Community Profile for Aged Care Service Providers

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Community Profile for Aged Care Service Providers

Cultural Information Kit 2011

Community Partners Program

Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging Initiative

32 Lithgow Street, Campbelltown NSW 2560

Tel: 02 46206855

Email: [email protected]

www.mdsi.org.au

Macarthur Diversity Services Initiative – Community Partners Program 2011

Egyptian Cultural Profile 2

The Egyptians

Cultural Information Kit 2011

This booklet has been funded by the Department of health and Aging under the

Community Partners Program initiative, and has been developed by Macarthur

Diversity services initiative.

This booklet should be used as a general tool in working withEgyptian clients

Sana Al-Ahmar – MDSI CPP Officer

Disclaimer: Whilst all due care has been taken to ensure the content of this

booklet is accurate, there may be errors or omissions in it, as such no legal

responsibility is accepted for the information and opinion of this booklet.

Macarthur Diversity Services Initiative (MDSI), its employees and agents shall

not be liable for any loss or damage incurred as



CONTENTS

Introduction 4

Geography 5

Population 5

Historical background 5

Language 6

Addressing people 6

Dress 6

Greetings 6

Dress 7

The Arts 7

Religions 8

Islam 8

Religious duties 8

Prayer and ritual purification 9

Dietary requirements 9

End of life in Islam 10

The Coptic 11

The Copts today 11

Coptic Diaspora 12

Copts in Australia 12

Coptic calendar 12

Coptic Sacraments 13

Coptic services 13

Invoking the name of God in the Egyptian culture 14

Egyptian attitude towards aging 15

Egyptian attitudes towards disability

And Mental Health 15

Egyptian health beliefs and practices 15

Fasting 16

Egyptian rituals 16

Egyptian Australians 17

Important events and dates 18

Communicating in Arabic 19, 20, 21

Food of the Egyptians 21, 22, 23

Resources 24



INTRODUCTION

The aim of this resource is to provide a general reference for aged care service

providers in communicating with the Egyptian elderly and to effectively work

with Egyptian Australians in order to provide culturally appropriate care.



Geography

Egypt lies in the north-eastern Africa, with an area

of 386,000 square. It is bordered by Libya to the

west, Sudan to the south, the Palestinian

Territories, Israel and Jordan to the north-east, the

Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to

the east. The Suez Canal links the Red Sea to the

Mediterranean -

The Nile runs for over 1,000 miles within Egypt,

from the south to the Mediterranean in the north.

Egypt is dependent on the Nile for nearly all its

water needs. The vast majority of the remaining

land is made up of sparsely inhabited, arid desert.

Population

The population of Egypt is over 82 Millions, it is relatively homogeneous. Over 90

percent are Arabic-speaking Muslims. Nine percent (possibly more) of the population

is Coptic Christian; other religions and other forms of Christianity comprise the

remaining one percent.

Historical background

Egypt, is one of the main civilisations of the ancient world, has a history that goes

back more than 5000 years. Starting with the

Pharaohs who were able to create a civilisation

based on the banks of the Nile, succeeded by

foreign conquerors, mainly Persian, Greek,

Roman and Byzantine. European influence in

the 19th century gave way to a constitutional

monarchy in 1922. Following the revolution of

1952, Egypt declared itself a Republic in 1953.

Mohammed Hosni Mubarak led Egypt from

1981, until his resignation on 11 February 2011

following an intensive campaign of civil

resistance.



Egypt is the internationally used name but not the name used by the people of the

country. In Arabic, the name is Misr,. It can refer to either the whole country or the

capital city.

"Copt" can be taken to mean "Egyptian" in general, but now commonly means an

Egyptian Christian, technically one belonging to the majority Coptic Church.

Language

Egypt is part of the Arabic speaking world of about 250 million people from Morocco

to Iraq. There is a substantial difference between the written and the spoken

language. Each Arab country has its own dialect but the written language is the

same.

Today, Coptic is the native language of only about 300 Copts around the world. It is

also the language of the native Egyptian Churches (the Coptic Orthodox Church and

the Coptic Catholic Church). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions,

but its teaching within Egypt remains restricted

Addressing people

People are generally addressed by their given name, often preceded by a title of

some kind to address someone by name alone is impolite, especially if they are

older. In general, young defer to old and women to men. Members of the younger

generation are expected to show signs of respect and not to challenge their seniors

and must use the special terms of address for aunts, uncles, and grandparents, as

well as for older nonrelatives

Greetings

A person joining any kind of group, even of strangers, is expected to greet those

already present, handshakes are expected between people from the same gender.

