fßs\ km[y-am-Ip∂p F∂pw t\m°mw.

\mSIw:- \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø\w IhnXm hnh¿Ø\w t]mse hnj-a-am-Wv. \mS-I-Øn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂

PohnX ]›m-Ø-e-hp-ambn `mj _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp KZy-`mKw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ AtX

coXn-bn¬ Hcp \mS-I-IrXn ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ \mS-I-Ir-Xn-bpsS hmb\ hyXykvX

Xc-Øn-em-Wv. kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ hmIy-ssi-enbpw ]Z-ß-fn-ep≈ Du∂epw kzc-hy-Xym-khpw hfsc

]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. hmIy-Øn\p hmIyw X¿Pa sNbvXp sh®m¬ t]mc AXv aqe-`m-j-bnse

]Z-L-S-\bpw ssienbpw \¬Ip∂ A¿∞-]pjvSn e£y-`m-j-bnse i‡-amb ]tbmKw sImt≠

hcn-I-bp-≈q. kw`m-j-W-ssien B‰n-°p-dp-°n-bXpw «njvS-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ hnh¿Ø\w XZ-\p-k-X-am-I-Ww.

As√-¶n¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \mS-I-Øns‚ i‡n \jvS-s∏-t´-°pw. lmky-\m-S-I-ß-fnse lmkyw

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Ah a‰p `mj-°m-cn¬ Nncn Df-hm-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

\mS-I-IrXn Hcp A]q¿Æ-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. \mSIw ]q¿WX t\Sp-∂Xv Ah-X-c-W-Øn-em-Wv. ChnsS

]cn-`m-j-I≥ t\cn-Sp∂ Hcp ]iv\w \mS-I-Ir-Xnsb Hcp ip≤ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bmbn amXw I≠p

]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-tØ-W-tam, AtXm IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-amb Hcp Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ Hcwiw F∂ \ne-]mSp

kzoI-cn-°tWm? F∂-XmWv ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p h∂ ]e \mS-I-]-cn-`m-jIfpw CXn¬ BZyw ]d™

\ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ BZysØ \mS-I-]-cn-`mj

I√q¿ DΩ≥ nen-t∏m-kns‚ "Bƒam-dm´w' BWv. hneyw tjIvkv ]nb-dns‚ "tImaUn Hm^v Ftdgvkv'

F∂ \mS-I-Øns‚ ]cn-`m-j-bm-W-Xv.

t\mh¬, sNdp-IY F∂o KZy-cq-]-ßƒ Nne s]mXp-L-S-I-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v

hnh¿Ø-\-X-Xz-ßƒ kam\w Xs∂. A\y-`mjm t\mh-ep-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ae-bmf t\mh-ens‚

hf¿®-bn-¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p-≠v. "]mh-ßfpw' "Imc-a-tkmhv ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw' a‰p temI-

¢m-kn-°p-Ifpw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-tXmsSbmWv ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬ ]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hn-se-Øp-∂-Xv.

`mc-Xo-b- m-j-I-fn¬ _wKm-fn-t\m-h-emWv ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏- -Xv.

F¨]-Xn-tesd hnh¿Ø-I¿ tN¿∂v Ccp-\q-‰n-b≥]-Xn-tesd _wKm-fn-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v

]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xmcm-i-¶¿_m-\¿Pn-bpsS "BtcmKy \ntI-X\w' 1961¬ \neo\ F_lmw

ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn. ]n∂oSv FSpØp ]d-tb≠Xv bp. B¿. A\-¥-aq¿Øn-bpsS

I∂-S-hn-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ hntZ-i-km-lnXy ]cn-`m-j-I-fn¬ A[n-Ihpw

aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.

t\mh¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]mTy-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fm°n hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmWv ]mtbm-Kn-Iw. henb

t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw hrYm ÿqeX A\p- -h-s∏-Smw. Ah A\p-hm-N-I¿°v Atcm-N-I-hm-Iy-sa∂v

hnh¿Ø-I\v t_m[y-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√.

t\mh¬ hnh¿Ø\w ˛ ][m\ ]iv\-ßƒ

t\mh¬ hnh¿Ø\w ][m-\-ambpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv mjm-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb

]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A¥cw F∂pw hnh¿Ø-I\v sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øn \n¬°p-∂p.

P\-X-bpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ `£-W-co-Xn-Iƒ, thj-hn-[m-\-ßƒ D]-Nm-c-]-Z-ßƒ _‘ kqN-I-ßƒ

`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F√mw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v hne-ßp-X-Sn-bm-Wv.

t\mh-ense Cu ]bm-k-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ sNdp-I-Y-bnepw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn\p ]pdsa

sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ Im®n-°p-dp-°nb ]tbm-K-ßfpw Ipdn-°p-sIm-≈p∂ ]Z-ß-fp-am-bn-cn°pw IYm-Ir-Øp-°-fpsS

]tXy-I-ssi-en-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-I\v oj-Wn-bm-Wv. _jo-dn-s‚bpw Fw. Sn.-bp-tSbpw ssien-Iƒ n∂-am-Wv.

hfsc kw«n-jvS-amb ]Z-ßƒ as‰mcp mj-bn-te°v A\yq-\-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNøpI t¢i-I-c-hp-am-Wv.

H∏w `mjm-t`Zw sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øns\ ]e-t∏mgpw _p≤n-ap-ń-°m-dp-≠v.

27



UNIT-7kmln-tXy-Xc hnh¿Ø\w

kmt¶-Xn-I- m-jbpw D]- m-jbpw

kmt¶-XnI `mj-Isf Nne-t∏mƒ sXmgn¬ samgn-I-sf∂pw hyh-l-cn-°m-dp-≠v. ap°p-h-cpsS

`mj, Bim-cn-am-cpsS `mj, J\n-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS `mj XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ kmt¶-Xn-I- m-jsb

`mj-bpsS Hcp ssien-tbmSv Xpe\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmt¶-XnI `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ ]e ssien-Ifpw

cq]w sIm≈m-dp-≠v. imkvX-`m-j-bpsS Nn”w AXnse Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ssien Xs∂. \n¿t±-i-]-ń-I,

]ckyw, t]‰‚ v XpS-ßnb kmt¶-XnI `mjm-co-Xn-Iƒ imkvX-ssi-en-bn¬ Xs∂ hn n-∂-cq-]-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

hfsc kq£va-X-tbmsS hymJym-\n-®n-´p≈ ]Z-]-tbm-Khpw I¿ΩnWn ]tbm-K-Øns‚ Bh¿Ø-\hpw

imkvX-`m-j-bpsS ]tXy-I-e-£-W-ambn IW-°m-°mw.

cmjvS-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ imkvX-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse _‘hpw kl-I-c-Whpw i‡n ]m]n®p

hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kmln-tXy-Xc hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw h¿≤n®p hcp-∂p. _‘pXzw t]mse Xs∂

cmjvS-ßƒ XΩn-epff kv]¿≤bpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]tNm-Z-\-am-Im-dp-≠v. bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb imkvX-

km-t¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ hn`n∂ cmjvS-ßƒ°v ]¶p-≠v.

`mj-bn¬ imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßƒ ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w sIm≈p-I-sb-∂Xv Bh¿Øn-°p∂

]In-b-bm-Wv. imkvX kmt¶-XnI KŸ-ßfpw kma-Kn-Ifpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂ coXn-sb-∏‰n

Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ \mw GXp-Xcw kmaKn hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw B¿°p-th≠n sNøp-∂p-

sh∂pap≈ ]iv\-amWv BZy-ap-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. kma-Kn-Iƒ c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v.

(1) XnI®pw kmt¶-XnIw

(2) efnX imkvX KŸw (Popular Science)

efn-X-im-kvX-KŸw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v IqSp-X¬ kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v.

A\p-hm-N-I¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ah-bn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßƒ°p ]pdsa

A¿[-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ßfpw kmam-\y-]-Z-ßfpw BImw. CØcw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-¬ kpKm-ly-Xbpw

`mj-bpsS Hgp°pw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Ip-∂p.

imkvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fn-eqsS khn-ti-j-`m-jm-ssien ]e-t∏mgpw hnh¿Ø\w ZpjvI-c-am-°pw.

Cw•o-jnse imkvX-km-t¶-XnI KŸ-ßƒ `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn-te°v ]Zm-\p-]-Z-hn-h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v

][m\ XSkw; c≠p Xcw `mj-I-fnepw hmIy-L-S-\-I-fpsS A¥cw Xs∂-bm-Wv. imkvX-`m-j-bn¬

Hcp kzc-am-X-t]mepw A\m-h-iy-ambn tN¿°m≥ ]mSn-√. imkvX-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿∞w

Kln®v AXn\p ]‰nb e£y-`m-jm-]Zw I≠p ]nSn-°p-I, ZpjvIcw Xs∂.

F¶nepw imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v t\cn´v kzoI-cn®v X¬k-a-coXnbn¬

hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-sb-∂Xv ]q¿Æ-ambpw bp‡n-klw Xs∂. imkvX kmt¶-XnI KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw

kma-Kn-I-fp-sSbpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v hy‡n-I-fpsS kw`m-h\ hfsc hne-s∏- -Xm-Wv. imkvX-hn-h¿Ø\w

Hcn-°¬ sNbvXp-I-gn-™m¬ AXv ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-a-s√∂v hnNm-cn-°-cp-Xv.

]e am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v aqt∂m At©m h¿j-ßƒ IqSp-tºmƒ Ch ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠Xpw

]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

`c-W- mj

`c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj-bmWv `c-W-`m-j. tIc-f-Ønse `c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-Wv.

tIc-f-Ønse `c-W-`m-jsb \mev Ime-L-´-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw.

28



1. Xangv kzm[o-\-ap≈ ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ß-fpw [mcmfw CS-I-e¿Øn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂

BZy-Im-e-L-´w.

2. U¬ln, ssakq¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse `c-WsØ A\p-I-cn®v t]¿jy≥ Ad_n ]Z-ßƒ

CS-I-e¿Øn FgpXn h∂ c≠mw L´w. Cw•o-jnepw t]¿jy-\n-ep-amWv tIc-f-Ønse cW-IqSw

Fgp-Øp-IpØv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn\v ]tXyIw DtZym-K-ÿ≥am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AØcw

Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ A∏-t∏mƒ X¿÷a sNbvXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ tcJ-bm°n kq£n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

3, _nójv cWw C¥y-sbm-´p°v ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS tIc-f-Ønse c-W-Iq-Shpw Cw•ojv Bbn-

Xo¿∂ Ime-L-´-amWv aq∂mw-L-´w.

4. ]gb `c-W-`mj GXm≠v ad-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xnb L´-Øn¬ ae-bmfw ho≠pw `c-W-`mjbmbn

AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v `c-W-tc-J-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-se-gp-X-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-ap-Zn-®p.

AXn\v hnh¿Ø\w A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-Xo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

`c-W-`m-j-bpsS hnh¿Ø\ ]iv\-ßƒ

`c-W-`m-j-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn hcp∂ ]iv\-ßƒ At\-I-ap-≠v.

1. ]Z-ßƒ, (2) hmIy-ssien (3) N -°qSv F∂o aq∂v io¿j-I-ß-fn¬ Chsb tImUo-I-cn-°m-sa∂v

tXm∂p-∂p. `c-W-`m-j-bn¬ hcp∂ ]Z-ßƒ Xs∂ aq∂p hn[-ap≠v.

a. kmam-\y-hy-h-lmc `mj-bn-ep-≈Xpw AtX A¿∞-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]Z-ßƒ.

b. hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bnepw `c-W-`m-j-bnepw ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏Sp∂psh-¶nepw `c-W-`m-j-bn¬ hyXy-

kvXm¿∞-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h.

c. `c-W-cw-KØp amXw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂h.

`c-W- mj, XnI®pw kmt¶-Xn-I-am-Wv. kmln-Xy- m-j-bnset]mse c-W- m-j-bn¬ ]cym-b-]-Z-ßfpw

Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw a‰pw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. ]q¿W-]-Z-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hnj-a-an-√. Ah-bpsS

kw£n]vX cq]-Øn\v kw£n]vX hnh¿Ø\w thWw. \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww, cWw \oXn-\ymb \n¿h-lWw

XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb ]pXnb BIvSp-Iƒ°pw a‰pw cq]w \¬Ip-tºmƒ Ah-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v

Ht´sd ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ hcpw. Ah-bv°p-S-\p-S≥ X¿Pa I≠p ]nSn-°p-∂Xv ]bm-k-ambn hcpw.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hcp∂ Cu ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ `cW i_vZm-h-en-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-

am¿K tcJ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

1. [mcmfw ]N-cn-®n-´p≈ Cw•ojv ]Z-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-I.

2. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-bn-´p≈ icn X¿÷a kzoI-cn-°pI ˛ ]Nm-c-Øn-en-s√-¶nepw X°-Xmb

ae-bmf ]Zw kzoI-cn-°m≥ ivan°p-I.

3. tIµ-K-h¨sa‚nse imkvX-km-t¶-XnI ]Zm-hen IΩo-j≥ ]WvUn-X≥amsc sIm≠v Xøm-

dm°n sh® ]Z-ßƒ an°-hmdpw kzoI-cn-°p-I. ae-bm-f-ssi-en°v tNcm-ØXv Dt]-£-n°p-I.

aoUnb Sm≥kvtej≥ -˛ hnh¿Ø-\hpw am[y-a-ßfpw

C¥y-bn¬ G‰-hp-a[nIw hnh¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂Xv ]X-ß-fn-em-Wv. Znh-tk\sbt∂mWw

Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p t]Pp-Ifpw ]cn-`m-jbv°v hg-ßmØ \nc-h[n ]Z-ßfpw Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v

Ah¿ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. mj-bn-en-√mØ \nc-h[n ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw \nanjw ]Xn-sb-t∂mWw

X¤-h-ß-fmbpw X’-a-ß-fmbpw h∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ Ch

]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI hn`m-KsØ Dt±-in®√ F√m P\-ß-tfbpw Dt±-in-®m-Wv. Hcp

29



]X-]-h¿Ø-I\v Abmƒ°n-jvS-ap-≈Xv CjvS-ap-≈-h¿°pth≠n Fgp-Xm≥ km[n-°n-√. hmbn-°p∂

F√m-h-tcbpw ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

X¿P-a-°m-c\v Xe-th-Z-\-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xpw Cw•o-jn-em-bmepw ae-bm-f-Øn-em-bmepw ]tXyI

]cn-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v ]nSn-In- m-Ø-Xp-amb FXtbm Bi-b-ßfpw hm°p-Ifpw Zn\w ]Xn-sb-t∂mWw

]X-ß-fnepw tdUn-tbm-bnepw kn\n-a-bnepw a‰pw X≈n-°-f-b-dp-∂p-≠v. Aº-c-∏n-°p∂ thK-X-bn-emWv

imkvX-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw hf¿®. F∂m¬ sRmSn-bn-S-bn¬ hf¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂

imkvX-Øn-\-\p-K-X-ambn mj-bn¬ hf¿®bp≠m-hp-∂n-√. CXv am[ya taJ-e-bnse hnh¿Ø-\-tØbpw

kmc-ambn _m[n-°m-dp-≠v.

EG: Tamil Nadu goes dry F∂-Xn\v Xan-gv\m-ń¬ DK-hcƒ® F∂v ]cn-`mjs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-Xm-Xv]-cy-ßƒ

X¿÷-a-bn¬ ]e-co-Xn-Ifpw kº-Zm-b-ßfpw ]cn-`m-j-Is‚ Z¿i-\-a-\p-k-cn®pw IrXn-bpsS

]tXy-I-X-I-f-\p-k-cn®pw Bh-iy-ambn hcpw F¶nepw A\n-tj-[y-amb Nne ASn-ÿm\ ]am-W-ß-fp-≠v.

1. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ cq]-L-S\ ]mtS XI¿°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

IY, IhnX \mS-Iw, t\mh¬ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ°v AXn-t‚-Xmb

cq]-L-S-\-bp-≠v. Ah XI¿°m≥ ]mSn-√.

aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-cs‚ ImgvN-]m-sS-s¥-∂Xp icn-bmbn [cn-°msX X\n°p a\- n-emb ]mTw amXw

[ndpXn ]nSn®p X¿P-Pa sNøp-∂Xv ]e-t∏mgpw hn]-co-X-êw krjvSn-°pw.

3. aqe-]m-T-im-e-Iƒ kºq¿Æ-ambn ]cn-`mj sNøp-I.

]cn- m-j-bn¬ XnI®pw A]-k-‡-amb Nne hm°p-Itfm ]tbm-K-ßtfm hn´p-I-f-tb≠n ht∂-°mw

F∂-√msX IrXn-bpsS ssPh-L-S-\sb De-°p∂ `mK-ß-sfm∂pw hn´p-I-f-b-cp-Xv.

