Communities in Transition:Impliications for Commons Management

8/9/2019 Communities in Transition:Impliications for Commons Management

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Communities in transition: impliCations for

Common property resourCe management1

Subrata Singh

Foundation or Ecological Security, Post Box-29, Anand, India

email: [email protected], [email protected]

abstraCt

rpd d expd pocesses o zo, lolzo d dslzo esl cos ow o omo, moey, ojecs, deoloes, d people e odys ely, d sccl o desd e my d complexy ses om sc ows d dymcs.tey cese ecos d eeoeey, ce socl elos d commes, d espedees d odes. Socees e ecom moe d moe sol, c o vydeees d oms. tese complced socl somos e ec ec d evey soceyo vy deees d sfc ces lmos evey spec o socl le.

ts ppe s emp o sp e complex dymcs cceze vlle socees so d e mpc o e meme o commo popey (pool) esoces (CPr). 2 tesdes o commo popey esoces ve ocsed o commes e esoly ee oe ece o sfc exelly dced ce. howeve, exel ecos ces, decly o decly, deme commo popey sysems d weke e possly o

collecve co. te ces e ecoomc, soco-cll d polcl e d ed oece ll spees o vlle le.

te ppe defes poelly vlele es e meme o commo popeyesoces e vlles e sed e expd owsps especlly e

decese peceved eed o ely o locl esoces; ce dvdl peeeces; eced ecoomc, socl, d eopcl moly o e vlles; oppoy coss o socl emes o me locl esoces; dl loss o commo eess d op dey, d

1te ele veso o e ppe led Commo Popey esoce Meme solVlles ws peseed e e el Coeece o e eol ssoco o e

Sdy o Commo Popey, Oxc, Mexco 913 s 2004. i k my collees, epcps e Coeece d e evewes o e ppe o e vlle commes s led o e mpoveme e coe o e ppe. i m kl o e Fod Fodo(id) o povd me vel s o ed e e el Coeece o e eolssoco o e Sdy o Commo Popey Oxc, Mexco d pese s ppe.2Wle e dee coes ove e se o e em commo popey esoce o commo poolesoce my cses e wods e sed ecely. te em commo popey emeees o pcl socl eme el e pesevo, mece, d cosmpoo commo-pool esoce. te se o e em commo popey esoce o dese ypeo ood s ee ccsed, s commo-pool esoces e o ecessly oveed y commopopey emes. i se e em Commo popey esoces (CPr) e ppe w e defomeoed ove. to cly e, commo popey eme ee o esoces collecvely owedd med y well-defed op o ses o sysem o eslsed s, des,cools d psmes o volos eed y e se op o ese eqy d vod

oveexploo.

Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2006, Vol. 16, pp. 3113281472-8028 $10 2006 a b acdemc PlsesPed ge b


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312 Singh

eo o e mke ecoes e sped d ces dese ommede cosmpo.

te ppe exmes e ccescs o CPr sos e c sceos d e eed

o sppo mecsms o e coed eecve ovece o e commos.

Key words: Commo Popey resoce (CPr), lolzo, mkes, popey s, vlles so, isos, id

introduCtion: the importanCe of the Context

accod o e Oxod Compo o Polcs, lolzo c e coceveds pocess (o se o pocesses), wc emodes somo e splozo o socl elos d scos, expessed scoel o

eeol ows d ewoks o cvy, eco d powe (Dvd heldd aoy Mcgew, 2003). glolzo coses mlplcy o lkesd ecoecos sced e o ses (d y mplco esocees), wc mke p e mode wold sysem. i defes pocess owc eves, decsos d cves oe p o e wold c ve sfc coseqece o dvdls d commes qe ds ps oe loe. aoy gddes (1999) e defes lolzo s decoplo spce d me, empsz w seos commcos,kowlede d cle c e sed od e wold smleosly.

