Comparison of Mutual Funds and Ulips

8/7/2019 Comparison of Mutual Funds and Ulips

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/comparison-of-mutual-funds-and-ulips 1/89

HK^YMNQC^HMK

^ja Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl *GmH( mtakan ~ja hksqylkca sac~my ~m tyhvl~a tblxays mk Mc~miay 9>+

9444" ~jqs qkylvabhkg l kaw cjlt~ay hk ~jhs fhabn+ ^jhs kaw tmbhcx mf GMH hs lk mq~cmoa mf

Hknhl‘s tmbhcx mf bhiaybhsl~hmk lkn lbsm ~ja yasqb~ mf h~s mibhgl~hmk ls l shgkl~myx ~m ~ja W^M ~m

cmkfmyo ~m h~s tyhkchtbas lkn gqhnabhkas yabl~hkg ~m ~ja yanqc~hmk mf ilyyhays ~m ~ylna hk sayvhcas+

^jhs atmcj/olehkg nachshmk jls qsjayan hk l kaw ayl ~jl~ jls ~ylksgyassan fmqy naclnas mf

cmotba~a cmk~ymb ix ~ja tqibhc sac~my mvay ~ja hksqylkca sac~my *bhfa hksqylkca wls kl~hmklbhpan

hk <816 ix oayghkg 9>1 tyhvl~a hksqylkca cmotlkhas ~m fmyo ~ja bhfa Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk Mf

Hknhl *BHC(" wjhba gakaylb hksqylkca wls kl~hmklbhpan wh~j ~ja fmyol~hmk mf gakaylb Hksqylkca

Cmytmyl~hmk *GHC( hk <879(+

^jhs nachshmk mf ~ja GMH jls iaak lccmotlkhan ix l sa~ mf blws lkn yagqbl~hmks gmvaykhkg ~jhs

nmolhk+ Lccmynhkgbx ~ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x Lc~ <888 *^ja

HYNL Lc~( wls aklc~an wh~j ~ja tyanmohklk~ lho mf sa~~hkg qt lk lq~mkmomqs imnx ekmwk ls

~ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x *~ja HYNL( ~m yagqbl~a" tymom~a lkn

aksqya mynaybx gymw~j mf ~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx+

^ja hkfbqz mf kaw tblxays hk im~j bhfa lkn kmk/bhfa sac~mys jls olna ~ja hksqylkca olyea~ l

cmksqoays tlylnhsa+ Lbb kaw tblxays lya s~yhvhkg ~m hk~ymnqca hkkmvl~hva tymnqc~s+ Wjaya ~ja

mbn tblxays *BHC lkn GHC( jlva l fhys~ omvay lnvlk~lga lkn jlva l whna styaln ka~wmye" ~ja

kaw tblxays lya ilkehkg mk ~jahy hkkmvl~hva tymnqc~s lkn sqtayhmy sayvhcas ~m sqyga ~jao ljaln+

H~ hs ~mm smmk ~m slx wjhcj mf ~ja kaw tblxays whbb sqccaan lkn wjhcj mf ~jao whbb tayhsj+ Iq~

~ja mtakhkg qt mf ~ja sac~my hs l s~at ~jl~ whbb ia iakafhchlb im~j ~m ~ja hksqyan ls wabb ls ~ja

hksqyay+

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^JA CMKCAT^ MF HKSQYLKCA

)Hksqylkca hs l cmk~ylc~ ia~waak ~wm tly~has wjayaix mka tly~x clbban hksqyay qknay~leas hk

azcjlkga fmy l fhzan sqo clbban tyaohqos" ~m tlx ~ja m~jay tly~x clbban hksqyan l fhzan lomqk~

mf omkax mk ~ja jlttakhkg mf l cay~lhk avak~+)

Hksqylkca hs l tym~ac~hmk lglhks~ fhklkchlb bmss lyhshkg mk ~ja jlttakhkg mf lk qkaztac~an avak~+

Hksqylkca cmotlkhas cmbbac~ tyaohqos ~m tymvhna fmy ~jhs tym~ac~hmk+ L bmss hs tlhn mq~ mf ~ja

tyaohqos cmbbac~an fymo ~ja hksqyhkg tqibhc lkn ~ja Hksqylkca Cmotlkhas lc~ ls ~yqs~aas ~m ~ja

lomqk~ cmbbac~an+

Fmy Azlotba" hk l Bhfa Tmbhcx" ix tlxhkg l tyaohqo ~m ~ja Hksqyay" ~ja flohbx mf ~ja hksqyan

taysmk yacahvas l fhzan cmotaksl~hmk mk ~ja nal~j mf ~ja hksqyan+ Shohblybx" hk l cly hksqylkca"

hk ~ja avak~ mf ~ja cly oaa~hkg wh~j lk lcchnak~" ~ja hksqyan yacahvas ~ja cmotaksl~hmk ~m ~ja

az~ak~ mf nlolga+

H~ hs l sxs~ao ix wjhcj ~ja bmssas sqffayan ix l faw lya styaln mvay olkx" aztmsan ~m shohbly

yhses+ Hksqylkca hs l oacjlkhso fmy ~ylksfayyhkg yhse lkn yanqchkg yhse ix jlvhkg l blyga kqoiay

mf hknhvhnqlbs wjm sjlya hk ~ja fhklkchlb bmssas mf ~ja gymqt+ Yhse hkjhih~s lc~hmk lkn hs jhgjbx

sqiàc~hva mk lk hknhvhnqlb ilshs+ Hksqylkca miàc~hfhas yhse+ Tamtba ~ylna ~ja tmsshihbh~x mf

fhklkchlb bmss fmy ~ja yabl~hva cay~lhk~x mf ~ja tyaohqo tlhn lkn yahoiqysaoak~ fmy bmss+

Hksqylkca fyaas tamtba ~m ~lea lc~hmk avak hk ~ja flca mf tmsshiba fhklkchlb bmss+ ^jqs" hksqylkca

tymvhnas q~hbh~x avak hf km bmss avay mccqys+

Smoa tamtba iabhava hksqylkca hs shohbly ~m gloibhkg my mtakhkg l slvhkgs lccmqk~+ Kah~jay hs

~yqa+ Wjak xmq tblca l ia~" xmq cyal~a l yhse lkn xmq jlva ~ja cjlkca mf bmshkg lbb my olehkg

omya ~jlk xmqy wlgay+ Hksqylkca cmotlkhas wyh~a tmbhchas fmy tqya km~ stacqbl~hva yhses lkn

hknaokhfx xmq wjak xmq jlva l cmvayan bmss+ Hk ~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx" ~ja wmyn )hknaokhfx)

oalks xmq clkkm~ ia tq~ hk l ia~~ay tmsh~hmk ~jlk xmq waya iafmya ~ja bmss+

9



ILSHC HKSQYLKCA ÂYOHKMBMGHAS

• Hksqyan

^ja taysmk ekmwk ls ~ja tmbhcxjmbnay" l taysmk wh~j hksqylkca cmvaylga+

• Hksqyay

L cmotlkx bhcaksan ~m ~ylkslc~ ~ja iqshkass mf hksqylkca lkn hssqa hksqylkca tmbhchas+

• Tmbhcx

H~'s ~ja wyh~~ak cmk~ylc~ ia~waak lk hksqylkca cmotlkx lkn h~s hksqyan+ H~ nafhkas wjl~

~ja cmotlkx lgyaas ~m cmvay fmy wjl~ tayhmn mf ~hoa lkn nascyhias ~ja mibhgl~hmks lkn

yastmkshihbh~has mf ~ja hksqyan+

• Tyaohqo

H~'s ~ja lomqk~ mf omkax l tmbhcxjmbnay tlxs fmy hksqylkca tym~ac~hmk+

• Cblho

H~'s ~ja km~hca ~m ~ja hksqylkca cmotlkx ~jl~ qknay ~ja ~ayos mf l tmbhcx" l bmss olxia

cmvayan+

• Hknaokh~x

Baglb tyhkchtba ~jl~ stachfhas lk hksqyan sjmqbn km~ cmbbac~ omya ~jlk ~ja lc~qlb clsj

vlbqa mf l bmss iq~ sjmqbn ia yas~myan ~m lttymzhol~abx ~ja sloa fhklkchlb tmsh~hmk ls

azhs~an iafmya ~ja bmss+

• Lgak~

L bhcaksan taysmk my myglkhpl~hmk wjm sabbs hksqylkca lkn yatyasak~s ~ja hksqylkca

cmotlkx ~m ~ja tmbhcxjmbnay+

3



• Iymeay

Lk myglkhpl~hmk my taysmk tlhn ix ~ja tmbhcx jmbnay ~m bmme fmy hksqylkca mk ~jahy iajlbf+

• Nanqc~hiba

H~'s ~ja lomqk~ mf ~ja bmss wjhcj ~ja hksqyan hs yastmkshiba ~m tlx iafmya ~ja hksqylkca

cmotlkx tlxs ~ja iakafh~s+

• Azthyl~hmk Nl~a

^jhs hs ~ja nl~a mk wjhcj ~ja tmbhcx akns+

• Gylca Tayhmn

L tayhmn *qsqlbbx 34 my 3< nlxs( fmbbmwhkg alcj hksqylkca tyaohqo nqa nl~a" m~jay ~jlk~ja fhys~ nqa nl~a" nqyhkg wjhcj lk mvaynqa tyaohqo olx ia tlhn+ Lbb tymvhshmks mf ~ja

tmbhcx yaolhk hk fmyca ~jymqgjmq~ ~jhs tayhmn+

• Bhoh~

H~'s ~ja olzhoqo lomqk~ tlhn ix ~ja hksqylkca cmotlkx qknay ~ja ~ayos mf l tmbhcx+

• Qknaywyh~hkg

^ja tymcass mf cblsshfxhkg lttbhclk~s fmy hksqylkca ix hnak~hfxhkg cjlylc~ayhs~hcs sqcj ls

lga" gaknay" jalb~j" mccqtl~hmk lkn jmiihas+ Tamtba wh~j shohbly cjlylc~ayhs~hcs lya

gymqtan ~mga~jay lkn lya cjlygan l tyaohqo ilsan mk ~ja gymqt's bavab mf yhse+

>



YA\QHYAOAK^S MF LK HKSQYLIBA YHSE

<+ Fymo ~ja taystac~hva mf ~ja hksqyan0

^ja yhse oqs~ ia jhgj+ Bmssas wh~j az~yaoabx jhgj mnns lkn az~yaoabx bmw mnns ohgj~ ias~

ia jlknban hk m~jay wlxs+

^ja bmss oqs~ ia qklffmynliba+

^ja tyaohqo oqs~ ia lffmynliba my" l~ bals~" bmw hk cmotlyhsmk wh~j ~ja tmsshiba bmss+