Hmtcm `mjbv°pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ssien-Ifpw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Ah AtX-]Sn as‰mcp

`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂Xv kml-k-am-bn-cn-°pw.

5. ktKm-X- -k-º¿°- m-j-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe-]m-T-]-Z-tImiw Ign-hXpw \ne-\n¿Øp-I.

kvtXmX`mj-bnse Hcp ]Z-Øn\v e£y-`m-j-bn¬ AtX A¿∞-am-Wp-≈-sX-¶n¬ B ]Zw

]cn-`m-j-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.

]n≥]-cn-h¿Ø\w (Back translation/Round trip trasnslation)

Hcp `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏´ Hcp ]Z-tØsbm ]tbm-K-tØtbm ]mT-tØtbm

aqe-`m-jm-]m-TsØ Bi-bn-°msX Xncn®v AtX `mj-bnse°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂ ]In-b-bmWv

]n≥hn-h¿Ø-\w. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£vaX ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. k¿Km-flI

IrXn-Iƒ C]-Imcw ]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ aqe-IrXntbmSv ASp-∏-ap≈ ]mTw Iq´pI \t∂

]bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw. ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ Hcp IhnX Cw•o-jn-te°pw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p F∂p-sh-°p-I.

Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ hrØw ]mkw XpSßn ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°pw. Cu hnh¿ØnX

]mTsØ as‰m-cmƒ aqe IrXnsb Bi-bn-°msX aqe- m-j-bn-te°p ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ A Ihn-X-bpsS

BZn-a-cq]w In´p-I-bn-√. F∂m¬ aqe-IrXn A∏msS \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-´p≈ kml-N-cy-Ønepw

]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. NcnX tcJ-Iƒ imk-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ]cn-`mj ]e-t∏mgpw

e`y-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]t£ aqe ]mTw \jvS-s∏-ń-°pw. AØcw kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ aqe-]mTw ]p\:krjvSn-°m≥

]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w D]-I-cn-°pw. b¥-]-cn-`m-j-bpsS hnizm-kyX ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw ]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w

KpW-I-c-am-Wv.

30



UNIT-8hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ

hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b-bpsS B¥-cn-I-amb Bibw F√m-bn-SØpw s]mXpsh H∂q Xs∂. F¶nepw

hnh¿Ø-\-im-kvX-Øn¬ CXns‚ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

am[y-a-a-\p-k-cn®v ˛ 3 hn[w.

1) ]XoIm-inXw

`mj \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-ßƒ sIm≠v \n¿Ωn®XmW-t√m. Htc mj-bn¬

]Zy-Øn¬ ]d-™-Imcyw KZy-Ønepw adn®pw hnh-cn -°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw hnh¿Ø\w

GI-`m-jm-a-b-am-sW-¶nepw H∂p as‰m-∂ns‚ hnh¿Ø\w Xs∂. CXns‚ GI `mjn-X-sat∂m

A¥¿ `mjn-I-sat∂m hyh-l-cn-°-Ww.

ASp-ØXv H∂n-e-[nIw `mj-I-fnse Imcy-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw hnh¿Ø\w sNø-em-Wv. CXmWv

kmam-t\y\ hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂v hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DZm: Cw•o-jn¬ \nt∂m lnµn-bn¬ \nt∂m Hs°

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≈ hnh¿Ø\w Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p. CXns\ ssZz `mjnI hnh¿Ø\w F∂p

]d-bmw.

aq∂m-asØ hnh¿Ø\w `mjsb amX-am-i-bn-°msX Bi-bm-hn-jvØ-c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ a‰p

]Xo-I-ßsf IqSn Bi-bn-°p-∂p. DZm: ImfnZmks‚ t«mIsØ chn-h¿Ω NnX ]Xo-I-Øn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xpw t\mh¬ \mS-I-am-°p-∂-Xpw. CXn\v A¥:]Xo-Im-flIw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

2. `mjm-inXw

`mjm-inX hn`-P-\-Øn¬ A¿∞m-[n-jvTnXw F∂pw cq]m-[n-jvTn-X-sa∂p c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v.

B¿∞m-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnh¿Ø\w c≠p ]Im-c-Øn-ep-≠v.

1) enJnX hnh¿Ø\w (Translation)

2) hmNnI hnh¿Ø\w (Interpretation)

IS-em-kn¬ km[m-cW sNøm-dp-≈Xv enJnX hnh¿Ø-\w. hmNnI hnh¿Ø\w ]e-t∏mgpw

Aev]w hyJym\w AYhm hnt«-jWw IqSn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. c≠p hn`n-∂-`m-j-°m¿ aq∂m-a-sXm-cp-

hs‚ klm-b-tØmsS Bi-b-ßƒ ssIam-dp∂ ]In-b-bm-Wn-Xv.

`mjm cq]sØ (cq-]m-[n-jvTnX hnh¿Ø-\-sØ) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n 1. ]Zy-hn-h¿Ø-\w, 2. KZy

hnh¿Ø\w F∂n-ßs\ c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v.

3. teJ-\m-inXw

teJ-\m-inXsa∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse Nne-]-Z-ßfpw t]cp-Ifpw a‰pw e£y-`m-j-

bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøpI km[y-a-√. Ah e£y `mj-bpsS en]n-bn¬ Fgp-XpI amXta Xc-ap-≈p.

AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ c≠p Xc-Øn-em-Imw.

1. en]y¶\w

2. en]y-¥-c-Ww.

en]y-¶-\-Øn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-ßƒ \mw tIƒ°p∂ D®m-cWa\p-k-cn®v

DZm: Bonafid ˛ t_mWm-]n´v

malafid˛ tae-]n´v

Alibi ˛ Bep∏n

31



en]y-¥-c-W-Øn¬ timX- m-j-bnse ]Z-ßƒ Ah-bpsS en]n Nn”-ßƒ°p-]-Icw e£y- m-j-bnse

en]n Nn”-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw tkmX- m-j-bnse en]n ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂

h¿Ww e£y mj-bn-en-√m-sX-h-cmw. AhnsS e£y mj-bnse h¿Æ-ßƒ sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s]-tS-≠n-h-cpw.

en]y-¥-c-W-Øns‚ imkvXob cq]w A¥m cmjvS [z\n en]n D]-tbm-Kn®v ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

GXp `mj-bn-tebpw ]tXy-I-en]n Nn”-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn®v GXv `mj-bn-tebpw D®m-cWw

kwc-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

tkmX-`m-j-bnse Bibw e£y-`m-j-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmWv hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚

ImXm-emb ]h¿Ø-\w. `mjbv°v c≠p `mK-ap-≠t√m i_vZw, A¿∞w. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ch-bn¬

GXn\v FX ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v A©p hn`m-K-ßƒ Iev]n-®n- p-≠v.

1. i_vZm¿∞ hnh¿Ø\w ( Literal translation )2. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w (Word for word translation)3. Bib hnh¿Ø\w (Faithfull translation)4. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø\w (Free translation)

5. Bi-b-cq-]m-¥-cWw (Adaptation)

1. i_vZm¿∞ hnh¿Ø\w (Literal translation)

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw km[m-c-W-amb coXn CXm-Wv. CXn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-ßtfm

hmIy-ßtfm hnSmsX Ah-bpsS Bibw e£y `mj-bnse hmIy-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

2. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w (Word for Word translation)

hnh¿Ø\sa∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ s]´∂v Hm¿Ω-bn¬ hcp-∂Xv ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\amWv.

]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\Øn¬ tkmX- m-j-bnse hmIy-L-S-\m-I-ahpw IqSn thW-sa∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

Aß-s\-b√ aqe `mj-bnse ]Z-ß-fpsS A`n-[m¿∞-a-Xp-t]mse hnh¿Ø\w sNøpI Ft∂ A¿∞-ap-≈p.

imkvXw, \nb-aw, aXw F∂nh kw_-‘n® KŸ-ß-fn¬ CXp-Iq-Sntb Ign-bq. F∂m¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬

CXp ]e-t∏mgpw ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-Xo-cpw. hnh¿Ø\w ]Tn-°p∂ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ hcp-∂-XmWo coXn.

3. Bib hnh¿Ø\w (Faithful translation)

tkmX- m-j-bnse IrXn-bpsS Bibw e£y- m-j-bn¬ sX‰p-Iq-Sm-sXbpw sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m-sXbpw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bmWn-Xv. CXn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ssien-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Nne-t∏mƒ amdmw.

tkmX-`m-j-bnse c≠pw aq∂pw hmIy-ßƒ e£y-`m-j-bn¬ H∂m-t°-≠nbpw Nne-t∏mƒ adn®pw hcmw.

CXn-s\ms° A\p-a-Xn-bp≈ coXn-bmWv Bib hnh¿Ø\w . F∂m¬ imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Cu coXn

Bim-ky-a-√.

4. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø\w (Free translation)

Bib hnh¿Ø-\hpw kzX-¥-hn-h¿Ø-\hpw XΩn¬ t\cnb hyXym-kta D≈p. tkmX-`mjm

cq]-tØmSv hnh¿ØI≥ ImWn-°p∂ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Afhp h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ AXp kzX¥

hnh¿Ø-\-am-Ip-∂p. tkmX- m-j-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ Bibw \jvS-s]-SmsX kz¥w ssien-bn¬ \S-Øp∂

hnh¿Ø-\-amWv kzX¥ hnh¿Ø-\w. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe IrXn-bnse Nne hmIy-ßfpw

a‰pw hn´-I-f-™p-sh∂p Xs∂ hcmw. Bib hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-ßƒ hnSmt\m

Iaw amdmt\m A\p-hm-Z-an-√. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ c≠pw kw`-hn-°mw. CXn¬ ]m[m\yw e£y-

`m-j-bnse hmb-\-°m¿°p lrZy-amb coXn-bn¬ \√ Hgp-t°msS hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bm-Wv. t\mh¬

hnh¿Øn\v A\-tbm-Py-amb coXn IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

32



5. Bib cq]m-¥-cWw (Adaptation)

tkmX-`m-j-bnse IYbpw a‰pw e£y-`m-j-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w

tZi ]Xm-[n-I-fpsS \ma-cq-]-ßfpw a‰pw e£y- m-jm-\p-kr-X-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmWv CXnse coXn.

DZm: "HYt√m' F∂ IrXn "Zpc-¥-i¶' F∂ t]cn¬ \S-Ønb hnh¿Ø-\w.

Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ hnh¿Ø\w Hcp ÿeØp hf¿∂ sNSnsb as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v ]dn-®p-

\-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. ]pXnb ÿeØv A\p-Iq-e-amb Imem-h-ÿbpw hf-hp-an-s√-¶n¬ sNSn hmSn-°-cn-bpw.

AXp-t]mse cq]m-¥-c-W-Øn¬ t]cpw Ducpw amXw am‰n-bm¬ t]mcm IY apgp-h\pw ]pXnb

`mj-bnse kwkv°m-c-Øn\p tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ amt‰-≠n-hcpw. Cu hnh¿Ø\ coXn Ct∏mƒ Ne®nX

cwKØv [mcmfw ImWmw. Cw•ojv lnµn, kn\naIfpsS cq]m-¥-cWw ae-bm-f-Ønepw hcm-dp-≠-t√m.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ta¬]-d™ A©p coXn-I-fn¬ GXmWp th≠-sX∂v kµ¿`hpw

HuNn-Xy-hp-a-\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø-I≥ \n›-bn-°p-∂p.

hmNm-hn-h¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂ ]Zw sIm≠v km[m-cW hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv enJnX hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬

hmNm hnh¿Ø-\hpw enJnX hnh¿Ø\w t]mse Xs∂tbm AXn-e-[n-Itam ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.

sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bpsS tbmK-ßƒ, hnhn-[-cm-jvS-ß-fnse Xe-h≥amcpsS IqSn Imgv®-Iƒ, cmjvSob

]Nm-c-W-tbm-K-ßƒ, aX-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ, hntZ-iob `mjm kmln-Xy-Im-c≥amcpsS ]kw-K-ßƒ

XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hmNm hnh¿Ø\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hmNm hnh¿Ø\w F∂ imkvXob kw⁄bv°v km[m-cW kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ ]cn-`mj F∂

kw⁄bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

Bip hnh¿Ø\w

as‰mcp `mj-bnse ]kwKw X¿Pa sNbvXp ên-∏n-°p-∂Xv ZpjvI-camb Imcy-am-Wv. CXn¬

hnh¿Ø-I≥ BZy-ambn ]kw-K-Is‚ `mj-am-X-a√ ]kwK hnj-bhpw ]kw-K-Is‚ `mjm ssien,

D®m-c-W-coXn F∂n-h-bp-ambn ]cn-Nn-X-\m-I-Ww. AXp sIm≠mWv cmjvS-Ønse ][m-\n-Iƒ

hntZ-iØp t]mIp-tºmƒ kz¥w Zzn`m-jn-Isf sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]kw-K-Is‚ mj-bn-se-∂-t]mse

Xs∂ timXm-°-fpsS `mj-bn¬ hnj-b-a-h-Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ Zzn`m-jn°v Ign-b-Ww. B e£y-`mj shdpw

A®Sn `mjm-bm-IsX timXm-°ƒ°v lnX-amb `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Bip hnh¿Ø\w AY-hm ]kwK hnh¿Ø\w c≠p coXn-bn-ep-≠v.

1) khn-cma X¿Pa

]kwKnI≥ Ign-hXpw sNdp hmIy-ß¬ amXw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤n-°p-Ibpw hnh¿Ø-I\v

kwkm-cn-°m-\mbn CS-°nsS Xm≥ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv \n¿Øn-sh-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. D‡

am[y-a-Øn-eqsS BZyw tkmX- mjm ]kw-Khpw DS≥Xs∂ AXp e£y- m-j-bn-eq-sSbpw tIƒ°m-\n-S-h-cnI

F∂-XmWv CXns‚ êw. an° cmjvSob t\Xm-°fpw aX-]-hm-N-Icpw CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ am¿§hpw CXp-X-s∂.

2) Ahn-cma X¿÷a

X´pw XS-hp-an-√msX tkmX ]kw-Kw, AXns‚ Ah-km\w hsc \o≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. G‰hpw

HSp-hn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ e£y-`m-j-bn-te-°p≈ ]kwK X¿÷a CS-sIm≠pw \n¿ØmsX e£y-`mj

amXw Adn-bm-hp∂ timXm-°ƒ°p-th≠n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kz¥w ]`m-jWw apgp-an-∏n-®n´v

]kw-K-thZn hnh¿Ø-I-\p-th≠n ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hgn™p sImSp-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ ÿew

33



hnSp-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ kzmX¥yw tkmX-]-kw-K-I-\p≠v F∂-XmWv Cu kº-Zm-b-Ønse sa®w.

hnh¿Ø-Is‚ Npa-Xe ChnsS mcn-®-Xm-Wv. timXm-°-fpsS ap≥]n¬ AhnNn” [mc-amb Hcp ]kwKw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w aqe]`m-j-W-Ønse Bib KXn-tbmSp \oXn ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xnepw Atß-b‰w

i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Npcp-s°-gpØpw X\n°p kz¥-amb ]e kt¶-X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw Xøm-d-°p∂

Iqdn-∏p-Iƒ CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ hnh¿Ø-I\p klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°p.

]Xy£ hnh¿Ø\w

Hcp `mj-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°p t\cn´p samgn-am‰w \S-Øp-∂Xv ]Xy£ hnh¿Ø-\w.

