Community Ecology

Community interactions:

Community Ecology

Community interactions:–Competition–Predation–Herbivory–Parasitism–Disease–Mutualism–Commensalism–Coevolution

Community Ecology

Community interactions:–Competition–Predation–Herbivory–Parasitism–Disease–Mutualism–Commensalism–Coevolution

Community Ecology

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Predation and coloration:

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Aposematic coloration

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Aposematic coloration

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Batesian mimicry

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Batesian mimicry

monarch viceroy

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Batesian mimicry

poison harmless

monarch viceroy

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Müllerian mimicry

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Müllerian mimicry

Iraqi American

Community Ecology

Predation and coloration:•Müllerian mimicry

I’m a soldier. Don’t mess with me.

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Species diversity

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Species diversityHow many species are in a community?

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Trophic structureWho eats whom?

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Community Ecology

Primary producers

Community structure:

Community Ecology

Primary producers

Primary consumers

Community structure:

Community Ecology

Primary producers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Community structure:Tertiary

consumers

Community Ecology

Primary producers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Community structure:Quaternary consumers

Tertiary consumers

Community Ecology

Primary producers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Community structure:Energetic hypothesis:Length of a food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer

Community Ecology

Community structure:Energetic hypothesis:Length of a food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer

Dynamic stability hypothesis:Long food chains are less stable than short food chains.

Community Ecology

Community structure:Energetic hypothesis:Length of a food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer

Dynamic stability hypothesis:Long food chains are less stable than short food chains.

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Species with a large impact

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Species with a large impact•Dominant•Keystone•Foundation

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Species with a large impact•Dominant – most abundant•Keystone – disproportionate impact•Foundation – ecosystem engineers

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Bottom-up vs. top-down controls

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Bottom-up vs. top-down controls

Predators depend on preyvs.

Predators control prey

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Disturbance

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Disturbance May be the norm

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Disturbance Moderate disturbance may foster increased diversity

Community Ecology

Community structure:

Disturbance Human disturbance can be too high

or sometimes too low.

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:•Primary – starting with bare rock•Secondary – starting with soil

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes

lichens and mosses

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes

lichens and mossesannuals

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes

lichens and mossesannuals

perennials

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes

lichens and mossesannuals

perennialstrees

Community Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:

Pioneer species

Climax species

Community Ecology

Ecological Succession:

Pioneer species•Facilitate later species

Climax species•Inhibit later species

Community Ecology

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

evapotranspirationsunlight + temp + water

rich

nes

s

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

evapotranspirationsunlight + temp + water

rich

nes

s

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

evapotranspirationsunlight + temp + water

rich

nes

s

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richness

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richness

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richness

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

equilibrium number

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richnesssmall island

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richnesslarge island

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richnessfar from the mainland

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

Species Richness (Biodiversity):

Community Ecology

richnessclose to the mainland

imm

igra

tio

n extinctio

n

Continuing Debate:

Community Ecology

Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic

Community Ecology

Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic

rivet vs. redundancy

Community Ecology

Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic

rivet vs. redundancy

Community Ecology

Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic

rivet vs. redundancy

Community Ecology

.