Embracing is also common as a form of greeting, usually among members of the

same gender.



Dress

Public modesty in dress is highly valued in Egypt, many but not all Muslim women

wear the Hijab

The arts

In Egypt today Art is just as important as in ancient times. Egypt has produced many

great writers, Naguib Mahfouz. Music has a long tradition in Egypt. Popular Egyptian

music is very popular in all the Arab world, same with Egyptian films, Today modern

Egyptian films are shown all over the Arab world, which make the Egyptian dialect

the most popular among the Arabic speaking countries.



RELIGIONS

90% of Egyptians are Muslims, 9% Copts and 1% other. The most recent estimates

put the total number of Christians in Egypt over 10%.

In Egypt Muslims and Christians share a common history and national identity; they

also share the same ethnicity, race, culture and language.

ISLAM

Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Islam means

“submission” which signifies that a Muslim is someone

who submits to the will of Allah (God).

Islam also means ‘peace’, believing that true peace

can also be achieved through obedience to God as

taught by the Prophet Muhammad (‘peace be upon him’).

Muslims adhere to the following Articles of Faith:

• Belief in Allah (God) –

– Allah is the one true God who created the world and everything in it.

• Belief in the Prophets -

– Muslims believe in the prophets of whom Muhammad is regarded as the

last and most important.

–

RELIGIOUS DUTIES

The five pillars of Islam form the very foundation on which the faith rests.

1. Declaration of faith - Every Muslim should declare that: There is no other god

but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger.

2. Ritual prayer - Muslims are expected to pray five times a day ,

3. Fasting - During Ramadan (the ninth month of the lunar calendar), Muslims

observe a month-long fast, they abstain from food, drink, smoking .

4. Almsgiving -It is the duty of every Muslim to give to the poor and the needy.

5. Pilgrimage/ The Haj - Once in every Muslim’s life, he or she is required to make

a pilgrimage to Mecca,



• Central to Islam is a theme of oneness. Belief in God’s will in deciding what

happens to them

• Muslims believe in life after death (or the after life)

• Devout and pious Muslims believe that suffering and death are part of God’s plan

and it’s their duty to accept, however difficult, whatever God sends.

PRAYER AND RITUAL PURIFICATION

• Muslims should wash before they pray and since there are five daily prayer times;

purification ritual takes place five times a day.

– These purification rituals could put great demands on staff but

understanding and assistance will minimize any psychological stress that

the client may experience.

– An ill Muslim, even terminally ill, would most likely want to continue the

daily prayers and purification rituals for as long as possible. It would

greatly help if staff could ascertain the exact times involved and render

assistance to ensure privacy.

DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

Most Muslims observe the dietary rules of Islam and while in hospital many will follow

a vegetarian diet, unless halal meat can be provided.

Muslims do not eat pork or pork products, such as ham, bacon, or food which contain

ingredients like pork fat. All other meat is allowed but only if it is halal.

• Dairy products are acceptable provided that only halal animal rennet is used.

Some types of insulin are made from pork products and therefore these will be

prohibited for use.

• Alcohol is expressly forbidden even when used for medicinal purposes.

• Fasting during the month of Ramadan from sunrise to sunset with nothing to eat

and drink



END OF LIFE IN ISLAM

• When a Muslim is near death, those around him or her are called upon to give

comfort, and reminders of God's mercy and forgiveness. They may recite verses

from the Qur'an, give physical comfort, and encourage the dying one to recite

words of remembrance and prayer.

• Upon death, those with the deceased are encouraged to remain calm, pray for

the departed, and begin preparations for burial. The eyes of the deceased should

be closed, and the body covered temporarily with a clean sheet. It is forbidden for

those in mourning to excessively wail, scream, or thrash about

• Once a Muslim dies, the people left behind (same gender) must prepare the body

by washing with clean and scented water, perfuming, and shrouding it. The

funeral prayer is then performed; the deceased is then taken to the cemetery for.