DZm: Imfn-Zmk imIp-¥fw 1789 ¬ hneyw tPm¨kv Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

]tcm£ hnh¿Ø\w

Hcp hnh¿ØnX IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-sØ-bmWv ]tcm£

hnh¿Ø\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

DZm: Imfn-Zmk imIp-¥fw 1879 ¬ hneyw tPm¨kv Cw•o-jn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Cu

hnh¿ØnX ]mTsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n 1971 ¬ tPm¿Pv t^md-Ã¿ B Ir-Xn-bpsS P¿Ω≥ mjm-hn-h¿Ø\w

cNn-®p. tPm¨ t^md-Ã¿ \S-Ønb Cu ]Inb ]tcm£ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

34



MODULE II

UNIT-9

A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w

_jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w \n¿h-ln-°th Xßƒ°v t\cn´ hnhn[ ]iv\-ßƒ Cu

]qkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Bj¿ hnkvX-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp \n›nX `mj-bpsSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI

kml-N-cy-Øn-s‚bpw D¬]-∂-amb k¿§m-flI kmlnXyw as‰mcp `mj-bn-tebv°pw kmwkvIm-cnI

kml-N-cy-Øn-tebv°pw ]I-cp-tºmƒ km[m-cW t\cn-Sm-dp-≈h Xs∂ Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw. Chbv°

Bhp-∂X ]K¬`-ambn ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-etX Bj¿ sNbvX Cu

hnh¿Ø\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nkvXq-e-am-hp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ Cu ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ, Ch Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]fin-tXm-]n-X-amb bXv\-ßƒ- -F√mw A¥na

hni-I-e-\Øn¬ \sΩ \bn-°p-∂Xv aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS \nkvXp-eX F∂ Awi-Øn-tebv°p Xs∂. H‰

ZrjvSm¥w amXw kv]¿in-°mw. kplvdbpw aPoZpw Xß-fpsS kwhm-Z-ß-en¬ kz—-µ-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp∂ kw-t_m-[-\-bp-≠-t√m. 'sNdp-°≥' F∂pw "s]Æv' F∂pw Ch _mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bnse

B kµ¿`-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ `mh-cpNn H∂p khnti-j-a-tX. `mh-Øns‚ Cu cpNntbm CXp

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ `mj-bpsS ebtam hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ FØn-∏n-Sn-®n- n-√. FØn-∏n-Sn-®n- n√ F∂-Xn-cn-°s´

AXn-\p≈ bXv\w \S-∂nt´ C√ F∂pw hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. "sNdp-°≥' "s]Æv' c≠pw,

kmam-\y-am-bn, ]Ya ]pcp-j-\n¬ ]cm-a¿i-Øn-t\m, hnh-c-W-Øn-t\m, Hs° DX-Ip∂ ]Zßƒ Ft∂

[cn-°q. Chsb EPp-hmbn am[ya ]pcp-j\n¬ kwt_m-[-\-Iƒ F∂ \nebv° am‰n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv

_jo¿. Cß-s\-sbmcp `mjm-X¥w "_mey-Im-e-kJn' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmbn \mw Hcp ]t£

i≤n-®n-cn-°-bn-√.

sX‰n-≤-cn-°-cp-Xv. Cu hnh¿Ø\w ]cym-]vX-a√ F∂p hcp-Øm≥ h√ ]gpXpw tXSn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-b√

Fs‚ D∂w. GXv k¿§m-flI IrXn-bpsS FX ]K-e-`-amb hnh¿Ø-\hpw, IrXn FX-amXw

k¿§m-fl-I-amtWm B A\p-]m-X-Øn¬, A]-cym-]-flm-hm≥ hn[n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p F∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ Hcp

DZm-l-cWw D∂-bn-°pI F∂Xv amX-am-Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-Øns‚ kwK-Xn-sbms° t]ms´

`mjm ]tbm-K-Øn-tebv°v km[m-c-W-bn¬°hn™ Nne kmµ-X-Ifpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Bhm-ln-°pI

F∂-XmWv k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS Ak-µn-Kv[-amb Hcp e£-Ww. `mhn-bn¬ Imap-Io-Im-ap-I-∑m-cmb

hf-cm-\n-cn-°p∂ apJy IYm-]m-X-ß-fmb kplvdbpw aPoZpw ap≥Iq- n-Xs∂ _mey-Ønse Ifn-tØm-g-cmbn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. CXns‚ mh-\m-iq-\y-amb A\p-jvTm\w Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬t]mepw I≠p-sh¶nepw AXns‚

sshckyw CXns\ _m[n-®n-ń-√. Cu Ah-XmcW kt¶-X-Øns‚ kc-f-X-t]m-se-Øs∂ km^-eyhpw

hnkva-b-I-c-amb Hc-\p-`-h-ambn Ah AhnsS \sΩ k‘n-°p-∂p.

hnS¿Øp-I-bm-sW-¶ntem : XqS-°-Øn¬ kplvd-bp-sSbp aPo-Zn-s‚bpw kwt_m-[-\-bo-eqsS

kv pcn-°p∂ kz®-µ-X, HSphnesØ Zpc-¥-Øns‚ kzc-ho-Nn°v XnI®pw hncp-≤-sa-t∂mWw \n_-‘n-®n- n-t√,

\n]p-W-amb B kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ s]mcp-f-S°w Fs¥ms° hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnh¿Ø\w

DtØ-Pn-∏n®v IuXp-I-tØmsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bn-eqsS ho≠pw IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ D≈n-Ø-S™ Hcp kwKXn

H∂p kv]¿in-®p-t]m-hmt\ Dt±-in-®p-≈p. aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ ]e D¬]-∂-ßƒ°pw

samØ-Øn¬ k`-hn-°p-∂pXv CXp-Xs∂. AXbpw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn, A\-\y-amb kmc-fy-tØm-sS.

k¿§m-fl-IXzw km£m¬I-cn-°p∂ Nne hnXm-\-ßsf a‰p am¿K-ß-fn-epsS FØn-∏n-Sn-°m≥

35



bXv\n-°-bm-Wt√m Dt]m-ev]-∂-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. CØcw bXv\-Øn\v A]-cym-]vX-X-Iƒ t\cn-SpI

F∂Xv H´pw Akm-[m-c-W-a-√. Cu hkvXpX ka¿∞n-°p∂ as‰mcp ZrjvSm-¥-am-hp-∂p. "_mey-Ime

kJn'°v Bjdpw Iqćpw tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-°nb H∂m-¥cw X¿÷-a-.

(1) ? hnh¿Ø\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nkvXq-c-am-hp-∂Xv Ft∏mƒ?

Hcp \n›n-X- m-j-bpsSbpw kmkw-Im-cnI kml-N-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Dev]-∂-amb k¿§m-flI kmlnXyw

as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°pw kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-Øn-te°pw ]I-cp-tºmƒ km[m-cW t\cn-Sm-dp-≈h

Xs∂ Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. Chbv° Bhp-∂X ]K-ev`-ambn ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p

F∂-Xn-emWv hnh¿Ø\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nkvXq-e-am-hp-∂-Xv.

(2) ? "sNdp-°≥', "s]Æv' F∂ hm°v "_mey-Im-e-kJn'bpsS `mh-L-S-\-bn-te°v ]th-in-°m≥

Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p?

"sNdp-°≥', "s]Æv' F∂ hm°v Ch \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kz—-µ-bp-≠-t√m, AXp Xs∂ Cu

t\mh-ens‚ Bcw- sØ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-°p∂ A\p- q-Xn. "sNdp°' F∂ H‰-hn-fn-bn¬ kplvd-bpsS

hy‡nXzw apgp-h≥ HXp-°n-h-®n- p-≈-Xm-bmWv. aPo-Zns\ "sIm®m°n' AS°n \n¿Ø¬, Ipkr-Xn, oj-Wn- -C-ßs\

amdn-amdn ]e `mh-Om-b-Ifpw AXn¬ Xpfp-ºn-sb-Øp-∂p. HSp°w Ah-fpsS ]W-b-Øns‚

hnZyp-Xv]-kcw sIm≠v AXv XpSn-°m\pw XpS-ßp-∂p. CXp-t]mse ]k-cn-∏p≈ Hcp hy‡n-Xz-tØmSv

Npsh-sSm-Øp-t]m-tI≠ B Dt±-iy-tØmsS aPoZv ki≤w Hcp-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ s]mcp-Ø-Øns‚ i_vZ-

cq-]-atX "s]Æv' F∂ hnfn.

(3) ? "shdp-sX-b√ CXp-t]m-semcp at\m-lm-cnX Xm≥ as‰mßpw I≠n-ń√' F∂v amcm¿

km£y-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv. kml-Ncyw hy‡-am-°p-I.?

`mhn-bn¬ Imap-Io-Im-ap-I-∑mcmbn hf-cm-\n-cn-°p∂ apJyI-Ym-]m-X-ßsf ap≥Iqń Xs∂

_mey-Ønse Ifn-tØm-g-cmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. Gsd-°m-e-am-bns√ \ΩpsS t\mh¬ Hcp h¿Æm-i-a-

[¿Ωw t]mse Cu ]Xnhv ]men®p hcp -∂p. CXns‚ `mh-\m -iq -\y -amb A\p-jvTm\w

Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬t∏mepw I≠p I≠p \ap°v sshckyw P\n-®n-cn°pw F∂Xv hmkvX-hw. ]t£,

"_mey-Im-e-kJn' Bh¿Øn-®p- hmbn-°p-tºmƒ Adn-bm-dm-hp-∂p, CØcw sshckyw AXns\

_m[n-®n-ń√ F∂v. Cu Ah-X-cW kt¶-X-Øns‚ kc-f-X-t]m-se-Xs∂ km^-eyhpw hnkva-b-I-c-amb

Hc-\p-`-h-ambn AhnsS \sΩ k‘n-°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv amcm¿ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

Imhy-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ \nco-£-W-ßƒ

tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥

""ASp-Ø-Sn-sh®p sXm´-phm≥ t\m°p-tºmƒ

AI-te-bv°p-]mbpw shfn-®ta \ns∂

icn°p kmXzn-I-°-dp-I-tbIn Rm≥

sacp-°p-hm≥ t\m°pw acn-°p-thmfw''.

]n. Iq™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

H∂v

`mh-\-bpsS kXy-ßƒ ]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ ian-°p∂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ hnh-¿Ø\

£a-a-√mØ Hcp-]mSv Awi-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]e hm°p-Iƒ°pw ]Icw shbv°m-\p-≠m-In-√.

hnh¿ØnX IrXn Idp-∏nepw shfp-∏n-ep-ap≈ Hmbn¬s]-bn‚nwMv t]mse-bm-Wv. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

36



aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Cg-s\-bvØn\v am‰w h∂n-´p-≠m-hpw. aqe-cq-]-Øns‚ c⁄-\bv°v Hs´ms° am‰hpw

h∂n-cn-°pw. Ihn-bpsS mh-\sb AX-Xs∂ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™n-cn-°n-√. IrXn-bpsS tIµ-Øn-te°v

\bn-°p∂ Hcp-]mSv hni-Zmw-i-ß-fp-≠v. Ahsb apgp-h≥ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xmb sFIy-amWv hnh¿Ø-I≥

D≠m-t°-≠-Xv. IrXn-bpsS tIµ-_n-µphpw AXn-te°v ]ms™-Øp∂ Cg-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

\jvS-s∏-SmsX t\m°-Ww. GsXmcp IrXn-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hf-bv°tem Xncn-°tem th≠n-h-cpw.

A\y-`m-j-I-fn-ep≈ hnNm-c-co-Xn-Iƒ tXm∂-ep-Iƒ, `mj-W-ßƒ F√mw aqS¬a-™mbn apºn¬

\n¿°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. B mjm-kw-kvIm-c-ßse th≠ hn[-Øn-e-dn-bm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\

tXm∂p-∂-Xv. aqe-Ir-Xn-°pw X\n°pw CS-bn-ep≈ aqS-en\v \nZm-\-am-b-sX-s¥∂v Is≠-Ø-Ww. Aßs\

AXv th≠p-thmfw sXfn-™m¬Ø-s∂bpw hnh¿Ø-I≥ kz¥w `mj-bpsS kΩ¿±-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

hn´p-s]m-bv°q-Sm. kz¥w `mj FX-tØmfw Dƒs°m-≠n-´p≠v F∂-XmWv ]iv\w. kz`m-j-bnse

]tXyI kwth-Z-\-co-Xn-Iƒ Adn-bmw. AXm-bXv Hcp `mhw F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C∂ coXn-bn¬

]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂ At\z-j-W-hpw AXns‚ Is≠-Øepw BZyta sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww.

BZy-ambn H∂pw A¥na hn[n-b-s√-∂-dn -b-Ww. Hmtcm Ime-L-´hpw AXn-t‚-Xmb

]k-cn-Ø-eq-sS-bmWv Ihn-Xsb t\m°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-N-cn-X-Ønse am‰-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v AXns‚

\ne-I-fnepw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw am‰w hcp-∂p. Ime-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv IrXn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-a-\w. Ihn-X-bnse

hm°p-Iƒ thdn´p ImW-cp-Xv. ]tXyI coXn-I-fnepw Ne-\-hn-ti-j-W-Øn-ep-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS "CÎv‰v

IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. `mh-ap-Z-I-fp-sSbpw \n\-hp-I-fp-sSbpw ]tXy-Iamb hgn-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Ihn-Xbpw

A\p-`hw ]I-cp-∂p-≠v. Hcp `mhw as‰mcp `mh-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. `mh-amWv Poh≥ F∂v

ap≠-t»cn; hnh¿Ø-Is‚ BZysØ Npa-Xe Ihn-X-bnse XpSn∏pw anSn∏pw Adn-b-em-Wv.

aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ a\-s∏m-cp-Øw, _‘-]m-iw, D≠m-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w BÀm-Z-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cpw.

F√mw-Im-e-ß-fn-sebpw F√m Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbpw `mh-]-Im-i-\-ß-epsS kwbp-‡-amWv temI kmln-Xyw.

kz`mjm Ncn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv hnh¿Ø-\sØ hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. A\y-`m-jm-IrXn

hnh¿Ø\w sNøpw-aptº hnh¿Ø-I≥ kz`m-jsb hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-tbmsS A]-K-Yn®p a\- n-em-°-

Ww. hm°pw ssienbpw \nNs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-®m¬ t]mcm. Ah-bpsS A[o-i≥ Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.

Ihn a\- ns‚ am¿§-ßƒ hnNn-X-ß-fm-sW∂pw At\I am¿§-ß-fp-s≠∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. Cu c≠pw

Adn-bp-∂Xv Ihn Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-I≥ Ih IqSn-bm-h-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-

Xv.

kmlnXy hnh¿Ø-\sØ s]mXpshbpw Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]tXy-In®pw IW-°n-te-SpØv

Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ 5 Imcy-ßƒ i≤n-°Ww

1. IrXnsb ]mTsØ H∂n®p ImW-Ww. GsX-¶nepsamcw-i-Øn¬ amXw Du∂n-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w

`mKn-I-amhpw aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe- -]m-c-º-cy- - m-jm-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw am‰-an-√msX e£y- m-j-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-°-Ww.

2. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ kwth-Z-\-aq-ey-sØbpw aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØbpw e£y- m-j-bn¬ sIm≠p-

h-cm≥ km[n-°-Ww.

3. aqe-]m-T-Ønew ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛-]m-c-º-cy-L-S-I-ßƒ kwkvImc _‘-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w LS-\m-]-

c-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°Ww.

37



4. aqe `mj-bpsS kmln-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\n-W-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-Øn¬ thWw e£y-`m-j-bn¬

hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥.

5. aqe-K-Ÿ-°m\v Xs‚ IrXn-bpsS ]ta-bsØ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-]-Imcw Xs∂ e£y-`m-

j-bnepw Zo£n-°-Ww.

c≠v

samgnbpw s]mcpfpw XpSn-°p∂ XØp-ey-Nn-”-ß-fpsS ]Im-i-\-amb hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hy‡n,

kaq-lw, tZiw, Imew, `mj, A[n-Imcw F∂o LS-I-ßƒ°v A\n-hm-cy-ÿm-\-am-Wt√m D≈-Xv.

ae-bm-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Du¿÷-ap≈ Ihn-X-Iƒ Cw•o-jn-te°v samgn-am‰w sNø-tºmƒ khn-tij

[z\n-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂X kwI-an-∏n-°p-hm≥ t\m°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw Imhy-]-I-c-W-ß-fntem ]Z-ßƒ°v

A¿∞w \nb-X-am-hn-√. A\p-`-h-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ \n∂v ]k-cn-°p∂ A¿∞-ßsf I≠-dn-™m-te, e£y-

`m-j-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ B hmKvkvtXm-`-ßsf sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-bq. ]Xy-£-]-tcm£ Xe-ßsf

'kvIm\nMv' sNbvXv, i_vZ-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ hnXm-\-ß-fn-epsS XnI™ mhp-I-\m-bn-Øs∂ hnh¿Ø-I\pw

k©-cn-t°-≠-Xm-av. Ihn-bpsS AS-bm-f-hm-Iy-ß¬ hnk-t¶-X\w sNøm≥ aqe-e-£y-`m-j-I-fpsS

kmln-Xym-h-t_m-[hpw thWw.

ae-bm-f-sØ-t∏m-ep≈ ]mtZ-inI mj-I-fn¬ \n∂v temI- m-j-bmb Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w

sNøp-tºmƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS mjm-[n-jvTn-Xtam ssieo-]-ctam kmwkvIm-cn-Itam Bb k¶o¿Æ-X-bmsI

]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ian-°-Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬ c≠p `mj-I-fp-sSbpw ioe-kw-kvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Hmtcm

Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw tIµo-Ir-X-k-Ø-sbbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-epsS amXta hnh¿Ø\w hnP-bn-°p.

aq∂v

]c-kv]-c-[m-c-W-bv°p≈ hgn-bmWv hnh¿Ø-\w. hnh¿Ø-\hpw krjvSn-bm-Wv. aqe-`m-j-bnse

Ihn-Xsb e£y-`m-j-bnse ]pXn-sbmcp krjvSn-bm-°n am‰m-\mWv hnh¿Ø-I≥ ian-°p-∂Xv ChnsS

Ihn Xs∂-bm-hWw hnh¿Ø-I≥. hnh¿Ø-\-]-In-b-bn¬ am‰-ßƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. AsX√mw

e£y-`m-j-bpsS Po\n-b- p-sIm≠v \nd-th-‰-s∏-Spw. Hcp ]t£, Xß-fpsS `mj amXw Adn-bm-hp∂

e£y-`m-jm-hm-b-\-°msc Dt±-in-®p-≈-XmWv hnh¿Ø\w. hnh¿ØnX IhnX Ah¿s°mcp

"Hdn-Pn-\¬' Ihn-X-bmbn A\p- -h-s∏-S-Ww. aqe-I-hn, aqe- m-jm-hn-Z-Kv≤≥ F∂n-h-cp-ambn N¿® sNbvXpw

IhnX sNm√n-t°´pw kwi-b-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw tXSnbpw thWw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-hm≥. \n¿±n-jvS-

I-hn-X-bpsS Bg-ß-fn-te°v FØn-t®-cm≥ Cu A`n-ap-J-ßƒ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. AXm-bXv kº¿°-

`m-j-bmb Cw•o-jns‚ klm-b-an-√msX aqe-`m-j-bn¬ \n∂v t\cn´v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-Ww.

