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Competition
The two
flowering
plants are
competing
for the
same space
Which
means both
of them are
harmed.
CompetitionCompetition is when two organisms use the
same space and resources at the same time.
Competition can occur between organisms of the same species or different species
Competitive Exclusion Principle – No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
Kudzu Competition• Kudzu was introduced to the
• United States in 1876 at the• Centennial Exposition in • Philadelphia, PA.
It “outcompetes” other
native plants so they don’t
have a place to grow.
Competition – introduced species
The Eastern Bluebird is being forced
into smaller numbers by the House
Sparrow, an introduced species.
Mutualism – clownfish and anemone
The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in
return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it
(angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of
dirt and debris.
Mutualism
Mutualism is a relationship between two organisms where both of them benefit from the relationship.
This can involve providing food, protection, a place to live or even pollination.
Mutualism - Lichens
Lichens consist of a
fungus with an algae
or photosynthetic
bacterium living
inside the fungus.
The alga provides
food for both of them
and the fungus
provides a habitat for
the alga.
Mutualism – cleaner shrimpThese shrimp set uplarge cleaning stationson the reef where fishwill come to haveparasites picked fromtheir skin. The shrimpgets a constant foodsource and the fish (eelin this case) gets rid ofpotentially dangerousparasites
Cleaner Shrimp on a Grouper
Mutualism – Ant and Aphid
The Aphid and the Ant• Aphids feed on the sap of the plant they are on. • Ants use their antennae to stimulate the aphids and
cause them to excrete from their abdomen a substance called honeydew which is rich in the nutrients ants require.
• Each worker ant goes from aphid to aphid collecting honeydew which she stores in her abdomen until it's full; then, she returns to the nest and regurgitates to feed other members of the colony.
• Ants, in return for the honeydew, protect the aphids from predators such as flies, wasps, and beetles.
• The ants, like human ranchers, sometimes move their aphids to richer grazing grounds.
• YUMMY!
Mutualism – sea slug with algae
The algae
lives in the
sea slug
and makes
food for
both of
them – in
return it
gets a place
to live.
Nitrogen fixing nodules
Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen and the bacteria get food from the plant.
Mutualism - pollinationMany plants depend on
pollinators for their
reproduction. They
provide nectar to attract
these pollinators. So
the pollinator gets fed
and the plant gets
reproduced!
Another Pollinator – note pollen on back legs
Protozoans in cow’s stomachThese protozoans along withbacteria help the cow by digesting cellulose; cows don’t have the enzymes to
do this.
The protozoans and bacteria get a place to live and a continual food source. This is a valuable mutualistic relationship.
Ants and Acacia TreesAcacia trees are found in Central America. Ants hollow out the large thorns of the plant for nests and feed on sweet secretions from the base of each leaf and on the protein rich substance found on the tips of the leaves, The ants in return protect the trees from herbivores that would eat the leaves. With a movement of the branch, ants emerge and release a nasty odor and attack the herbivore.
The ants, againWhen an
experiment
was done
and the ants
were
poisoned, the
acacia trees
died from
being
overtaken
by other
plants and
herbivores.
OxPecker - MutualismThe
oxpecker
eats
parasites
on the
mammal –
food for
the bird
and
removal of
danger
for the
mammal
More Ox peckers(sometimes they are not on an ox..)
Another ox(?)pecker
Caterpillar Ant Mutualism
Cattle Egret - Commensalism
The cattle stir
up
grasshoppers
and other
insects that the
egret likes to
eat. There is
no apparent
benefit to the
cow.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Few examples of commensalism exist because of the difficulty of showing that one of the organisms is not affected by the other. Some of the former cmomensalistic relationships may turn out to be mutualism or parasitism.
Commensalism – shark and remoraThe remora
benefits by
getting food
from the
shark’s meal.
But there is no
apparent
benefit to the
shark.
Remora without its shark
Note the sucker on the head of the remora (or suckerfish)
Commensalism – whale and barnacle
•
The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale, and form the adult. This habitat is a good one for providing food. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.
Commensalism – limpets on mussel shell
ParasitismAdult wasps insert their eggs beneath the skin of the hornworm larva. The eggs hatch and the young feed hornworm until they pupate as shown in the photo. Although the parasite is harmful to the worm,it is important in controlling hornworms in agriculture.
Parasitism
Parasitism is a relationship where one individual benefits and the other is harmed. Parasites rarely kill their hosts because to do so would ultimately harm the parasite!
A tick!
Brood Parasitism - CowbirdsCowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest) in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets most of the food.
This is because the foster birds tend to feed the largest mouth. The cowbird benefits and the other species is harmed.
Mistletoe – a plant parasiteMistletoe lives off the branches and stems of Other trees. It can photo- synthesize a little but not enough to meet its needs. The tree can be very harmed.
Heartworms!The worm larvae are transferred from dog to dog through the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito sucks larval heartworms with blood from an infected dog. The mosquito then bites another dog and transfers these microscopic larva as it bites. During the next few months, these larva migrate through the dogs body arriving at the heart several months later where they becomeadults.
Predator prey
In this Predator-Prey relationship, the spider is eating an insect that it has trapped.
/
Predator-Prey
In a predator-prey relationship one organism benefits and the other is killed.
Web Resourceshttp://elementy.ru/images/eltbook/competitive_exclusion_principle_520.jpg
http://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/+2005/nice-kudzu.jpg
http://www.yahoolavista.com/kudzu/&h=288&w=432&sz=35&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=tp85kKj4SEtsvM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkudzu%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
http://my.core.com/~paper-images/Eastern_Bluebird022v.jpg
http://photogallery.canberrabirds.org.au/images/Sparrow_House_Dabb.jpg
http://www.bigfishhooked.com/clown_fish_and_anenome.jpg
http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_04_img0432.jpg
http://www.richsoil.com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar.jpg
http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/new_species/melibe_digitata.html
http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/images/pests/179.jpg
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts/Asteraceae/15-Liatris%20pollination.jpg
http://z.about.com/f/wiki/e/en/thumb/3/39/Plumpollen0060.jpg/300px-Plumpollen0060.jpg
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zac0278.jpg
http://www.agrotours.com/bio/cr13.jpg
http://pbskids.org/backyardjungle/files.php/2938_discovery_f.jpg
http://blogs.bootsnall.com/Chuck/uploads/Copy%20of%20YellowBilledOxPecker-1.jpg
http://www.wildlifesafari.info/images/birds/oxpecker_yellow-billed.jpg
More Web Resourceshttp://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/impala_knp-9113_blog.jpg
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/video/ant_caterpillarsymbiosis.html
http://mishami.image.pbase.com/u43/jypsee/upload/27771434.anguswithegret.jpg
http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg
http://www.cincinnatidiving.com/Gallery/images/Shearwater/remora.jpg
http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/humptail.jpg
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/benefici/ce174.htm
http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/birds/ohio_birds/images/chipping_sparrow_chick_cowbird-40.jpg
http://www.wcosf.org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600.JPG
http://www.greatlakesbcrescue.org/HealthNTraining/heartworms.JPG
http://www.flickr.com/photos/flashmaggie/50552812