9+ Fymo ~ja taystac~hva mf ~ja hksqyay0

^ja bmss oqs~ ia fmy~qh~mqs *qkaztac~an hk ~ayos mf ~hohkg lkn olgkh~qna(+

^ja bmss oqs~ kmk/cl~ls~ymtjhc wh~j kah~jay ~ja tmsshihbh~x mf olkx bmssas l~ mka ~hoa my lkx

mka bmss mf mvaywjabohkg olgkh~qna+

^ja bmssas oqs~ ia taysmklb iaclqsa mkbx tamtba clk sqffay bmssas+

^ja bmss oqs~ ia nafhkh~a hk ~hoa" tblca lkn lomqk~+ ^jhs lbbmws fmy l yalsmklibx lccqyl~a

tyanhc~hmk mf bmss lkn ~jqs clbcqbl~hmk mf tyaohqo+

CMKCAT^ MF HKSQYLIBA HKÂYAS^

^ja hksqyan tly~x oqs~ jlva lk hksqyliba hk~ayas~ hk ~ja taysmk my tymtay~x cmvayan+ ^jhs

oalks ~jl~ ja my sja oqs~ s~lkn ~m sqffay l bmss sjmqbn ~ja tayhb mccqy+

Gakaylbbx" hksqyliba hk~ayas~ oqs~ azhs~ l~ ~ja ~hoa ~jl~ ~ja bmss mccqys+

Ya|qhyhkg hksqylkca sqttmy~s ~ja tyhkchtba mf hknaokh~x" wjhcj s~l~as ~jl~ lk hksqyan sjmqbn

cmbbac~ km omya ~jlk ~ja lc~qlb bmss+

1



CMKCAT^ MF HKSQYLKCA HKNQS^YX

^ja hotmy~lk~ fal~qya mf hksqylkca hknqs~yx hs ~ja flc~ ~jl~ km~ oqcj

clth~lb hs ya|qhyan ~m s~ly~ lkn navabmt ~ja iqshkass ~ja a|qh~x ilsa hs

lbwlxs oqcj solbbay ~jlk ~ja bhlihbh~has qknay~leak lkn ~ja yasmqycas

gakayl~an+ ^ja yasmqycas lccqoqbl~hmk hk ~ja fmyo mf yasayvas hkvas~oak~

lkn m~jay lssa~s lya oqcj omya akmyomqs ~jlk ~ja a|qh~x ilsa+ ^ja kaan fmy

lnnh~hmklb clth~lb hkfqshmk hk yastmksa ~m hkfbl~hmk lkn cmksa|qak~

hkcyalsa hk olklgaoak~ aztaksas lkn m~jay hktq~ hs vayx bh~~ba lkn

kmk/azhs~akca+ ^ja tyaohqo hkcmoa gakayl~an lkn tymtay jqsilknhkg mf ~ja

yasmqycas ~lea clya mf ~jhs lstac~+

WJX NM TAMTBA HK HKNHL ^LEA HKSQYLKCA

Tamtba hk Hknhl jlva iaak vhawhkg Hksqylkca" astachlbbx bhfa hksqylkca ls l fmyo mf Hkvas~oak~ +

^jasa lya ~ja cmoomk yalsmks wjx tamtba hk Hknhl ~lea qt hksqylkca0

< Hksqylkca slfagqlyns l taysmk -jhs flohbx -jhs iqshkass lglhks~ tmsshiba bmssas mk lccmqk~ mf

yhses lkn tayhbs+ H~ tymvhnas fhklkchlb cmotaksl~hmk fmy ~ja bmssas sqffayan nqa ~m ~ja

jlttakhkg mf lkx qkfmyasaak avak~s+

9 ^lz Yabhaf0

l+ Qknay Sac~hmk :: mf Hkcmoa ^lz Lc~ " l tmy~hmk mf tyaohqos tlhn fmy bhfa

hksqylkca tmbhchas *BHC( lya nanqc~an fymo ~lz bhlihbh~x+ Shohblybx" azaot~hmk hs

lvlhbliba fmy Jalb~j Hksqylkca Tmbhcx tyaohqos+

i+ Omkax tlhn ls cblho hkcbqnhkg Imkqs qknay l bhfa tmbhcx hs azaot~an fymo

tlxoak~ mf Hkcmoa ^lz+

6



< Akcmqylgas Slvhkgs 0 Lk hksqylkca scjaoa akcmqylgas ~jyhf~ lomkg hknhvhnqlbs+ H~

hkcqbcl~as ~ja jlih~ mf slvhkg cmotqbsmyhbx" qkbhea m~jay slvhkg hks~yqoak~s" wjayahk ~ja

slvan omkax clk ia alshbx wh~jnylwk+

9 ^ja iakafhchlyhas ~m lk hksqylkca cblho lomqk~ lya tym~ac~an fymo ~ja cblhos mf cyanh~mys ix

lffac~hkg l vlbhn lsshgkoak~+

3 Bhfa Tmbhchas lya lccat~an ls l sacqyh~x fmy l bmlk+ ^jax clk lbsm ia sqyyaknayan fmy oaa~hkg

qkaztac~an aoaygakchas+

> Ilsan mk ~ja cmkcat~ mf sjlyhkg mf bmssas" ~ja smcha~x whbb iakafh~ ls cl~ls~ymtjhc bmssas lya

styaln gbmilbbx+

7



^XTAS MF HKSQYLKCA

Hksqylkca jls iaak cblsshfhan hk~m0

• Bhfa Hksqylkca

• Gakaylb Hksqylkca my Kmk/Bhfa hksqylkca

BHFA HKSQYLKCA

Bhfa hksqylkca hs l wyh~~ak cmk~ylc~ ia~waak ~ja hksqyan lkn ~ja hksqyay" ~jl~ tymvhnas fmy ~ja

tlxoak~ mf ~ja hksqyan sqo mk ~ja nl~a mf ~ja ol~qyh~x mf ~ja cmk~ylc~ my mk ~ja qkfmy~qkl~a

nal~j mf ~ja hksqyan" wjhcjavay mccqys alybhay+

^ja nhffayak~ ~xtas mf bhfa hksqylkca lya0

• Wjmba Bhfa Lssqylkca Tblks

• âyo Lssqylkca Tblks

• Lkkqh~has

KMK BHFA HKSQYLKCA

^jaya lya vlyhmqs iymln cl~agmyhas mf kmk/bhfa my gakaylb Hksqylkca ls fmbbmws0

Jalb~j Hksqylkca0

@qs~ bhea mka bmmes ~m slfagqlyn mkas walb~j" ~jasa tmbhchas aksqya gqlynhkg ~ja hksqyay's jalb~j

lglhks~ lkx clbloh~has ~jl~ olx clqsa bmkg ~ayo jlyo ~m mkas bhfa lkn avak jlotay mkas alykhkg

lihbh~x fmy l bhfa~hoa+ Smoa azlotbas mf ~jhs ~xta mf tmbhcx lya oanhcblho tmbhcx" taysmklb

lcchnak~" gymqt lcchnak~" ~ylffhc lcchnak~" a~c+

:



Iqshkass Hksqylkca0

Yhses mf bmss mf tymfh~s-iqshkass" gmmns" tblk~ lkn olcjhkayx lya oms~ tymfmqkn hk clsa mf

iqshkass+ Qknay ~jhs jaln ~jax cmvay ~ja oms~ whnabx qsan tmbhchas ~jl~ cmvay l iqshkass fymo

lkx bmss mf ~ja limva ehkn+ Smoa mf ~jasa tmbhchas lya iqygblyx hksqylkca" sjmteaatays

hksqylkca" eax/olk hksqylkca" olyhka hksqylkca" tqibhc bhlihbh~x hksqylkca" wmyeoak

cmotaksl~hmk hksqylkca" lhy ~ylksh~ hksqylkca" fhnabh~x gqlylk~aa hksqylkca a~c+

Lq~momihba Hksqylkca0

Lq~m Tmbhcx hs ya|qhyan ~m ia ~leak ~m cmvay ~ja yhses ~jl~ lyhsa ~m ~ja mwkay" vajhcba lkn ~jhyn

tly~x+ ^jhs hkcbqnas ~ja Cmotqbsmyx Vajhcba Tmbhcx *Hk Hknhl" ix ~ja Om~my Vajhcbas Lc~" avayx

cly mwkay hs ya|qhyan ~m cmvayan lglhks~ Lc~ yhses( lkn ~ja Cmotyajakshva Vajhcba Tmbhcx+

Fhya Hksqylkca0

^jhs tmbhcx hs ya|qhyan ~m ia ~leak ~m tyavak~ lkx bmss mf tymfh~s - tymtay~x fymo hkchnak~lb fhya+

Ag0 fhya hksqylkca lkn fhya cmksa|qak~hlb bmss tmbhcx+

^ylvab Hksqylkca

Avayx xaly kqoiay mf ~mqyhs~s nha wjhba ~ylvabbhkg+ ^jax bmsa ~jahy ilgglgas" tlsstmy~s a~c lya

baf~ s~ylknan hk qkflohbhly akvhymkoak~s+ Oanhclb l~~ak~hmk hk l fmyahgk blkn wjhba vayx

aztakshva hs lbsm vayx nhffhcqb~ ~m fhkn hk fmyahgk blkn+ ^ylvab tmbhchas lya nashgkan ~m ~lea clya

mf lbb ~ja tymibaos ~jl~ gakaylbbx mccqy wjhba ~ylvabbhkg" wja~jay nmoas~hc my fmyahgk+

8



IYHAF JHS^MYX MF ^JA HKSQYLKCA SAC^MY HK HKNHL

^ja hksqylkca sac~my hk Hknhl jls cmoa l fqbb chycba fymo iahkg lk mtak cmota~h~hva olyea~ ~m

kl~hmklbhsl~hmk lkn ilce ~m l bhiaylbhsan olyea~ lglhk+ ^ylchkg ~ja navabmtoak~s hk ~ja Hknhlk

hksqylkca sac~my yavalbs ~ja 364 nagyaa ~qyk wh~kassan mvay l tayhmn mf lboms~ ~wm cak~qyhas+

^hbb ~ja akn mf <888/9444" ~wm gmvaykoak~ hksqylkca cmotlkhas" kloabx" Bhfa Hksqylkca

Cmytmyl~hmk *BHC( lkn Gakaylb Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk *GHC( waya ~ja omkmtmbx hksqylkca

*im~j bhfa lkn kmk/bhfa( tymvhnays hk Hknhl+

Hk ~ja xaly 9444/4<" ~ja Hknhlk Gmvaykoak~ bhf~an lbb ak~yx yas~yhc~hmks fmy tyhvl~a sac~my

hkvas~mys+ Fmyahgk hkvas~oak~ hksqylkca olyea~ wls lbsm lbbmwan hk ~ja Hknhlk olyea~ lkn ~ja

flca mf ~ja Hknhlk Hksqylkca sac~my cjlkgan nylol~hclbbx+

Wa whbb fhys~ ~lea l iyhaf bmme l~ ~ja mbn tblxays hk ~ja olyea~ lkn qknays~lkn ~ja tmsh~hmk ~jax

waya hk iafmya ~ja mtakhkg qt mf ~ja Hksqylkca Sac~my+

BHFA HKSQYLKCA CMYTMYL^HMK MF HKNHL *BHC(

Hk <816" 9>1 Hknhlk lkn fmyahgk hksqyays lkn tymvhnak~ smcha~has ~jl~ waya tyavlbak~ hk Hknhl

waya ~leak mvay ix ~ja cak~ylb gmvaykoak~ lkn kl~hmklbhsan ~m fmyo ~ja Bhfa Hksqylkca

Cmytmyl~hmk mf Hknhl *BHC( wh~j l cmk~yhiq~hmk mf Ys+ 1 cymya fymo ~ja Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl+ BHC

wls fmyoan ~m styaln ~ja oasslga mf bhfa hksqylkca hk ~ja cmqk~yx lkn omihbhsa tamtba's slvhkgs

fmy kl~hmk/iqhbnhkg lc~hvh~has+ L omkmbh~j ~jak" ~ja cmytmyl~hmk" ak`mxan l omkmtmbx s~l~qs lkn

iacloa sxkmkxomqs wh~j bhfa hksqylkca+

^mnlx BHC jls h~s cak~ylb mffhca hk Oqoilh lkn savak pmklb mffhcas l~ Oqoilh" Clbcq~~l" Nabjh"

Cjakklh" Jxnayliln" Elktqy lkn Ijmtlb lkn mtayl~as ~jymqgj <44 nhvhshmklb mffhcas hk