Hcp mj-bnse Ihn-bpsS Ihn-Xsb ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv CX-c- m-j-bnse Ihn Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.

kvSKm-thƒUv "t]mbv‰vkv ao‰v' Aß-s\-bmWv hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv. aqe-`m-j-bnse IhnX AtX

Xmf-Ønepw eb-Ønepw e£y- m-j-bn-te°v Bhm-ln-°p-∂p. Hcp mjm-I-hn-bpsS apJ-Øp-\n∂p Xs∂

as‰mcp mjm-Ihn A¿∞- m-h-ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvsX-Sp-°p-∂p. Cw•o-jn-s‚tbm CX-c- m-j-I-fp-tStbm

CS-\n-e-]-h¿Ø\w sNdnb tXmXnte \S-°m-hp. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, H‰-°n-cp-∂p≈ Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø\w

AX e-]-Z-a√ F∂p ImWmw. sshZyp-tXm-]-I-c-WsØ \∂mbn ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ sÃ_n-sse-k¿

t]msebmWv Hcp \√ hnh¿Ø-I≥. aqe Ihn-Xsb e£y-`m-jm-i_vZßfn¬ en]y-¥cw sNbvXv

AXnse e£y-`m-jm-kam-\-amb ]Z-ßepw LS-\-Ifpw I¬∏-\-Ifpw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-thWw

X¿÷-a-s°m-cp-sº-Sm≥.

kmkvIm-cn-I-amb ]tXy-I-X-fm¬ sX∂n-¥y≥ Imhy-kw-kvIm-c-ßƒ sshNn-Xy-am¿∂-XmWv

Xan-gn\pw ae-bm-f-Øn\pw XΩn¬ mjm-im-kvX-]-c-ambn AIew Ipd-hm-Wv. a‰p-≈-h-b°v AIew IqSp-X-em-Wv.

(1) ? Ihn-X-bpsS CÎv‰v IpS-sIm-≈p-∂Xv FhnsS?

38



]tXy-I-co-Xn-I-fnepw Ne-\-hn-ti-j-Øn-ep-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS CÎv‰v IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.

(2) ? aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-ambn Hcp a\-s∏m-cp-Øw, As√-¶n¬ _‘-]miw D≠m-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w

BÀm-Z-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cpw. Cßs\ Bfl-_‘w D≠m-Ip∂ IrXn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw A\p-I-c-W-Ønt\m

A\p-am-\-Ønt\m t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.Imc-W-sa¥v?

h¿Ø-am-\-Ønse kµ¿ -Øn\p ]mI-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xnsb am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-hm-\mWv A\p-hm-Z-\-]-Inb

DXp-I-∂p-Xv. ]g-b-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \mƒ°p-\mƒ Dudn-h-cp∂ ka-Im-en-Imw-i-ßsf h¿Ø-am-\-Ønse

kµ¿ -Øn\v ]mI-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xnsb am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-hm-\mWv A\p-hm-Z-\-]-Inb DX-Ip-∂-Xv. ]g-b-Ir-Xn-bn¬

\mƒ°p-\mƒ Dudn-h-cp∂ ka-Im-en-Imw-i-ßsf Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. ]gb A\p- -h-tem-I-ßƒ°pw

]pXn-b-hbv°pw XΩn¬ kmayw Is≠-Øp-∂-tXmsS ]gb Ihn-X-bnse A\p- -hsØ ]pXnb A\p- -h-am°n

kwth-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

(3) ? hnh¿Ø-I≥ A\p-I¿Øm-h√; F∂m¬, A\p-I-c-W-Øn-s\-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp

t]cI-i‡n Abmƒ°p-≠m-hWw. Cßs\ ]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

as‰mcp Ihn-bpsS kº-Zm-b-tØm-Sp≈ \nb-¥n-X-amb Iog-S-ß¬ at\m- m-h-am-bn-cn-°Ww AXv.

hnh¿Ø-\-X-Xn-s\-Sp-°p∂ IhnX Xs‚-Xmb Hcp Is≠-Øm-em-hp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v BÀm-Zn-°m≥

Gsd hI-bp-≠v. CXv Xs‚ A\p-`-h-am-Wt√m F∂-XsX B Is≠-Ø¬. aqe-Ir-Xnsb am\n-°p-hm≥

hnh¿Ø-I¿°v ]e-t∏mgpw Ign-bm-dn-√. kz¥w `mj-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp IS-∂m-I-a-W-Øn-\mWv ]e

hnh¿Ø-\-Icpw ian-°p-∂-Xv.

(4) ? A\p-hmN-I¿°mbn temI-ho-£-W-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Isf CØn-cn-sb-¶nepw X≈n-am-‰p-hm≥

Ihnbmb hnh¿Ø-I\p Ign-bp-∂p. hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I?

aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]mt‰¨, Bgw, Cg-b-Sp∏w apX-em-b-hsb hnh¿Ø-I≥ am\n-°-Ww.

AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®v, Xs‚ ioe-am-bn-´p≈ `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Abmƒ amdm≥ Xøm-dm-h-Ww. Nne-t∏mƒ

Xs‚ ssiensb ]cp-°-\m-tI-≠n-h-cpw, Db¿tØ-≠n-h-cpw. Imhy-Ir-Xn-bnse ZpXtam aµtam

Ak-atam Bb Ne-\sØ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\nXv Bh-iy-am-Wv. aqey-˛-e-£y-km-ln-Xy-ß¬°n-S-bn¬

H´pw Akm-[m-c-W-hp-a√ ]cn-Nn-X-hp-a√ F∂ hn[-Øn¬, hnh¿Ø-\sØ ÿmbn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Gsd

]bm-kw. amXr-`m-j-bn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp i‡n Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ ian-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I-\mWv CXv

km[n-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ `mjsb am‰p `mh-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew ˛ ]tXyI

am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-Ifpw A]-Xo-£n-X-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fpw, ioen-®-dn-™n-ń-√mØv \n\-hp-Ifpw

Bhn-j-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-ehpw˛ A\phmNI¿°mbn temI-ho-£-W-Øns‚ AXn-cpIsf CØn-cn-sb-¶nepw

X≈n-am-‰p-hm≥ Ihn-bmb hnh¿Ø-I\p Ign-bp-∂p. Nß-ºp-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Ihn-Iƒ sNbvXXv AXm-Wv.

(5) ? kmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ s]mXp-shbpw Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]tXy-In®pw IW-°n-se-

SpØv 5 Imcy-ßƒ it≤-b-am-Wv. Ah GsXms°?

1. IrXnsb ]mTsØ H-∂n®pImWWw GsX-¶n-ep-sam-cw-i-Øn¬ amXw Du∂n-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w

`mKn-I-am-Ipw. aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-`m-jm-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw am‰-an-√mØ e£y-

`m-j-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-°-Ww.

2. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ kwth-Z-aq-ey-sØbpw aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØbpw e£y-`m-j-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-cm≥ km[n-°-Ww.

3. aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛ -]m-c-º-cy-L-S-I-ßƒ kwkvIm-c-_-‘-am-Ip∂tXmsSm∏w

LS-\m-]-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ahsb th¿Øn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°-Ww.

39



4. aqe-`m-j-bpsS kmln-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\n-W-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-Øn¬ thWw e£y-`m-j-bn¬

hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥.

5. aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-c\v Xs‚-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]ta-bsØ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-]-Imcw Xs∂

e£y-`m-j-bnepw Zo£n-°-Ww.

hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX

hn.-B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥

]p©n-cn-°m\pw kwkm-cn-°m\pw a\p-jy-\p≈ Ign-hmWv Ahs\ a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂p

th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]I-S-amb c≠p khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ ]p©n-cn-bpsS LS-\, [¿Ωw, hnt«-j-Ww,

kwt«-j-Ww, h¿§o-I-cWw CXymZn hnj-b-ß¬ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Hcp hn⁄m-\-hn-`mKw Ct∂mfw

hnI-kn®p h∂n-ń-√. F∂m¬ kwkm-cn-°m≥ a\p-jy-\p≈ Ign-hns‚ hnhn-[-h-i-ßƒ k\n-jvI¿jw

imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcp hn⁄m-\-hn-`mKw Dcp-Øn-cn™p hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. AXmWv

`mjm-im-kvXw.

`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ mj-W-Øn\pw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam

[¿Ωw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. kuI-cym-hn-jvIm-c-]-cw, kmaq-lnIw F∂n-ßs\ hyh-t—-Zn-°mw. hnh¿Ø\w

F∂ ]In-bbv°v G‰hpw Ffp∏w hg-ßn-sIm-Sp-°p∂ `mj-W-[¿Ωw ktµ-i-]-c-X-bm-Wv.

hhn¿Ø\w sNøm-hp-∂-sX∂pw sNøm≥ høm-Ø-sX∂pw c≠p hIp-∏n-I-fn-embn ]mT-ßsf

th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xp bp‡n-k-l-P-a-√. hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX F∂ KqWw Hmtcm ]mT-Ønepw Gdntbm Ipdt™m

ImWpw F∂p amXw, kmwkvIm-cnIw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øn\v

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ GXv `mjmZzµzw ]nc-tim-[n-®mepw [mcmfw ImWpw. hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øns‚

`mjm-]-c-amb hi-sØ-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ BZyta i≤m-hn-j-b-am-hp-∂Xv Hmtcm `mjbv°pw

Gsd-°qsd X\Xv F∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ kz\-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂p t]m∂p-h-cp∂ hrØw, ]mkw, Xmfw

A\p-Xm\w apX-emb LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]tXy-I-X-I-f-tX.

IYbpw, t\mhepw \mS-I-hp-sams° X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v ]cn-lmcw

ImtW-≠p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ C\nbpw ]e-Xp-ap-≠v. Imew, ÿew, kaqlw F∂o Xe-ß-tfmSp _‘-s∏´

`mjm-t`Z-k-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ssienbpw coXnbpw aqe-]m-T-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb ]e ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw

kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-cn-°pw. h¿§o-I-c-W-]-c-ambn aqe-˛-e-£y-`m-j-Iƒ XΩn¬ kmayw h¿≤n°pw tXmdpw

hnh¿Ø-\ -ka aqey-X-Iƒ I≠-Øm≥ Ffp∏w IqSpw. AY-hm. hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX h¿≤n°pw; adn-®pw.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xan-gn-te°pw X¿÷a sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sshjayw lnµn-bn-te-°m-Ip-tºmƒ

Gdpw; Cw•o-jn-te-°m-hp-tºmƒ HXp ]ns∂bpw h¿≤n-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ mjm-]-c-amb ImcWw

CXm-Wv.

? `mjm-imkvXw F¥mWv? `mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬\n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ GXp

`mj-W-Øn\pw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam [¿Ωw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ah GsXm-s°.?

]p©n-cn-°m\pw kwkm-cn-°m\pw a\p-jy-\p≈ Ign-hmWv Ahs\ a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂p

th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]I-S-amb c≠p khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ ]p©n-cn-bpsS LS-\, [¿Ωw, hnt«-j-Ww,

kwt«-j-Ww, h¿§o-I-cWw CXymZn hnj-b-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Hcp hn⁄m-\-hn-`mKw Ct∂mfw

hnI-kn®p h∂n- n-√. F∂m¬ kwkm-cn-°m-\p≈ a\p-jys‚ Ign-hns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ k\n-jvvI¿jw

imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcp hn⁄m\ hn`Kw Dcp-Øn-cn™p hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. CXmWv

`mjm-im-kvXw.

40



ktµ-i-hn-\n-a-b-]-cw, kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-]-cw, kmaq-ln-Iw, Bh¿÷-\-]-cw, kuµ-cym-hn-jvIm-c-]-cw,

F∂n-h-bmWv [¿Ω-ßƒ.

(1) ? IYbpw t\mhepw \mS-I-hp-sams° X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-I\v ]cn-lmcw

ImtW-≠p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ GsXms°?

Imew, ÿew, kaqlw F∂o Xe-ß-tfmSp _‘-s∏´ `mjm-t`-Z-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ssienbpw

coXnbpw aqe-]m-T-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb ]e ]tXy-I-XIfpw kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-cn-°pw. Ah-sb√mw

e£y-`m-j-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°pI an°-hmdpw Akm-≤y-hp-am-bn-Øo-cpw. cma-cm-Pm-_-l-±q¿, Cµp-te-J,

sNΩo≥ F∂o IrXn-I-fnse kw`m-j-W-ßƒ Cw•o-jn-te°v X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ Cw•o-jns‚ Hcp

am\-I-cq-]-amsW kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. AtXm Hmtcm kµ¿`-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb `mjm-t`-Zhpw

ssienbpw coXn-bp-sams° Cw•o-jn¬ Dt≠m F∂-t\z-jn®v Ah ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ hnh¿Ø-I≥

ian-°-Wtam F∂-XmWv Chn-SpsØ ]iv\w.

(2) ? Cw•o-jn-te°v X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ ]ns∂bpw ]iv\-ßƒ h¿≤n-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂-Xn-\p≈

`mjm-]-c-amb ImcWw F¥mWv?

h¿§o-I-c-W-]-c-ambn apey- -e-£y- m-j-Iƒ XΩn¬ kmayw h¿≤n-°pw-tXmdpw hnh¿Ø-\-k-a-aq-ey-X-Iƒ

Is≠-Øm≥ Ffp∏w IqSpw; AYhm hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX h¿≤n°pw; adn®p ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p

Xan-gn-te°p X¿÷a sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sshjayw lnµn-bn-te-°m°ptºmƒ AXp ]ns∂bpw

h¿≤n-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ `mjm-]-c-amb ImcWw CXm-Wv.

kmwkvIm-cnIw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-I.

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ GXv `mjm-Zzµzw ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw [mcmfw ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. "KW-]-Xn°p

Ipdn-°¬,' "Acbpw Xebpw apdp-°¬', "Xnc-»o-e-bp-b-cepw hogepw', "tIfn-s°m-´v,' "H∂-cbpw ap≠pw',

"apd-s∏Æv', "Xmen-s°´v' apX-emb ]tbm-K-ßƒ as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°p ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\

F∂m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ \ap-°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-hiam-Wv.

"She is my friend' F∂v Cw•o-jp-Im-\-\mb Hcp bphmhp ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXn≥ A¥¿`-hn-°p∂

A¿∞-Øn¬ Hcwiw amXta "Ahƒ Fs‚ kvt\ln-X-bmWv' F∂ X¿÷-a-bn¬ \n∂p

ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°p a\- n-em-Ip.

IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ

hn.-Un, IrjvW≥ \ºym¿

P\-ßsf H∂n®p tN¿°m≥ G‰hpw i‡-amb am[yaw kmln-Xya-sW-¶n¬ mc-Xob mj-I-fnse

hninjvS IrXn-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c hnh¿Ø\w Bhpw AXns‚ G‰hpw ][m\ IÆn. IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn

G‰hpw i≤n-t°-≠Xv aqe-IrXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. e£y-`m-j-bnse hmb-\-°m-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn-b-dn™v

Ah¿°v kzoIm-cy-ab IrXn-bm-hWw hnh¿Ø-I≥ sXsc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. kz¥w A`n-cp-Nnbpw

CjvSm-\n-jvS-ßfpw Xo¿®-bmbpw Cu sXsc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ kzm[o-\n-°msX hcn√. F¶nepw hmb-\-°m-cs‚

a\:imkvXw IqSn Adn-™n-´m-hWw IrXn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

IY Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™m¬ A\p-hmZw hmßpI F∂ IS-º-bmWv ]ns∂ IS-t°-≠-Xv.

