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Education for Sustainable Development

Community Efforts for Improvement of Water Supply & Sanitation System

A Case Study

Submitted to: Asia Good Practice ESD Practice Project (AGEPP)

National Resource Center for Non Formal Education (NRC-NFE/LRC), Nepal

December 2006

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Table of Content

Headings Page No.

[A] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

[B] ATTRIBUTION 3

1. Implementing Bodies

2. Person in Charge

[C] PROJECT OVERVIEW 4-14

1. Project Title 4

2. Project Overview

I. Background 4

II. Objectives of the Project 4

III. Project areas/ target beneficiaries 5

IV. Resource Inputs and Allocation 6

V. Implementation Mechanism 7

[D] PROJECT REVIEW 15

[E] IMPLICATION OF THE PROJECT 17

[F] FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION AND RECOMMENDATION 18

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Education for Sustainable Development Community Efforts for

Improvement of Water Supply & Sanitation System

Asia Good ESD Practice Project (AGEPP)

[A] Executive Summary Existing physical infrastructure such as, water supply, waste management, public road, public transportation system etc. have not been able to cope with the urbanization and rapid population growth. Consequently there was deterioration in the urban environment such as air pollution, water contamination, unmanaged solid waste etc. The Siddhipur VDC is one of the 40 VDCs of the Lalitpur district in the Kathmandu Valley developed as a semi-urban settlement with 6,000 population. The existing water supply system is very poor quality and inadequate for growing population. Moreover the community people were mostly farmers and unaware of clean water supply and sanitation system. So, in order to overcome from the poor water supply and sanitation situation of the VDC "Siddhipur Integrated Water & Sanitation Project" was designed and implemented by the community people Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Users Committee since September 2005 with the support from partner organizations UN Habitat; Water Aid Nepal; Center for Integrated Urban Development and ENPHO.

Realizing the fact that the presently available water resources like rivers, ponds, wells, taps for drinking water was insufficient and unsafe for the villagers, the project was designed and implemented to upgrade the service level of the water supply system both in terms of quality and quantity.

Beside from the water supply system, the project also focused to improve the sanitation system of the village. The water and sanitation users committee is the owner of the programme. The planning, implementation and operation of the system is being executed under the leadership of the committee. The system is designed to be self-sustainable. The operation and maintenance of the system is the responsibility of the user committee. The main resources for the operation of the system was the revenue collection from the user as water and sanitation tariff.

Siddhipur Village

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Implemented Activities Water Supply: A water treatment plant and overhead tank was constructed and water is

supplied to the villagers

Sanitation : Ecological Sanitation toilets were constructed in which human waste is converted into compost manure. Solid Waste Management at household level was under taken.

Capacity Building Activities: Different training programs for users' committee as well as community people were organized. An exposure visit program was also organized for the committee members to have practical knowledge on the water & sanitation program.

Awareness Raising Programs: Various awareness

raising activities were organized to make the community people aware on water, sanitation, environment and development.

Collection chamber

Tube Settler

Slow Sand Filter

ChlorinationUnit

Water Reservoir

Treatment System

INTAKE

Overhead Tank

Pump

Transmission Line (3.3 km) Distribution Line

(8.7 km)

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Water and Sanitation Education to the Community Formed ward level groups & women groups and

provided water and sanitation education

Water and sanitation education to the learners through adult literacy & post literacy programs

Water and Sanitation

(WATSAN) Education to the Local School Students

After implementation of the project now it could be seen many changes in the sanitation situation, the village is clean all most all household use eco-san toilets. They managed their household waste by themselves. They are earning from household waste by making compost and getting better quality of compost from eco san toilets. It helped them to get more production in their agriculture fields especially in vegetable gardens. The villagers and stakeholders were very happy with the impact of the project. This project has proved that the community people can plan and implement the project based on local needs and community resources efficiently and effectively by themselves with the technical and financial support of external agencies. [B] ATTRIBUTION 1. Implementing Bodies:

