Communication With Deaf

7/27/2019 Communication With Deaf

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By:

S. Vijayakumar

Sign Language Trainer

AYJNIHH, Mumbai

S.Vijayakumar, SLT, AYJNIHH 10/12/2013


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There are several definitions for the term Communication available in theworld. Here, a few of the definitions are given for the readers.

A fundamental component of social behavior; the transmission of

information (messages) between a sender and a receiver using any ofthe five senses. Language is a form of communication specific to humans.

something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups

It is the process of exchanging information and ideas.

Definition



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There are six aspects to communication which

are given below.

Sender/Communicator (an initiator)

2. Receiver/Communicatee (the recipient)

3. A mode /vehicle (medium);

4. A message; and

5. An effect (feedback)



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The result of communication is AIM of communication that should followthe reaction such as Change, commitment, action, understanding. i.e.

What change, commitment to what, and understand what in particular?

These are likely to be the contributor to the process of communication.

Communication is also interpersonal: and individual (sender) enters in

relation with one or more persons (receiver) by means of physical link

(channel) and a symbolic language (code). This implies two important

factors: the intention to communicate (mere self-expression is not acommunication) and the alteration of roles between the sender and

receiver.



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Communication of persons with Hearing Impairment

One of the main reasons for communication is to interact and it can be

both Personal and Social. The second reason is to express oneself.

It is a most prerequisite for facilitating proper understanding between

individuals.

And then Proper communication makes an individual with self-confidenceand enhances the personality. And it is for overall development of Self,

i.e., Mentally, Emotionally, Intellectually and Psychologically.

As the Hearing Impaired are not able communicate properly, their overall

development in the above said are affected.



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This communication, or rather the lack of proper communication, is the

basic problem of the hearing impaired people.

When we say lack of communication, it is only between the hearing andhearing impaired people.

The deaf people among themselves, are able to overcome this lack of

communication by adopting to their natural language which is the Sign

Language.



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The Ways the Deaf Communicate

Communication Options for the Deaf

There are several methods of communication to be chosen by the persons

with hearing impairment.

The freedom of choosing communication methods is depending upon thedeaf individuals as per their ability and comfort to communicate. Here is the

list of communication options available for the deaf.



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1. Audito ry -Verbal: If we teach children through the skill of listening,

children with normal hearing learn to speak through listening.

2. Auditory-verbal therapy is a method for teaching deaf children to

listen and speak using their residual hearing in addition to the constant

use of amplification devices such as hearing aids, FM devices, and

cochlear implants.

3. Auditory-verbal therapy emphasizes speech and listening,

discouraging reliance on visual communication such as lip-reading or

Signed Languages.

Au ditory -Verbal Method



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Oral-Aural:To communicate orally we can use residual hearingwith lip reading and speech.

The maternal-reflective method is based on this approach. In the

MRM the spoken word is seized from the child and reinforced through the

written form.

There is strong emphasis on writing, class books made by and

made for the children etc. in order that they can reflect on language

learning.

Oral-Aural Method



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Manual Methods

Cued Speech:

It is a method of communication that combines speech reading with a

system of hand shapes placed near the mouth to help deaf or hard-of-

hearing individuals differentiate words that look similar on the lips.

These are linked inseparably with speech to assist lip reading. These

cues cannot stand alone and are intended to assist early language and

speech development.



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Here is an image showing how Cued speech looks like



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Sign Language

It is the language of the Deaf, adopted and used bythemselves. It is the mother tongue of the persons with

hearing impairment. It is the complete language as like

as the language used by the hearing community and has

its own structure and grammar.

Introduction


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DefinitionSign Language

A. A language that uses a system of visual hand gestures, facial expressions, and other

body movements as the means of communication, especially among deaf people.

B. Manual communication commonly used by deaf. The gestures or symbols in sign

language are organized in a linguistic way. Each individual gesture is called a sign. Each

sign has three distinct parts; the hand shape, the position of the hands, and the

movement of the hands along with facial expression.