IYI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]Zm-\p-]-Zhn h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. ]t£, GXp mj-bn-te°v sNøp-∂pthm B mj-bpsS

]IrXn A\p-k-cn®p hmIy-L-S\ D≠m-°-Ww. ]e-bn-SØpw kzmX¥yw Imt´-≠n-h-cpw. HuNnXyw

]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. aqe-te-J-I-t\mSv Bhp-∂-X \oXn ]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v e£y-`m-j-bpsS ]IrXw

A\p-k-cn®p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmhpw A`n-e-j-Wo-bw. 'tem°¬ If¿' F∂p \mw ]d-bp-∂Xv

41



kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-sØ-bm-Wv. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ign-hXpw ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°p-I.

Kth-j-W-Øn¬ Ah CjvSw-t]mse sImSp-°mw. hnh¿Ø\w Ccp `mj-I-fnepw ]mfinXyw

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂Xnse ]tbm-K-ßƒ ImWmw. kuI-cym¿∞w AXv Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v _m°n-bp≈

`mKw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ aXn F∂p Icp-Xp-cp-Xv. Ign-hXpw ]q¿Æ-amb hnh¿Ø-\-amWv sNtø-≠-Xv.

hnti-jn®pw IY-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬.

IY-bpsS io¿jIw Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ ape-Ønse Xs∂ sImSp-°p-I-bmhpw DNnXw. Nne-t∏mƒ

C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne kzmX¥yw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. ChnsS hnh¿Ø-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ][m-\-am-Wv.

kam-\-]-Z-ß-fpsS A`m-hhpw Zzn`mjm \nL-≠p-I-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw hnh¿Ø-I\v Ft∏mgpw

]iv\-am-Im-dp-≠v. kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fpsS ]cn-`m-jnX i_vZm-hen In´m-\p-≠v. ]t£, DZ-b-`mjm

\nL-≠p-°ƒ \ΩpsS `mj-bn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. ssIsb-gp-Øp-]Xn Xøm-dm-°-emWv thsdmcp ]iv\w

lnµn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-°m¿ ssS∏p sNbvXv am‰-dmWv tNmZn-°p-I. tIc-f-Øn¬ lnµn ssS∏nwKv kuIcyw

Xqtemw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. D≈ ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ AXns‚ \ne-hmcw tami-am-Wv. hnh¿Ø-I¿°pw

_p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-°p∂ thsdmcp Imcy-amWv ]g-s©m-√p-I-fpw, ssien-I-fpw, D≤-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw. Nne

]g-sam-gn-Iƒ°v kam-\-amb samgn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Ønepw In´pw. ]t£, lnµn-bnse Nne ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ°v

ae-bm-f-cq-]-ßƒ C√. \ΩpsS \mń¬ C¥y≥ `mj-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cn-´p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

Ipd-hm-Wv. kº¿°- m-j-bmb loµn AYhm Cw•ojv hgn-bmWv Hcp mc-Xo-b- m-j-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp

`mc-Xob `mj-bn-te°v IrXn-Iƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv.

(1) ? hnh¿Ø\w Fß-s\-bm-hWw? ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø-\tam? AtX Bi-bm-\p-hm-Ztam?

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I,

IY-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]Zm-\p-]Zw sNømw. ]t£, GXp `mj-bn-te°p sNøp-∂pthm B

`mj-bpsS ]IrXn A\p-k-cn®p hmIy-L-S\ D≠m-°-Ww. ]e-bn-SØpw kzmX¥yw Imt´-≠n-h-cpw.

HuNnXyw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. aqe-te-J-I-t\mSv Bhp-∂X \oXn ]pe¿Øn-sIm≠p e£y-`m-j-

bpsS ]IrXw A\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmhpw B`n-apJyw aqe-Øns‚ HmP pw kuµ-cyhpw

H´pw tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ hc-Ww. aqe-`m-j-bpsS kwkvIm-chpw AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

]tZ-isØ Pohn-X-I-a-hpw, BNm-c-k-º-Zm-b-ßfpw a‰p `mj-bp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v `n∂-am-Ip-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I≥

shń-em-hpw.

(2) ? IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Hgn-hm°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. IY-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb

hnh¿Ø-\-amWv th≠-Xv. IY-bpsS io¿jIw Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ ape-Ønse Xs∂ sImSp-°p-Ibmhpw

DNnXw. Nne-t∏mƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne kzmX¥yw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. ChnsS hnh¿Ø-\-Is‚

hnebn-cp-Ø¬ ][m-\-am-Wv. ssIsb-gp-Øp- ]Xn Xøm-d-°-emWv IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Hcp ]iv\w.

lnµn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-°m¿ ssS∏p sNbX am‰-dmWv tNmZn-°p-I. tIc-f-Øn¬ lnµn ssS∏nwKv kuIcyw

Xptemw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. S, ] XpS-ßnb A£-c-ß-fpsS ASn-bn¬ IpØn-Sp-∂-Xns‚ Bhiyw ]e¿°pw

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. ]g-s©m-√v, ssien-Iƒ, D≤-c-W-ßƒ, XpS-ßnb a‰pw hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥

]bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. Nne ]g-sam-gn-Iƒ°v kam-\-amb samgn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ In´pw.

(3) ? XXvÿm-\-ß-fn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ at\m-[¿Ωw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F¥mWv at\m-[¿Ωw?

at\m-[¿Ωw F∂m¬ AXv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Hmtcm-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. 'kqcPv sIm Zo]Iv Znhm\m'

F∂ lnµn ]tbm-K-Øn\v "sIm√-°p-Sn-bn¬ Xpin hn¬°pI' F∂ ae-bmfw sNm√v ]‰pw. Dont’ carrycoal to new castele. F∂ Cw•ojv ]tbm-Khpw CtX A¿∞w hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ape-I-hn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ

42



Nne¿ AtX-]Sn ]Zy-Øn¬ Xs∂ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p. a‰p-Nn-e¿ KZy-]-cn-`mj \¬Ip-∂p. Nne¿ B

`mKw hn´p-I-f-bp-∂p. kµ¿`-Øns‚ Kuc-h-Øn\v Bh-iy-an-s√∂p I≠m¬ amXsa hn´p-I-fm-b≥

]‰p≈p.

(4) ? IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hnh¿Ø\ in_n-cw, Sm≥…-t‰gvkv h¿°vtjm∏v F∂ Bibw

FX-I≠p kzoIm-cy-amWv?

hmk-\m-k-º-∂-cmb sNdp-∏-°m¿°p Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv DNn-X-am-Wv. ]t£, h¿t£m-

∏n¬ IqSn hnh¿Ø-\-Isc hm¿sØ-Sp°mw F∂v hymtam-ln-°p-∂Xv sX‰m-Wv. kmlnXy A°m-Zan

Zn√n-bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n®, C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnse hnh¿Ø-I¿°pth-≠n-bp≈ c≠mgvN \o≠p-\n∂ h¿°-

tjm-∏n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn´pw hnti-jm¬ H∂pw t\Sn-b-Xmbn Adn-hn-√.

43



UNIT-10ssien-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw

Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂p ssien-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fpw- X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ kq£n-®n-s√-¶n¬

A]-ISw ]nW-bpw. ]Zm-\p ]-Z- ]-cn-`m-j -]-e--t∏mgpw ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-Øo-cpw. lmky-k-am-´mb

hn.-sI. F∂ns‚ Hcp I-Y-bn¬ Hcp IYm-]mXw "ChnsS Hsc-ensb aW-°q-∂t√m' F∂v ]d-bp-∂

-k-µ¿àp-≠v. To smell a rat F∂ Cw•ojv ssien-bp-sS-t\¿ ]cn- m-j-bm-Wn-hn-sS -X-am-i- kr-jvSn-°p-∂-Xv.

kwibw tXm∂p∂ kml-N-cysØ kqNn--∏n-°p-∂-XmWv B BwK-e-ssi-en.

acn-°pI F∂¿∞w hcp∂ To kick the bucket F∂ ssien "IYm-]p-cp-j≥ _°‰v Xń-a-dn®p

IS∂p t]mbn' F∂p--a-s‰m-cp-I-Y-bn¬hn.-sI.-F≥. ]tbm-Kn-®n--´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ hnI-S-k-c-kzXn

Bkz-Zn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Cw•o-jv ssi-en-I-sf-∏‰n kmam\y hn⁄m\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. ssien-I-fn-ep≈

hm°p-I-fpsS A¿∞w tN¿Øp-h-®m¬ ssien-bpsS A¿∞w In´p-I-bn-√.

F√m `mjI-fnepw CXp-X-s∂-bmWp ÿnXn. t\¿ X¿÷a CØcw L -ß-fn¬ hnP-bn-°p--I-bn-√.

"Iøpw- I-W°pan√msX' F∂ ae-bm-f-ssien Without hand and mathematics F∂p ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬-

F-ß-s\-bn-cn°pw? ssien-Ifpw ]gs©m-√p-Ifpw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºm-ƒ XØp-ey-am-b -a-e-bmf

]tbm-K-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWpNn-Xw. AXp km[y-am-hp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Bi-b-X¿÷a \--S--Øp-I. GXm-\pw

-D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ:

ssien-Iƒ A¿∞w

To be all eyes -˛ IÆn¬ FÆ-sbm-gn-®n-cn-°pI

Keeping the wolf from the door -˛ ]ńWn IqSmsX Ign-°pI

To blow one’s own trumpet -˛ Bfl-]-iwk \S-ØpI

To catch red handed -˛ sXm≠n-tbmsS ]nSn-°pI

On-one’s last legs ˛ \mi-Øns‚ h-°Øv

To smell a rat -˛ kwi-bn-°m≥Im-c-W-ap-≠m-hpI

At one’s wits end -˛ DØcw apńb

Diein harness -˛ tPmen-bn-en-cns° acn-°pI

To take into account ˛ ]cn-K-Wn-°pI

To rip in the bud ˛ apf-bnse \p≈n-°-f-bpI

Take to heels ˛ HmSpI

Out of hand ˛ \nb-¥-Wm-XoXw

To Throw cold wateron -˛ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-ØpI

Off and on -˛ CShn- n-S-hn v

To eat one’s words ˛ ]d™Xp hngp-ßpI

Worth one’s salt ˛ sX√-¶nepw ]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-hpI

To meet on halfway ˛ HØp-Øo¿-∏m-hpI

To turn a deaf ear to -˛ Ah-K-Wn--°pI

By hookl or by crook -˛ tb\-tI-\-]-Im-tc-W(-G-sX--¶nepw hn[-Øn¬)

To make up one’s mind -˛ Xocp-am-\n-°pI

MODULE III

44



To Play fast and loose -˛ hyh-ÿbpw sh≈n-bm-gvN-bp-an√m-sX(-H∂p ]d-bp-I-bpw-

a-s‰m-∂p-]-h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I)

To be under the thumb of -˛ ]q¿Æ-kzm-[o-\-Øn-em-hpI

To burn the candle at both ends -˛ Aan-X-ambn A[zm-\n®v BtcmKyw \in-∏n-°pI

To be at cross- purposes -˛ At\ym-\yw- sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°pI

To compound an offence -˛ cmPn-bm-hp-I, XΩn¬Xo-cpI

Left handed compliment -˛ \nµm-kvXpXn

To crop up -˛ A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn ]Xy-£-s∏-SpI

Cross- talk -˛ Hcp-sS-ent^m¨ kw`m-j-W-sØ -hn-Lv\-s]SpØp∂

thsdm-cp- kw-`m-j-Ww-˛-Iq-k-en-√m-Ø ]-Xyp-Ø-cw.

born with a silver spoonin the mouth -˛ hmbn¬ sh≈n-°-c-≠n-bp-am-bn-P-\n-°pI F∂p Xs∂ ae-

bmfØn¬ ]tbm-K-ap-≠v. sFiz-cy-ßfpsS aSn-Ø-ń¬

]d∂p hogp-I, kar-≤n-I-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ P-\n-°pI F∂n-

ß-s\-sbms° CXn∂¿∞w.

To distinguish between -˛ I√pw s\√pw Xncn-®-dn-bpI c≠p `mj-I-fnepw Hcp

t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

Familiarity breeds contempt -˛ 1. AXn-]-cn-N-bm-Z-h⁄:

2. ap-‰sØ ap√°v a-W-an√

no smoke without fire ˛ Xobn-√msX ]pI-bn√

Make haywhile the sun shines -˛ shbn-ep-≈-t∏mƒ I®n-bp-W-ßWw Im‰p≈- t∏mƒXq -

‰Ww/]m-‰Ww X°-k-a-bØp ]h¿Øn°p-I. kml-Ncyw/

Imem-hÿ A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn°p-tºmƒ sNøp-∂ -]hr-Øn-

k-^-e-am-Ipw. ]bXv\w- e-Lq-I-cn°pw Fs∂ms° [z\n.

Man proposes God disposes -˛ A\yYm Nn¥nXw Imcyw ssZh-a-\y-X-Nn-¥-bn¬ a\p-jy≥

Hcp Xc-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p∂p hn[n-a-dn-®mIp-∂p.

to let the cat out of bag -˛ ]q® ]pd-Øm-Ip-I, ]q-®p-sX-fn-bp-I, hymPw shfn-hm-IpI

Who will bell the cat -˛ ]q®-°mcp aWn-sI´pw

To break the ice ˛ a™pcp-Ip-I, A]-cn-Nn-XØw AI-‰p-I, AI¬® \oßn

kvt\l-_‘w ]p\-cm-cw-`n-°pI

cannot see the woods by trees -˛ acw sIm≠p h\w-Im-WmsX/

missing the woods for trees -˛ acw sIm≠p h\w ImWmsX. h\-`w-Kn- B-kz-Zn°m≥

t]mb Bƒ AXnseHcw-i-amb ac-Øn¬ amXw i≤n®v

ka-K-tim-`-sb--°p-dn®v [mcW--bn-√m-Xm-b -A-h-ÿ.

C-ß-s\-bp≈ Cw•ojv ssien-Iƒ°p aebmf kam-¥-c-ßƒ Dt≠m F∂v Btem-Nn®v

Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°-Ww. C√m-Øh hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv-A-\p-tbm-Py-am-bXp krjvSn-°m-\m-hptam

F∂pt\m°Ww.

]g-s©m-√n¬ ]-Xn--cn√

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kvamc-I-in-e-I-fm-Wp- ]-gs©m-√p-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬]-Zm-\p-]Z X¿÷-a-°v- Ah

H´pw hg-ßn-Ø-cn-I-bn-√. aqe `mj-bnse ]g-s©m-√n\p Xp-ey-amb H∂v e£y`mj-bn¬ Dt≠m F∂v

t\m°p-Itb Xc-ap-≈q. Aßs\ HØp hcmØ kµ¿`-Øn¬ I-gn-bp-∂-X-Xm-fhpw ]mkhpw Zo£n-®p-

sIm≠v Bi-b -X¿÷a \S-Øp-IbmWpNn-Xw. GXm\pw amXr-I-Iƒ Xm-sg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.