<4



hotmy~lk~ ch~has lkn 9"4>: iylkcj mffhcas+ BHC jls 1+18 blej lc~hva lgak~s styaln mvay ~ja

cmqk~yx+ ^ja Cmytmyl~hmk lbsm ~ylkslc~s iqshkass liymln lkn jls mffhcas hk Fh`h" Olqyh~hqs lkn

Qkh~an Ehkgnmo+ BHC hs lssmchl~an wh~j `mhk~ vak~qyas liymln hk ~ja fhabn mf hksqylkca" kloabx"

Eak/Hknhl Lssqylkca Cmotlkx Bhoh~an" Klhymih5 Qkh~an Myhak~lb Lssqylkca Cmotlkx Bhoh~an"

Eqlbl Bqotqy5 lkn Bhfa Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk *Hk~aykl~hmklb(" A+C+ Iljylhk+ H~ jls lbsm ak~ayan

hk~m lk lgyaaoak~ wh~j ~ja Sqk Bhfa *QE( fmy olyea~hkg qkh~ bhkean bhfa hksqylkca lkn takshmk

tmbhchas hk Q+E

BHC smbn 9"39"14"47: hknhvhnqlb tmbhchas lkn alykan l fhys~ tyaohqo hkcmoa mf Ys+<>":>>+41

cymya nqyhkg ~ja fhklkchlb xaly 944</49+

Tms~ bhiaylbhsl~hmk" ~ja cmotlkx hs imqkn ~m flca s~hff cmota~h~hmk fymo ~ja kaway tblxays hk ~ja

olyea~+ Jmwavay" BHC jls ~ja fhys~ omvay lnvlk~lga lkn ~mnlx ~ja cmoomk olk yabl~as bhfa

hksqylkca wh~j BHC lkn ~jhs whbb ia ~ja cmotlkhas ihggas~ lnvlk~lga+

GAKAYLB HKSQYLKCA CMYTMYL^HMK MF HKNHL *GHC(

^ja Gakaylb Hksqylkca iqshkass hk Hknhl wls kl~hmklbhpan wh~j affac~ fymo <+<+<873 ix ~ja

Gakaylb Hksqylkca Iqshkass *Kl~hmklbhpl~hmk( Lc~" <879 lkn l Gmvaykoak~ cmotlkx ekmwk ls

Gakaylb Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk mf Hknhl wls fmyoan+ <47 Hknhlk lkn fmyahgk hksqyays wjhcj waya

mtayl~hkg hk ~ja cmqk~yx tyhmy ~m kl~hmklbhsl~hmk" waya gymqtan hk~m fmqy mtayl~hkg cmotlkhas

kloabx

<+ Kl~hmklb Hksqylkca Cmotlkx B~n+

9+ Myhak~lb Hksqylkca Cmotlkx B~n+

3+ Kaw Hknhl Lssqylkca Cmotlkx B~n+

>+ Qkh~an Hknhl Hksqylkca Cmotlkx B~n+

^ja Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl sqiscyhian ~m ~ja clth~lb mf GHC+ GHC" hk ~qyk" sqiscyhian ~m ~ja clth~lb

mf ~ja limva fmqy cmotlkhas+ Lbb ~ja fmqy cmotlkhas lya gmvaykoak~ cmotlkhas yaghs~ayan

qknay ~ja Cmotlkhas Lc~+

<<



Lbb ~ja limva fmqy sqishnhlyhas mf GHC mtayl~a lbb mvay ~ja cmqk~yx cmota~hkg wh~j mka lkm~jay

lkn qknaywyh~hkg vlyhmqs cblssas mf gakaylb hksqylkca iqshkass azcat~ fmy lvhl~hmk hksqylkca mf

kl~hmklb lhybhkas lkn cymt hksqylkca wjhcj hs jlknban ix ~ja GHC

GHC lkn h~s sqishnhlyhas jlva yatyasak~l~hmk ah~jay nhyac~bx my ~jymqgj iylkcjas hk <: cmqk~yhas

lkn ~jymqgj lssmchl~a- bmclbbx hkcmytmyl~an sqishnhlyhas hk <> m~jay cmqk~yhas+ L sqishnhlyxcmotlkx mf GHC Hknhl Hk~aykl~hmklb Tv~+ B~n+ hs mtayl~hkg hk Shkgltmya lkn ~jahy `mhk~ vak~qya

cmotlkx" Eakhknhl Lssqylkca Cmotlkx B~n+ hk Eakxl+ Mk ~ja wjmba" ~ja fmyahgk mtayl~hmks mf

~ja gakaylb hksqylkca hknqs~yx jlva iaak tymfh~liba+

GHC wls cmkvay~an hk~m Hknhl's kl~hmklb yahksqyay fymo Nacaoiay" 9444 lkn lbb ~ja sqishnhlyhas

wmyehkg qknay ~ja GHC qoiyabbl waya yas~yqc~qyan ls hknataknak~ hksqylkca cmotlkhas+

Hknhlk Tlybhloak~ jls cbalyan l Ihbb mk @qbx 34"9449 nabhkehkg ~ja fmqy sqishnhlyhas fymo GHC+

L satlyl~a Ihbb jls iaak lttymvan ix Tlybhloak~ ~m lbbmw iymeays" cmmtayl~hvas lkn

hk~ayoanhlyhas hk ~ja sac~my+

Cqyyak~bx hksqylkca cmotlkhas/ im~j tyhvl~a lkn tqibhc// jls ~m cana 94 taycak~ mf h~s

yahksqylkca wh~j GHC+ GHC hs tblkkhkg ~m hkcyalsa ya/hksqylkca tyaohqo ix 94 taycak~ wjhcj

wmyes mq~ l~ Ys+ 3444 cy+ GHC hs lc~hvabx cmkshnayhkg ak~yx hk~m mvaysals olyea~s hkcbqnhkg Was~

Lshl" Smq~j/als~ Lshl lkn SLLYC yaghmk+

<9



YALSMKS FMY MTAKHKG QT MF ^JA SAC^MY

HKNQCA CMOTA^H^HMK

H~ wls saak ~jl~ ~jmqgj ~ja wlvas mf cmota~h~hmk waya swaathkg lcymss ~ja acmkmox" BHC lknGHC yaolhk mvays~lffan" jhaylycjhlb omkmbh~jhc omkmtmbhas wh~j bh~~ba cmota~h~hmk avak ia~waak

~ja sqishnhlyhas+ Ls l yasqb~" ~ja cmksqoays lya natyhvan mf iakafh~s sqcj ls whnay ylkga mf

tymnqc~s" affhchak~ sayvhca lkn bmway tyhca mf hksqylkca cmvays+

BHIAYLBHSL^HMK AFFMY^

^ja mtakhkg qt mf Hksqylkca sac~my wls l tly~ mf ~ja mk gmhkg bhiaylbhpl~hmk hk ~ja fhklkchlb

sac~my mf Hknhl+ ^ja cjlkghkg flca mf ~ja fhklkchlb sac~my lkn ~ja ak~yx mf savaylb cmotlkhas hk

~ja fhabn mf bhfa lkn kmk bhfa Hksqylkca sagoak~ lya mka mf ~ja eax yasqb~s mf ~jasa bhiaylbhpl~hmk

affmy~s+ Hksqylkca iqshkass ix wlx mf gakayl~hkg tyaohqo hkcmoa lnns shgkhfhclk~bx ~m ~ja GNT+

JHGJ TYAOHQO LKN BMW YA^QYKS

Tmhk~hkg mq~ ~jl~ ~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx's fqkns lya tyaaot~an ~jymqgj gmvaykoak~/olknl~an

hkvas~oak~s wh~j bmw xhabn" ~ja yatmy~ slhn ~jhs lffac~s ~ja fhklkchlb yasqb~s mf ~ja hksqylkca

cmotlkhas+ ^jhs hs wjx yl~as mf hksqylkca tyaohl lya sm jhgj lkn ya~qyks mk slvhkgs hkvas~an hk

bhfa hksqylkca lya sm bmw+ Hk ~ja lisakca mf cmota~h~hmk" BHC's vls~ olyea~hkg lkn sayvhcas

ka~wmye wls hklna|ql~abx yastmkshva ~m cqs~moay kaans lkn ~jaya wls azcasshva bltsl~hmk mf

tmbhchas+

HKSQYLKCA OMIHBHSL^HMK

^ja ak~yx mf savaylb tyhvl~a hksqylkca cmotlkhas" tly~hcqblybx hk~aykl~hmklb hksqylkca

cmotlkhas" ~jymqgj `mhk~ vak~qyas" whbb staan qt ~ja tymcass mf hksqylkca omihbhsl~hmk+ ^ja

<3



cmota~h~hmk whbb qkbalsj kaw scjaoas lkn iakafh~s" wjhcj whbb ghva cmksqoays l ia~~ay cjlkca

~m slva ls wabb ls hksqya+ ^ja taka~yl~hmk mf Hksqylkca hk Hknhl hs az~yaoabx bmw lkn ~ja mtakhkg

qt mf ~ja sac~my wls saak ls l wlx hkcyalshkg taka~yl~hmk+

FBMW MF FNH

^ja tmbhcx mf ~ja gmvaykoak~ ~m mtak qt ~ja fhklkchlb sac~my lkn ~ja Hksqylkca sac~my hs

aztac~an ~m iyhkg gyal~ay FNH hkfbmw hk ~m ~ja cmqk~yx+

<>



TMÂK^HLB MF ^JA HKSQYLKCA SAC^MY HK HKNHL

BHFA HKSQYLKCA S^L^HS^HCS

Hknhlk Tmtqbl~hmk < ikGNT ls mk 9444 *Ys ihbbhmk( 94444Gymss Nmoas~hc Slvhkgs ls l ! mf GNT 93!As~hol~an Olyea~ ix 9441 614 ohbbhmkSmqyca0 Hknhlhkfmbhka+cmo lkn KCLAY

Hknhl jls lk akmyomqs ohnnba/cblss ~jl~ clk lffmyn ~m iqx bhfa" jalb~j" lkn nhslihbh~x lkn takshmk

tblk tymnqc~s+ ^ja bmw bavab mf taka~yl~hmk mf bhfa hksqylkca hk Hknhl cmotlyan ~m m~jay

navabmtan kl~hmks clk ia `qngan ix l cmotlyhsmk mf tay clth~l bhfa tyaohqo+ Nasth~a ~ja flc~

~jl~ ~ja olyea~ hs vls~ hk Hknhl fmy ~ja Hksqylkca iqshkass" ~ja cmvaylga hs fly bass cmotlyan wh~j

~ja hk~aykl~hmklb s~lknlyns+ As~hol~as sjmw ~jl~ l oalgya 31/>4 ohbbhmk" mq~ mf l tmtqbl~hmk mf

814 ohbbhmk" jlva cmoa sm fly qknay ~ja qoiyabbl mf ~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx+

Hknhl jls ~ylnh~hmklbbx iaak l jhgj slvhkgs myhak~an+ Hksqylkca sac~my hk ~ja Qkh~as S~l~as hs ls

ihg hk shpa ls ~ja ilkehkg hknqs~yx ~jaya+ ^jhs ghvas qs lk hnal mf jmw hotmy~lk~ ~ja sac~my hs+

Hksqylkca sac~my cjlkkabhsas ~ja slvhkgs mf ~ja tamtba ~m bmkg ~ayo hkvas~oak~s+ Hk Hknhl wjaya

hkfyls~yqc~qya hs slhn ~m ia mf cyh~hclb hotmy~lkca" ~jhs sac~my whbb iyhkg ~ja kl~hmks mwk omkax

fmy ~ja kl~hmk+

Bhfa Hksqylkca sac~my hs mka mf ~ja eax lyals wjaya akmyomqs iqshkass tm~ak~hlb azhs~s+ Hk Hknhlcqyyak~bx ~ja bhfa hksqylkca tyaohqo ls l taycak~lga mf GNT hs <+3 taycak~lga lglhks~ 1+9 tay

cak~ hk ~ja QS+ Iq~ hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan scaklyhm" ~ja bhfa hksqylkca tyaohqos waya tymàc~an ~m

gymw l~ lymqkn <:! ~m 94! fymo Ys+ 9<1 ihbbhmk hk <88:/88 ~m Ys+189 ihbbhmk hk 944>/41 lkn ~m