i e ce dee o lolzo, some sse lolzo wll

sped ecoomc pospey; oes coclde wll mpove lves; slloes eleve wll pomoe cll exce; d some ses lolzo ces y o o-ecoomc eefs, oly, cceleedso owds democzo. glolzo, ccod o developmeeoy d polcy, ves se o cocom cll dseo, ecoomceqly d e meo o ovece. My os ve lyzedlolzos polcl, ecoomc, d cll ls; e explove dvolle ees coe o pess; d e pese sysems coe o deepeexs eqles d cee ew oes. te pese ed e lolzopocess coes o pepee e pes o eql developme, evomeldeeoo, d eemoc cll eces especlly melsm s e pos-dsl evolo e.

glolzo edes locl sos cesly vlele d w sexs, socees e ecom moe d moe sol, o vy deeesd oms. Pese-dy sol socees e qely expesso o dclys o coempoy lolzo pocesses. te sos e ecoomc,polcl s well s soco-cll e. te mpeves o mkezo,pvzo, d lelzo cocde w e developme o mlcll/ml-ec socees ceed y zo d mmo. Locl les wempss o ow people sold se e ow mc ek dow mos mode ccmsces sjec o mke pesses (bekes, 2002). te

complex dymcs cceze sol socees, d e wys ey


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COMMunitiES in tranSitiOn 313ece/ec commo popey esoce meme s o e see emso socl, ecoomc, polcl, d cll pocesses vos levels. tesedymcs cese ecos d eeoeey, ce socl elos d

commes, d espe dees d odes. i lolz wold, s ccl o desd e mos complexy ses om e exs oese pd ows d dymcs. i me we pd lol ows esy dcomplce socl somos, ec d evey socey, o vos deees,ces sfc ces lmos evey spec o socl le. Pese ely id d elsewee, s oe o pd, expd, d dvese lol owso ojecs, omo, moey, mes, deoloes, d people. te pocess olelzo id, o sed e le 1980s, s ed momemsce e ely 1990s.

ude sc eces, socees e ecom moe d moe sol,

o vy deees d oms. tsol vlles sed od ceesmo e dmel ces o e socees wc we lve d ey eece dlemms ccompy e coempoy lolzo pocesses. tsppe emps o lyze e mpc o zo o e commo popeyesoces d e sos m em. te spe d e ole o esos m commos de sc ccmsces ve ee lelyde-coceplzed, o lo o wok s oe o e meme o commos. Mos o e sdes o commo popey esoces ocs ocommes e esoly ee o e ece o sfc exellydced ce, .e. e sdes epese se o elve solo o e

sdes om e osde wold. Exel ecos ces , declyo decly, deme commo popey sysems d weke e possly ocollecve co. te sos ed o ece ll spees o vlle le.

te d sed s ppe come om sdy codced coss ey vlles al d Dekl dscs o Oss, id o evle e peomce osos m l esoces. te fs p o s ppe emps edecosco o e cocep o commy sol vlles e ows,e secod p emps o exme e ccescs o e CPr sos e c sceos d e d p looks e sol des de f o e commes d e esoces volved.

understanding transitional Villages

rece wok opoloy d socoloy s e o exploe e elospewee cle d commy, d vews e commy o s omoeeosop o people w sed vles d eess e s e ocoes d sles mkes p peoples eveydy lves. Commes eceed e coes o esoces, o s ems o peceved pmodlelos ccesc o ele e, s d ssocos omed opocesses o cll sles e coex o eql powe. te ppe s

sed o welve o e 90 vlles eeed o s sol vlles e


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314 Singh

ccezed y e poxmy o cees, ces moly, edecyo dvdls o deped o lveloods es d ces meo sops e vlle. tese vlles e lso ccezed y ccess o ee

pyscl sce s ods, lwys, o, ec, c demopcees lke ces mo/employme cees d cespopoo o people w o-m employme.

te cocep o commy s ccl o e desd o commopopey d e esoces ey me. accod o e eel eslyeoem,3 e dvdls op kow oe oe well, c oseve oeoes evos, d cpe co elosp w oe oe,e socl oms c ss y pe o op evo, povded mkesec dvdl ee o e wold e wo e op. We we o omsmll ops o le socl sces oweve, e ssmpo evey oe

c kow d oseve eveyoe else my cese o old, d eel eslyc l (Myeso 1991).4 Osom (1998) lso ps s ppopos cee ce-o-ce d ve oomy o ce e les, eymy emp o oze emselves. Wee ey oze depeds o eso e esoce sysem d e ppopos emselves ec e eefso e ceved d e coss o cev em.

te commy s o e defed ode o lyze e coex o scsol vlles mov owds zo o de ece, se oo o commy les e vey cocep o commos. tese vlles,de e ece o zo, e volved complex ecos w

e exel cos so socl, ecoomc, polcl, dcll pocesses d codos. tese sos e mold d mpc oe ecoomc, soco-cll d polcl spees o commy le.