Name: Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Users Committee Address: Siddhipur, Lalitpur Country: Nepal Zip Code: Phone: 977-1- Fax: 977-1- URL: http:// www.nrc-nfe.org.np E-mail: nrc-nfe@acculrc.wlink.com.np

2. Person in Charge:

Name: Mr. Dil Bahadur Shrestha Title/ Designation: Director E-mail: nrc-nfe@acculrc.wlink.com.np

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[C] Project overview 1. Project Title: Siddhipur Integrated Water and Sanitation Project 2. Project Overview :

I. Background

Nepal is a landlocked country surrounded by the India in East, West and South and the Tibet of China in North, population is 22.7 million and geographical land area 141481 sq km. Administratively, the country has 75 district, 58 municipalities and about 4,000 village development committees (VDC). About 16% of the population is urban. Due to rapid urbanization, the urban areas have witnessed drastic increase in the population level in a short period. Therefore, the existing physical infrastructure such as, water supply, waste management, public road and public transportation system have not been able to cope with rapid population growth. Consequently there was deterioration in the urban environment such as air pollution, water contamination, solid waste etc. Water pollution is most serious in Nepal. The principal pollutants are sewage, industrial effluent, agricultural residues and chemicals. Water is contaminated through poor hygienic and sanitation practices. 1/3rd of child deaths under four years of age in rural Nepal are due to waterborne diseases as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and gastro-enteritis. The Siddhipur VDC is one of the 40 VDCs of the Lalitpur district in the Kathmandu Valley. It is located about 3.2 km. east of the Lalitpur Municipality. It is a as a Semi-urban settlement with 6,000 population. About 50 % of population is categorized as very poor people. The existing water supply system is very poor quality and inadequate for growing population. Moreover the community people were mostly farmers and unaware of clean water supply and sanitation system. The sanitation system in the VDC is worst. In order to improve the clean water supply and proper sanitation system, one year project "Siddhipur Integrated Water & Sanitation Project" was launched by Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Users Committee since September 2005 with the support from partner organizations UN Habitat (Technical and financial assistance); Water Aid Nepal (financial assistance); ENPHO and Center for Integrated Urban Development (technical assistance). Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Users Committee was set up through a community mass meeting under the chairmanship of Mr. Krishna Maharjan, Ex. VDC chairman and Chairman of Siddhipur Community Learning Center with other 10 members including 3 female members. It is registered as an NGO. II. Objectives of the Project The major objectives of the project were: To demonstrate how a community can work with water supply entity to acquire safe

water and adequate sanitation that meet its needs. To demonstrate how the community people themselves could collect necessary

connection charges and water and sanitation tariffs.

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To increase community awareness on proper use of safe water and maintain environmental sanitation

To create job opportunity for poor people in the locality To enhance capacity of the local users committee and the community authority to

manage the project. III. Project areas/ target beneficiaries:

Project areas: Lalitpur district is one among the 75 districts in Nepal. Lalitpur district is divided into 40 Village Development Committees (VDCs) and one municipality. This district implies two parts - one is inside the valley and another is outside the valley. There are 20 VDCs in the outside part of the valley and the rest is inside the valley i.e. situated in Mahabharat and Chure mountainous region.

Among the 40 VDCs in Lalitpur district, Siddhipur VDC is selected for the project. This small VDC is located 3.2 km eastward from Lalitpur municipality, 5 km southeast from Kathmandu and is situated at 1372 m altitude above sea level. Present population of the programme area is 6046 dwelling in 1308 households. The male population comprises 48.7% and the female population comprises of 51.3% of total. Though the community is heterogeneous in nature, Newar ethnic group is in dominating number. The community is basically farmer dominated, but the society is gradually shifting towards non agro based society. Currently only about 40% of the families are relying on agriculture as main occupation. Rests are being engaged in business, service and wage labours. A considerable number of youths are being involved in overseas services. The sanitary situation of the programme area is very poor. About 40% of the population is using toilet facilities. The programme area is one of the pioneer places for the use of eco-san toilets. The environmental sanitation and drains are also in poor condition. There is no sewerage system. Existing open drains for discharging surface run off is insufficient. There is lack of efficient and well functioning solid waste management systems in programme area.