While all members of the community attend the funeral prayers, only the men of

the community accompany the body to the gravesite

• Muslims strive to bury the deceased as soon as possible after death, and the

deceased is buried in a graveyard without a gasket, simply laid in the earth and

covered lying on its right side, and facing the Mecca.

• The official mourning period in Islam is three days where people stay at home

receiving visitors and condolences. The mourning period differs but usually on

7th, 40th and 1 year after death, the deceased are remembered and alms given

to poor. Women wear black for a year or more.



THE COPTS

“Coptic” means “Egyptian,” and Christians living in Egypt

identify themselves as Coptic Christians. As a denomination

they originated in the city of Alexandria, one of the most faithful,

respected, and fruitful cities during the Apostolic Period. The

Coptic Christians acknowledge and herald John Mark, (author

of the Gospel of Mark), as their founder and first bishop

sometime between A.D. 42 - A.D. 62. The Copts, an

indigenous Christian sect, constitutes Egypt’s largest religious

minority.

Today, Copts form over 10% (the population of Copts is a

continuously disputed matter) of Egypt’s population though they

are not ethnically distinct from other Egyptians as they are fully

integrated into the body of the modern Egyptian nation.

The Copts Today

Today, the Coptic Church has spread throughout the world, with churches in many

different countries. The church today maintains communications with the Roman

Catholic Church, as well as others, and it is clear that the desire of the Copts is to

be fully and unequivocally accepted as orthodox Christians by all members of the

Christian world community. As a religious minority, the Copts are subject to

significant discrimination in modern Egypt, and the target of attacks by militant

Islamic extremist groups

Since the early 1980s, the Copts have suffered discrimination in Egypt: restrictions

have been placed on their religious freedom, Coptic institutions have been placed

under government scrutiny, the role of Copts in the Egyptian government has been

reduced, and Coptic communities have been attacked by Islamic fundamentalists.

The response of the Coptic community in general has been peaceful, although a

small segment seeks political autonomy and self-rule.

Copts complain of being minimally represented in law enforcement, state security

and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of

their religion. The Coptic community, as well as several human rights activists and

intellectuals, maintain that the number of Christians occupying government posts is



not proportional to the number of Copts in Egypt.

Coptic Diaspora

There are about 4 million Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the

Diaspora Copts. The term Coptic remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives,

as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Outside of Egypt and Sudan, the

largest Coptic Diaspora population is in the United States and Canada.

Sudan has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended

from more recent Egyptian immigrants Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities,

They number up to 500,000, or slightly over 1% of the Sudanese population. Due to

their advanced education, their role in the life of the country has been more

significant than their numbers suggest. They have occasionally faced forced

conversion to Islam, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number.

Copts in Australia

Congregations of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia are served by two Coptic

Orthodox Dioceses with over 50 parishes, two Monasteries, two theological Colleges

and five schools. The Coptic Church is a member of National Council of Churches in

Australia. Currently, the Coptic Orthodox Church has as many 100,000 members in

Australia (in Sydney alone it is estimated that there are 70,000 Copts, with numbers

in Melbourne in the tens of thousands)

The current head of the Coptic Orthodox Church is Pope Shenouda III.

Coptic Calendar

The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic

Orthodox Church and also by Ethiopia as its official calendar (with different names).

The Coptic calendar has thirteen months, twelve with thirty days each and a month

at the end of the year which has five or six days depending on whether the year is a

leap year or not.



Coptic Sacraments

Copts observe seven canonical sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist,

Confession (Penance), Orders, Matrimony, and Unction of the sick. Regular

confession with a personal priest, called the father of confession, is necessary to

receive the Eucharist. It is customary for a whole family to pick the same priest as a

father of confession, thus, making of that priest a family counsellor. Of all seven

sacraments, only Matrimony cannot be performed during a fasting season.

Polygamy is illegal, divorce is not allowed except in the case of adultery, annulment

due to bigamy, or other extreme circumstances, which must be reviewed by a

special council of Bishops. Divorce can be requested by either husband or wife.

The Church does not have an official position vis-a-vis some controversial issues

(e.g. abortion). While the church has clear teachings about such matters (e.g.

abortion interferes with God's will), it is the position of the Church that such matters

are better resolved on a case-by-case basis by the father of confession, as

opposed to having a blanket canon that makes a sin of such practices.

