COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

7/29/2019 COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

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The communication principleand background of optical fiber


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First chapter The basic knowledge of optical fiber communication

Second chapter The sorting and basic

structure of optical fiber

Third chapter The basic parameter of optical fiber

Forth chapter The manufacture methodof optical fiber

The communication principle andbackground of optical fiber


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f

10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 1cm1dm10 5m 100km10 7

m

0 10Hz 100Hz 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G

1cm 100 m1mm 10 m 100nm1 m 10nm 1nm 100pm 10pm 1pm

10G 100G 1T 10T 100T 10 15T 10 17 T10 16 T 10 19 T10 18T 10 20T

1.6 m 1.5 m 1.3 m1.4 m 1.1 m1.2 m 1 m 900nm 800nm 700nm 500nm600nm 400nm

Infrared ray Ultraviolet radiation

X radiation

Y radiation

The application scope of optical fiber

wireless

TV

satellite

LW KWMW UKW dm cm

High frequency microwaveLow frequency

Alternating current

microwave

Visible light

Electro magnetic spectrum

Spectrum distribution

The basic theory of optical fiber communication


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singleprocessor

Transmitter

singleprocessor

sink

Optical fibre

The basic theory of

optical communication



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In the course of optical transmitting , it will have the actions which transmitsin the two different medium as below: one part will be refracted

another part will rip into the second medium and cause reflection

Medium 1

Refractingfactor n 1

Medium 2

Refractingfactor n2

1 2

1= 2 n 1Sin 1=n 2Sin 2

Medium 1


Medium 2


1

2

Optical reflecting and refracting law



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Refractive index n the speed of ray transmit in vacuum/the speed of ray transmit in the medium

1.0 1.0003 1.33 1.457 1.471 1.5~1.9 2.42

total reflection

when n 1>n 2 along with the ceaselessly increasing the angle of incidence, and whenthe angle of incidence reaching some value, the angle of refraction will reach 90 oC wecall this critical angle 0 When the angle of incidence > critical angle it will causetotal reflection

Medium1

Medium2

According with refraction

law, we can count outcritical angle this time 2

90 o Namelyn 1Sin 0=n 2Sin90 o

so Sin 0=n 2/n 1

medium

Refractivefactor

vacuum air water Multimodeoptical fiber

single modeoptical fiber

glass diamond

Optical law of total reflection



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Optical communication just about utilizing total reflection

theory when the angle of incidence satisfy to some conditions

ray can form total reflection in optical fiber( optical wave-guide),

and achieve the intention of long-distance transmission

envelop n 2 Fiber

core n 1

Thecenteraxes of opticalfiber

0

90- 0

envelop n 2

air n 0 1

The waveguide theory of optical fiber



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Very small single loss Impervious to electromagnetic

More safety Easy for operation

Large capacity

1Mb/s=1 ,000,000bits per second

2Mb/s= 30 lines

565Mb/s= 7680 lines

The merit of optical transmission

The basic theory of opticaltransmission


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The formation andstructure of optical fiber

coat defence of dynam influence

coat(acrylic)250 m

coat 250m

standard single mode optical fiber Standard grads refraction factor of multi-modeoptical fiber

fiber core(SiO2+Ge+F) (mix germanium into silicon dioxide)

8.6-9.5 m

fiber core (polymethacrylic acid )

980m

envelop(SiO2+F)mix fluorin silicon

dioxide125 m

fiber core (mix germanium into silicon dioxide)50 m / 62.5 m / 100 m

coat1000m

Plastic opticalfiber

The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber


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coat coatenvelopcore

Optical fiber structure



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PCVD fiber:Core: SiO2+Ge+FCladding: SiO2+FPri. Coating: acrylicSec.Coating: acrylic

CoreCladding

Coating

Optical fiber formation


h d b


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Refractive index distribution

n2

n1

n2

n1

n2

n1


Th i d b i


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sorting by material

Series of silicon dioxide optical fiber

Many group share optical fiber

Plastic optical fiber

Optical fiber sorting


Th i d b i


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using in communication like optical cable

using in sensor like optical fiber top

using in transport picture like endoscope

other using like using in transport energy

sorting by purpose




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Th ti d b i t t


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G651muli-mode optical fiber the multi-mode optical fiber that operatingwavelength is 850nm and is used in LAN