Siddhipur Village

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IV. Resource Inputs and Allocation Siddhipur has old piped water system constructed around 32 years back and is under the ownership of Government agency (Water Supply and Sanitation Division, Lalitpur). The system is in the state of urgent repair and maintenance. Service level of this system, both in terms of quality and quantity, is very poor. The system is providing untreated water to the people of Siddhipur through public stand posts. The users are using the water free of cost. There are three useful ponds, 37 taps and 23 wells and Godawari River. Two ponds are of mud and wastes. The villagers are not using for drinking but for irrigation. a. Rivers: Godawari is the only one river that flows

at the eastern boarder of this village separating this village from Lubhu. Godawari is made up of 2 streams: Chisapani and Durgakhera which are originated from Tribeni hill and Phulchoki hill. Godawari River irrigates 170 hectors land.

b. Ponds: There were 7 ponds few years ago, but presently, only 3 ponds could be seen, They are follows: - 1) Nukhu pond in ward no.7 2) Bhimsen pond in ward no. 8 3) Fongo pond in ward no. 1

c. Wells: There are about sixteen wells. It was constructed to use water for drinking purposes. Most of the wells are not in good conditions. Although, the villagers are using the wells as source of water for drinking and cloth washing.

To upgrade the service level of the water supply system, both in terms of quality and quantity, a new water supply system was proposed. The source for the newly proposed system is also Godavari Khola, intake site however is about 500 m upstream of present one. RCC weir will be constructed across the river to divert the water in to transmission line. A safe discharge of 10 lps water will be tapped from the source, which will be treated before supplying to users points. A 3% of annual population growth rate has been assumed for coming 20 years period. The design population of system is 11250 (2027 AD). The per capita demand assumed is 65 liters per capita per day.

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The water quality of proposed source will meet all parameters of WHO Guideline value, except turbidity and microbial contamination. The turbidity of source is not constant, it changes with season. It becomes worse during rainy season, but is fairly acceptable in dry season. During rainy season the turbidity and microbial contamination level reaches as high as 150 NTU and 1500 colonies per 100 ml sample respectively. The treatment system proposed is sedimentation with tube settler as pre treatment and slow sand filter followed by chlorination. The proposed water quality of the system will be within the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (Draft guideline value). The system is of 3 km long transmission main using polythene and GI pipes of 150mm in diameter. Likewise the distribution system comprises polythene pipes of 50 mm to 160 mm dia. The total length of the distribution system is 9.7 km. The system will have yard connected tap and community taps. People, using both types of taps, will have to pay against the water use. A progressive tariff structure has been proposed with 10 m 3 of water per month per family as life line block. This however needs further discussion with the community. Total cost of the project including VAT is NRs. 24,171,830.00 including house connection cost for 500 households. The cost excluding house connection is NRs. 20,773,348.95 only (US$ 1 = NRs. 70.00) V. Implementation Mechanism

Siddhipur integrated water supply and sanitation program is the initiation of local community to improve water and sanitation condition of this peri-urban settlement. With the support of UN Habitat under water for Asian Cities and technical support of ENPHO and CIUD, the system is being implemented through the users committee of Siddhipur. The Siddhipur watsan users committee is responsible for implementation of the project in cooperation with government and other organizations. The implementation mechanism of the project is as follows :