Mke eo eds o mpc o locl socl elos ee wys deme e poel o locl commo popey esoce meme y

expd o-locl demd o locl esoces; ec ecoomc, socl, d eopcl moly d, eey, deces

e peceved eed o ely o locl esoces o socl emes wlocl people; d

ces dvdl peeeces eqe e sped d ces dese o mmede cosmpo (bld d Ple1996).

as op memes ecome eed o e mke dee wys d odee exes, e op my ecome cesly deeed d memesmy lose e commo eess d op dey.

3te eel esly eoem (oewse clled Folk theorem) c e epeed s seme o e powe o socl oms smll ops, sc s mles, pesps, dclqes (ops).4Myeso, roe b. (1991) Game Theory, Analysis o confict, Cmde, hvd uvesyPess Mco Cs, 2000, Who needs Formal Regulations to Manage the Commons? te rlCes noe ily.


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COMMunitiES in tranSitiOn 315

as commes e eced y cos ow o omo, moey,ojecs, deoloes d ee pyscl moly, e oeeess (collecveco) wes wy d dvdl peeeces pomece. ts pocesseds o ce socl elos, weke e possly o collecve cod eve me oce coesve ops ecse o e ces oppoycoss o e socl emes o me locl esoces. as e molyo vlles ceses, so does e ece o des d pespecves ome ole models. te wold vews o lolzo d cosmesm,o pofs, moezo d ecoomc oeo o oods d sevces,oee w e ow ece o evomelsm d cosevosmcese e cces o coc mo mke-oeed d sssece-oeedpodces d e emeece o ddol pesse o esoces om eseexel oces.

te ppe exmes e ccescs o e sos o eecveovece o e commos e c sceos o compvelyss o sol es emoe (eced) vlles, solvlles d e es, i ode o deeme ow e sol evolocsed y lolzo d lelzo s o ecofo oovece o commo popey esoces.

te evolo o sol mecsms depeds o coexl cos defe:

Fe 1. te fe depcs e seeo o e socel sce ems o es, e eo l vlles d e sol vlles sdwced ewee.tese vlles e coos eco w es d e so owdszo. te mke d pocesses o lolzo e e mjo ec cos e ce.

ieo rl Vlles


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316 Singh

w s pysclly, lelly, ecoomclly d soclly easible ems o empoved commco d eco w cees;

w s ecoomclly, soclly d cllly desirable, e c

dvdl peeeces de o eced moly o e vlles, oppoy coss o socl emes o me locl esoces ddl loss o commo eess d op dey; d

w s solly viable, especlly w e decese e peceved eedo ely o locl esoces d evso o e decision-making arrangementsove e esoce.

understanding institutional eVolution

nl esoces, eel, c e eld de y oe o e ee popeyemes:

Comml Popey, Pve Popey d Se Popey.

id s oly wo o ese emes: Pve Popey o Se Popey: lle oess d sslds e eld s se popey de vos lws ddeles. i s so wee e oess coe o e med y e Foes

Depme d e evee lds y e revee Depme, e esocese assumed commons d o commos ely (S 2003, 2004). teemeece o Jo Foes Meme id s o oe om opopey eme Cocl Popey reme wee eemes eweee Foes Depme d e commes e sed o om V SksSms (VSS) o m e esoces (S 2004). Elsewee e sepopees coe o e ope ccess, excep ce cses wee commesve execsed e s d desed wys o s ovece s commopopey esoce. Sc emes c ve eo l vlles evewo sece ee, cly o ee plys sfc co e seo e esoces e es d sol vlles.