45



All that glitters is not gold -˛ ]cn-K-Wn-°pI

Where there is a will thereis a way -˛ thW--sa-¶n¬ N° thcnepw Imbv°pw

As the seed so the sprout ˛ hnØp--KpWw ]Øp-KpWw

Many a mickle make a muckle -˛ ]e-Xpffn s]cp-sh≈w

Study work is the road to success -˛ ]sø-Øn-∂m¬ ]\bpw Xn∂mw

To error is humanbut to forgiveis divine -˛ sX‰v a\pjy kl-Pw, £a -ssZ-hn-Ihpw

No smoke without fire -˛ Xobn-√msX ]pI-bn√

Familiarity breeds contempt -˛ ap‰-sØ-ap-√°v aW-an√

Toomanycookls spoil the broth -˛ Btf-sd IqSn-bm¬ ]mºp Nmhn√

Man proposes, God disposes -˛ A\yYm Nn¥nXw Imcyw ssZa-\ytX Nn-¥-tbXv

No gains without pains -˛ thZ-\-bn-√msX ]k-hn-°n√

Never cast your pearlsbefore swine -˛ t]mØns‚ sNhn-bn¬ thZ-tam-X-cpXv

Faces is index of mind -˛ apJw a\- ns‚ IÆmSn

Might is right -˛ Iøq-°p-≈-h≥ Imcy-°m-c≥

The course of true lovenever runs smooth ˛ Cu-Sm¿∂p hmbv°pa-\p-cm-K -\-Zn°p hnLv\w Iq-SmsØm-

gp-°-\p-h-Zn-°pI-bn√ ssZhw

Time and tide wait for none -˛ Imehpw Xncbpw Bscbpw ImØp-\n¬°n√

Pennywise andpound foolish -˛ ISp-Ip- tNm-cp-∂-X-dnbpw B\ tNmcp-∂-X-dn-bn√

Care kills the cat ˛ Ipfn-∏n-®p -Ip-fn-∏n-®p- Ip-ńsb sIm√pI

Be just before you are generous -˛ BZyw-\oXn ]ns∂ HuZmcyw

Nothing venture nothing have -˛ ssI \\bmsX ao≥ ]nSn-°m-\m-hn√

Time is a great healer -˛ Ime-am--tW-‰hpw hen-b-- ssh-Zy≥

The barking dog seldom bites -˛ Ipcbv°pw ]ń-I-Sn-°n√

Still waters run deep -˛ Bg°-S-en¬- Hm-f-an√

Brevity is the soul of art ˛ HXp-°-amWv Ie-bpsS Poh≥

A stich in time seves nine -˛ kqNn-sIm-s≠-Sp-ØXv Xqº sIm-s≠-Sp-°m-\n-S-h-c-cpXv

Well begun is half done -˛ \∂mbn XpS-ßn-bm¬ ]mXn ]Wn-Xo¿∂p

18

kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ

`c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-°ns°m≠ncn-°p∂ C°m-e-Øv, c-W-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-I-fnepw DØ-c-hp-I-

fne-pw- "ÿncw ]p≈n-I-fm-bn -]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Nne ssien-I-tfbpw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-tSbpw ae-bm-f-cq-]-

ßƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Aw-Ko-I-cn® ae-bm-f-]-Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-

amWv Chn-sS-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Abide by rules -˛ N´-ßƒ- A-\p-k-cn-°pI

Abolish - \n¿Ø-em-°pI

Aboriginal welfare officer -˛ BZn-hmkn t£a Hm-ô-k¿

Abortive atempt - hn -e-iaw

Above mentioned - ta¬∏-d™

46



Abortage -˛ \ncm-I-cn-°pI

Absolute -˛ tIh-e-am-b, \ncp-]m-[n-I-amb

Abstract -˛ kmcw, kwt£]w

Absurd Statement -˛ A_-≤-]-kvXm-h\

Abusive language ˛ Bt£-]-hm°v

Accomodation officer -˛ hmk-Imcy Bô-k¿

Accomplice -˛ Iq´p-Ip-‰-°m-c≥

According to order ˛ DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v

Accredited correspondent -˛ A[n-IrX ]X-te-J-I≥

Accusation -˛ tZmjm-tcm]w

Acknowledgement ˛ ]‰p-No v (c--Pn-Ã¿ sN-bvX-b-°p∂ X∏m¬ -D-cp-∏-Sn-I-tfm-sSm∏w

hbv°m-dp≈ Im¿Up-Iƒ-Hm¿°p-I)

Acquisition ˛ s]m∂pw hne-bvs°-Sp-°¬ (s]m∂pw hnebv°p s]m∂p-ambn

_-‘-ta-Xp-an-s√\v Adn-bp-I. \mń¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬

G‰hpw ap¥nb hnebv°v `qanbpw -a-‰pw- k¿°m¿

ssIh-is∏SpØp∂Xn-\mWp s]m∂pw -hn-e-bvs°-Sp-°¬

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv)

Adhoc committee ˛ X-Z¿Y-k-anXn (Hcp ]tXyI Bh-iy-Øn\v th≠n--amXw

D≈- k-an-Xn)

Adjudication -˛ Xo¿∏m-°¬, \ymb-\n¿Wbw

Administrative Sanction -˛ `c-Wm-\p-aXn (k¿°m-c-\p-a-Xn)

Admissiom to bail ˛ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°pI

Advance Copy ˛ ap≥Iq¿ tIm∏n

Adverse remarks -˛ ]Xn-Iq-em- n-]m-b-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

Affiliated College -˛ A\p-_‘ tImtfPv

Affidavit -˛ kXy-hmMv aqew

Aofesaid -˛ ta¬∏-d™

Aggrived person -˛ ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥

Agrarian law -˛ Im¿jn-I-\n-baw

Agreement -˛ DS-º-Sn, Icm¿

Agricultural holding ˛ ssIh-i-ap≈ Ir-jn-`qan

Agronomy -˛ Irjn hn⁄m\w

Air conditioned ˛ hmXm-\p-Iq-enXw

Alias -˛ adp-t]¿ (Alexanmder, alias Chandi"Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ F∂

Nm≠n' F∂p- a-\- n-em-°n-s°m-≈-Ww)

Alibi -˛ A\y-X-hmkw (Ip‰w Npa-Ø-s∏-´-h≥ Ip-‰-IrXyw \S∂

ka--b-Øp- a-s‰mcp ÿe-Øm-bn--cp-∂p F∂p≈ hmZw)

Alimony ˛ Poh-\mwiw

Allottee -˛ Hml-cn-°m-c≥, Kml-I≥

Amendment ˛ t`Z-KXn

Amicable loan ˛ ]en-i--bn-√m-°Sw

47



Anmimal husbandry ˛ arK-kw-c-£Ww

Animate -˛ kPo-h-am-°pI

Anonymous petition ˛ Dua- -l¿Pn

Anticipated expenditure -˛ ]Xo-£nX hybw

Apple of discord ˛ Ie-l-Im-cWw

Appraiser -˛ hne-a-Xn-°p∂ Bƒ

Apprentice -˛ ]cn-io-e-\m¿∞n

Artificial insemination -˛ IrXna _oPk-¶-e\w

Artisan -˛ in¬]n, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im-c≥

As in for the time being -˛ Ct∏mƒ ]m_-ey-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ ]Imcw

As set forth ˛ hnhn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]Imcw

Assessed value -˛ aXn® hne

Assessee -˛ \nIpXn Zmb-I≥

Assigned on lease -˛ ]m´-Øn\v Gev]n®p sImSpØ

Assume powers ˛ A[n-Imcw Gs‰-Sp-°pI

Asterisk -˛ \£X Nn”w

Attachment -˛ P]vXn

2

Ask folr as of right -˛ Ah-Im-i-cq-]-Øn¬ tNm--Zn-°pI

At par ˛ ka-aqeyw (sN-°p-I-fnepw a‰pw)

48



MODULE IV

hnh¿Ø\w DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

i. Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂pw ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ X¿÷a

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

1) Why did you choose India? And of all places in India,why thishell-hole, Calcutta'?(I asked MotherTeresea).

She let a gentlc smile come everher face. “India was a missionary country. I was sent hedre. And Ilove the people of Calcutta. they have a warmth which you don’t see anywhere else”. She told me of anexperience which made the people of Calcuta solovable. “during the floods last year I was bringing victimsto places of shelter. A lady who had never known me brought me hot food in her car. Whereelse in the worlddo you come across people like that? “It is obvious that Mother Teresa would have gone to any country towhich she was sent with same unquestioning obediance and worked with the same enthusiasm, for the peopleamongst whome she had to live. Since she was sent to India, she assiduously indianised herself. Here wasthe first catholic order to adopt the Indian sari,the Indian style of squatting cross-legged on the floor in thechapel eatingIndian food in the Indianmanner. She taught herself Bengali which she now speaks fluently sandwhen India became free she took Indian nationality. (Mother Teresa- Khushwant Singh).

""C≥Uy Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Im-c-W-sa¥v? ]tXy-In®pw C≥Uy-bnse a‰p ÿe--ß-fn¬ sh®v

Cu \c-I-°p-gn-bmb I¬°´''? (Rm≥ a-Z¿ sXc-km-tbmSv tNZn-®p)

Ah-cpsS apJØv Hcp aµ-kvan-Xw- hn-S¿∂p. ""C≥Uy t]jn-X -]-h¿Ø\Øn\p≈ Hcp

cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fs∂ Ab-®Xv Ctßm- m-Wv. F\n-°m-sW-¶n¬ I¬° -bnse P\-ßsf CjvS-hp-am-Wv.

as‰m-cn-S-Øpw- Im-Wm-\n-√mØ Hcp Dujvva-f-`mhw Ah¿°p-≠v.'' I¬°-´m- \n-hm-kn-I-sf- h-fsc

]nb-¶-c-cm-°p∂ Hc-\p- -h-sØ∏‰n Ah¿ Ft∂mSv ]-d-™p. ""Ign-™-h¿j-sØ -sh-≈-s∏m°°meØv

Rm≥ AXn-\n-c-bm-b-hsc A`-b-tI-µ-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp∂ tPm-en-bn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p--bm-bn-cp-∂p.

At∏mƒ F\n°v bmsXmcp ap≥ ]cn-N-b-hp-an-√mØ Hcp h\nX Xs‚ Imdn¬ -F-\n°v NqtSm-sS-bp≈

`£Ww sIm≠p-h-∂p. CØcw Bfp-Isf temIØv at‰-sXmcp ÿe-ØmWv \nßƒ°v ImWp-hm≥

Ign-bpI''? temI-Øns‚ GXp `mK-tØ-°-b-®mepw aZ¿ tXtck B Xocp-am-\sØ tNZyw sNømsX

A\p-k-c-W-io--e-tØmsS Ahn-sS- t]m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈Xv kv]jvS-am-b -Im-cy-am-Wv. F∂p amX-a-√, CtX

Bthi-tØmsS Xm≥ sN∂v Xma-kn-°p-∂- cm-PysØ P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ -A-h¿ ]-h-¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw. `mc-X-Øn-te°v Ab-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿ i≤m-]q¿∆w Hcp-`m-c-X-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v kzbw

k∂-≤-bm-bn. `mc-X-Ønse kmcn- X-ß-fpsS thj-Øns‚ `mK-am-°nb BZysØ InkvXy≥

k\ymkn kaq-l-amWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. ]≈n-bnse Xd-bn¬ ]m¿∞-\°v Naw ]nW-™n-cn-°p-I-bpw -

`m-c-Xo-b -`-£Ww `mc-Xob coXn-bn¬ `-£n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ sNbvXp-h-∂p. Ah¿ _wKmfn `mj

]Tn-°p-Ibpw Ct∏mƒ kzm-X¥yw t\Sn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-¿ `mc-X-]u-cXzw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bpw-sN-bvXp.

2. The decision was not taken (by Subhas Bose) without great hesitation, but once it was taken, nothingcould come in the way. He stole away from his house on one quiet night in the 1914 without informinghis parents. Feeling like a new Budha forsaking family, the comfort she was accustomed to, the certainprospects of a briliant career, young Subhas started in search of the Master, who would resolve his

49



doubts and supply his disturbed and restless mind with a new synthesis. While Jawaharlal at that agestill fresh from the play fields of Harrow and was applying himnself to the study of Zoology, Biologyand Chemistry at Trinity College, Cambridge, Subhas be took himself to the Himalayas, the traditionalhome of Indian spirtiaulity.

The place of the Himalayas in Indian life still awaits investigation at the hands of Indian Sociology.About its fauna and flora, its influence on climate and physical, geography we know. But with the exceptionof EB.Havell, no eminent scholar has attempted to evaluate the profound debt that Indian phisophy owess tothem. Even Jawaharlal who had never suffered from religious exaltation records in his Autobiography that oneof his still unfulfilled ambitions in life was to visit Mount Kailas, the HImalayan Abode of the gods,(“SubhasBose”- Yusuf Meherally).

henb kt¶mNw IqSm-sX-b√ (kp- mkv t_mkv) B Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-se-Ø-n-bXv. F∂m¬, AsX-SpØp

Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]ns∂ bmsXm∂pw Xs‚ ]mX-bn¬ XS- -ßƒ krjvSn-°p-hm\ At±lw kΩ-Xn-®n-√v.

1914 ¬ im¥-amb Hcp cmXn-bn¬ amXm--]n-Xm°sf A--dn-bn-°m-sX, At±lw hoń¬ \n∂p Hfn-t®m-Sn.

X\n°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-tf-bpw -tim-`-\-amb Hcp HutZy-KnI Pohn-X-sØbpw

IpSpw--_-tØbpw Hcp \ho\ _p≤-s\-t∏mse ]cn-Xy-Pn-®p-sIm-≠v Iu-amc]mb-°m-c-\mb kp`mkv Xs‚

Kpcp-hns\ tXSn-bp-≈ -bmX B-cw-`n-®p. Kpcp Xs‚ kw-i-b-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-sa∂p ]£p_v[hpw

BIp-e-hp-amb Xs‚ a\- n-\v- Hcp ]pXnb kw«-jWw \¬Ip-sa∂p At±lw Icp-Xn. AtX ka-bw,

B ]mb-Øn¬,"-lmtcm' hnZym-e-b-Ønse Ifn-°fw hn´ Ph-l¿em¬ tIw_n-UvPnse Sn\n‰n

Iem-im-e-bn¬ tN¿∂v P¥p-im-kvXw, Poh-im-kvXw, ck-X¥w F∂n-h-bpsS ]-T-\-Øn¬ hym]r-X-\m-hm≥

XpS-ßp-I-bm-bn--cp-∂p. kq`m--km-Is´, `mc-Xob Bflo-b-X-bp-sS- ]-c-º-cm-KX Bhm-k-ÿ-e-amb

lnam-e-b-Øn-te-°mWv bmX Xncn-®-Xv.

`mc-Xob kmaq-lnI imkvX-⁄¿ -C-\n-bpw -A-t\z-jWhnj-b-am-t°≠ H-∂mWv lnam-e-b-Øn\v

`mc-Xob Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≈ ÿm\w. Ahn-SsØ kky-ar-Km-Zn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bpw- Im-em-hÿbpsS taepw

ùXn-I-im-kvX-Øn-t∑-epw a‰pw AXn-\p≈ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw \ap-°-dn-hp-≠v. F∂m¬ C.-_n. lm-sh¬

-H-gnsI as‰mcp ]apJ ]fin-X\p `mc-Xo-b XØz-im-kvX-Øn\v lnam-e-b-tØm-Sp≈ AKm-[-amb

IS-∏m-Sns\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ ian-®n-ń-√. a-XsØ Hcn-°epw A-X-sbm∂pw ]iw-kn-®n-ń-√mØ

Ph-l¿em¬ t]mepw, tZh-∑m-cp -S, lnam-e-b-Ønse Bhm-k-ÿ-e-amb ssIem-k-]¿hXw-

k-µ¿in-°m-\m-hm-ØXv Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse \nd-th-‰-s∏-SmØ taml-ß-fn¬ -H-∂m-sW∂v At±-l-Øns‚

Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ tc-J-s∏--Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

A`ymkw

Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn°p∂h ae-bm-f--Øn-te°v X¿÷a sNøpI

1. As an elder brother Jawahar is perfect. though he is so much olderthan mysister andI, He was neverlaid down thelaw to us,as a greatmany elderbrothers do. If he has disaproved opf anything we have done, hehas always talked the matter over with gentless and tact, making us see for ourselves that we were in thewrong. If we have disagreed, however hurt he may feel,he tries not to show it and never imposes his views onus. He is not only an adored ‘big brother’ to Swarup and me but a grand friemd and companion who by hisaffection and understanding has made himself very precious to us. We kno he is always there, just as Fatherwas a pillar of strength on whom,we can lean and get support from when weaned by life’s litle problems andworries. he never offers advice, but is ever willing to help when help and guidance are necessary. he is also aconfidant in whom one can confide without fear of being ridiculed or rebuked. Being so utterly human

50



himself, he never fails to understand another’s weakness. (‘With No Regrets;- Krishna Hutheesingh)

2. One curious feature of the love of sweets is the way in which it declines with age. There seems to beno reason for this. We still go on eating, and loving the pleasures of the plate, but I imagine that half theconfectioners would go out of business if no one under thirty were allowed to eat sweets. There are hundredgreedy sweet -eaters under age of thirty for one above it. You seldom see middle- aged man peering with arapt expression into a especially in france, but he seldom gazes at a sweet- shop as if a -aged man is anindiffernt to sweet as I am. I know a man of my own age wo can eat chocolate even while he is drinkingwhisky-and soda. Women too, nibble sweets afterdinner. But they do not get really excited about them asthe young do. (‘Sweets’-Robert Lynd).

3. How differently yougot through a restaurant-session in Mysore! You took yoiur seat, asked for themorningpaper and a glass of water-just mark time before you should have Masal Dosai again or idli, or asyou generally felt iunclines (butresisted) both; but indecision could never be an end in itself, and you deviseda further postponement of issues by asking, when the reading of the paper was over, “what have, you”? Aroutine question. The waiter would begin a quick recite of the day’s menu-nothing new or starting in it; butyou liked to hear it all over again. It gave you time to make up your mind. Coming from a civilization usedto this pace of life, I felt unequal to the speed of a Broadway Cafeteria. If you hesitated with the tray in hand,you held up the traffic behind you. (‘overa cup of Coffee’- R.K. Narayan).