Government Financial supportUN Habitat & Water Aid Nepal

Advisory CommitteeENPHO

Technical supportENPHO, CIUD

Siddhipur Users Committee Main Implementer

Community / Ward level groups

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The user community has provided two ropanis of land costing about NRs. 20 lakhs for the project. The water and sanitation users committee is the owner of the programme. The planning implementation and operation of the system is going to be executed under the leadership of the committee. The organization like ENPHO, Center for Integrated Urban Development (CIUD) is facilitating the committee for various technical and managerial matters. The UN-HABITAT and Water Aid Nepal are the major donors for the programme. The system is designed to be self-sustainable. The operation and maintenance of the system will be the responsibility of the user committee. The main resources for the operation of the system was the revenue collection from the user as water and sanitation tariff. Implemented Activities Following activities were undertaken during September 2005 to August 2006.

Proposed Water Supply System

Water Supply Improvement and expansion of the existing water supply system Intake improvement and construction Construction of a water treatment plant and overhead tank Improvement and installation of the transmission line and distribution network Rehabilitation of traditional sources such as Ponds and Dug Wells

Collection chamber

Tube Settler

Slow Sand Filter

ChlorinationUnit

Water Reservoir

Treatment System

INTAKE

Overhead Tank

Pump

Transmission Line (3.3 km) Distribution Line

(8.7 km)

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Sanitation Increase sanitation coverage through promotion of on

site system such as Ecological Sanitation Introduction of Communal Septic Tanks Rehabilitation and Improvement of Drainage Introduction of Fecal Sludge Management System Solid Waste Management at household level

Capacity Building Activities

Capacity Building of local WATSAN Users Committee

Setting up of WSUC field office Operation of the overall Water Supply and

sanitation system Setting up of water tariff structure Conduct exposure visit programs Trainings

Awareness Raising Programs on Water and Sanitation in the Community in

different occasions Understanding the existing situation of the

community Identification of causes for the situation &

discussion Meetings Street drama/ cultural program Talk/ interaction program Group discussion Seminar/ workshop Publication of wall news papers Distribution of posters/ leaflets etc

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Water and Sanitation Education to the Community Formed ward level groups & women groups

and provided water and sanitation education − Proper use of drinking water − Household waste management by using

compost bin − Reduce, reuse and recycle of wastes − Collecting plastics and selling them − Construction of eco-san toilets by the

group members in their houses which has been very popular in the community.

− Use of compost from the eco-san toilets in their vegetable and agriculture farming.

Water and sanitation education to the learners

through adult literacy & post literacy programs

Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Education

to the Local School Students − Formed Nature Clubs in five local schools − Value based WATSAN education, proper use of water and sanitation as a

practical in daily life to the students − Mobilization of the students in campaigns, rallies and other awareness

raising activities. Achievement in Quantifier Figure are given below : A. Water Supply

Item No 1. Intek 1 2. Collection chamber 1 3. Transmission main pipe line 3 km 4. Air valve chamber 2 5. Wash out chamber 2 6. Tube settler tank 1 7. Slow sand filter 1 8. Chlorination unit 1 9 Pipe line distribution 9.7 km 10. 10,200 Cubic meters capacity water pond 11. 50 Cubic meters capacity overhead tank 1 12. pump and electric equipment 1 set 13. Junction chamber 35 14. Chamber for distribution water supply 50 15. Community Tap 15 16. Private Tap 500

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17. Helper house 18. Water tariff structure B. Health and Sanitation

1. Improvement of existing drinking water system 2. Eco san toilet construction - about 200 3. Improvement of pond 4. Improvement of well - 8 5. Public saftic tank - 2 6. Vehicle with tanker - 1 C. Household waste Management 1. Households trained on eco sanitation and household waste management

3. Construction and distribution of compost bins to the households 4. 13 local women received TOT on household solid waste management 5. Collection of waste plastic 6. 600 women in 23 women groups trained on household waste management. D. Capacity Building Program

