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Commonly Missed Uncommon Orthopedic Injuries in the ED Mark Foley, R3

Commonly’Missed’Uncommon’ Orthopedic’Injuries’in’the’ED’sjrhem.ca/.../Commonly-Missed-Ortho-Injuries-MF-Mar... · Scapholunate dissocation - Gap due to torn S/L ligament

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Page 1: Commonly’Missed’Uncommon’ Orthopedic’Injuries’in’the’ED’sjrhem.ca/.../Commonly-Missed-Ortho-Injuries-MF-Mar... · Scapholunate dissocation - Gap due to torn S/L ligament

Commonly  Missed  Uncommon  Orthopedic  Injuries  in  the  ED  

Mark  Foley,  R3  

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•  No  Financial  Disclosures  

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ObjecAves  

•  Review  of:  – Easily  missed  injuries:  wrist/foot  – Classic  x-­‐ray  findings  – Approaching  to  common  radiographs  – Targeted  at  an  R3  CCFP-­‐EM  level  

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Perilunate  injuries  

•  Spectrum  of  injury  usually  the  result  of  a  FOOSH  

•  Ranging  in  severity  from  S/L  dissociaAon  à  Perilunate  dislocaAon  à  Lunate  dislocaAon  

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Scapholunate dissocation -  Gap due to torn S/L ligament -  May have minimal clinical

findings -  “Terry Thomas” or “Letterman”

sign -  >3mm is a ligamentous injury

until proven otherwise -  If missed: leading cause of

SLAC (scapholunate advanced collapse) of the wrist

-  Tx: surgical repair

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SLAC  deformity  

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Associated  Scaphoid  #  in  60%.  CT  oVen  indicated  to  r/o  if  not  seen.  Dx:  “Empty  cup”,  Capitate  not  siYng  in  arAcular  cup  of  lunate  BUT  lunate  arAculaAon  with  radius  maintained.      Tx:  Urgent  reducAon  +  ligament  repair.  Untreated:  risk  median  nerve  palsy,  pressure  necrosis,  compartment  syndrome.    

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•  ReducAon  of  perilunate  dislocaAon:  – Can  be  done  in  ED:  elbow  flexed  to  90  deg  – Fingers  suspended  in  finger  traps  for  10  mins  – Wrist  extension  with  tracAon  – Volar  pressure  on  lunate  while  flexing  the  wrist  

•  Palpable  “clunk”  may  be  appreciated  

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Lunate  DislocaAon  

From  injury  to  all  perilunate  ligaments;  most  significantly  the  dorsal  radiolunate  ligament.  Dx:  Spilled  Tea-­‐Cup  sign:  Lunate  displaced  and  rotated  volarly.  Not  arAculaAng  with  radius  or  capitate.  Tx:  Urgent  reducAon  and  surgical  repair  of  ligaments.  High  risk  acute  median  nerve  injury  and  SLAC  long-­‐term.  

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Another  FOOSH  

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Wrist:  Triquetral  #  10%  of  Carpal  Fractures    Mechanism:  FOOSH  -­‐  Impingement  by  ulnar  styloid  or  ligamentous  avulsion.    Exam:  Tender  to  ulnar  aspect  of  dorsal  wrist.      Xray:    Triquetrium  is  most  dorsal  carpal  bone  on  lateral  film.  Look  for  avulsion  type  irregularity  or  fracture  through  body.      Tx:    -­‐Avulsion  #:  3-­‐6  wks  immobilizaAon        -­‐  Volar  spint  w  slight  extension,  in  3-­‐4d  once  swelling  subsides-­‐>  short  arm  cast.    -­‐  Body  of  Triquetrum  #:  order  CT  as  displacement  >1mm    warrants  referral  to  hand  surgeon.  Otherwise  tx  as  above.  

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Moving  to  the  feet  

•  24M  jumps  from  3rd  story  window  – Unable  to  wt  bear,  tender  over  R  heel  

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Ankle:  Calcaneus  #  

Mech:  Usually  from  large  axial  load.  XR:  Bohler’s  Angle  <  20  deg  =  fracture  Assoc  injuries:  #  implies  large  axial  load  à  ?  Vertebral  #’s  Tx:Extra-­‐arAcular:  conservaAve,  Intra-­‐arAcular:  ORIF  à  CT  to  assess  

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Case  

•  22  F  slipped  and  injured  R  foot  •   Complains  of  severe  pain  in  Right  midfoot  with  difficulty  ambulaAng  

•  Omawa  foot  and  ankle  rules  negaAve  à  xray  of  foot  done:  

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Lisfranc  Injury  

•  Spectrum:  sprain  to  #/dislocaAon  of  tarso-­‐metatarsal  joints  in  the  midfoot  – Easy  to  miss,  uncommon,  subtle,  can  occur  with  low  velocity  

•  Classical  injury  pamern:  plantar  flexion  with  external  rotaAon  

•  O/E:  difficulty  weight  bearing,  ecchymosis  over  plantar  aspect  with  ++  swellling  

 

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Foot:  Lis-­‐Franc  Fracture  DislocaAon  -­‐  Lisfranc  joint:  ecompasses  all  arAculaAons  between  tarsal  bones  and  metatarsals.    -­‐  Lisfranc  ligament  amaches  Medial  Cuneiform  à  2nd  Metatarsal  base  on  the  plantar  aspect  –  Crucial  to  stability  of  Lisfranc  joint  (Tarsal-­‐Metatarsal  base  arAculaAon)  

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X-­‐ray  Findings  

•  Commonly  normal!  •  Misalignment:    – AP:  medial  edge  of  base  of  2nd  MT  and  cuneiform  should  align  

– Oblique:  medial  edge  of  3rd/4th  MT  align  with  medial  edges  of  middle  and  lateral  cuneiforms  

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•  Widening:  between  1st  and  2nd  or  2nd  and  3rd  metatarsal  bases  – >2mm  is  an  indicaAon  for  surgical  intervenAon  

•  Fracture  or  Avulsion:    – Pathognomonic  “fleck  sign”:  small  avulsion  from  2nd  metatarsal  base  

 

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What  if  the  films  are  normal?  

•  Obtain  30deg  oblique  views  – This  eliminates  overlap  of  metatarsals  

•  Consider  weight  bearing  stress  views  – AVer  ankle  nerve  block  

•  Consider  CT  if  clinical  suspicion  high  

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Management  

•  Suspected:  nonweight  bearing  with  back  slab  and  f/u  with  ortho  

•  If  apparent  #  or  joint  widening  (>2mm):  ED  consult  for  urgent  surgical  intervenAon.  – Non-­‐operaAve  treatment  if  disrupted  may  lead  to  severe  loss  of  funcAon/pain    

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References    

•  Wheeless’  textbook  of  orthopedics  •  Uptodate  •  Radiopaedia.org    

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