4. It was a grey day, had been indeed a grey week; nothing outside the day’s routines had happened forsome time. My body had gone on dressing and un dressing itself, eating,drinking, smoking,pushing itself intobuses and trains and floundering heavily into chairs. But the rest of me, mind, soul or spirit, appeared to beon the point of hibernating. There I was then, going about my business dearely this grey morning, whensuddenly passing by a shop window I caught sight of a pair of crimson silk pyjamas. They were not thingsmeekly soliciting in a shop window, but an event, a challenge, a blast of satorial trumpets. I knew at once thtmy own moment had arrived. There are occassions in a man’s existences when he must make somethinghappen, must fling a splash of colour into his life, or some part of him, perhaps theboy in him, will perish, flyingbroken before the grey armies of age, timidity or boredom. (‘In Crimson Silk’-J.B.Priestry).

5. Few things are more pathetic than the spectacle of inexperiences travellers, brought upon these mythsdesperately doing their best to make external reality square with fable. It is for the sake of the myths and lessconsciously, in the name of snobbery that they left their homes, to admit disappointment in the reality would beto admit their own follishness in having believed the fables and would detract from their merit in havingundertaken the pilgrimege. In thier hearts secretly, they are bored and a little disgustes. But they have beenbrought up to believe in the ‘Gay Paree’ where every thing is deliriously exciting. Conscientiously, therefore,they strive, when they cometo paristo be gay. Night after night the dance hails and the bordless are throngedby serious compatriots of Emerson and Mathew Arnold, earnestly engaged in tying to see life, bneither verysteadily nor whole, through the ever Thickering mists of champagne. (‘Why Not Stay at Home’? AldousHuxley).

51



ii. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p Cw•o-jn-te-°p≈ X¿÷a

DZm--l-c-W-ßƒ

1) Xoh-≠n-bn-en-cp∂v amdn amdn Cu tZi-Øns‚ Zriy-ßsf t\m°n-bn-cns° A∂v Fs‚- ap-ºn¬

h∂Xv efn-Xhpw F∂m¬ I√p-t]mse ISp-Ø-Xp-am-b -HcptNmZy-am-Wv. (\mw sIń-]-Sp-°m-hp-∂)

Cu Hmtcm sIm®p kam-Py-ßƒ°p-≈n--te°pw AXns‚ ssk\y-Øns‚ Hmtcm ]S-bm-fn-bp-sSbpw

CS-bn-te°pw IqSn Cu a’-cw-h-cp-tºmtgm? \mw \-Ωp-tS-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂ Cu ssk\y-ßƒ

Hcp Znhkw \ni_vZw \ΩpsS ]n∂n¬ \n∂v Hgn™p t]mhp-I-bn-t√,, \mw Ah-cp-sS -_m-[y-X-

bmbn amdp-tºmƒ? AYhm AXp \ΩpsS aotX-IqSn Nhpń IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bn-t√, \mw AXns‚

t\Xm-sh∂ \ne-amdn AXns‚ hgn-bnse XS- -ambn amdptºmƒ? (hn-bkvXw-`w˛ B\-µv)

While I was sitting in the train and looking at the changing views of the country that day, a simplequestion but as hard as stone,arose before me. Suppoosethis competition,goes deep down to these littlekingdoms (that we build up)and into the midst of each soldier of this army? Won’t these Armies which weconsider as our own move away silently from behind us one day wehen we become a burden to them? Or,won’t thye trample over us when we are no more thier leader but only an obstacle in thier path?

2. Hm¿Øp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Fs‚ Imcyw alm-I-jvS-am-Wv. Zcn-Z\pw \n -lm-b\pw ]cmPn-X\pw

B¿-°pw- th-≠m-Ø-h-\p-ambn Rm\o P∑w apgp-h≥ Ign-b-W-sa-∂mtWm ssZhw hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv?

\nk-lm-b-\mb Hcp- a-\p-jy≥ Pohn-X-Øn¬- C-X-sbms° kln-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n

F¥mWv? Fhn-sSbpw ]cm-P-b--s∏SpIbmWv Fs‚ A\p-`-hw. H-Sp-hn¬ lrZ-b-Øns‚

apdn-hp-IƒamXw _m°n-bm-Ip-∂p. \∑-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-X-amb Hcmƒ F∂v Rm≥ Fs∂--∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ

AsXmcp AXn-cp-I-hn™ Ah-Im-i-am-sW∂v Aßv Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? Xn∑ sNøm≥ a\p-jy-s\

-t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv? temIw Ipsd--°qSn \∂mbn krjvSn-°m-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v kXy-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ

Atß°p tXm-∂p-∂nt√? a\p-jys‚ krjvSn-bpsS Imcy-Øn-e--s√-¶nepw B kwibw \ymb-am-sW∂v

Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ Xn∑ sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ Imc-W-Øn¬\n∂pw DØc-

hm-Zn-ØØn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-™p-am--dm≥- Atß°pI-gn-bp-tam. a\p-jy-\n¬ B Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ

h®-Xm-cm-Wv.

52



UNIT -11amXrIm tNmZy-ßƒ

tNmZy-t]-∏¿

SECOND SEMESTER B.A../B.SC. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2011(CCSS)

Common Course-8MA 2A 08 (1) - hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abpw

Time: Three Hourse Maximum: 30 weightageI F√m tNmZy-ßƒ°pw DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv) 1/2

A icn-bmb DØcw sXc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.

1. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ImX¬ hniz-kvX-X-bm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-´Xv:

(a) sP.-kn. Im‰vt^m¿Uv (b) hneyw Iq∏¿

(c) amXyq A¿tWmƒUv (d) t]k¿ ssS‰ve¿

2 hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p≈ Iºyq-´¿ `mj GXv?

(a) t_knIv (b) tImt_mƒ

(c) ]mkvI¬ (d) temtKmkv

3. ""Hm¿Øp \S-°-W,-ta-sd-®nXw

Hm´-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-h¿ ]d™p''

(a) \c-_en (b) kzImcyw

(c) iyma-kp-µcn (d) hnhm-l-k-Ωm\w

4. h≈-tØm-fns‚ "am∏v' F∂ IhnX Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv:

(a) am[h≥ Aø-∏Øv (b) tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥

(c) Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (d) B¿.-cm-a-N-µ≥

B ]qcn-∏n-°pI

5. ss__n-fnse ]gb \nbaw Fgp-X-s∏-´Xv -˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ `mj-bn-em-Wv.

6. kwkvIrX \mS-I-ß-fnse kvXoIfpw \oN-I-Ym-]m-X-ßfpw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]mIrX `mjm-

`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]mIrX `mjm-`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIrX hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

7. Imfn-Zm-ks‚ A`n-⁄m-\-im-Ip-¥fw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v BZyw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-

˛-˛ BWv.

8. lcn-i-¶¿ ]¿km-bn-bpsS "cmKv˛hn-cmKv' F∂ IY ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-F∂ io¿j-I-Øo-emWv tIc-f-sU-

PÃv ]kn≤w sNbvX-Xv.

C H‰-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI:

9. "X¿÷a' F∂Xv GXp `mj-bnse ]Z-amWv?

53



10. sj√n-bpsS Ode to Skylark F∂-I-hnX "cm∏m-Sn-tbmSv' F∂ t]cn¬ hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXXv Bcv?

11. ‘Approval’ F∂ ]Zw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v X¿÷a sNøp-I.

12. "hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI' F∂ KŸw cNn-®-Xmcv?

(12 x1/4 = 3 weightag

II Ht∂m ct≠m hmIy-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv)-˛1

13. tkmX-`m-j, e£y-`mj Ch Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.

14. hnh¿Ø\w F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]Z-ßƒ GsX√mw?

15. en]y-¥-cWw (Transliteration) F∂m¬ F¥v?

16. A new broom sweeps clean - CXn\p kam-\-amb ae-bmf ssien Is≠-ØpI.

17. Don’t mix drink with driving - Cu ]c-ky-hm-NIw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p X¿÷a sNøp-I.

18. ""Cu c≠pw Adn-bp-∂Xv Ihn Xs∂-bmWv' ˛ GXp c≠p Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv ChnsS

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.?

19. Ic-Øn≥ `qjWw Zm\w; `mcw Xm≥ sshc-tam-Xncw - Cw•o-jn-te°p samgn am‰p-I.

20. "ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dn-s\bpw Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b-sc-bpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ

C°mcyw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amIpw' ˛ GXp Imcyw?

21. `mj-W-[¿Ω-ß-fpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ GsX√mw?

(9 x1 = 9 weightage)

III. GsX-¶nepw A©v tNmZy-Øn\v Hmtcm Jfin-I-bn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw

(sh-bn-t‰-Pv)- 2

22. ][m-\-s∏´ hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ GsX√mw?

23. hnh¿Ø\w Hcp Iuiew (Craft) BsW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v ASn-ÿm-\-sa¥v?

24. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

25. Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-I≥ Ihn IqSn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n F¥v?

26. tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvWs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn≥ i≤n-t°≠ A©p

Imcy-ßƒ GsX-√m-amWv?

27. ""Cßs\ amdn amdn ]e mh-Om-b-Ifpw AXn¬ Xpfp-ºn-sb-Øp∂p'' GXn¬ amdn-amdnsbØp∂

`mh-Om-b-Iƒ GsX√mw?

28. Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-X-Øn≥ _p≤-aXw KWy-amb kw`m-h\ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. F∂m¬

CXns‚ hy‡-amb NnXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ C∂pw Ae-`y-am-Wv. _u≤-

k¿h-I-em-ime Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-e-IØv ÿm]n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Ncn-X-]-[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv.

54



(5 x2 = 10 weightage)

IV. Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ cs≠-Æ-Øn\v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. BZysØ cs≠-Æw

D]-\ym-k-cq-]-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠-h-bm-Wv. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv)-˛4

19. b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w F∂m¬ F¥v? b¥-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-I.

30. sI.-]n. i¶-cs‚ "A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w' F∂ teJ-\-Øns‚ D≈-S°w hni-I-e\w

sNøp-I.

31. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.

Different media have different political views. They are lead by different interests. Still our journalistsgenerally work with utmost social dedication. They are enthusiastic in brining out the corruption,disorder, misures, injustice, vulgarity etc. that are seen in the society. This is the reason why dedicatedreporters are subject to most of the allegations. They are always prone to attack.

(2x4=8 weightage)

55



SECOND SEMESTER B.A../B.SC. DEGREE PROGRAMME EXAMINATION, APRIL 2011

(CCSS)Common Course-8 Code: MA2A08 (1)hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abtijnbpw

Answer Scheme

I A.1. b) hneyw Iq∏¿

2. d) temtKmkv

3. d) hnhm-l-k-Ωm\w

4. a) am[-h≥

B.5. lo_q

6. Omb

7. tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºq-cm≥

8 A\m-k-‡n-tbmKw

C.9 Ad_n

10 kpK-X-Ip-amcn

11 AwKo-Imcw

12. tUm.-hn.-B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥

II.13. GXq `mj-bn-e≥\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂pthm B `mjsb tkmX-`mj F∂pw, GXp

`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\ sNøp-∂-pthm B `mjsb e£y-`mj F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

14. X¿÷-a, ]cn-`m-j, samgn-am-‰w, `mjm-¥-c-Ww, A\p-hmZw apX-em-b-h.

15. tkmX-`m-j-bnte ]Z-ßƒ e£y-`m-j-bnse en]n D]-tbm-Kn®v Fgp-Xp-∂-XmWv en]y¥-c-Ww.

16. ]pØ-\®n ]pc-∏pdw Xq°pw.

17. aZy-]n®v hml-\-tam-Sn-°-cp-Xv.

18 tZ-i-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvWs‚ "Imhy-hn-h¿Ø\w˛ Nne \oco-£-W-ßƒ F∂ teJ-\-Øn≥\n∂v

Ihn-a-\- ns‚ am¿§-ßƒ hnNn-X-ß-fm-sW∂pw hm°n\v At\Iw am¿§-ß-fp-s≠∂pw

]d-bm-dp-≠v. Cu c≠pw Adn-bp-∂Xv Ihn Xs∂-bm-Wv.'

19. Gift is the ornament of hand; a ring set with diamonds is only a burden.20. hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym-cpsS 'IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

˛ 'tem°¬ If¿' F∂p \mw ]d-bp∂ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-IsØ AtX-]Sn ]cn- m-j-bn¬°qSn

]I¿Øm≥ Ign-s™-∂p-h-cn√ F∂ Imcyw ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dn-s\bpw Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥

\mb-scbpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-Ipw.

21. ktµ-in-hn-\n-a-b-]-cw, kzXzm-hn-jv°m-c-]-cw, Bh¿÷-\-]-cw, kuµ-cym-hn-jv°m-c-]-cw, kmaq-lnIw

F∂n-h-bmWv `mj-W-[¿Ω-ß-fpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ.

22. _rlvØmb tkmX-`m-jm-\n-L-a≠p, Zzn`m-jm-\n-L-≠p, ]cymb hn]-co-X-]-ZtImiw, sYkm-d-kv,

D®m-c-W-\n-L≠p, A]-i-_vZ-t_m-[-\n-\n, ]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\

56



hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ.

23. sXmgn-¬, I®-h-Sw, `c-Ww, tImSXn XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hnhn[ hnh¿Ø-\-ta-J-e-Im-Wv.

Ch-bnse Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw `mjbv°v Ah-bp-tS-Xmb kmt¶-XnI khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.

Hmtcm-∂nepw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I¿°v ]tXyI sshZ-Kv[yhpw AXn-\p-th≠ ]cn-io-e-\hpw

Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø\w Hcp Iui-e-am-sW∂v t_m≤y-am-Ipw.

24. tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-Øn\v kam-\-amb ]Zw e£y-`m-j-bn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX hcnI ˛

]mkhpw Xmfhpw CuWhpw as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I.

]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ apZ-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ßfpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v

hg-ßm-Xn-cn-°¬ t«jm¿∞-]-tbm-K-ßƒ hnh¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xv.

25. Ihn a\- ns‚ am¿§-ßƒ hnNn-X-ß-fm-Wv. hm°n\v At\Iw am¿§-ß-fp-≠v. Hcp Ihn°p

amXta Ch c≠p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign -bq. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ihn-Xm-hn -h¿Ø-I≥

Ihn-Iq-Sn-bm-I-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

26. 1. ]mTsØ˛Ir-Xn-sb- -H-∂n®p ImW-Ww. 2. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ kwth-Z-\-aq-ey-sØbpw aqe-]m-T-Øns‚

A¿∞-sØbpw e£y-`m-j-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ km[n-°Ww. 3. aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛-

]m-c-º-cy-L-S-I-ßƒ kwkvIm-c-_-≤-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w LS-\m-]-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°w. Ahsb

th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. 4. tkmX- m-j-bnse kmln-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\n-W-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-Øn¬

thWw e£y-`m-j-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥. 5. aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-c\v Xs‚ Ir-Xn-bpsS ]ta-bsØ

\n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign™ ]Imcw Xs∂ e£y-`m-j-bnepw ò£n-°-Ww.

27. sI.-]n. i¶-cs‚ "A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w'F∂ teJ-\-Øn≥\n∂v ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv

_jo-dns‚ "_mey-Ime kJn'sb°p-dn®v ]cm-am¿in-°p∂ mKw "sNdv°m' F∂ H‰ hnfn-bn¬

kplvd-bpsS hy‡Xzw apgp-h≥ HXp-°n-h-®n- p-≈-Xm-bmWvk D¬^p-√-am-hp-∂-Xm-bmWv tXm∂p-I.

Xpey-X-b-h-Im-i-s∏-S¬, aPo-Zns\ "sIm®m°n' AS-°n-\n¿Ø¬, Ipkr-Xn, òj-Wn-˛-C-ßs\

amdn-amdn ]e `mh-Om-b-Ifpw AXn¬ Xpfp-ºn-sb-Øp-∂p.

28. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø-\-tØ-°mƒ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]mapJyw \¬I-Ww.

29. Iºyq-´-dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø\amWv b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ \nL≠p

]cn-tim-[-\, tkmX-]m-T-Øns‚ A]-K-Y-\w, kzcq-]-hn-\n-a-bw, e£y-]m-T-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ßƒ.

30. k¿§m-flI IrXn-I-fnse ]e Awi-ßfpw hnh¿Ø\ £a-a-√. hnh¿Ø-\m-Xo-X-ambn \nev°p∂

Awi-ßƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS \nkvXq-e-Xsb shfn-hm-°p-∂p. _jo-dns‚ t\mh-epIfpw Ahbv°v

B¿.-C. Bj¿ Xøm-dm-°nb hnh¿Ø-\-sØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn sI.-]n. i¶-c≥ C°mcyw ka¿∞n-°p-∂p.

31. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNtø-≠Xv Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww.

57



SECOND SEMESTER B.A./B.Sc. (CCSS) DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2010Common Course

Code MA 2A 08 (1) -(Translation and Communication )- hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

Time: Three Hours Total Weightage: 30I F√m tNmZy-ßƒ°pw DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv) 1/4

A icn-bmb DØcw sXc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.