1. Observation 2. Set up users Committee office with necessary staff and equipment 3. Capacity Building training to the user's committee members and staff, various group members, school teachers, students etc.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) Developed and demonstrated several household solid waste

management options in the community

13 local women have received TOT on household SWM

23 local Women Groups (600 women) have received training SWM

Suiro programme (Collection of plastic wastes using a thick needle) a success, majority of the households have started plastic collection

Capacity Building Activities Office of Sidhhipur WSUC established

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2 Exposure visits conducted (different parts of Eastern Nepal and Dhulikhel Water Supply System)

Various training have been delivered:

Proposal writing, office management training conducted

Accounting training in process

Wall magazine development training conducted to locals from different wards

Training on Pot Chlorination given to Dug Wells users

WATSAN Education & Awareness Establishment of Nature Clubs in 5 local

schools

Value Based WATSAN education classes in 5 schools

WATSAN education through Adult Literacy Programmes conducted in 4 Groups to about 100 learners.

Several awareness raising programs on WATSAN conducted on different occasions

Process Documentation National Resource Center for Non-Formal Education (NRC-NFE), Nepal has been working with Siddhipur VDC since 1999. The NRC-NFE has helped it to establish Community Learning Center (CLC) in Siddhipur village by providing technical and financial support for establishment and operation of CLC. CLC is a local educational institute established and operated by the local community for quality of life improvement through education and community development. Since its establishment in 1999, different plan/ programs/ activities were carried out such as organization of literacy classes, awareness raising campaigns, health programs, income generation programs, various training programs etc.

Mr. Krishna Maharjan Ex-Chairman of VDC was the chairman of CLC. There were 11 members in the management committee of CLC. The CLC has significant role to initiate the Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Project through awareness raising program. Siddhipur Water and Sanitation User's Committee headed by Mr. Krishna Maharjan, Chairman of CLC was formed by the mass meeting in the community. There were total 11 members representing from each ward. Out of 11 members, 3 were females. The committee was registered as Non Governmental Organization (NGO). Similarly ward level women groups were formed in order to implement the project activities. The groups were formed in each ward by the mass meeting in the communities. In each school, students Nature

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Club were formed in order to educate value based education i.e. relationship between human and nature, environmental cleanliness and ESD in general. There were 5 schools in Siddhipur village. Each school has Nature Club.

The Committee is the owner of the scheme. The community has participated in the system as follows:

a) As a decision maker: The users through its committee / local ward level groups/ women groups participated in each and every aspects of decision making regarding the system.

b) As an implementor: the users have participated the system with technical and management support provided from external agencies like ENPHO and CIUD. During the construction phase, the local people provided their contribution by cash, kind and labor.

c) As an Supervisor and Monitor: The local people provided closely supervision and monitoring of the scheme.

Action Plan In order to impelement the project, the user's committee prepared Action Plan as follows:

Preparatory Phase: September 2005

Mass meeting/ awareness on the implementation of the project Preparation of detail action plan Set up Siddhipur Water and Sanitation users committee and its registration Preliminary meeting with community people in different communities.

Study and planning phase - September-December 2006:

Study on Social structure/ household survey Designing and estimate work Evaluation in perspective of environment Discussion with community people Mobilization of peoples participation

Implementation phase: December 2005-July 2006

Improvement of water and sanitation system through construction works Institutional development and capacity building program. Tariff structure

Follow up and Evaluation phase: July - September, 2006

Internal and external evaluation Report preparation Organization of National Workshop to disseminate the outcomes of the project

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Gender Assessment The project has focused on gender perspective during its implementation. First of all, gender assessment was done through focus group discussion. It was found as follows:

Questionnaire & Focus Group discussions Division of labor. Access and control Specific information on HIV/AIDS Participation in water and sanitation programmes Status and position of women

Literacy rate among women is low (52.9 %) but most young girls go to school 23 women’s saving groups are active Women tend to have a heavy work load Generally women have access and control over decisions Very little access and control is in issues related to guthis

Conclusions from Gender Assessment

Unlikely that project will not have significant negative impact on the role of women and gender relations

Project needs to work towards lowering the burden on women.