te meme o ese commo popey esoces s ml-ceed dexeme vo exss om plce o plce e soco-cll, polcl,ecoomc d evomel coexs. Pllel o s vo s om el esoce se, pes o se, sol emes d vles spe meme decsos commes de dee levels o ece. as pvzo d decelzo som e l ldscpesd pes, e commo popey esoces e sol vllese ssceple o ove-exploo, dedo o ecocme. Oe powelcos exed e cool ove commos eyod e level oesee popeyeoms, ese o ssme des ssoced w esoce s d seze cool

ove o eclose vlle esoces o e deme o e collecve d plc


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COMMunitiES in tranSitiOn 317tabLE 1

a compve lyss o sol es coss e meme o commo popey

esoces emoe (eced) vlles, sol vlles d e es

aes ieo/remoe tsol url Vlles Vlles aes

Oeo o Sssece vew po, Ecoomc vew po, Ecoomc + aesecse Dso oeo moey oeo, vew po, d

exploo Cosevo oeo

iso ioml isos Foml/Leme Se/Se sposoedisos isos

Decso geel body, Execve Commee, Eleced repesevesMk deleve decsos epeseve decsos

Coc W resolved y sppo Se sposoed spporesolo sces sce

Poeco rool Poeco Wcm Setepl/Socl Wc

iece o Lle/no ece Modee/ ices Mke CoolledMke ece iece o exel

ees ops

Popey rs assmed commos Lel ee Se s el (ee) coesed emes, olde

coesed emes

ope ccess

govece Sel-govece govece o govece y Sese ecozedleme sos

Depedece o h depedece Depedece ves no dec depedece,opyscl ecoomclly d coss vos s depedece s ceslyesoce cllly coss poo e sll depede o esec esos o o

vos s o sssece d eceo/ plese.ecoomc eeds, cmy o e depedeo see s ecoomcoppoy.

reco o Lvelood Css Vle w edecy Lle ecoomc mpcSke-oldes revvl o e ele o sezeo dme s o e esoces(boke CPrs) ee o oce o

ece.

newoks Sel oveed, l apy o ve o Se Sces des y wesed, ewok ees ops esedcse ops, me, le oveceody, ec. sces


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318 Singh

eess (Sk 19965). Wle s s led o ekdow o e CPr sysems my sol vlles, pmc evolo o sol mecsmsve esled evv d m e commos my oe vlles.

te sol evolo o commo popey esoces solvlles s lyzed ems o:

c mkes, c popey emes, d esl socl somos

emp o see ow e evolo o e sos ve ke plce. tepoelly vlele es e meme o commo popey esoces e sol vlles e lso defed s pocess.

market influenCe

teoecl models ecoomcs ses me o mecsms owc lolzo c led o evomel dedo developcoes. tese ve ee spplemeed y ecolocl sdes sow eevome s ecom cesly deded d le s coseqece ololzo. ices eo w mke slly s o dvese mpco e meme o commo popey esoces oo, especlly we ods

ee ds esoce sysems d e ses w oe ses d mkes.as locl ecoomes ecome coeced o le mkes, commo popeysysems coo cs exces d ses e lkely o cese ves levelsecse ey c explo esoces o cs come s well s e ssseceeeds (awl 2002). te commos ody e ve de s e mkeelelessly cks em. Mc s emed ow o developme ody sclly om o exploo wc e mke dmses e mpoce od ssed meme o e commos especlly sol vlles e pclly exposed d vlele.

te vl o mke d e ce oses exs esocememe emes, s o smoo somo. i s lkely o ceedee ceves o podcs o dee people, d o ce e locl powe elos s dee sops dee deees occess d meve o ese e se. i my cses, e mke eds o ccess o pcl commo popey esoce llce w e Se ode o deed e pmcy o e clms. te Se sel es volved e pvzo o commos d pomoes e sle o podcs om esoces pevosly wee de commo popey emes. te ssmede o e commo popey esoces cles sc ce especlly sol vlles.