Ys+<>14 ihbbhmk ix 9448/<4+ Cmytmyl~a kmk/bhfa tyaohqo wls tymàc~an ~m gymw fymo Ys+:>

ihbbhmk hk <88:/88 ~m Ys+3:6 ihbbhmk hk 9448/<4 lkn taysmklb bhka kmk/bhfa fymo Ys+> ihbbhmk ~m

Ys+1< ihbbhmk+

^ja tm~ak~hlb olyea~ hs sm jqga ~jl~ h~ clk gymw ix <1 ~m <7 tay cak~ tay lkkqo+ Kmw wh~j ~ja

ak~yx mf tyhvl~a hksqylkca cmotlkhas" ~ja Hknhlk Hksqylkca Olyea~ olx fhklbbx ia liba ~m olea

naatay taka~yl~hmk hk~m kaway sagoak~s lkn aztlkn ~ja olyea~ shpa olkhfmbn+

YAFMYOS HK ^JA SAC^MY

<1



^ja algaybx lwlh~an Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x *HYNL( Ihbb ~m mtak ~ja

hksqylkca sac~my hk Hknhl ~m tyhvl~a lkn fmyahgk tblxays" wls tlssan ix ~ja Bme Slijl mk

Nacaoiay 9" <888 lkn ix ~ja Yl`xl Slijl mk Nacaoiay 7" <888+

^ja Ihbb saaes ~m gylk~ s~l~q~myx s~l~qs ~m ~ja hk~ayho Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx Lq~jmyh~x lkn loakn

~ja <83: Hksqylkca Lc~" ~ja <816 Bhfa Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk Lc~ lkn ~ja <879 Gakaylb

Hksqylkca Iqshkass *Kl~hmklbhpl~hmk( Lc~ ~m akn ~ja tqibhc sac~my omkmtmbx+ ^ja HYNL Ihbb

hkcmytmyl~as ~ja yacmooaknl~hmks olna ix ~ja tlybhloak~lyx S~lknhkg Cmooh~~aa mk Fhklkca+

Slbhak~ Fal~qyas mf Hksqylkca Sac~my Yafmyo Ihbb0

^ja ihbb saaes ~m yagqbl~a" tymom~a lkn aksqya mynaybx gymw~j mf ~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx lkn

tymvhnas fmy smbvakcx kmyos lkn stachfhas ~jl~ ~ja fqkns mf tmbhcxjmbnays wmqbn ia ya~lhkanwh~jhk ~ja cmqk~yx+

^ja ohkhoqo clth~lb ya|qhyaoak~ fmy bhfa lkn gakaylb hksqylkca jls iaak ya~lhkan l~ Ys <44

cymya *.93+49 ohbbhmk( lkn fmy yahksqylkca fhyos l~ Ys 944 cymya *.>6+4> ohbbhmk( ls tymvhnan

hk ~ja alybhay HYL Ihbb+

H~ jls iaak s~htqbl~an ~jl~ ~ja lggyagl~a fmyahgk jmbnhkg hk lk Hknhlk hksqylkca cmotlkx

sjlbb km~ azcaan 96 tay cak~ mf ~ja tlhn/qt a|qh~x+ Omyamvay" ~m tymvhna l bavab tblxhkg fhabn"

H~ jls iaak tymtmsan ~jl~ ~ja Hknhlk tymom~ays wmqbn lbsm ia ya|qhyan ~m iyhkg nmwk ~jahy

a|qh~x jmbnhkg ~m 96 taycak~ lf~ay l tayhmn mf <4 xalys fymo ~ja cmooakcaoak~ mf iqshkass+

^ja Ihbb jls tymtmsan smbvakcx olyghks mf Ys+ 14 cymyas *QS . <<+1< ohbbhmk( fmy bhfa lkn

gakaylb Hksqylkca lkn Ys+ <44 cymyas *QS . 93+49 ohbbhmk( fmy yahksqylkca cmotlkhas+

HYNL" hk lnnh~hmk ~m m~jay fqkc~hmks" wmqbn sqtayvhsa ~ja fqkc~hmkhkg mf ~ja ^lyhff Lnvhsmyx

Cmooh~~aa *^LC( lkn stachfx ~ja taycak~lga mf tyaohqo hkcmoa mf ~ja hksqyays ~m ia sa~

lshna ~m fhklkca scjaoas fmy tymom~hkg lkn yagqbl~hkg tymfasshmklb myglkhpl~hmks hk ~ja

hksqylkca sac~mys+

<6



YAGQBL^MYX LQ^JMYH^X

HKSQYLKCA YAGQBL^MYX LKN NAVABMTOAK^ LQ^JMYH^X

HYNL hs fmyoan ls lk lq~jmyh~x ~m tym~ac~ ~ja hk~ayas~s mf jmbnays mf hksqylkca tmbhchas" ~m

yagqbl~a" tymom~a lkn aksqya mynaybx gymw~j mf ~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx+

Wh~j ~ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~ Lc~" ~ja fmcqs sjhf~an ~m ~ja fmbbmwhkg0

• ^ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x *HYNL( sjmqbn ghva tyhmyh~x ~m

jalb~j hksqylkca wjhba hssqhkg cay~hfhcl~as mf yaghs~yl~hmk

• Tmbhcxjmbnays' fqkns whbb ia hkvas~an hk ~ja smchlb sac~my lkn hkfyls~yqc~qya+ ^ja

taycak~lga olx ia stachfhan ix ~ja HYNL lkn sqcj yagqbl~hmks whbb lttbx ~m lbb hksqyays

mtayl~hkg hk ~ja cmqk~yx5

• Hksqyays whbb ia aztac~an ~m qknay~lea l cay~lhk taycak~lga mf iqshkass hk ~ja yqylb my

smchlb sac~my lkn tymvhna tmbhchas ~m taysmks yashnhkg hk yqylb lyals" wmyeays hk ~ja

qkmyglkhsan lkn hkfmyolb acmkmohclbbx ilce5

• Hk clsa ~ja hksqyays flhb ~m oaa~ ~ja smchlb sac~my mibhgl~hmk l fhka mf Ys+9+1 ok wmqbn ia

hotmsan ~ja fhys~ ~hoa+ Sqisa|qak~ flhbqyas wmqbn yasqb~ hk clkcabbl~hmk mf bhcaksas+

NQ^HAS" TMWAYS LKN FQKC^HMKS MF HYNL^ja fmbbmwhkg lya ~ja tmways lkn ~ja fqkc~hmks mf ~ja HYNL lya ls fmbbmws0

*l( ^ja HYNL hssqas" omnhfhas" yakaws" sqstakns" wh~jnylws lkn clkcabs lbb

cay~hfhcl~a mf yaghs~yl~hmk fmy lbb tly~has ~jl~ lttbx+

*i( ^jax lya lbsm yastmkshiba fmy ~ja tym~ac~hmk mf ~ja hk~ayas~s mf ~ja tmbhcx jmbnays

hk ol~~ays cmkcaykhkg lsshgkhkg mf tmbhcx" kmohkl~hmk ix tmbhcx jmbnays"

hksqyliba hk~ayas~" sa~~baoak~ mf hksqylkca cblho" sqyyaknay vlbqa mf tmbhcx lkn

m~jay ~ayos lkn cmknh~hmks mf cmk~ylc~s mf hksqylkca+

*c( ^ja HYNL stachfhas ya|qhsh~a |qlbhfhcl~hmks" cmna mf cmknqc~ lkn tylc~hclb

~ylhkhkg fmy hk~ayoanhlyx my hksqylkca hk~ayoanhlyhas lkn lgak~s+

<7



*n( H~ lbsm stachfhas ~ja cmna mf cmknqc~ fmy sqyvaxmys lkn bmss lssassmys+

*a( ^ja HYNL jls iaak ghvak ~ja yastmkshihbh~x mf tymom~hkg affhchakcx hk ~ja

cmknqc~ mf hksqylkca iqshkass+

*f( H~ hs hk cjlyga mf tymom~hkg lkn yagqbl~hkg tymfasshmklb myglkhsl~hmks cmkkac~an

wh~j ~ja hksqylkca lkn ya/hksqylkca iqshkass5

*g( H~ jls iaak ak~yqs~an wh~j ~ja cmk~ymb mf ~ja Hksqylkca sac~my ix clbbhkg fmy

hkfmyol~hmk fymo" qknay~lehkg hkstac~hmk mf" cmknqc~hkg hk|qhyas lkn

hkvas~hgl~hmks hkcbqnhkg lqnh~ mf ~ja hksqyays" hk~ayoanhlyhas" hksqylkca

hk~ayoanhlyhas lkn m~jay myglkhsl~hmks cmkkac~an wh~j ~ja hksqylkca iqshkass5

*j( H~ whbb lbsm ia yastmkshiba fmy ~ja cmk~ymb lkn yagqbl~hmk mf ~ja yl~as" lnvlk~lgas"

~ayos lkn cmknh~hmks ~jl~ olx ia mffayan ix hksqyays+

*h( ^ja HYNL whbb stachfx ~ja fmyo lkn olkkay hk wjhcj immes mf lccmqk~ sjlbb ia

olhk~lhkan lkn s~l~aoak~ mf lccmqk~s sjlbb ia yaknayan ix hksqyays lkn m~jay

hksqylkca hk~ayoanhlyhas+

*`( Mka mf ~ja oms~ hotmy~lk~ fqkc~hmks hs ~jl~ mf yagqbl~hkg hkvas~oak~ mf fqkns ix

hksqylkca cmotlkhas lkn ~ja olhk~aklkca mf olyghk mf smbvakcx+

*e( ^ja m~jay fqkc~hmk hs ~jl~ mf ln`qnhcl~hmk mf nhstq~as ia~waak hksqyays lkn

hk~ayoanhlyhas my hksqylkca hk~ayoanhlyhas+

<:



HKVASÔAK^ YAGQBL^HMKS

Smqyca 0 HYNL *Hkvas~oak~( Yagqb~hmks"9444

Lbb hksqylkca cmotlkhas hk Hknhl jlva ~m fmbbmw cay~lhk kmyos lkn bhoh~l~hmks wh~j yaglyns

~m ~ja hkvas~oak~s ~jax olea+ Wa s~qnhan ~ja yagqbl~hmks blhn nmwk ix ~ja HYNL lkn ghvak

iabmw lya ~ja vlyhmqs sac~mys my ~xtas mf hkvas~oak~s lkn ~jahy ohkhoqo ya|qhyaoak~s ~jl~

~ja cmotlkhas lya sqttmsan ~m fmbbmw+

*<( Bhfa Iqshkass0 Avayx hksqyay clyyxhkg mk ~ja iqshkass mf bhfa/hksqylkca jls ~m hkvas~ hk ~ja

fmbbmwhkg olkkay0

S+Km ^xta mf Hkvas~oak~ Taycak~lga

h( Gmvaykoak~ Sacqyh~has 91!hh( Gmvaykoak~ Sacqyh~has my m~jay lttymvan

sacqyh~has *hkcbqnhkg *h( limva( Km~ bass ~jlk 14!

hhh( Lttymvan Hkvas~oak~s ls stachfhan hk Scjanqba H

l( Hkfyls~yqc~qya lkn Smchlb Sac~my Km~ bass ~jlk <1! i( M~jays ~m ia gmvaykan ix Aztmsqya- Tyqnak~hlb

Kmyos stachfhan hk Yagqbl~hmk 1 # Km~ azcaanhkg 94!

hv( M~jay ~jlk hk Lttymvan Hkvas~oak~s ~m iagmvaykan ix Aztmsqya- Tyqnak~hlb Kmyosstachfhan hk Yagqbl~hmk 1#

Km~ azcaanhkg <1!