A serious attempt should be made towards increasing the role of women in planning and decision making.

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[D] PROJECT REVIEW Water and Sanitation is still a serious problem in many parts of Nepal. Likewise, Siddhipur 10 km. away from Kathmandu is also facing a severe problem on these issues. Hereby in joint effort of UN HABITAT and ENPHO integrated water and sanitation project was started from September 2005. The project was designed to implement by the Local Community so that it could be economical and sustainable. So, the water and sanitation users’ committee was formed by the community people under the chairmanship of Mr. Krishna Kumar Maharjan .Chairman of Siddhipur Community Learning Center as well as Ex.VDC Chairman. The users committee has been implementing the project with technical support from ENPHO and financial support from UN HABITAT. The program also includes Capacity Building of the community people through various training programs, study visit and support for project management. The project has major two component water supply and sanitation improvement. So far, the 6,000 people in the village have been drinking untested water from 52 public taps and 16 traditional wells. In order to improve the situation of drinking water the project includes intake improvements, installation of filtration system, laying a new pipe lines, improvement of a distribution network. Another component is sanitation .Present situation of sanitation in the village is very poor, there is lack of awareness on sanitation, less than 40% households have toilets. Most of them use open toilets. There is lack of drainage system and so on. The major activities on sanitation were:

Awareness raising activities Training on household waste management Applications of house hold waste by the villagers Construction of eco-san toilets Construction of sewerage system and public septic tank etc

After implementation of the project now it could be seen many changes in the sanitation situation, the village is clean all most all household use eco-san toilets. They managed their household waste by themselves. They are earning from household waste by making compost and getting better quality of compost from eco san toilets. It helps them to get more production in their agriculture fields especially in vegetable gardens. The project is almost completed. The impacts of the project could see many changes in the communities Therefore, the villagers and stakeholders were very happy with the impact of the project. One article from Mr. Bikash Sangraula posted on Server Time on 2006-09-15 is given below as it is:

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Siddhipur Sets pace in eco-friendliness

- Bikash Sangraula Siddhipur, The sleepy village of Siddhipur,some 10 kilometers south-east of Kathmandu, is waking up to calls fro eco-friendliness. The village of 1,300 households, where most men folk toil in the fields and the women weave hay mattresses to augment family incomes, has embraced eco-friendly sanitation and is to have its own supply of chlorinated drinking water from October. Despite being a small village steeped in superstition and traditional practices, Siddhipur has left the capital Kathmandu far behind when it comes to eco-friendliness. Till a year ago, things were different. Only half the houses in the village had toilets then. Even in houses with toilets, only the males were allowed to use them while females were forced to answer nature’s call in the open fields. This was to prevent the pit below the toilet from filling up too soon. “Even college girls had to take to the fields” said Mingma Gyalzen Sherpa, program manager of Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) Today, most of the houses have built ECOSAN toilets that are cost effective and eco-friendly. The toilets collect solid and liquid waste in separate containers. While urine is sprinkled in the kitchen garden as fertilizer, the solid waste is dis-infected with ash and processed in sealed containers before being used as fertilizer. An ECOSAN toilet does not use water, unlike commode toilets where water is used to flush down waste, thus converting the water itself into waste. For families in Siddhipur who can’t afford their own toilets there are community toilets managed and maintained by a group of families. “So far, the 6,000 people in the village have been drinking untreated water from 52 public taps and 16 traditional wells,” said Krishna Kumar Maharjan. Chief of Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Users’ Committee. The taps run with water from Godavari and the wells are lined with algae. “Soon, things will change. We will be drinking chlorinated water treated in a plant being built near the village,” said Maharjan. For the time being, villagers are using bleach to disinfect water in the wells. The scheme for clean drinking water started in August 2005, with locals providing land for the water collection and treatment facility and UN-HABITAT, ENPHO, Water Aid Nepal and the Center for Integrated Urban Development supporting the scheme financially and technically. The scheme includes intake improvements, installation of a filtration system, laying of new pipelines, improvements of the reservoir and installation and improvements of a distribution network. The rising health and hygiene consciousness has had a range of impact in the village. Empty polythene packets and bags that used to litter the village alleys are rarely seen now. Every villager picks up the polythene waste and outs it in designated places. Village women like Sharada Shrestha use the polythene to make baskets and other items of household use. Similarly, unlike in the capital city, every housewife deposits kitchen waste in compost bins located plentifully in the village. The compost bins process the waste into manure that is used in the fields.