G652 optical fiber the single mode optical fiber that operating wavelength is

1310nm G652A G652B: standard optical fiber G652C G652D low apex (total wave optical fiber

G653 optical fiber the single mode optical fiber that zero-dispersionwavelength is in 1.55 m window

G654 optical fiber the single mode optical fiber is used in benthal that endwavelength is in 1500 nm and calling the least attenuation single mode opticalfiber

G655 optical fiber the not zero-dispersion displacement of single mode

optical fiber that operating window is in 1550nm and calling not zero-dispersiondisplacement optical fiber

G655A single channel optical fiber(1995)G655B G655C DWDM (2000.10,2003.1)

G656 optical fiber using in DWDM system S+C+L cingulum not zero-dispersion displacement optical fiber

(2003.10advanced 2004.4try to agreement )



Th ti d b i t t


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Single optical fiber's characteristic

G.652 optical fiber

G.653 optical fiber

G.654 optical fiber

G.655 optical fiber

The most mature single mode optical fiber,but not hang the least attenuation togetherwith the least dispersion

The cambic single mode optical fiber, through

displacing to optical fiber end wavelength,gain the lowest attenuation

The transition single mode optical fiber , letthe zero-dispersion point shift to the leastattenuation region

A new-style single optical fiber, let the leastattenuation and low dispersion hang together

Single optical fiber's characteristic


Th ti g d b i t t


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1.sorting 2003.1.20~31 according to the optical fiber's application for

PMD and 1383nm`s attenuation requirement, ITU-T15 groupsubdivide G652 optical fiber into:4 kinds G.652A G.652B G.652C G.652D

2.Characteristic

1.G.652B G.652C G.652D can work in L wave cingulum2.G.652A G.652C the most great designed value of optical

fiber's PMD chain modulus is 0.5ps/km G.652B G.652D themost great designed value of optical fiber's PMD chain modulus is PMDQ 0.2ps/km

G652 Optical fiber sorting and characteristic

application


The sorting and basic structure


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3.application 1.G.652A support that G.957 stipulated SDH transport system,G.691 stipulated single access that having optical amplifier STM-16 2.5Gbit/s SDH transport system G.693 stipulated40km 10Gbit/s Ethernet system and STM-256 2.G.652B mostly support higher speed for exampleG.691andG.692 transport system to STM-64 10Gbit/ssome application that G.693 and G.959.1 in STM-2563.G.652C low apex optical fiber similar to G.652A opticalfiber attribute permit using in 1360~1530nm expanded

wavelength scope4.G.652D similar to G.652B`s attribute permit using in1360~1530nmexpand wavelength scope

G652 optical fiber sorting characteristic and

application




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G655 optical fiber sorting characteristicand application

1.sorting2003.1.20~31 according to optical fiber's application for

PMD and attenuation characteristic requirement G655 optical

fiber is subdivide into: 4 kindsG.655A G.655B G.655C2.characteristicThe newest single mode optical fiber make the best of minishing attenuation in C/L wave section and other EDFA

operating wave section characteristic the less attenuation is infavor of high speed transmission at the same time can restrainnon linear effects .




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G655 optical fiber sorting characteristic andapplication3.application

G.655A mainly sustain G.691 G. 692 G. 693 and G. 959.1 application to G. 692`sapplication according to the stated of dispersion characteristic of channel wave, the mostrestricted immit power, the classic least channel interval is not less than 200GHz

G.655B mostly sustain G.691 G. 692 G. 693 and G. 959.1 application to G. 692DWDM transport system , according to the stated of dispersion characteristic of channel wave,the most total immit power higher than G655A optical fiber's permissibility the classic leastchannel interval is 100GHz or less

G.655C the attribute similar to G.655B optical fiber but G.655C optical fiber have morestrict requirement to PMD permit STM-64 system's transport distance exceed 400km andG.959.1 STM-256`s application