Coptic Services

The main Coptic Services, like those of most other Christian churches, are held on

Sundays. During the service women and men don't mix, they sit separately on

each side of the church . Also during communion, they go to different chambers on

the sides of the alter where the women cover their hair in respect of the ceremony.

While the seating is separated for women and men during Sunday services and

also funerals, during wedding they may sit together.

A kind of rare tradition is also found in the Egyptian Coptic Church. Holy bread,

called “Qurban”, which is distributed after the service in the church. “Qurban” bread

is round, decorated with a cross in the middle that is surrounded by twelve dots.

The dots represent the twelve disciples of Jesus. It is very common for people

visiting each other after mass to offer some and normally it can never be refused.

The Holy Week is most sacred to all Copts. On Holy Thursday, Egyptian Copts

have a tradition of visiting and praying in seven Coptic Churches after mass. It is an

event where families and friends gather and walk around from one church to

another in commemoration of the Last Supper.



Invoking the notion of God

Egyptians frequently invoke the notion of God and his power. Any statement

about the future, for instance, is likely to contain the injunction, "God willing,"

showing that the ultimate determination of the intention is up to God.

In Egypt, there are other possible elaborations. For some, who focus on God

as all-powerful, religious practice involves seeking God's help in over-coming

problems and seeking favorable outcomes, for instance, with regard to

recovery from disease or misfortune. Around this notion has grown up a series

of practices involving visits to shrines.



EGYPTIAN ATTTUDES TOWARDS AGING

� Elders are highly respected by the community and their extended family

� There is a strong family involvement in looking after older people. Elderly

Egyptians expect their families to look after them

� Reluctance to enter into residential care, new concept for many Arabs including

Egyptians. It is a place where you go and die

� The family must be consulted in all aspects of health care and the needs of the

elderly person

� Arabic residential facilities and or having staff who speaks Arabic

� Many may think that residential aged care services might not understand their

cultures and thus they might have a problem being there

� Residential services need to be understanding of the needs of CALD, their

cultures and religions

EGYPTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARDS DISABILITY AND MENTAL

HEALTH

� People with disability and mental illness are stigmatized within the Egyptian

community

� Families may hide or deny that they have someone in the family with disability or

mental health illness

� Children with disabilities are unwanted

EGYPTIAN HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

� Egyptians tend to combine the modern health system with traditional practices

such as herbal remedies

� They tend to seek help from an Arabic speaking practitioner

� They may take drugs recommended by friends

� May stop taking the drug as soon as they feel better

� Women might need to be treated by a practitioner from the same gender

FASTING



Fasting is seen as a spiritual exercise by both Muslims and Christians.

� Muslims abstain from food and drink from sunrise to sunset, during the month of

Ramadan. Some particularly devout Muslims also fast on other days in the

Islamic calendar such as the birth of the profit

� Egyptian Christians fast over 200 days a year mostly in the periods leading up to

Christmas and Easter, as well as Wednesdays and Fridays of each week. They

avoid meat, fish and dairy. Copts see fasting as an exercise in self-denial and

Christian obedience. All Coptic Orthodox Christians are expected to fast following

a prescribed set of guidelines. Dispensation is however granted under special

circumstances, such as pregnancy and sickness

EGYPTIAN RITUALS

Stages of life are an important area of religious practice, and one that is largely

shared by Muslims and Christians.

� Egyptians celebrate a naming ceremony normally one week after a baby's birth;

this is a mixture of Islamic (or Coptic) and "traditional" elements, and is basically a

family celebration to incorporate the newborn into the family

� All boys are circumcised, generally as infants

� . After a death, both Muslims and Christians try to bury the body the same day.

Condolences are paid immediately, and again after forty days and after a year.

The Islamic condolence sessions are often marked by Koran reading



EGYPTIAN AUSTRALIANS

According to the Australian 2006 Census, 33,494 Australian residents declared that

they were born in Egypt and 31,786 declared that they were of Egyptian ancestry

either alone or with another ancestry. Most Egyptian Australians have nominated

themselves as being of Coptic ancestry The majority of Egypt-born Australian

residents are in Sydney and Melbourne with smaller communities located in Perth,

Adelaide, and Brisbane.

Immigration from Egypt was significant in the late 1940s and 1950s, with minorities

escaping the growing Arab nationalist movement in Egypt which saw the overthrow

of the Egyptian monarchy and the subsequent Suez Crisis.