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[E] Implication of the Project The implications of the project from different point of view are given below : The project has been implemented by the community people through its Users Committee with representatives from different wards and high female participation. The committee also formed subject wise sub committees/ groups such as Sanitation committee, education committee, women groups, school based Nature Clubs etc. Thus, most of the community people were directly or indirectly involved in planning and implementation of the project activities. They were also actively involved in supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the project. In order to raise the capacity of the community people, capacity building training programs were organized. The villagers themselves constructed Eco San toilets in the village after getting training on Manson from the project. Similarly, the villagers were utilized as labor, semi-skilled, skilled manpower in the construction works of the scheme. In this way the project has also provided job opportunities to the community people so the villagers were not only beneficiaries of the project but also they were planner and implementer of the project. They were the decision makers. The committee decides the water and sewer tariff policy in consultation with the community people and collects the tariff. So they feel ownership of the scheme and they were proud to take care of the scheme for its maintenance. Under the project activities, the household wastes turned into money through making compost and collection of the plastics to sale by the community people. Similarly most of the villagers were farmers they constructed Eco San Toilets as a private toilets on their houses which help them to improve their environment and also to raise their income through its compost in their fields. Now the villagers were happy to see many changes in the villages in terms of better sanitation compared to the situation of the community before project. Because of different awareness raising programs on health and sanitation, environment organized by the women groups and school nature clubs, community people became more aware. They are also getting sufficient safe drinking water which helped them for improvement of their public health status. This project has proved that the community people can plan and implement the project efficiently and effectively by themselves with the technical and financial support of external agencies if the programs are based on local needs and community resources. Mobilization of the local resources and better coordination with Government, local government, international organizations, and non governmental organizations are the strong points for the effective implementation of the project activities.

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[F]. Further Implementation and Recommendation Future implementation activities will carry out as follows

• Maintenance of the schemes by the Users Committee • Collection of tariff rate and revise the tariff as per need • Distribution of pipe line as per demand • Dissemination of composting technologies to the villagers • Continue awareness raising programs through exhibition and placing hoarding

boards • Educate the children and community people by the School teachers and

students through Nature clubs • Supervision and technical support to the community people.

Recommendations The project has helped a lot to lower the burden on women by making water available in their own houses. They don't have to go and wait in queue for a long time to get some drinking water. They don't have to go out before dawn for resting as they have toilets in their own homes. This has saved a lot of time of women and the time saved could be spent in other productive works. By the project, the community people's capacity have been enhanced on identification of the community problems, planning and implementation of the program as per their needs. Because of improvement of water suply and sanitation situation, community people were benefitted through better income and quality of life improvement. The project has been a very fruitful to the community people. So, the program should be expanded in other areas too.

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Some more pictures

Eco-san toilet (outside view) Eco-san toilet (inside view)

Ms. Laxmi Maharjan, facilitator, explaining on sanitation

Group members in orientation on sanitation

Mr. Krishna Maharjan, Chairman of WATSAN Users' Committee, reporting the project impacts in the community

Ms. Saraswoti Maharjan (learner) expressing her happiness with eco-san

toilet & composting system

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Composting household wastes Observation by Ms. Masako Ota

Reuse of plastics for making useful materials

Collection of plastics for sale

Collection of waste plastics

Weighing the waste plastics