High speed and great capacity transport systemITU-T G.655optical fiber

Long-distance land system

Long-distance benthal system

MAN system

like Caning's Leaf optical fiber Lucent's TrueWave RS optical fiber

like Corning`sSubmarine Leafoptical fiberLucent`sTrueWave XL optical fiber

like Corning`sMetroCor optical fiber




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The developing way of G.655 is applied in long-distance , big availability

dispersion area type

In MAN low water peak optical fiber have biggish applied foreground

the key is price now adopt G.652A G.652B optical fiber

G.652 optical fiber mainly use in access network, that professor better

regards its foreground the market scope is descended ,but still have the

leading status

multi-mode optical fiber mainly is used LAN the core diameter

gradually is developed from 62.5 m to 50 m the market scope is

gradually extended

Indoor layout will develop to use plastic fiber

The developing trend of optical fiber

application




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The technical proposal for

optical fiber chosen

Kernelnetwork

MAN Access network

A1a A1b applicable

G.652B useable applicable useable

G.652CG.652D

useable applicable

G.655BG.655C

applicable useable

Opticalfiber

category

Network structure


Th i i i i l d


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The basic parameter of


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geometrical measure parameter

optics and transmission characteristicparameter

mechanism and circumstanceperformance parameter

Sorting of optical fiber parameter

The basic parameter of optical fiber



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The geometrical measure parameter of optical fiber

diameter of fiber core fiber core/concentric degree of envelop outer diameter of envelop (d={d x+d y}/2) out of round degree of envelop (|d max -dmin |/d)

diameter of coat envelop/coat concentric degree warp degree of optical fiber R

R



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The optics and transmission performance

parameter of optical fiber

attenuation factor dispersion factor Cut-off wavelength bend dispersion polarized dispersion

model field diameter




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definition Gaussian distribution of single mode opticalfiber, the model field diameter is optic field scopewhich is the diameter that distribute in 1/e, and

equal to the diameter of optic power distributein 1/e 2 to format a round .Definition: Power lower downto 0.135Po.MFD related to wavelengthSplice loss mostly depended

by MFD mismatchMFD can influence bCut-off loss, Dispersion and etc.Sales strategy: select fiberwith MFD matched well

Among optics and transmission performance parameter of

optical fiber------ model field diameter




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Attenuation factor 10log(P 0/P L)/Lhere P 0 input power

P L output power that go through L length optical fiberL transmission distance

Definition: Loss(dB)=-10lg(Pout/Pin)Limited the transmission distance.Intrinsic losses: Rayleigh scattering, Material resonance(Ultraviolet & Infrared Absorption)

Extrinsic losses: Absorption, BCut-off losses

P 0 P L

L


Among optics and tr ansmission performance parameter of optical

fiber------ attenuation factor



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a t t e n u a t

i o n

( d B / k m

)

Wavelengthnm)

1310 1550

0.36

0.20

typical spectrum attenuationof single mode optical fiber

OH -absorption maximum(so named water peak)


Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical

fiber------ typical spectrum attenuation chart



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definition Because transmission medium's refractive factor

relative to ray wavelength, and the transmission speedis different in same transmission medium . The degreeis reflected by refractive factor



fiber------ dispersion factor



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Theoretical max distance limited by the dispersion

2 sGb kmnm ps Dkm L /B

capacity 1550nm(G.652)

1550nm(G.655)

1310nm(G.652)

2.5Gb/s 928km 4528km 6400km

10Gb/s 58km 283km 400km

20Gb/s 14.5km 70km l00km

40Gb/s 3.6km 18km 25km

=10 5


Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical fiber------Theoretical max transmission distance limited by the

dispersion



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8

4

-4

01200

-8

18001400 1500 1600 1700

1

3

2

nm

4

D ( p s /

( n m k m

) )

Wavelength (nm)

1 Not no-dispersiondisplacement optical fiber

2 no-dispersion

displacement optical fiber

3 Dispersion

smoothness optical fiber 4 Not no-dispersion

displacement optical fiber

dispersion curve of different single mode opticalfiber



fiber------dispersion curve chart



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definition only the operating wavelength shorter than the

shortest wavelength of optical fiber is singlemode optical fiber. When exceeding ,onlytransport basic model, optical fiber is singlemode optical fiber in this time; except basicmode, also transport in high hypo-mode, the

optical fiber is multi-mode optical fiber.