However the majority of Egyptian-Australians are Copts, with 19,928 Australian

residents declaring membership of the Coptic Orthodox Church at the 2006 Census.

80.8% of Egyptian born Australians arrived to Australia prior to 1996



IMPORTANT EVENTS AND FESTIVALS

Sham Al-Naseem 21 March -(first day of spring celebration

and the Coptic Easter Monday) is celebrated nationwide in

practically all regions and by all social classes, it is an ancient

Egyptian Spring and Harvest Festival. Marked by a breakfast

of salted fish, spring onions, lettuce and coloured eggs which

is consumed in gardens or parks

Revolution day – 23 July – Egyptian Independence Day

MUSLIM IMPORTANT DATS

� Eid Al-Fitr which comes at the end of Ramadan (when Muslims refrain from

eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset)t. Special cookies sprinkled with

powdered sugar (Kahk) are baked and offered to guests. IN 2011 Ramadan starts

on 1 August and Eid Al-Fitr on 29 or 30 August

� Eid Al-Adha – 2 months and 10days after Eid Al-Fitr (approximately 10 November

2011). Those who can afford it have to sacrifice a lamb. The meat is then

distributed to the poor and part of it is consumed by family and friends

� The Prophet’s Birthday – Marks the birth of the prophet Mohammad. People

consume Halawat Al Moulid which is a variety of sweets cooked with different

types of nuts

CHRISTAN /COMPTIC IMPORTANT DAYS

� Christmas – January 7

� Easter – Sham Al-Nassim (Easter Monday)

� On both Christmas and Easter days Copts break their fast with a variety of dishes

made of beef and poultry. Cookies (kahk) is bas=ked and served



COMMUNICATING IN ARABIC

Numbers

Zero: sifr

One: wahid

Two: ithnin

Three: thalatha

Four: arba'a

Five: khamsa

Six: sitta

Seven: sab'a

Eight: thamania

Nine: tis'a

Ten: ashra

Good morning Sabahelkhair

Good evening Masaelkhair

Hello Marhaba/Salam

Goodbye Ma alsalama

How are you Keifak (M) kaifik (f)

Good/I am well Kouis (m)/ Kouisa (f)

Not good Taaban (m)/ Taabana (f)

Now alaan

Sick Marid (ayyan)(m)/ Marida (ayyana) (f)

Yes Aiwa/Naam

No La

Thank you Shukran

Please Min fadlik

My name is ismi ……..

What is your name Shou ismak

Today alyoum

Tomorrow Bukra

Yesterday Albariha

Cold Bard

Hot Har

Pain waja’/Alem

Where is the pain wein alwaja’?

Bath hammam

Toilet twalet

Medication Dawaa’

Tablets Hubboub



Injection Ibra

Hospital mustashfa

Family Al-aila

Slowly Ala mahlak

Important Mouhim

Do you need a doctor Hal tahtaj doctor

Body parts

Head Raas

Eye Ayn

Ear Ithen

Face wajeh

Head raa’s

Teeth asnan

Chest sadir

Back dahar

Shoulder katif

Leg rijil

Stomach mii’dah

Arm yad

How are you?: kef Halak?

Fine thanks: Kuwaies al-Hamdulillah

What's your name? Shou ismaka?

My name is? ismi ----- ?

I understand: ana fahim

I don't understand: la afham

I speak?: ana atakallam ?

English: inglizi

I don't speak Arabic: la-atakallam arabi

God willing – Insha’ allah

Where is (the)??: Ain (al-----)



FOOD OF THE EGYPTIANS

Egypt has a variety of national dishes. Ful (pronounced "fool," bean paste), tahini

(sesame paste), koushari (lentils, macaroni, rice, and chickpeas), aish baladi (a pita-

like bread), kofta (spicy, minced lamb), and kebab (grilled lamb pieces) are the most

popular.

Koushari (Lentils, Macaroni, Rice, and Chickpeas)

Ingredients

Rice -- 1 cup

Macaroni pasta -- 1 cup

Lentils -- 1 cup

Oil -- 2 tablespoons

Onion, chopped finely -- 1

Garlic, minced -- 2 to 3 cloves

Tomato sauce or crushed tomatoes -- 2 cups

Pepper flakes -- 1/2 to 1 teaspoon

Salt and pepper -- to taste

Oil for frying

Onion, sliced thinly -- 1

Salt and pepper -- to taste

Method

1. Cook the rice and 2 cups of water in a covered pot until done, about 20 minutes.

Cook the macaroni according to package directions, or until al dente. Simmer the

lentils and 2 cups of water in a covered pot until tender, 30-45 minutes.