Scjanqba H hs l tly~ mf ~ja Km~hfhcl~hmk hssqan ix ~ja HYNL fmy lbb Hksqylkca cmotlkhas hkHknhl+ ^jhs Scjanqba bhs~s ~ja lttymvan hkvas~oak~s fmy lbb iqshkassas tymvhnhkg bhfahksqylkca hk Hknhl+

# Yagqbl~hmk 1 hs l sac~hmk hk ~ja Km~hfhcl~hmk hssqan ix ~ja HYNL fmy lbb Hksqylkcacmotlkhas hk Hknhl+ ^ja sac~hmk blxs nmwk aztmsqya lkn tyqnak~hlb kmyos wh~j yastac~ ~mhkvas~oak~s hk sjlyas" imkns" naiak~qyas" bmkg ~ayo lkn sjmy~ ~ayo bmlks+

<8



*9( Takshmk lkn Gakaylb Lkkqh~x Iqshkass0 Avayx hksqyay sjlbb olhk~lhk hkvas~an lssa~s mf

Takshmk Iqshkass" Gakaylb Lkkqh~x Iqshkass lkn Gymqt Iqshkass hk ~ja fmbbmwhkg olkkay0


h( Gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has" iahkg km~ bass ~jlk 94!

hh( Gmvaykoak~ Sacqyh~has my m~jay lttymvan sacqyh~hashkcbqshva mf *h( limva" iahkg km~ bass ~jlk

>4!

hhh( Ilblkca ~m ia hkvas~an hk Lttymvan Hkvas~oak~s lsstachfhan hk Scjanqba H lkn ~m ia gmvaykan ix Aztmsqya-Tyqnak~hlb Kmyos stachfhan hk Yagqbl~hmk 1#

Km~ azcaanhkg 64!

*3( Gakaylb Iqshkass0 Avayx hksqyay clyyxhkg mk ~ja iqshkass mf gakaylb hksqylkca jls ~m hkvas~

lkn olhk~lhk hkvas~oak~s hk ~ja olkkay ghvak iabmw0


h( Cak~ylb Gmvaykoak~ Sacqyh~has" iahkg km~ bass ~jlk 94!hh( S~l~a Gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has lkn m~jay Gqlylk~aan sacqyh~has

hkcbqnhkg *h( limva" iahkg km~ bass ~jlk34!

hhh( Jmqshkg lkn Bmlks ~m S~l~a Gmvaykoak~ fmy Jmqshkg lknFhya Fhgj~hkg a|qhtoak~" iahkg km~ bass ~jlk

1!

hv( Hkvas~oak~s hk Lttymvan Hkvas~oak~s ls stachfhan hk Scjanqba HH l( Hkfyls~yqc~qya lkn Smchlb Sac~my Km~ bass ~jlk

<4! i( M~jays ~m ia gmvaykan ix Aztmsqya- Tyqnak~hlb Kmyos

stachfhan hk Yagqbl~hmk 1

Km~ azcaanhkg

34!v( M~jay ~jlk hk Lttymvan Hkvas~oak~s ~m ia gmvaykan ixAztmsqya- Tyqnak~hlb Kmyos stachfhan hk Yagqbl~hmk 1

Km~ azcaanhkg91!

Scjanqba HH bhs~s ~ja lttymvan hkvas~oak~s fmy cmotlkhas tymvhnhkg gakaylb Hksqylkcahk Hknhl+

94



CQYYAK^ TBLXAYS

Hk ~ja fhys~ xaly mf hksqylkca olyea~ bhiaylbhsl~hmk *Ltyhb 9/Nacaoiay 3<" 944<( ls oqcj ls <6

tyhvl~a sac~my cmotlkhas hkcbqnhkg `mhk~ vak~qyas wh~j balnhkg fmyahgk hksqylkca cmotlkhasjlva ak~ayan ~ja Hknhlk hksqylkca sac~my+ Mf ~jhs" <4 waya qknay ~ja bhfa hksqylkca cl~agmyx lkn

shz qknay gakaylb hksqylkca+ Shkca ~jak" ~hbb @qka" 9449 ~wm omya `mhkan ~ja bhfa hksqylkca sac~my+

^jqs hk lbb ~jaya lya <: tblxays *<9 bhfa hksqylkca lkn 6 gakaylb hksqylkca( hk ~ja Hknhlk

hksqylkca hknqs~yx ~hbb nl~a+

Bhfa Hksqylkca Cmotlkhas0

• Bhfa Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk mf Hknhl

• HCHCH Tyqnak~hlb

• JNFC S~lknlyn Bhfa Hksqylkca

• Olz Kaw Xmye Bhfa

• Ihybl Sqk Bhfa Hksqylkca

• SIH Bhfa

• ^l~l LHG Hksqylkca

• HKG Vxsxl Bhfa Hksqylkca

• Lbbhlkp Il`l`

• Lot Slkoly

• Mbn Em~le Oljhknyl Bhfa

• Oa~Bhfa Hknhl Hksqylkca

9<



Gakaylb Hksqylkca Cmotlkhas0

• Il`l` Lbbhlkp Gakaylb Hksqylkca Cm+ B~n

• HCHCH Bhoh~an

• HFFCM/^MEHM Gakaylb Hksqylkca

• Kl~hmklb Hksqylkca

• Kaw Hknhl Hksqylkca

• Qkh~an Hksqylkca

• Myhak~lb Hksqylkca

• Ymxlb Sqknlylo

• ^L^L LHG Hksqylkca

99



NHS^YHIQ^HMK CJLKKABS

Hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan hksqylkca olyea~" ~jaya whbb ia oqb~htba nhs~yhiq~hmk cjlkkabs" wjhcj whbb

hkcbqna lgak~s" iymeays" cmytmyl~a hk~ayoanhlyhas" ilke iylkcjas" lffhkh~x gymqts lkn nhyac~

olyea~hkg ~jymqgj ~abaslbas lkn Hk~ayka~+ Smoa cjlkkabs whbb ia cjaltay ~jlk m~jays+ Jakca

~jaya whbb ia cmota~h~hmk lomkg ~ja cjlkkabs+ ^ja kaw hksqyays whbb mtayl~a wh~j ~ja jabt mf

oqb~htba nhs~yhiq~hmk cjlkkabs iq~ ~ja azhs~hkg hksqyays olx ia fmycan ~m mtayl~a mkbx wh~j ~ja

jabt mf lgak~s+ Jakca" hk~aksa cmota~h~hmk whbb gymw lomkg ~ja mbn lkn kaw hksqyays hk ~ja

olyea~ ~m whk ~ja cmksqoays+ Fhyos whbb kaan ~m fmyga yabl~hmksjhts wh~j ~ja tly~kays fmy

s~yl~aghc lnvlk~lga+ ^jax kaan ~m jlva s~ymkg tly~kay yabl~hmksjht olklgaoak~+ Fmy azlotba"

bmclb tly~kays olx jlva s~ymkg nhs~yhiq~hmk cjlkkab hk ~jahy bhka mf iqshkass+ ^jl~ clk ia qsan ~m

sabb hksqylkca lbsm hk l cms~/affac~hva olkkay+

Lbb ~jasa whbb tmsa l gyal~ cjlbbakga ~m ~ja hksqyays hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan hksqylkca olyea~+

NHS^YHIQ^HMK ^JYMQGJ ILKES

Nhs~yhiq~hmk mf hksqylkca tymnqc~s ~jymqgj ilkes lya cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja oms~ tmtqbly ilkes

lya cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja oms~ tmtqbly oanhqo ls ~ja tyhvl~a tblxays tyafay ~m q~hbhsa ~ja whna

ka~wmye mf ilkes fmy ~ja nhs~yhiq~hmk mf hksqylkca tmbhchas hk Hknhl+

Bhea hk ~ja Aqymtalk olyea~" ilkclssqylkca clk ia lk affac~hva cjlkkab+ Hk cmqk~yhas bhea H~lbx"

Fylkca lkn Stlhk" hksqylkca cmotlkhas jlva ~leak lnvlk~lga mf cqs~moays' ~xthclb bmxlb~x ~m

shkgba ilkes lkn tl~~ayk mf bmkg/~ayo ilkehkg yabl~hmksjhts ix sqccassfqbbx sabbhkg ~jahy

tymnqc~s ~jymqgj ~jasa ilkes+ Jaya ilkes clk bavaylga ~jahy azhs~hkg yasmqycas lkn alyk

sqttbaoak~lyx faas wjhba whnakhkg ~jahy ylkga mf lvlhbliba sayvhcas+ Hk ~ja flca mf s~ymkg

tymfh~lihbh~x tyassqyas hk ~jahy ~ylnh~hmklb ilkehkg sayvhcas" ilkes whbb bheabx sahpa qtmk

mttmy~qkh~has ~m aztlkn ~jahy mffayhkgs ix hkcbqnhkg hksqylkca tymnqc~s+

93



NHS^YHIQ^HMK ^JYMQGJ HKSQYLKCA LGAK^S

Hksqylkca lgak~s lkn navabmtoak~ mffhcays tymvhna lkm~jay vh~lb bhke hk hksqylkca sabbhkg lkn

vlyhmqs sqyvaxs jlva tymvak ~jhs lstac~+ ^jasa hk~ayoanhlyhas jabt ~ja hksqylkca cmotlkhas ~m

eaat hk ~mqcj wh~j tmbhcxjmbnays" lsshs~ cblholk~s" lkn lc~ ls lnvhsmys ~m ~jmsa wjm hkvas~ ~jahy

cblho tymcaans+

KAW CJLKKABS

M~jay lttymlcjas" bhea clbb/cak~ay" nhyac~ olyea~hkg" lkn ~ja Hk~ayka~ whbb gymw nylol~hclbbx hk

hotmy~lkca mvay ~ja kaz~ savaylb xalys+ ^jasa aksqya nhyac~ cmk~lc~ wh~j ~ja cqs~moays+ H~ whbb

akliba fhyos ~m lc|qhya" ya~lhk lkn iqhbn bmxlb~x lomkg cqs~moays wjhba bmwayhkg ~ylkslc~hmk

cms~s+ ^m olea oqb~htba cjlkkab nabhvayx wmye" lbb cjlkkabs oqs~ ia hk~agyl~an ~hgj~bx ~m nabhvay

mk ~ja tymohsa mf sayvhca lkx~hoa" lkxwjaya+ Hkfmyol~hmk gl~jayan ix alcj cjlkkab oqs~ ia

cmoihkan ~m tymvhna l cmksmbhnl~an vhaw mf ~ja cqs~moay yabl~hmksjht lkn hnak~hfx bheabx

fhklkchlb kaans+ ^ja mkbhka oanhl hs nafhkh~abx cmkshnayan ~m ia mka mf ~ja oms~ affac~hva omnas

mf nhs~yhiq~hmk ls l kqoiay mf waish~as jlva lbyalnx s~ly~an mffayhkg tmbhchas mkbhka+ L~ tyasak~"