fiber------ Cut-off wavelength




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Cut-off wavelengthDefinition:[2 na / V ] 2 Power in cladding vs VV


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Bend attenuation Macroscopic bend attenuation the imported attaching

attenuation come from that optical fiber bend in the way ofbending bigger than outer diameter of optical fiber s curvature

radius . Microcosmic bend attenuation the importedattaching attenuation come from that optical fiber get notequality force ,the optical fiber axes produce little abnormalbending.



fiber------ bend attenuation



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Definition

Base mode contains two quadrature vector ,two

polarization vectors will cause delay, thereby importpolarization mode dispersion.



fiber------ bend attenuation


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Theoretical max distance limited by the dispersion

When the Bit rate exceed 10Gb/s, the PMD must be considered. Reduce fiber PMD value: improve fiber geometrical performance induce rotation to bare fiber

2 sGb 2km ps PMDkm =10 4

PMD (ps/4 km) 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s

3.0 180km llkm


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Intrinsic and extrinsic reasons of PMD

elliptical

Cladding core

eccentric

cladding

air

voidstress elliptical

coatingeccentric

coating

Extrinsic Causes

stressbend

twist

poptical fiber

Among optic s and transmission performance parameter of optical

fiber------ polarization mode dispersion



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attenuation factor

dispersion factor cut-off wavelength

bend attenuation polarization modedispersion

In 1310nmwavelength 0.36dB/kmIn 1550nmwavelength 0.22dB/km

In 1310nmwavelength 0ps/(nmkm) In 1550nmwavelength 19ps/(nmkm)

cc 1260nm

Take 75mm to diameter coil 100circles1550nmwavelength attach attenuation

0.05dB

PMD 0.5ps/(km) 1/2

mode field diameter: 1310nm: 8-10 m; 1550nm: 9-11 m

poptical fiber


fiber------ typical value of parameter



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Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical fiber -----typical value of IUT criterion

ITUT- main criterion about optical fiber

poptical fiber

G 652 optical fiber G 653 optical fiber G 655 optical fiber

Mode field diameter( standardvalue)

8.6----9.5 m 7----8.3 m 8----11 m

the concentric angle error of mode field

Change not exceed + -(10%) Change not exceed + -(10%) Change not exceed + -(10%)

The cut off wavelength in Less2m long jumper cc

=


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Mechanism and circumstance

performance parameter optical fiber filtering level of stress

optical fiber tensile strength

optical fiber dynamic fatigueparameter

optical fiber static fatigueparameter

filtering stress 0.69GPaduration 1s

Typical value 500kpsi

n d 20

n s 20

poptical fiber



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optical fiber temperatureattenuation factor

optical fiber inundatedperformance

optical fiber agingperformance

Below -60 oC~+85 oC attachingattenuation

0.05dB/km

Below 23 oC after inundating 14days the attaching attenuation

0.05dB/km

temperature andhumidity attenuationperformance

Below -10 oC~+85 oC 98%RHattaching attenuation 0.05dB/km

Below 85 oC aging one month theattaching attenuation 0.05dB/km

poptical fiber

Mechanism and circumstance

performance parameter

The communication principle and


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p pbackground of optical fiber

The manufacture


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The technology workflow of optical

fiber manufactureThe basic chemical reactionformula of optical fiber as fellow

SiCl 4 + O 2 = SiO 2 + 2Cl 2

Its technology workflow as fellow

making

stick

dehydrating

Burningshrink

polishing

drawbenchingfiltering re-coiling

method of optical fiber


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The manufacture


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Outside vapor deposition (OVD)

belowtorch

O 2

SiCl 4

GeCl 4 O 2+H 2

Lacunarisstick perform

below

torch

O 2

SiCl 4

GeCl 4 O 2+H 2

O 2+H 2

Lacunarisstick pe rform

Vapor-phase-Axia deposition (VAD)


The manufacture method of optical fiber

The manufacture


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Technical requirement

high cleanlinelss

nitrogen protection

daub in high speed

cool in high speed

Driving settingfor stick perform

Graphit

e kiln

Stick perform

On line caliper

on line caliper

Coating mode

Coating mode

UVsolidifykilnUVsolidifykiln

crimper

Drawbench



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COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE