Comparing the Intensive Properties

Between Niobium and an Unknown

Metal

Luke Emery Matthew Wilson

Cousino High School

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PurposeTo identify an unknown metal using properties of specific heat and linear thermal expansion.

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Specific HeatThe amount of heat per unit of mass to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius

Intensive property

Unique to each element

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Linear Thermal ExpansionThe change in length of a material based on a change in temperature

Intensive property

Unique to each element

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Key TermsCalorimeter: tool used for measuring specific heat

Equilibrium: state of rest or balance

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What is niobium?Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801

Silver – gray metal

Atomic number is 41

Symbol is Nb

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What are niobium’s uses?Bonding stainless steel components

Automotive industry

Chemical manufacturing

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Purification of Niobium

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HypothesisThe unknown metal will be identified as niobium if the value of specific heat is within a 3% error range, and the value of linear thermal expansion is within a 2% error range.

Specific Heat Materials

Linear Thermal Expansion Materials

Specific Heat Data

Niobium Specific Heat

Unknown Metal Specific

Heat

Average -34.1613% 24.6792%

Table 1. Average Percent Errors

Linear Thermal Expansion Data

Niobium Linear Thermal

Expansion

Unknown Metal Linear

Thermal Expansion

Average -66.454% 11.070%

Table 2. Average Percent Errors

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Statistical TestTwo-sample t test

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Two-Sample t TestTwo SRS from two distinct populations

Standard deviations of the population are not known

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Two-Sample t TestHypotheses:

Specific Heat Data

Figure 1. Normal Probability Plot of Niobium Specific Heat

Specific Heat Data

Figure 2. P-Value Bell Curve

P-value =

Linear Thermal Expansion Data

Figure 3. Normal Probability Plot of the Unknown Metal Specific Heat

Linear Thermal Expansion Data

Figure 4. P-Value Bell Curve

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ConclusionRejected the null hypothesis for specific heat

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Design FlawsKeeping water at a constant temperature of 100ºC

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Errors in ExperimentationTransfer of metals

Rusting tongs

Wooden jig usage

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Real-World Application

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Works CitedArumugam, S., and A. Ramalingam. "Experimental Study on Specific Heat of Hot Brine for Salt Gradient Solar Pond Application." Department of Physics, Govt. Arts College, Dharmapuri. Department of Physics, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University, Gandhigram – 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India.. (2012): 957-961. Print. <http://www.sphinxsai.com/2012/july_sept12/Chem/pdfchem/CT=18(956-961) JS 12.pdf>. Hester, Jerry. "223 Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion." 223 Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion. Clemson University, 2006. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.

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Works CitedHidnert, Peter. "Thermal Expansion of Titanium." National Bureau of Standards 30 (1943): 101-05. National Institute of Standards and Technology. U.S. Department of Commerce. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. Howling, D.H., E. Mendoza, and J.E. Zimmerman. "Preliminary Experiments on the Temperature-Wave Method of Measuring Specific Heats of Metals at Low Temperatures." Proceedings of the Royal Society. (2013): n. page. Print. <http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/229/1176/86.abstract>.

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Works CitedK., Jagannath, Chandrashekar Bhat, Raghavendra Prabhu, and S. S. Sharma. Thermal Expansion Coefficient for Lead-Graphite and Lead-Iron Metal Matrix Composition (2012): 20-24. Planetary Scientific Research Center. Planetary Scientific Research Center, 16 June 2012. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. "Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion." Thermal Expansion. Nondestructive Testing Resource Center, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.

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Works CitedNave, R. "Specific Heat." HyperPhysics. HyperPhysics, 7 Jun 2004. Web. 24 Mar 2013. <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html>. Steele, Charles A., Mason A. Hines, and Lara Rutherford. "Specific Heat Capacity Thermal Function of the Cyanoacrylate Fingerprint Development Process,." U.S. Department of Justice. (2012): 1-26. Print. <http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/ThermalFunctionCyanoacrylateDevelopment.pdf>.

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Works CitedUnknown, . "Niobium 101." IAMGOLD. IAMGOLD, 25 Mar 2012. Web. 26 Mar 2013. <http://www.iamgold.com/files/pdf/Niobium 101 Final March 2012.pdf>. Winter, Mark. "Niobium." WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements. The University of Sheffield, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.

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Works CitedUnknown, . "Specific Heat for all the Elements." Periodic Table. Mathematica's ElementData, n.d. Web. 21 Mar 2013. <http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/SpecificHeat.html>.