5

i The Commons In Transition y toms Sko Cel d Ese Eope Ssleacle (CEESa) Dscsso Ppe o. 10 | 2002


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a me o socl scess ve oed we people c o eoods d sevces ey eqe y dec exce w oes, ey wll do so; we exce o scos e dfcl, people wll o oe kdso sos o ceve e ols (Sko 2002). i e sol vlles,e e les e c we mke ecoomy develops, people edo o oods d sevces moe esly d, eeoe, lose ees esos pevosly eled e se d vlly o ese oods dsevces. ts s dl pocess wc e s o e dvese ce s

oe dfcl o dey.

tabLE 2

Eec o mke eces

aes Ces occ impc o e govece otsol Vlles Commo Popey esoces

ices ecoomc Moezo o esoces Deeoo/dedo oeefs/pofs Mke domce low esoces s cosme

poy o sssece eeds. evo s ded mlynew demd pesses y demd co

Pvzo o commos/esoces

ices rpd ece o zo heemoc cllCommco Mlplcy o lkes d ece

Pes ecoecos, eopc Pomoo o coempoydsce ecomes less mpo, lolzo pocessespomoes cll exce,

ices leves Kowlede d cle sed Ecoomc eqly rpd, expd, d dvese nelec o CPrs s

lol ows o ojecs, dvdls ve ccessomo, moey, mes, o levesdeoloes, d people

ices e o gves se o cocom Ce socl eloscollecvy cll dseo d commes

Deepe exs eqles icesed ecosd cee ew oes led o eeoeey

Pepee e pes o ojecves/deoloes eql developme, e led o cocsexplove d volle Locl sosees sll pess cesly vlele

Fmeo o ovece

ices Ce locl powe Cocep o lol commos,Skeoldes elos, coecve ovece, ol/ Se popey

evomel deeoo, develop Celzo decso-

mk

Makes


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320 Singh

te pocess o lolzo s o o le skes e loclesoces. Fo exmple, e oess w e vlle e o loe loclesoce/ popey sed ey ve ed mpoce s se popey

coseved o eef o e o s wole d e le level scoseved s lol commos o e le eef/svvl o mkd. temke, mos cses, s esposle o deem e skeoldes o eesoce. te scce e oods e d moe mpo e oods ecome om es, moe complex s e skeolde eme o e esoce.

te meso o e mke ece s see e ce dvdlpeeeces:

eced ecoomc, socl, d eopcl moly o e vlles; oppoy coss o socl emes o me locl esoces;

dl loss o commo eess d op dey, d decese e peceved eed o ely o locl esoces.

te mke oces se coeco o ld o o cee mpeecos soclemes especlly dol socees. te le-scle eefs ocollecvy, depced o coopeo, coodo, d ecoecedesscese o exs e ll empos o e mke oces o dspossesse commy vo o dvdls, ecpocos, ozed ops, dpeople w specl ccess. te people my o e sol vlles secoeco d ed o ccep sle sces wo poes.

property regimes

accod o e plc s doce, oveme owes s czes specldes o sewdsp ed e commo popey esoces e seolds s o e plc. a s mos sc level, e plc s doceolds oveme ms c swoy me s meme oe esoces cose e cops o e s. te eefces o es e e czes o e se, cld e eeos. Commo popeyesoces e eld y e ses e sovee cpcy d e sjec o eplc s (Cook 1993). te edy o e so les e c mosse popey emes e exmples o e ses ec exceed s sp. iid, e se s ke o moe esoce meme oy eyc e expeced o cy o eecvely (bomley & Cee 1988). as esl,o oe d e commes dee ps ook cool o e esoces opoec d se e esoces o s eefs, wls o e oe d, e se,elz ws mpossle o me e esoces sel, ed pocess odecelzo o devolo o e meme o e esoces o jooes meme; lso doped ddol d codcoy sey opvz/les wselds (sed s commos y commes) o copoe

odes dee ses.


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COMMunitiES in tranSitiOn 321tabLE 3

te ece o popey emes


teolzo6 Decollecvso, clssfco ised o complee sd lloco o esoces om plc o pve

Cocs de o e le popey owesp o ecoo o ovelpp complex yd o eodes d clms wo emee Coclmlple levels Popey remes

Fmeo o eesoce, dfcl o meexs ld se coss

ldscpes

Owesp teds o e pvzed El leslo ocse o se coolled ee/ se ve ocommos (ecocmes) coseve