C. A sign language (also 'signed language') is a language which uses manual

communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining hand

shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions tofluidly express a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages develop in deaf communities,

which include interpreters and friends and families of deaf people as well as people who

are deaf or hearing-impaired themselves.



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SignLanguage

Gesture/

Signs

FingerSpelling

BodyLanguage

Mime

LipReading

FacialExpression



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1 Gesture/Signs

These refer to the vocabulary of Sign language. In Spoken language, there are

vocabularies, i.e., several words that have meanings. Like that signs have visual

hand gestures. Each individual gesture is called a sign and give each sign gives a

particular meaning. Gestures refer to the natural signs like come,go, etc which

even hearing people are using in their daily life.



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A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication made with a part of the body,and used instead of verbal communication (or in combination with it). Some

gestures, such as shaking or nodding the head or shrugging the shoulders, are so

common that they are generally understood by everyone. Other less obvious, but

still easily recognizable, gestures can also be used for communication. These

gesture systems are easy to use, but detailed conversation is not possible.

The illustrations given below are few examples for sign languages used in the

world.

.



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2

Finger Spellings

The alphabets of the spoken language are called as Finger Spelling, when

these alphabets are translated into certain signs. The finger spelling method is

being followed since there is no exact translation for the alphabets in SignLanguage.

In Sign Communication, these finger spellings are used to spell out certain

words, like names of persons and places. There is a method in signs if some

one (deaf) likes to mention/call a persons/places name in particular then

he/she/it is given a unique SignName. But this is possible only if the object(person/place) is already familiar.

Just view the finger spellings charts used by Deaf and Deaf-Blind in the next

slide.S.Vijayakumar, SLT, AYJNIHH 10/12/2013


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Finger-spelling for Deaf Finger-spelling for Deaf-Blind

Finger Spelling Charts



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3 Facial Expressions

It is often said that the face is the mirror of the heart by the proverb

face is the index of the mind. This is true while communicating through

sign language.

Many natural feelings like, anger, sadness, doubtfulness, fear, etc can be

shown through facial expressions.

Facial expressions are also used to show the degree of comparison. Forexample, the difference between expensive and very expensive,

Good and verygood, etc

They can be easily explained using varying facial expressions, though

the sign used is the same for both expressions.S.Vijayakumar, SLT, AYJNIHH 10/12/2013


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Facial expressions in Sign Language are very important because

they express grammar.

Facial expressions are rule-governed. Facial expressions for

questions that require YES/NO answers are different from facial

expressions for WH-question words, e.g. WHO, WHY, WHEN,

WHERE, etc.

1. YES/NO questions: - the eyebrows are raised, eyes are open wide,

head and shoulders are forward.

2. WH-questions: - the eyebrows are lowered, eyes are narrowed,head forward with a slight tilt and shoulders forward.

.



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4 Body Language

The outward signs of a person which indicates their inner thoughts or

attitude.

It is also crucial in sign language. Appropriate body movements show

the direction in which communication is taking place/message is

being sent, and appropriate body language shows the mood of theperson.



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5 Lip Reading

The ability to gain understanding of what is being said by watching the

lips as well as by watching the face, expressions, and gestures.

The term speech reading is now recognized as more descriptive

because it includes watching the facial expressions, gestures, and

body language as well as the lips.

Lip reading is a technique of understanding spoken language without

hearing its sounds. Practitioners learn the phonemes associated with

the shape and attitude of the mouth and infer words from what they

view.



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6 Mime

An actor who communicates entirely by gesture and facial expression

using only his body movements along with facial expressions. It may be

otherwise called as mimic: imitate (a person, a manner, etc.).

For example an actor mimicked the on a particular person veryaccurately by doing the same mannerism and body movements.

For example, in colleges and stage performances the students and

actors act out mimed eating an apple using gestures and body

movements without words.

Since sign language depends on visual forms of communication to a

large extent mime becomes a perfect tool and component in sign

language.S.Vijayakumar, SLT, AYJNIHH 10/12/2013

Documents

Communication With Deaf