2. While the rice, pasta and lentils are cooking, heat the olive oil in a sauté pan over

medium-high heat. Add the chopped onions and garlic and sauté until the onions

are translucent and wilted, 4-5 minutes. Stir in the tomato sauce and pepper

flakes, reduce heat to medium-low and simmer for 10-15 minutes, add a little

water if necessary. Season with salt and pepper and set aside.

3. Heat about 1/2-inch of oil in a heavy skillet. Add the sliced onions and fry until

they turn brown and crispy. Drain on paper towels.

4. Place the rice, macaroni and lentils in a large bowl, season with salt and pepper

and stir together gently with a fork. Portion the mixture into individual bowls and

spoon some tomato sauce over each portion. Top with crispy fried onions and

serve hot or at room temperature.



Aish bread, means "life." It accompanies most meals and is served in various forms.

The most common bread is pita, usually made with whole wheat (or sometimes

white) flour. Long, skinny French-style loaves of bread are also widely eaten

throughout the country. Traditional Egyptian cheeses, as well as feta imported from

neighboring Greece, are frequently served alongside bread at meals.

Ful (creamy bean paste made from fava beans), one of the country's several national

dishes, is a typical breakfast meal. It is often served in a spicy sauce, topped with an

egg. Lunch, normally served between 2 P.M. and 4 P.M. , usually includes meat or

fish, rice, bread, and seasonal vegetables. Salad ( mezza, or mezze if more than one

is served), topped with typical Middle Eastern fare such as olives, cheese, and nuts,

may also be eaten. Meat (usually lamb, chicken, fish, rabbit, or pigeon), vegetables,

and bread make up a typical dinner in Egypt. Tea and a dessert, such as baklava

(honey pastry), basbousa (cream-filled cake), or konafa (cooked batter stuffed with

nuts), are familiar after-dinner treats.

Tea and coffee are widely consumed, (often mint tea), usually offering both full of

sugar gyptians also enjoy a drink called sahleb, made from wheat, milk, and chopped

nuts.

For a typical dessert, Egyptians may serve mint tea with sugar and a sweet, flaky

pastry called baklava.

Ful Mudammas with Tomato

Ingredients

• 1 15-ounce can cooked fava beans

• ¼ cup olive oil

• 1 small onion, chopped

• ½ cup tomato sauce

• ½ teaspoon salt

• ¼ teaspoon black pepper

• ¼ teaspoon paprika

• A few sprigs of fresh parsley

• Pita bread

Directions

1. In a skillet, sauté the chopped onion in the olive oil until the onion is

transparent. Add salt, pepper, and tomato sauce.

2. Drain and rinse the fava beans, and add to the tomato mixture.



3. Cook over medium heat 5 to 7 minutes, stirring occasionally.

4. Pour into serving dish, and garnish with paprika, parsley, and olive oil.

Serve with pita bread.



Sources of information

1. Egyptian migration to Australia, overview and bibliography – Stephanie Hoe

2oo6 www.potduck.com/egypt/pdf/History_of_Egyptian_Migration.pdf

2. Department of immigration and citizenship – Egypt-born historical background

http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-

summ/_pdf/egypt.pdf

3. Wikipedia

4. The Australian people: an encyclopedia of nation

5. UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-

living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-

africa/egypt/

6. Countries and their culture http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/Egypt.html

7. Victorian Transcultural psychiatry unit

http://www.vtpu.org.au/resources/communityprofiles.html

8. The Egyptians in Sydney, Stephanie Ho and Paul Ashton

www.epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index/php/sydney_journal/index

9. Multicultural equity & access program, Arabic speaking community profile

2010

http://www.miceastmelb.com.au/documents/pdaproject/CulturalProfiles/Arabic

CulturalProfile2010.pdf

10. AN OVERVIEW OF THE COPTIC CHRISTIANS OF EGYPT BY LARA ISKANDER AND JIMMY DUNN

11. Countries and their cultures http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/Egypt.htm

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt

Documents

Community Profile for Aged Care Service Providers