Locl so coolled Se lemzoesoces ed o svve o locl sosee. Lo em pls d

vesmes

rs ices eds Sk commosecocme Coeso o s

Deces espec o oes Oppoes o evolos ovece

rs wo des ces depedece o se

access7 Polzo o ccess ieqes Powel eds o dome bekdow o ovece Coeso o dol d mecsms

lel s

reled evo Compe demds isos o coss-sclecos vew pos lkes w ly o

h sco cos ewok ozolly wpee sos dveclly w eoy sces

resoce se my se

P

opeyregime

6teolzo (meo o ldscpes o ceo o vos pyscl d solodes)s ee eeed o y Sowewe, 2004 d Vdeees d Pelso, 1995 . Vdeeesd Pelsos ppe povdes eoecl dscsso o locl eolzo pocesses, d looks dee wys o see popey s d mk clms o ld d eoes ove me.Se es eolzo s o oly mposed pocess o om cees o powe:locl eolzo s lso coed o c coscos o ec dey, pysclldscpes d ld ee.7

ro, Jesse C. d ncy Lee Pelso

(2003)

defe ccess s e ly o deve eefs oms, ode om popeys clsscl defo s e o eef om s.


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322 Singh

te oe ee o e eoy o commo popey esoces s popeys elp coseve l esoces ecse e owes o ose esoces ve ceve o poec em. by cos, e sece o sece popey s

esls sco coss (o me esoces d esolve cocs),ml-dso (o-ecoo o exs se s led o edso)d oveexploo (led o ope ccess emes). uoely, pvepopey s do o lwys esl e cosevo o esoces d peoplec d wll ove-explo esoces ey ow pvely w sece popeys espose o lcve, so-em mkes.

Popey s my o e e pce c solve e polems ocommos, pomoes ley d e le o lw. i povdes ops ddvdls w e s o ccess, edco cocs, developme o dle o s d des d deemes e dso o eef d cos

o om l esoce. Popey s ve ecome e se opolcl eoos ewee ovemes d commes, s llsed ye dees ewee sel-ed oes poeco ops d e se ove eowesp o oes esoces e ese eos o id (S 2003, 2004;S & nyk 2003). i es wee e powe o e Se s wek, loclcos dey se popey clms o me. te commes vos ps o e coy ve sow exmples o sc clms d ve eveclleed e ses o ske clm ove e esoces e oess(S 2003).

i e cse o sol vlles, cocs ewee vos ops d

skeoldes e ole o e se o pomece. Clee popey emesd leme sos ve ee oseved o elp m e commosee d e e commos s commos. i e sece o sc cle popeyemes e commos ecome dsmled d l people cesly coeso e lel s ove e commos. tose w sfce powe expde ppopo o esoce eefs d cool ove esoce sses eyode deee defed y e leslo. W ces ece o mke,dvdls ed o moe ld d clm exclsve s; ey y (s id) o jsy e clms o e eed o esoe e deded esoces.ts lelzes e ecocme d, lso, ees e sme s s eyejoy o pve popey.

soCial transformation

a mjo somo s volved weeve socey moves om oe se odevelopme o e ex. i s js cemel mpoveme o e elo dysco. i s js le ew skll o dop ee plcpolcy. Fo dvdls, volves pood ce e dmel wye peso peceves msel, e wold d e evo. Fo socees, volves eqlly pood ce dmel vles d socl sces.

te somo my e pl ecse volves:


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tabLE 4

te ece o socl somos


C cll teds o e dvdlsc Fle o collecve cocedes nelec o collecvy e emes

ecoomcs o com oees qe

C cos Empss o pesol ow iel powe sles, Compeo, ek dow o ekdow o o seoselosps edsp, e o e exspesol, wok elosps ec. sces

Cocs o eyod commes need o eeme/o esolo coeece ewee vlle

les w e lws ove e se

C pcces Moezo o commodes icese Cocs adopo o mke pcces lke Desco o e esoces

cos, pc o edce se icese eqy Sle o ces vlle ds

C polcy Cooo o exs need o olzo o

polces, exsece o oml les d elosles deed o ove-led

C socl Mlple ledes, el Cllees o omlsces powe sles sos

uesolved pesol cocs, need o lemed sos

Poo desd o bekdow o cocozol pocess esolo mecsms

eed o e se o sep

Socialtansfomaion

e ekdow o my o e ce wys o ope; e ekdow o e exs sol sces; d mc exss my l d e los.

te socl somos ccezed y collecvy, ecoecedessd clsveess elp ld o o exs sces d vodevomel o oe desco. te cemel ccmlo o dy-o-dy decsos eecs socl somo o me. te s d pecesecome p o wole c y ve o e commo o. te eslsocl sces d e ope sysem ec e pyscl somo oesoces d e meme sysems.