1. ]Zy-hn-h¿Ø\w Akw-_-‘hpw Akw-`m-hy-hp-am-sW∂v ]d-™Xv:

(a) amXyp A¿tWmƒUv (b) sP.-kn. Im‰vt^m¿Uv

(c) hnIvS¿ lyqtKm (d) kmap-h¬ tPm¨k¨

2. b¥-Øn-epsS hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øm-sa∂v BZy-ambn ]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.

(a) kvan¿tWmhv tSmsP≥kn(b) hmd≥ hoh¿

(c) ssh.-_m¿ hns√¬ (d) bpPn≥ F \nU

3. Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ cNn® "ssIhn-f°v' GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-bmWv?

(a) hnh¿Ø\w (b) IhnX

(c) Bfl-IY (d) \ncq-]Ww

4. ""\mSy-]-[m\w \Kcw ZcnZw

\mń≥]pdw \∑-I-fm¬ kar≤w''

˛ BcpsS hcn-Iƒ?

(a) ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ (b) Ip‰n-∏p-dØv tIi-h≥ \mb¿

(c) B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω (d) Pn. i¶c Ipdp∏v

]qcn-∏n-°pI

5. e`yam-b-Xn¬h®v G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb hnh¿Ø\w ---- -˛-˛-˛-˛ F∂ inem-te-J-\-am-Wv.

6. GXp `mj-bn¬\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂pthm B `mjsb ˛ -˛-˛ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

7. Imfn-Zm-ks‚ taL-k-tµiw ˛ -˛-˛-˛ F∂ t]cn-emWv Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xv.

8. "Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv C∂v' F∂ ]X-]w-‡n-I-fpsS apJy [¿Ωw ˛ -˛ BWv.

H‰-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

9. ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX BwK-teb kmln-

Xy-Im-c≥ Bcv?

10. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ]pgp-ßnb kvSms_-dn-∏gw t]mse Atcm-N-I-am-sW\v ]d-™Xv

BcmWv?

11. Amendment F∂ ]tZ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\ sNøp-I.

12. "hnh¿Ø\'F∂ KŸw cNn-®-Xmcv?

II Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°v Ht∂m ct≠m hmIy-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. shbn-td-dPv 1

13. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v sP.-kn. Im‰vt^m¿Uv \¬Ip∂ \n¿∆-N\w F¥mWv?

58



14. A\p-krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂m¬ F¥v?

15. Bi-b-cq-]m-¥-cWw (Adaptation) Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.

16. Too much of anything is good for nothing - kam-\-amb ae-bm-f-ssien Is≠-Øp-I.

17. “Kept left” F∂ ]c-ky-t_m¿Unse hmNIw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p X¿÷a sNøp-I.

18. tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvWs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn≥ hnh¿Ø-\sØ `Z-am-°p-∂Xv F¥mWv?

19. c≠n-s\-Xnsc aq∂p tKmfp-Iƒ°v C¥y ]mIn-ÿms\ tXmev]n®p ˛ Cw•o-jn-te°v samgn am‰p-I.

20. "tem°¬ If¿' F∂n ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w hnh£ F¥v?

21. ]Zm-\p-hm-Z-hn-h¿Ø\w F∂m¬ F¥v?

(9x1=9 weightate)III GsX-¶nepw A©p tNmZy-Øn\v Hmtcm Jfin-I-bn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw

(sh-bn-t‰Pv ) 2.

22. `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ ][m\ sshj-ay-ßƒ

Fs¥√mw?

23. hnh¿Ø-I-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ ][m\ tbmKy-X-Iƒ Gh?

24. khn-cm-a-X¿÷a, Ahn-cm-a-X¿÷a Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sa¥v?

25. ""Cß-s\-sbmcp `mj-W-X¥w "_mey-Im-e-kJn''' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmbn \mw Hcp-]t£

i≤n-®n-cn-°n√'' GXp `mj-W-X¥w? hni-Z-am-°p-I.

26. ""kµn-Kv≤m¿∞-X-bmWv hnh¿Ø-Is\ hnj-an-∏n-°p∂ `mjm-]-c-amb as‰mcp sshjayw'' ˛

C°mcyw ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn\v teJ-I≥ \¬Ip∂ DZm-l-cWw hy‡-am-°p-I.

27. Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ "KoXm-⁄en' hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

28. Cw•o-jn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.

Ipd®p amk-ß-ƒ°p apºv, ]gb Hcp t\m´p ]qkvX-I-Øn¬ Rm≥ Fs‚ Bfl-IY Fgp-Xp-hm≥

XpS-ßn, F√m a\p-jy¿°pw ]d-bp-hm≥ Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp Poh-N-cnXw ImWp-at√m?

F\n-°p-ant√ temI-tØmSv ]d-bp-hm≥ Aßs\ Nne Imcy-ßƒ. Xo¿®mbpw D≠v.

(5x2=10 weigtage)IV Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ cs≠-Æ-Øn\v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. BZysØ c≠p

tNmZy-ßƒ D]-\ymk cq]-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠-h-bm-Wv. Htcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv- 4).

29. hnh¿Ø\w imkvXtam Ietbm? kzm`n-]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

30. IYm hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-t°≠ kao-]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym-cpsS

A`n-]m-b-ßƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.

31. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.

Globalisation has been on the move in our country for the past one and half decades. Open marketexpansion of import, public sector sales of shares, private sector co-operation and privatization arethe areas gaining strength in the present scenario. Although there have been a few back offs due tosome major resistance, in a deeper perspective neo-liberal policies are being strengthened and ex-panded

(2x4=8 weightage)

59



Second Semester B.A. Degree Programme Examination,April 2010 (CCSS)

Common Course-8 Code:MA2A08(1)hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

Answer SchemeI. A1. c. hnIvS¿ lyqtKm

2. a. kvan¿tWmhv tSmsP≥kvIn

3. d. \ncq-]Ww

4. b Ip‰n--∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿

B5. tdmsk‰

6. tkmX `mj

7. taLNv-Omb

8. ktµi hn\n-abw

C9. B¿. C. hmj¿

10. lmcn Un t^mdÃv kvanØv

11. t`Z-KXn

12 tUm. F≥. C. hn-iz--\mY Aø¿

II.13. Hcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-hn--s\ -a-s‰mcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-sIm≠v BtZ-iw-sN-øp-I-

sb-∂-XmWvv hnh¿Ø-\w.

14. hmb-\-°m¿°v IrXn-X¿÷-a-bm-sW∂p tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kz¥w-`m-j-bn-se- au-enI

IrXn-sb∂ t]mse hmbn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bp-I--bpw -sN-bvXm¬ hnh-¿Ø-\w -H-∂m-¥camsb∂p

]d-bmw. AØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ A\p-krjvSn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

15. tkmX-`m-j-bnse IY-bpw- a‰pw e£y`m-j-bn-te°p hnh¿Ø-\w-sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

tZi-]m-X-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \ma-cq-]-ß-fpw a‰pw e£y- m-jm-\p-kr-X-ambn hnh-¿-Ø\w sNøp-∂-co-Xn-°mWv

Bib cq]m-¥-cWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

16. A[n-I-am-bm¬ AarXw hnjw

17. kq£n-°p-I, CS-Xp-hiw tN¿∂p-t]m-hpI

18. aqe-- m-jm-I-hnbpw e£y- m-jm-I-hnbpw XΩnepw Nßm-Ø-hpw- k-lm-\p-- qXn \nd™ kwhmZhpw

hnh¿Ø-\sØ `Z-am-°p-∂-Xv.

19. India defeated Pakistan by there goals again two20. Hcp tZi-Øns‚ kwkvIm-cn-I- ss]-Xr-IsØbmWv "tem°¬ If¿' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

21. aqe-`m-j-bnse ]Z-ß-fp-sS -A-`n-[m¿∞w AXp-t]mse hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-XmWv ]Zm-\p-]-Z-

hn-h¿Ø-\w.

III22. 1. Iao-IrX hymI-c-W-Øns‚ A`m-hw, 2. kmt¶-XnI ]Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ, ]cn--- mjm \nL-≠p-°ƒ

60



F∂n-h-bpsS A`m-hw, am\I km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fp-sS- A-`m-hw.

23. 1. hnh¿ØI\p aqe-`m-j-bnepw e£y-`m-j-bnepw ]mfiyXyw thaw. 2. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p

hnt[-b-am-Ip-\\ hnj-b-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-I\p \√ Ah-Kmlw thWw. 3. k#m-lnXy hnj-b-amWv

hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-sX-¶n¬ km-ln-Xym-`n-cpNn thWw. 4.-\n-L--≠p-°ƒ, klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

F∂nh ssIhiw D≠m-I-Ww.

24. ]kw-K-]-cn-`m-j-bp-am-bn --_-‘-s∏´ c≠v kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßƒ˛ tkmX `mj-bn¬ ]-kw-Kn-°p-∂-

Bƒ- C-S-°n-S°p ]kw-Kw- \n¿Øp-Ibpw]cn-`m-j-I\v e£y `mj-bn-te-°v X¿÷a sNøm\pw

A-h-k-c-ap≠mIpIbpw sNøp-∂-XmWv khn-cm-a-X¿÷-a. t\sc adn-®v, ]kwKw ]q¿Æ-ambn

Xo¿∂-Xn-\p-tijw \S-Øp∂ X¿÷-a-bmWv Ahn-cm-a-X¿-÷-a.

25 sI. ]n. K-tW--is‚ "A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w' F∂-te-J-\-Øn¬\n∂v ˛"sN-dv°≥', "s]Æv'

˛c≠pw kmam-\y-am-bn ]Y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ ]-cm-a¿Ønt\m hnh-c-WØnt\m Hs°- D-X-Ip∂ ]Z-ß-fm-Wv.

Ch-sb- E-Pp-hmbn a[y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ kw-t_m-[\F∂ \nh°v am‰n-D-]-tbm-Kn--®-cn-°p-I-bmWv _jo¿.

"_mey-Ime kJn' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ `mjmX\vXw CXm-Wv.

26. hn. B¿ ]t_m-[-N-µs-s‚ "-hn-h¿Ø-\-£-aX' F∂ temJ-\-Øn¬\n∂v ˛ Time flies like anarrow F∂ hmIyw-]-e¿ ]-e-X-c-Øn¬ X¿÷a sNbvX-Xm-Wv. "aqe-]m--T-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip-∂ -

`m-jm-]-c-amb sshj-ay-Øn-\p DZm-l-c-W-ambn teJ-I≥ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

27. ae-bm-f-Ønse anÃnI Ihn-bmWv Pn. i¶-c-Ip-dp-∏v. "Ko-Xm-⁄en' bnse an-ÃnIv kz`mhw Pnsb

BI¿jn-®n- p-≠m-I-Ww. "Ko-Xm-⁄e-n' bn¬ ]Xn_nw_n-°p∂ ]im¥ Kwò-c-\pw -]pWymZ¿i-\p-amb

D∂-Xm-flm-hns\ Xs‚ lrZ-b-e-j-I-Øn-em-hp-∂n--S-tØmfw Dƒs°m-≈m≥Pn. ian-®n-´p-≠v.

hnP-bn-®n- p-≠v.

28. ]Zm-\p-]-Z -hn-h¿Ø\tØ°mƒ -B-i-b-hn-h¿Ø\Øn\p ]map-Jyw- \¬I-Ww.

IV29. hnh¿Ø\w imkvX-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS- A- n-]mbßƒ im-kvX-Øns‚ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ˛

Ah--sb-√mw- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p tNcp-∂ Cu hm-Zw- -hn-h¿Ø\w Ie-bm-sW-∂p- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-

A- n-]mbw˛ hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ Bkzm-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ ]m[m-\yw˛ at\m[-¿ΩØn\pw ]Xn- -bv°p≈

]k‡n c≠p hnh¿-Ø-I-cpsS hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp t]mse-bm-bn√ F∂- A-`n-]m-bw˛

kzm`n-]mbw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

30. IY-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏v e£y- m-j-bnse hmb-\-°m-cpsS A- n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn-®v aqe-I-Ym-Im-c-\n¬

\n∂p A\p-hmZw hmßn-°¬˛ Bi-bm-\p-hm-Z-tØm--sSm∏w ]Zm-\p-]Z X¿-÷-a-bp--am-Imw.

IY-bp-sS-io¿jIw aqe-I-Y-bn-te-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv \-evI-Xv.

31. ae-bm-f-Øn--te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNtø-≠-Xv.- ]-Zm-\p-]-Z -X¿-÷-a-tb-°mƒ- B-ib hnhn¿-Ø-\-Øn\v

]-tXy-I- ]-cn-K-W-\ -\¬I-Ww.

61



UNIT-12MODEL -ASSIGNMENT

Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmf k_vssS‰n-ep-Iƒ \¬IpI

1. The thing : Hcp km[\w

2. The help : Hcp klmbw

3. Remembrence : Fs∂ Hm¿-°Ww

4. Fright Night : `b-ap≈ cmXn

5. New years eve : ]p-Xp-h-’-c-cmXn

6. War Horse : bp≤ IpXnc

7. Midnight in Paris : ]mco-kn¬ Hcp A¿≤-cmXn

8. In the land og blood and honek : tX-\n-s‚bpw c‡-Øn-s‚bpw ]tZ-i-Øn¬

9. The thing : Sn-ßn-s‚- km-l-kn-IX

10. The luck one : `mKyw- \n-d™ Hcmƒ

11. Bad Teacher : hrØn-sI´ A≤ym-]nI

12. The Last song : Hcp Ah-km\ Km\w

13. Dont be afraid of the Dark : Ccpń-s\ -`-b-s∏-S---cpXv

Love and Sex : t]ahpw Im-ahpw

An unexpected journey : ]Xo--£n-°mØ Zqc-bmX

SouthPark:Bigger,Longer and uncut : sX°v DZym-\w, hep-Xv, \of-ap≈ apdn-°m-\m-

hmØXv

The iron Lady : Ccp-ºv kXo

The hangroves- part II : aZy-®-S-hv˛ `mKw IILove and Sex : t]ahpw Im-ahpw

30 minutes : ap∏Xv an\n´v

www.xxx.com. : Uªyq Uªyq FIvkv FIvkv FIvkv tImw.

Miracle on 34 th streeet : 34-˛masØ sXcp-hnse A¤pX kw`hw

Little girl blue : sNdnb s]Ïpń \oe-bmWv

Horrible Bosses : `bm-\-I-amb tae-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

Mc. Lintok : Fw.kn . entt‚m°v

The sitter : NnX-sa-Sp-∏m-\n-cn-°p-∂-h¿

Prono film : A«oe NnXw.

Passin Boots : ]mZ-c-Nn-bn¬ ]q®

Brides maides : h[p-hns‚ IqsS-hn-hml thf-bn¬h¿Øn-°p-∂-

I-\y-I-Iƒ

His girl Friday : Ahƒ sh≈n-bm-gvN-bn-se- s]Ïpń

Airport : hnam-\-Øm-hfw

Dolphin Tale : tUmƒ^ns‚ IY

DateNight : cmXn XnbXn

62



The dirty girls : hr--Øn-sI´ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ

Imortals : ac-W-an-√m-Ø-h≥

Jack and Jill : Pm-°pw -Pn√pw

Shame : \mWw

Live Nude girls : \·-ambn Pohn-°p∂ s]¨

Its a wonderful night : CsXmcp A¤p-X-I-c-am-b- Po-hn-X-amWv

Precious : hne-∏n-Sn-∏p≈

E.T. The extra Teretial : C.-Sn. A[n-I-ambn qansb kw_-‘n® Imcy-ßƒ

It happened oneNight : CXv Hcp -cm-Xn-bn-emWv kw`n-®Xv

The lady Eve : k‘y-bnse kvXo

The crowd : P\-°q´w

The God father : ssZh-am-Ip∂ A—≥

Greed : hnj∏v

Sunrise : kqtcym-Zbw

Hugo : Bt«-jn-°pI

The Descendants : ]n≥Kman

The change up : samØ-Øn-ep-≈ -am¿§w

extreme ecstacy : Atß-b-‰-ap≈ ]c-am-\µw

Happy feel two : c≠v kt¥m-j-ap≈ Im¬∏Sw

Changeling : N]-e-Nn-Ø≥

The social net work : kmaq-lnI he-sI-´m¬

Colombiana : sImfw-_n-bm\

Para normal activity 3 : km[m-cW JfinI ]h¿Ø-\w- aq∂v

Spiderman : Nne¥n a\pjy≥

Italian job : C‰-en-bnse ]Wn

Who Am I : Rm\m-cmWv

True lie : kXy-am-bpw- \pW

Commandoo : Iam≥Uyq

Death Race : ac-W-Ifn

Indiana Jones : C¥y-bnse tPm¨

Documents

Common Course in Malayalam for II Semester BA.B Sc.universityofcalicut.info/syl/IICommoncourseMalayalam.pdf · Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM For BA/B Sc. ... BA/B Sc