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Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmental values Laura Sutcliffe Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows – economic, social and environmental value” 2324 May 2013

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

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Page 1: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania –economic, social and environmental values

Laura SutcliffeFundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany

“Mountain hay meadows – economic, social and environmental value” 23‐24 May 2013

Page 2: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Common PasturesCommon Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmental values

© Gwyn Jones 2010

Between 80‐200,000 ha ??

554,000 haof which 88% are important nature 

areas

2 million ha= around 60% of all permanent pasture

Relative area of common grazing land 2010

= calculated= estimated

Page 3: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

• The proportion and type (izlaz, composesorate or obşte) of common pasture differs in the different regions.

• Târnava Mare SCI: Owned by the state, administered by the local authorities. Almost all pasture here is communal (= 20‐30% of the area)

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmental values

Page 4: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

• Large resource, but total productivity is low

• When 90 % of holdings are <5 ha…it is the only access to pasture for many farmers

• But this user type is declining

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economiceconomic, social and environmental values

30% decline

Page 5: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Economics of commons: from production to subsidies

• Introduction of subsidies in (2006) 2007 ‐payments of 124‐306 €/ha for grassland. SAP/AES have become and important income source (more than production value?)

• Positive outcomes for commons – increased investment, increased maintenance

• Negative (?) outcomes for commons – area‐based payments need a 5 year contract with a legal person. Pastures now divided into parcels in sole use by an individual.

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economiceconomic, social and environmental values

Page 6: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

• 20th century: elected pastoral committee, annual pasture meeting, obligation to  contribute to pasture maintenance and cooperation.

• Today: no change in official structures, but instead of cooperation, competition for subsidies (and corruption). Smallest farmers have the least benefit.

• There is the possibility to form farmer associations as a new form of commons institution, but there is a big lack of trust.

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, socialsocial and environmental values

Social values of commons: from cooperation to individualism

Page 7: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmentalenvironmentalvaluesLocalLocal and landscapelandscape effects on plants and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, 

crickets and bush‐crickets) in common pastures:

Page 8: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmentalenvironmentalvalues

Plant species richness d.f. F pSoil pH 46 17.02 <0.001Landscape heterogeneity (2km) 46 8.41 0.006‘southness’ of plot 46 2.95 0.093Soil Nitrogen 46 2.64 0.111

Orthoptera species richness d.f. F pVegetation height 47 5.47 0.024Grassland coverage (2km) 47 4.83 0.033Plant species richness 47 2.90 0.095

Orthoptera abundance d.f. F pGrassland coverage (2km) 48 4.60 0.037Plant species richness 48 3.89 0.054

Landscape heterogeneity Grassland coverage

LocalLocal and landscapelandscape effects on plants and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and bush‐crickets) in common pastures:

Page 9: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Conclusions

• Economic values are low in absolute terms (i.e. kg milk and meat/ha), but vital to users.

• Social values – an opportunity for cooperation in an otherwise fragmented community?

• Environmental values – pastures are not only species rich themselves but linked to surrounding habitats, intensification and homogenization of landscape could also affect grasslands.

• These values are dependent on communal management, but also part of the reason for change towards a single‐user system

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmental values

Page 10: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

http://www.fundatia‐adept.org/

Page 11: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

• Species that increase with landscape heterogeneity are often those typical of dry grasslands

Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania – economic, social and environmentalenvironmentalvaluesLocalLocal and landscapelandscape effects on plants and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, 

crickets and bush‐crickets) in common pastures:

Page 12: Common Pastures in Southern Transylvania economic, social ......Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Romania & University of Göttingen, Germany “Mountain hay meadows –economic, social

Legal frameworks for common pastures in Romania

Commons type Property rights Use rights Administrati

on Main distribution

composesorat Private property of the local community

Can be restricted to members (not always); usually inherited

Elected members

(HU speaking) Transylvania and N.

Romania

obştePrivate property of

the local community

Restricted to members; membership inherited/ through

residence

Elected members

Regions of Wallachia and Moldavia

izlaz Public property of the local community

Any inhabitant of the municipality

Elected pastoral

committeeThroughout Romania

Table based on Mantescu 2009: When Globalization meets Postsocialism. Community‐based institutions for managing forest commons and the internationalization of timber market in Romania  (http://www.econ.unavarra.es/seminarios/Seminarios%20antiguo/Papers0809/Mantescu.pdf)

Neither sale nor change of land use is allowed for state owned common pasture