Socl somo ms e oseed ode o cee ely leve


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324 Singh

o e ce socey des, cos, pcces, polcy o socl sces.Ozos e el p o socey s ey ssme e esposlyo ow d developme o e dom wc ey opee (Kdwll,

1988).8 Coos mpoveme e pplco o e leve elps develop d des eecve socl sces. i smlle sos,dvdls ve cosdele oomy, cosdele voce commy s,d c eoce , esposve d eve sel-ec decsos (rceso etal. 2002). tese sos ve sel-eoc les e cceple moe ses d e ppled wo exel oy eveo.

a e oe exeme e e sos e ses weeovemes c s commo popey sos (bomley 1991, Clpp dMeye 2000). te les o e sos comply w e se lws d ecommes d dvdls ve lle oomy o voce e meme

o e esoces. howeve, dvdls ve cosdele oomy o pcpe e le democc pocesses o epeseo o ece e soso le scle cosess. te esoces e slly med o plcpposes o o oods w moe exesve mke, s e esoces e eeo lol, ol o eol sfcce.

Commes, especlly ose e o e es, e lwys e mdso so s ey e cped e k o e mds. tesocl somos e ccezed y dspopooe ow, dvdllyocsed, dve y exel cos d coool o exs polces oe led o e ekdow o exs sces, desco o esoces

d eqle ow. i sc cses e commo popey esoces e veylkely o se desco. i ese sol vlles, elos ledes, vlleeldes, locl polcs o e el eles e vlle oe domedecso mk d e poso o covce vlles ese decsose e eess o e le commy. te le commy lso ccepse eme s eles low-cos complce w meme decsos,d e esls e cevle o ody polcl o ledesp cves.a e vey es, symolc sos, oml les d elos,9 eecveledesp, d smoo clo o socl semes c oly smlee ovece mecsms s coceplzed o del commes eesoly ee o e ece o sfc exelly dced ce.

Sccessl commos meme o y scle eqes sysem o lemesos. isos ese sol vlles e seldom del. idvdls,especlly ose dsdved ops, lose e voce decso-mk.

8Kdwll, P.n. 1988. Osol bevo o Socl Developme: poso ppe.International Studies o Management and Organization 18: 644 rek Sl d Pl rs,Cocs sol developme: mplcos o jo oes meme. Forests, Trees andLivelihoods 13(3) (2003)9W e em oml elos i ee o e pesece o les w lel vle wose eocemes eed y e e o co jco. i eel, oml elos c ee come om oy exel o e ses o e se p y e ses emselves. O e coy, oml

sos e sel-eoc les c e ppled wo exel oy eveos. iso, ey e eql o me mo e ses (Cs, 2000).


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COMMunitiES in tranSitiOn 325Moeove, e s e so y dvdls d w ops declesw e celzo o powes ew ds esl e edcoo coopeo mo dvdls d/o ops. ts ves cosdely

ese sol sos/vlles, d vo s seems o e e mcse o deeces e osess o e sel-med sos. Wee es eks dow, cocs e o occ moe eqely d e esoloo sc cocs ecome dfcl. ts s mos dfcl o evve d demdscoopeo om s cose memes. te svvl o e sos de esoces les dop ovece sces s oml d leme( ems o eso de dee acs), d e sppoed y e leovece sces o e se.