<9 tay cak~ mf ~ja wmybn's hksqylkca tymnqc~s lya smbn ~jymqgj ~ja Hk~ayka~" l fhgqya bheabx ~m

gymw aztmkak~hlbbx wh~j l bheabx hkcyalsa hk cqs~moay qslga mf ~ja Hk~ayka~ fmy ~jahy mwk

yasalycj lkn tymnqc~ cmotlyhsmks+

Az~akshva qsa mf hkfmyol~hmk ~acjkmbmgx clk olea ~ja ymba mf ~jasa hk~ayoanhlyhas omya

affac~hva lkn iqxay/fyhaknbx+

M^JAY OMNAS MF NHS^YHIQ^HMK

Olyea~hkg lbbhlkcas wh~j tamtba-cmotlkhas jlvhkg l s~ymkg tjxshclb tyasakca hs glhkhkg

tmtqblyh~x lkn hs cmkshnayan ~m ia l gmmn nhs~yhiq~hmk s~yl~agx ls wabb+

9>



CJLBBAKGAS IAFMYA ̂ JA HKNQS^YX

^ja kaw ls wabb ls ~ja mbn hksqyays whbb jlva ~m flca l kqoiay mf cjlbbakgas hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan

olyea~+

Kaw Hksqyays

^ja kaw hksqyays whbb jlva ~m hkvas~ l ohkhoqo clth~lb mf Ys+ <44 cymyas+ ^ja kmyolb gas~l~hmk

tayhmn hs mf fhva xalys+ ^ja gakayl~hmk mf tymfh~ kmyolbbx s~ly~s hk ~ja shz~j xaly+ Jakca ~ja kaw

hksqyays whbb jlva ~m ia yalnx fmy bmcehkg qt ~jahy clth~lb fmy l~ bals~ 1 xalys iafmya alykhkg lkx

tymfh~s+ Iashnas ~jax whbb flca tymibaos mf sjmy~lga mf ~ylhkan olktmway fmy ~ja hksqylkca

hknqs~yx+ ^ja sa~~hkg qt mf vlyhmqs mffhcas lkn nhs~yhiq~hmk ka~wmye hs l ~hoa cmksqohkg tymcass+

Fqy~jay ~ja kaw hksqyays whbb jlva ~m cmota~a wh~j ~ja as~libhsjan hksqylkca cmotlkhas bhea BHC

lkn GHC wjhcj jlva l cmytmyl~a holga lkn olyea~ tyasakca fmy savaylb xalys+

Aztac~l~hmk mf ~ja cmksqoays

^mnlx BHC jls omya ~jlk 64 tymnqc~s lkn GHC jls omya ~jlk <:4 tymnqc~s ~m mffay hk ~ja

olyea~+ Iq~ oms~ mf ~jao lya mq~nl~an" ls ~jax lya km~ sqh~liba ~m ~ja kaans mf ~ja cmksqoays+

Jakca mbn ls wabb ls kaw hksqyays whbb jlva ~m mffay hkkmvl~hva tymnqc~s ~m ~ja cmksqoays+ ^ja

cmksqoays lya tly~hcqblybx aztac~hkg gmmn takshmk tblks" jalb~j hksqylkca" ~ayo hksqylkca lkn

hkvas~oak~ tymnqc~s bhea qkh~/bhkean hksqylkca" fymo ~ja bhfa hksqyays+ Shohblybx ~ja cmksqoays

aztac~ hkkmvl~hva tymnqc~s fymo ~ja gakaylb hksqyays fmy olklghkg jalb~jclya" tymtay~x

hksqylkca" lcchnak~ hksqylkca lkn m~jay tymnqc~s yabl~an ~m ~ja taysmklb bhka mf hksqylkca+

^ja cmksqoays lbsm aztac~ yanqc~hmk hk ~ja tyaohqo mf ~ja hksqylkca tymnqc~s ls ~ja omy~lbh~x

yl~a hk Hknhl jls cmoa nmwk ix ~jyaa ~hoas hk ~ja bls~ 14 xalys+

Nhs~yhiq~hmk Cjlkkab

Hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan hksqylkca olyea~" ~jaya whbb ia oqb~htba nhs~yhiq~hmk cjlkkabs" wjhcj whbb

hkcbqna lgak~s" iymeays" cmytmyl~a hk~ayoanhlyhas" ilke iylkcjas" lffhkh~x gymqts lkn nhyac~

91



olyea~hkg ~jymqgj ~abaslbas lkn Hk~ayka~+ Smoa cjlkkabs whbb ia cjaltay ~jlk m~jays+ Jakca

~jaya whbb ia cmota~h~hmk lomkg ~ja cjlkkabs+ ^ja kaw hksqyays whbb mtayl~a wh~j ~ja jabt mf

oqb~htba nhs~yhiq~hmk cjlkkabs iq~ ~ja azhs~hkg hksqyays olx ia fmycan ~m mtayl~a mkbx wh~j ~ja

jabt mf lgak~s+ Jakca" hk~aksa cmota~h~hmk whbb gymw lomkg ~ja mbn lkn kaw hksqyays hk ~ja

olyea~ ~m whk ~ja cmksqoays+ ^jhs whbb tmsa l gyal~ cjlbbakga ~m ~ja hksqyays hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan

hksqylkca olyea~+

Cmksqoay Anqcl~hmk

Vayx smmk ~ja olyea~ whbb ia fbmmnan ix l blyga kqoiay mf tymnqc~s ix l flhybx blyga kqoiay mf

hksqyays mtayl~hkg hk ~ja Hknhlk olyea~+ Avak wh~j bhoh~an ylkga mf tymnqc~s mffayan ix BHC lkn

GHC" ~ja cmksqoays lya cmkfqsan hk ~ja olyea~+ ^jahy cmkfqshmk whbb fqy~jay hkcyalsa hk ~ja flca

mf l blyga kqoiay mf tymnqc~s hk ~ja olyea~+ ^ja azhs~hkg bavab mf lwlyakass mf ~ja cmksqoays

fmy hksqylkca tymnqc~s hs vayx bmw" h~ hs sm iaclqsa mkbx 69! mf ~ja tmtqbl~hmk mf Hknhl hsbh~ayl~a lkn bass ~jlk <4! wabb anqcl~an+ Avak ~ja anqcl~an cmksqoays lya hgkmylk~ limq~ ~ja

vlyhmqs tymnqc~s mf hksqylkca+ Jakca h~ hs kacasslyx ~jl~ lbb ~ja hksqyays sjmqbn qknay~lea ~ja

az~akshva tblk fmy anqcl~hmk mf cmksqoays+ ^ja cmksqoay myglkhpl~hmks lkn ~ja oanhl lbsm clk

tblx vayx hotmy~lk~ ymba hk anqcl~hmk mf ~ja cmksqoays+ ^jhs whbb yasqb~ hk aztlkshmk mf ~ja

hksqylkca olyea~ lkn whbb lbsm akliba ~ja kaanx cmksqoay ~m tqycjlsa lttymtyhl~a tymnqc~s+

Cmksqoay Gyhavlkca Yanyasslb

^ja hksqyays whbb jlva ~m flca lk lcq~a tymibao mf ~ja yanyasslb mf ~ja cmksqoays" gyhavlkcas fmy

nafhchakcx hk tymnqc~s lkn sayvhcas+ ^ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x *HYNL("

~ja yagqbl~myx imnx jls lbyalnx lttmhk~an Moiqnsolk fmy bmmehkg hk~m ~ja gyhavlkcas mf ~ja

tmbhcxjmbnays" jhs `qngaoak~ whbb ia ihknhkg mk hksqyays+ Fqy~jay" qknay Cmksqoay Tym~ac~hmk

Lc~ <8:6" ~ja cmksqoay cmqy~s lya mtayl~hkg l~ nhs~yhc~" s~l~a lkn ~ja kl~hmklb bavab+ Hk ~ja

cmota~h~hva olyea~" lwlyakass bavab mf ~ja cmksqoays whbb hkcyalsa lkn h~ whbb jabt cmksqoays ~m

fhgj~ fmy ~jahy baglb yhgj~ fmy nafhchakcx hk sayvhcas+ Jakca ~ja kqoiay mf baglb clsas fhban ix ~ja

cmksqoays lglhks~ hksqyays hs bheabx ~m hkcyalsa sqis~lk~hlbbx hk fq~qya+ ^jhs whbb ia l cjlbbakga

~m ~ja hksqyays+

96



97



FQ^QYA SCAKLYHM MF HKSQYLKCA HKNQS^YX

^ja shpa mf ~ja azhs~hkg hksqylkca olyea~ hs vayx blyga lkn hs gymwhkg l~ ~ja yl~a mf <4! tay

xaly+ ^ja as~hol~an tm~ak~hlb mf ~ja Hknhlk hksqylkca olyea~ hk ~ayos mf tyaohqo wls lymqkn

Ys+ 3">>"444 cymyas hk ~ja xaly <888+ Mkbx <4! mf ~ja olyea~ sjlya jls iaak ~lttan ix BHC lkn

GHC lkn ~ja ilblkca 84! mf ~ja olyea~ s~hbb yaolhks qk~lttan+

^jhs vls~ tm~ak~hlb clk ia ~lttan mkbx ix l blyga kqoiay mf hksqyays+ ^m sayva <44 cymyas mf

tmtqbl~hmk" Hknhlk hksqylkca olyea~ mffays ~yaoaknmqs mttmy~qkh~has ~m tymstac~hva hksqyays+

Jakca" ~ja yagqbl~my sjmqbn hssqa bhcaksas ~m l blyga kqoiay mf hksqyays hf ~ja hksqylkca olyea~

jls ~m gymw l~ l fls~ yl~a+

Wh~j ~ja hkcyalsa hk ~ja bhfa stlk mf hknhvhnqlbs lkn nhshk~agyl~hmk mf ~ja `mhk~ flohbx sxs~ao"

alcj Hknhvhnqlb kmw jls lyylkgan hksqylkca cmvay fmy jhosabf lkn fmy jhs flohbx+ Jakca"

cmvaylga mf hksqyays" wjhcj wls lymqkn 7! mf ~ja tmtqbl~hmk hk <888" jls ~m gymw vayx fls~+ Hk

flc~ lbb ~ja ch~hpaks hk ~ja ohnnba cblss" as~hol~an lymqkn 3<> ohbbhmk clk lffmyn hksqylkca fymo

~jahy mwk fhklkchlb yasmqycas+ ^ja yaolhkhkg tmtqbl~hmk jls ~m ia ghvak sqishnhpan hksqylkca

wh~j ~ja jabt mf ~ja gmvaykoak~ ls wabb ls ~ja hksqyays+

^ja jqga fqkn fymo hksqylkca hkvas~oak~s clk ia q~hbhpan fmy fhklkchkg ~ja hkfyls~yqc~qya

hknqs~yx ls wabb ls l sqttmy~ ~m m~jay hknqs~yhas hk ~ja cmqk~yx+ Jakca hksqylkca hknqs~yx hs bheabx

~m tblx l eax ymba hk cjlkghkg ~ja acmkmohc blknsclta mf ~ja cmqk~yx+ Jmwavay ~ja sqccass mf

~ja hksqylkca hknqs~yx whbb tyholyhbx natakn qtmk oaa~hkg ~ja yhshkg aztac~l~hmks mf ~ja

cmksqoays wjm whbb ia ~ja yalb ehkg hk ~ja bhiaylbhpan hksqylkca olyea~ hk fq~qya+

9:



Oq~qlb Fqkns

98



Lbb Limq~ Oq~qlb Fqkns

Iafmya wa qknays~lkn wjl~ hs oq~qlb fqkn" h~‘s vayx hotmy~lk~ ~m ekmw ~ja lyal hk wjhcjoq~qlb fqkns wmyes" ~ja ilshc qknays~lknhkg mf s~mces lkn imkns+