ConClusion

accod o bde d noo (1998) as commos ecome mpeled,oveexploed, o oewse deded, eepees d mes see oppoeso mpleme ceve cosevo les. Polcl eepees eqelypomle lws d elos espose o e ose o e edy. also,sess eepees, commy ledes, d oe pve pes cee vleo emselves, e commy, d socey le y ve ew pcces e commos. to ese semes old o mos o e vlles, eye seldom e o e sol vlles de dscsso.

te sol vlles pese polem o qe complexy d dvesyd emce cos defe e spe d evo o e commopopey esoce sos. Exel cos sc s ppope se lwsd eveos, eo o wde mkes, d cesed ecocmey dvdls ee e exsece o e commo popey esoces. Ceqesos emee

Sold e se ke ove e meme o e commos s e cseo e es?

Sold e popey e devolved o e commes? Wold e commes e le o me e esoces?

tese qesos pese dlemm o e sos ove e commos sc vlles. te sol vlles eed o espod o e cllees posedy mke oces, c popey emes d e socl somo deo zo d lolzo.

Firstly, e dom mke oces ed o p exeme pesse o e lmedesoces mly pomo ecoomc oppoy d pofs. te solvlles e de modee o ces eces o e mke d ed ocosde e commes s ole models. ude ese ccmsces,e depedece ves coss vos s e poo e sll depede o

e commos o sssece d ecoomc eeds wls e c see em s


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326 Singh

ecoomc oppoy. te eeds o e poo d ecolocl eefs ecompomsed y e decsos o e c d e l eles wo e veyel decso-mk. te commes ve dfcly poec e

esoces w e exs les d elos om e pesse exeed ye mke oces. te se s o ecoze e mpoce o ese esoces o o e sevces sle ecosysem d o e vle poece socl d ecoomc secy o e poo. te se ms devse e mes opoec sc esoces om exploo oly o ecoomc . Fo exmple,e Jo Foes Meme pomme cold copoe sc pcples ode o poec e oess om coveso o vle me plos.

Secondly, e commo popey esoce meme sol vlleseqes cle d coesed popey emes o svve. Cle les delos ed s o ccess, dso o eefs d s o

esposles o e ops d dvdls o co. i e sece osc cle d eocele popey s d les o se, e esoces mye ppoped o dvdl eefs. te ovece o e esoces s lsolely depede o e popey leslo d les--pcce. te ole oe se o decde o od polces d pcples o m sc esocesd cly e popey eme o e esoces s ccl.

Thirdly, e sppo o soy sos o esolv cocs s eqllyecessy. te vlle lws ve o e cosoce w e cosolles cceped y e se. te esolo o cocs ecomes dfcl o mew e locl sos d so ee s eed o so sppo om e

se o esolve e cocs d elp e vlle sos svve. te lcko sc sppo my ee e exsece o e esoce d e solemes, Especlly e cocs e eess led dvdls o looseees e sos esl e ekdow o e commo popeysos. te e les e c w socl somo scvlles, lolzo s led dvdls o poec e esoce w dveseojecves vy om esec vles o sc eeds.

Finally, e sol vlles oe pese sle sodomed y locl polcs o e el eles e vlle. tosc sos ele low-cos complce w meme decsos,ey deeoe ems o pcpo o s memes decso-mk,specy d ccoly. ts s ecse ese vlles lose e sccce o smll ops d cosesl decso-mk. W cespoplo d dvesy o people com , s dfcl o dvdls op o kow oe oe well, oseve oe oes evo, d cpe co elosp.

te mke eds o ece sc sos evely y pomodvdlsm d e cocep o pofs. te commo popey soseqe sol djsmes o cope w e ecoomc d polcl sslo e mkes. te evoloy e o sc vlles pomoes polemss om lck o s coopeo mo s cose memes. te

svvl o e sos d e esoces le e ly o f o e


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COMMunitiES in tranSitiOn 327oml/leme sos deqely sppoed y e le ovece dlel sces o e se.

aCknowledgement

te ele veso o e ppe led Commo Popey resoce Meme tsol Vlles ws peseed e te bel Coeece o eieol assoco o e Sdy o Commo Popey, Oxc, Mexco 913 as 2004. i k my collees, e pcps e Coeeced e evewes o e ppe o e vlle commes s led o empoveme e coe o e ppe. i m kl o e Fod Fodo(id) o povd me vel s o ed e te bel Coeece

o e ieol assoco o e Sdy o Commo Popey Oxc,Mexco d pese s ppe.

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Communities in Transition:Impliications for Commons Management