S~mces0 S~mces yatyasak~ sjlyas mf mwkaysjht hk l tqibhc cmotlkx+ Azlotbas mf tqibhc

cmotlkhas hkcbqna Yabhlkca" MKGC lkn Hkfmsxs+ S~mces lya cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja oms~ cmoomk

mwkan hkvas~oak~ ~ylnan mk ~ja olyea~+

Imkns0 Imkns lya ilshclbbx ~ja omkax wjhcj xmq bakn ~m ~ja gmvaykoak~ my l cmotlkx" lkn hk

ya~qyk xmq clk yacahva hk~ayas~ mk xmqy hkvas~an lomqk~" wjhcj hs ilce mvay tyana~ayohkan

lomqk~s mf ~hoa+ Imkns lya cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja oms~ cmoomk baknhkg hkvas~oak~ ~ylnan mk ~ja

olyea~+ ^jaya lya olkx m~jay ~xtas mf hkvas~oak~s m~jay ~jlk s~mces lkn imkns *hkcbqnhkg

lkkqh~has" yalb as~l~a" lkn tyachmqs oa~lbs(" iq~ ~ja ol`myh~x mf oq~qlb fqkns hkvas~ hk s~mces

lkn-my imkns+

Wjl~ Hs Oq~qlb Fqkn

L oq~qlb fqkn hs `qs~ ~ja cmkkac~hkg iyhnga my l fhklkchlb hk~ayoanhlyx ~jl~ lbbmws lgymqt mf hkvas~mys ~m tmmb ~jahy omkax ~mga~jay wh~j l tyana~ayohkan hkvas~oak~ miàc~hva+ ^ja

oq~qlb fqkn whbb jlva l fqkn olklgay wjm hs yastmkshiba fmy hkvas~hkg ~ja gl~jayan omkax hk~m

stachfhc sacqyh~has *s~mces my imkns(+ Wjak xmq hkvas~ hk l oq~qlb fqkn" xmq lya iqxhkg qkh~s my

tmy~hmks mf ~ja oq~qlb fqkn lkn ~jqs mk hkvas~hkg iacmoas l sjlyajmbnay my qkh~ jmbnay mf ~ja

fqkn+

Oq~qlb fqkns lya cmkshnayan ls mka mf ~ja ias~ lvlhbliba hkvas~oak~s ls cmotlya ~m

m~jays ~jax lya vayx cms~ affhchak~ lkn lbsm alsx ~m hkvas~ hk" ~jqs ix tmmbhkg omkax ~mga~jay hk l

oq~qlb fqkn" hkvas~mys clk tqycjlsa s~mces my imkns wh~j oqcj bmway ~ylnhkg cms~s ~jlk hf ~jax

~yhan ~m nm h~ mk ~jahy mwk+ Iq~ ~ja ihggas~ lnvlk~lga ~m oq~qlb fqkns hs nhvayshfhcl~hmk" ix

ohkhohphkg yhse & olzhohphkg ya~qyks+

34



^jqs l Oq~qlb Fqkn hs ~ja oms~ sqh~liba hkvas~oak~ fmy ~ja cmoomk olk ls h~ mffays lk

mttmy~qkh~x ~m hkvas~ hk l nhvayshfhan" tymfasshmklbbx olklgan ilsea~ mf sacqyh~has l~ l yabl~hvabx

bmw cms~+ ^ja fbmw cjly~ iabmw nascyhias iymlnbx ~ja wmyehkg mf l oq~qlb fqkn

Qkh~ ^yqs~ mf Hknhl hs ~ja fhys~ Oq~qlb Fqkn sa~ qt qknay l satlyl~a lc~" Q^H Lc~ hk <863"

lkn s~ly~an h~s mtayl~hmks hk <86> wh~j ~ja hssqa mf qkh~s qknay ~ja scjaoa QS/6>+

Mvayvhaw mf azhs~hkg scjaoas azhs~an hk oq~qlb fqkn cl~agmyx

Whna vlyha~x mf Oq~qlb Fqkn Scjaoas azhs~s ~m cl~ay ~m ~ja kaans sqcj ls fhklkchlb

tmsh~hmk" yhse ~mbaylkca lkn ya~qyk aztac~l~hmks a~c+ ^ja ~liba iabmw ghvas lk mvayvhaw hk~m ~ja

azhs~hkg ~xtas mf scjaoas hk ~ja Hknqs~yx+

^xta mf Oq~qlb Fqkn Scjaoas

IX S^YQC^QYA

Mtak Aknan ScjaoasLk mtak/akn fqkn hs mka ~jl~ hs lvlhbliba fmy sqiscyht~hmk lbb ~jymqgj ~ja xaly+ ^jasa nm

km~ jlva l fhzan ol~qyh~x+ Hkvas~mys clk cmkvakhak~bx iqx lkn sabb qkh~s l~ Ka~ Lssa~ Vlbqa

*)KLV)( yabl~an tyhcas+ ^ja eax fal~qya mf mtak/akn scjaoas hs bh|qhnh~x+

Cbmsa Aknan ScjaoasL cbmsan/akn fqkn jls l s~htqbl~an ol~qyh~x tayhmn wjhcj gakaylbbx ylkghkg fymo 3 ~m <1

xalys+ ^ja fqkn hs mtak fmy sqiscyht~hmk mkbx nqyhkg l stachfhan tayhmn+ Hkvas~mys clk hkvas~ hk

~ja scjaoa l~ ~ja ~hoa mf ~ja hkh~hlb tqibhc hssqa lkn ~jayalf~ay ~jax clk iqx my sabb ~ja qkh~s mf

~ja scjaoa mk ~ja s~mce azcjlkgas wjaya ~jax lya bhs~an+ Hk mynay ~m tymvhna lk azh~ ymq~a ~m ~ja

hkvas~mys" smoa cbmsa/aknan fqkns ghva lk mt~hmk mf sabbhkg ilce ~ja qkh~s ~m ~ja Oq~qlb Fqkn

~jymqgj tayhmnhc yatqycjlsa l~ KLV yabl~an tyhcas+ SAIH Yagqbl~hmks s~htqbl~a ~jl~ l~ bals~ mka

mf ~ja ~wm azh~ ymq~as hs tymvhnan ~m ~ja hkvas~my+

Hk~ayvlb ScjaoasHk~ayvlb Scjaoas lya ~jl~ scjaoa" wjhcj cmoihkas ~ja fal~qyas mf mtak/aknan lkn cbmsa/

aknan scjaoas+ ^ja qkh~s olx ia ~ylnan mk ~ja s~mce azcjlkga my olx ia mtak fmy slba my yanaot~hmk nqyhkg tya/na~ayohkan hk~ayvlbs l~ KLV yabl~an tyhcas

3<



IX KL^QYA

<+ A|qh~x fqkn 0

^jasa fqkns hkvas~ l olzhoqo tly~ mf ~jahy cmytqs hk~m a|qh~has jmbnhkgs+ ^ja s~yqc~qya mf

~ja fqkn olx vlyx nhffayak~ fmy nhffayak~ scjaoas lkn ~ja fqkn olklgay‘s mq~bmme mk nhffayak~

s~mces+ ^ja A|qh~x Fqkns lya sqi/cblsshfhan nataknhkg qtmk ~jahy hkvas~oak~ miàc~hva" ls

fmbbmws0

• Nhvayshfhan A|qh~x Fqkns

• Ohn/Clt Fqkns

• Sac~my Stachfhc Fqkns

• ^lz Slvhkgs Fqkns *ABSS(

A|qh~x hkvas~oak~s lya oalk~ fmy l bmkgay ~hoa jmyhpmk" ~jqs A|qh~x fqkns ylke jhgj mk ~ja

yhse/ya~qyk ol~yhz+

9+ Nai~ fqkns0

^ja miàc~hva mf ~jasa Fqkns hs ~m hkvas~ hk nai~ tltays+ Gmvaykoak~ lq~jmyh~has" tyhvl~a

cmotlkhas" ilkes lkn fhklkchlb hks~h~q~hmks lya smoa mf ~ja ol`my hssqays mf nai~ tltays+ Ix

hkvas~hkg hk nai~ hks~yqoak~s" ~jasa fqkns aksqya bmw yhse lkn tymvhna s~liba hkcmoa ~m ~ja

hkvas~mys+ Nai~ fqkns lya fqy~jay cblsshfhan ls0

• Ghb~ Fqkns0 Hkvas~ ~jahy cmytqs hk sacqyh~has hssqan ix Gmvaykoak~" tmtqblybx ekmwk ls

Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl nai~ tltays+ ^jasa Fqkns clyyx paym Naflqb~ yhse iq~ lya lssmchl~an

wh~j Hk~ayas~ Yl~a yhse+ ^jasa scjaoas lya slfay ls ~jax hkvas~ hk tltays ilcean ix

Gmvaykoak~+

• Hkcmoa Fqkns0 Hkvas~ l ol`my tmy~hmk hk~m vlyhmqs nai~ hks~yqoak~s sqcj ls imkns"

cmytmyl~a naiak~qyas lkn Gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has+

• OHTs0 Hkvas~s olzhoqo mf ~jahy ~m~lb cmytqs hk nai~ hks~yqoak~s wjhba ~jax ~lea

ohkhoqo aztmsqya hk a|qh~has+ H~ ga~s iakafh~ mf im~j a|qh~x lkn nai~ olyea~+ ^jasa

scjaoa ylkes sbhgj~bx jhgj mk ~ja yhse/ya~qyk ol~yhz wjak cmotlyan wh~j m~jay nai~scjaoas+

• Sjmy~ âyo Tblks *S^Ts(0 Oalk~ fmy hkvas~oak~ jmyhpmk fmy ~jyaa ~m shz omk~js+ ^jasa

fqkns tyholyhbx hkvas~ hk sjmy~ ~ayo tltays bhea Cay~hfhcl~a mf Natmsh~s *CNs( lkn

39



Cmooaychlb Tltays *CTs(+ Smoa tmy~hmk mf ~ja cmytqs hs lbsm hkvas~an hk cmytmyl~a

naiak~qyas+

• Bh|qhn Fqkns0 Lbsm ekmwk ls Omkax Olyea~ Scjaoas" ^jasa fqkns tymvhnas alsx

bh|qhnh~x lkn tyasayvl~hmk mf clth~lb+ ^jasa scjaoas hkvas~ hk sjmy~/~ayo hks~yqoak~s bhea

^yalsqyx Ihbbs" hk~ay/ilke clbb omkax olyea~" CTs lkn CNs+ ^jasa fqkns lya oalk~ fmy sjmy~/~ayo clsj olklgaoak~ mf cmytmyl~a jmqsas lkn lya oalk~ fmy lk hkvas~oak~

jmyhpmk mf <nlx ~m 3 omk~js+ ^jasa scjaoas ylke bmw mk yhse/ya~qyk ol~yhz lkn lya

cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja slfas~ lomkgs~ lbb cl~agmyhas mf oq~qlb fqkns+

3+ Ilblkcan fqkns0 Ls ~ja kloa sqggas~ ~jax" lya l ohz mf im~j a|qh~x lkn nai~ fqkns+ ^jax

hkvas~ hk im~j a|qh~has lkn fhzan hkcmoa sacqyh~has" wjhcj lya hk bhka wh~j tya/nafhkan hkvas~oak~

miàc~hva mf ~ja scjaoa+ ^jasa scjaoas lho ~m tymvhna hkvas~mys wh~j ~ja ias~ mf im~j ~ja

wmybns+ A|qh~x tly~ tymvhna gymw~j lkn ~ja nai~ tly~ tymvhnas s~lihbh~x hk ya~qyks+

Fqy~jay ~ja oq~qlb fqkns clk ia iymlnbx cblsshfhan mk ~ja ilshs mf hkvas~oak~ tlyloa~ay vhp"

Alcj cl~agmyx mf fqkns hs ilcean ix lk hkvas~oak~ tjhbmsmtjx" wjhcj hs tya/nafhkan hk ~ja

miàc~hvas mf ~ja fqkn+ ^ja hkvas~my clk lbhgk jhs mwk hkvas~oak~ kaans wh~j ~ja fqkns miàc~hva

lkn hkvas~ lccmynhkgbx+

IX HKVASÔAK^ MI@AC^HVA

•Gymw~j Scjaoas0 Gymw~j Scjaoas lya lbsm ekmwk ls a|qh~x scjaoas+ ^ja lho mf ~jasascjaoas hs ~m tymvhna clth~lb lttyachl~hmk mvay oanhqo ~m bmkg ~ayo+ ^jasa scjaoas

kmyolbbx hkvas~ l ol`my tly~ mf ~jahy fqkn hk a|qh~has lkn lya whbbhkg ~m ialy sjmy~/~ayo

nacbhka hk vlbqa fmy tmsshiba fq~qya lttyachl~hmk+

• Hkcmoa Scjaoas0 Hkcmoa Scjaoas lya lbsm ekmwk ls nai~ scjaoas+ ^ja lho mf ~jasa

scjaoas hs ~m tymvhna yagqbly lkn s~alnx hkcmoa ~m hkvas~mys+ ^jasa scjaoas gakaylbbx

hkvas~ hk fhzan hkcmoa sacqyh~has sqcj ls imkns lkn cmytmyl~a naiak~qyas+ Clth~lb

lttyachl~hmk hk sqcj scjaoas olx ia bhoh~an+

• Ilblkcan Scjaoas0 Ilblkcan Scjaoas lho ~m tymvhna im~j gymw~j lkn hkcmoa ix

tayhmnhclbbx nhs~yhiq~hkg l tly~ mf ~ja hkcmoa lkn clth~lb glhks ~jax alyk+ ^jasa scjaoas

33



hkvas~ hk im~j sjlyas lkn fhzan hkcmoa sacqyh~has" hk ~ja tymtmy~hmk hknhcl~an hk ~jahy

mffay nmcqoak~s *kmyolbbx 14014(+

• Omkax Olyea~ Scjaoas0 Omkax Olyea~ Scjaoas lho ~m tymvhna alsx bh|qhnh~x"

tyasayvl~hmk mf clth~lb lkn omnayl~a hkcmoa+ ^jasa scjaoas gakaylbbx hkvas~ hk slfay"

sjmy~/~ayo hks~yqoak~s" sqcj ls ~yalsqyx ihbbs" cay~hfhcl~as mf natmsh~" cmooaychlb tltay lkn hk~ay/ilke clbb omkax+

M^JAY SCJAOAS

• ^lz Slvhkg Scjaoas0 ^lz/slvhkg scjaoas mffay ~lz yail~as ~m ~ja hkvas~mys qknay ~lz

blws tyascyhian fymo ~hoa ~m ~hoa+ Qknay Sac+:: mf ~ja Hkcmoa ^lz Lc~" cmk~yhiq~hmks

olna ~m lkx A|qh~x Bhkean Slvhkgs Scjaoa *ABSS( lya abhghiba fmy yail~a+

• Hknaz Scjaoas0 Hknaz scjaoas l~~aot~ ~m yatbhcl~a ~ja tayfmyolkca mf l tly~hcqbly

hknaz sqcj ls ~ja ISA Saksaz my ~ja KSA 14+ ^ja tmy~fmbhm mf ~jasa scjaoas whbb cmkshs~

mf mkbx ~jmsa s~mces ~jl~ cmks~h~q~a ~ja hknaz+ ^ja taycak~lga mf alcj s~mce ~m ~ja ~m~lb

jmbnhkg whbb ia hnak~hclb ~m ~ja s~mces hknaz wahgj~lga+ Lkn jakca" ~ja ya~qyks fymo sqcj

scjaoas wmqbn ia omya my bass a|qhvlbak~ ~m ~jmsa mf ~ja Hknaz+

• Sac~my Stachfhc Scjaoas0 ^jasa lya ~ja fqkns-scjaoas wjhcj hkvas~ hk ~ja sacqyh~has mf

mkbx ~jmsa sac~mys my hknqs~yhas ls stachfhan hk ~ja mffay nmcqoak~s+ a+g+ Tjlyolcaq~hclbs"

Smf~wlya" Fls~ Omvhkg Cmksqoay Gmmns *FOCG(" Ta~ymbaqo s~mces" a~c+ ^ja ya~qyks hk

~jasa fqkns lya nataknak~ mk ~ja tayfmyolkca mf ~ja yastac~hva sac~mys-hknqs~yhas+ Wjhba

~jasa fqkns olx ghva jhgjay ya~qyks" ~jax lya omya yhsex cmotlyan ~m nhvayshfhan fqkns+

Hkvas~mys kaan ~m eaat l wl~cj mk ~ja tayfmyolkca mf ~jmsa sac~mys-hknqs~yhas lkn oqs~

azh~ l~ lk lttymtyhl~a ~hoa+

^xtas mf ya~qyks

3>



^jaya lya ~jyaa wlxs" wjaya ~ja ~m~lb ya~qyks tymvhnan ix oq~qlb fqkns clk ia ak`mxan ix

hkvas~mys0

• Hkcmoa hs alykan fymo nhvhnakns mk s~mces lkn hk~ayas~ mk imkns+ L fqkn tlxs mq~ kalybx

lbb hkcmoa h~ yacahvas mvay ~ja xaly ~m fqkn mwkays hk ~ja fmyo mf l nhs~yhiq~hmk+

• Hf ~ja fqkn sabbs sacqyh~has ~jl~ jlva hkcyalsan hk tyhca" ~ja fqkn jls l clth~lb glhk+ Oms~

fqkns lbsm tlss mk ~jasa glhks ~m hkvas~mys hk l nhs~yhiq~hmk+

• Hf fqkn jmbnhkgs hkcyalsa hk tyhca iq~ lya km~ smbn ix ~ja fqkn olklgay" ~ja fqkn's sjlyas

hkcyalsa hk tyhca+ Xmq clk ~jak sabb xmqy oq~qlb fqkn sjlyas fmy l tymfh~+ Fqkns whbb lbsm

qsqlbbx ghva xmq l cjmhca ah~jay ~m yacahva l cjace fmy nhs~yhiq~hmks my ~m yahkvas~ ~ja

alykhkgs lkn ga~ omya sjlyas+

Tyms & cmks mf hkvas~hkg hk oq~qlb fqkns0

Fmy hkvas~oak~s hk oq~qlb fqkn" mka oqs~ eaat hk ohkn limq~ ~ja Tyms lkn cmks mf hkvas~oak~s hk oq~qlb fqkn+

Lnvlk~lgas mf Hkvas~hkg Oq~qlb Fqkns0

<+ Tymfasshmklb Olklgaoak~ / ^ja ilshc lnvlk~lga mf fqkns hs ~jl~" ~jax lya tymfasshmklb

olklgan" ix wabb |qlbhfhan tymfasshmklb+ Hkvas~mys tqycjlsa fqkns iaclqsa ~jax nm km~ jlva ~ja

~hoa my ~ja aztay~hsa ~m olklga ~jahy mwk tmy~fmbhm+ L oq~qlb fqkn hs cmkshnayan ~m ia yabl~hvabxbass aztakshva wlx ~m olea lkn omkh~my ~jahy hkvas~oak~s+

9+ Nhvayshfhcl~hmk / Tqycjlshkg qkh~s hk l oq~qlb fqkn hks~aln mf iqxhkg hknhvhnqlb s~mces my

imkns" ~ja hkvas~mys yhse hs styaln mq~ lkn ohkhohpan qt ~m cay~lhk az~ak~+ ^ja hnal iajhkn

nhvayshfhcl~hmk hs ~m hkvas~ hk l blyga kqoiay mf lssa~s sm ~jl~ l bmss hk lkx tly~hcqbly hkvas~oak~

hs ohkhohpan ix glhks hk m~jays+

3+ Acmkmohas mf Sclba / Oq~qlb fqkn iqx lkn sabb blyga lomqk~s mf sacqyh~has l~ l ~hoa" ~jqs

jabt ~m yanqchkg ~ylkslc~hmk cms~s" lkn jabt ~m iyhkg nmwk ~ja lvaylga cms~ mf ~ja qkh~ fmy ~jahy

hkvas~mys+

31



>+ Bh|qhnh~x / @qs~ bhea lk hknhvhnqlb s~mce" oq~qlb fqkn lbsm lbbmws hkvas~mys ~m bh|qhnl~a ~jahy

jmbnhkgs ls lkn wjak ~jax wlk~+

1+ Shotbhch~x / Hkvas~oak~s hk oq~qlb fqkn hs cmkshnayan ~m ia alsx" cmotlya ~m m~jay lvlhbliba

hks~yqoak~s hk ~ja olyea~" lkn ~ja ohkhoqo hkvas~oak~ hs solbb+ Oms~ LOC lbsm jlva

lq~mol~hc tqycjlsa tblks wjayaix ls bh~~ba ls Ys+ 9444" wjaya SHT s~ly~ wh~j `qs~ Ys+14 tay

omk~j ilshs+

36



Nhslnvlk~lgas mf Hkvas~hkg Oq~qlb Fqkns0

<+ Tymfasshmklb Olklgaoak~/ Smoa fqkns nmask‘~ tayfmyo hk kah~jay ~ja olyea~" ls ~jahy

olklgaoak~ hs km~ nxklohc akmqgj ~m aztbmya ~ja lvlhbliba mttmy~qkh~x hk ~ja olyea~" ~jqs

olkx hkvas~mys nail~a mvay wja~jay my km~ ~ja sm/clbban tymfasshmklbs lya lkx ia~~ay ~jlk oq~qlb

fqkn my hkvas~my jhosabf" fmy thcehkg qt s~mces+

9+ Cms~s – ^ja ihggas~ smqyca mf LOC hkcmoa" hs gakaylbbx fymo ~ja ak~yx & azh~ bmln wjhcj

~jax cjlyga fymo lk hkvas~mys" l~ ~ja ~hoa mf tqycjlsa+ ^ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yhas lya ~jqs

cjlyghkg az~yl cms~ qknay blxays mf `lygmk+

3+ Nhbq~hmk / Iaclqsa fqkns jlva solbb jmbnhkgs lcymss nhffayak~ cmotlkhas" jhgj ya~qyks fymo lfaw hkvas~oak~s mf~ak nmk'~ olea oqcj nhffayakca mk ~ja mvaylbb ya~qyk+ Nhbq~hmk hs lbsm ~ja

yasqb~ mf l sqccassfqb fqkn ga~~hkg ~mm ihg+ Wjak omkax tmqys hk~m fqkns ~jl~ jlva jln s~ymkg

sqccass" ~ja olklgay mf~ak jls ~ymqiba fhknhkg l gmmn hkvas~oak~ fmy lbb ~ja kaw omkax+

>+ ^lzas / wjak olehkg nachshmks limq~ xmqy omkax" fqkn olklgays nmk'~ cmkshnay xmqy

taysmklb ~lz sh~ql~hmk+ Fmy azlotba" wjak l fqkn olklgay sabbs l sacqyh~x" l clth~lb/glhk ~lz hs

~yhggayan" wjhcj lffac~s jmw tymfh~liba ~ja hknhvhnqlb hs fymo ~ja slba+ H~ ohgj~ jlva iaak omya

lnvlk~lgamqs fmy ~ja hknhvhnqlb ~m nafay ~ja clth~lb glhks bhlihbh~x+

37



Oq~qlb Fqkns Hknqs~yx hk Hknhl

^ja myhghk mf oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx hk Hknhl hs wh~j ~ja hk~ymnqc~hmk mf ~ja cmkcat~ mf oq~qlb

fqkn ix Q^H hk ~ja xaly <863+ ^jmqgj ~ja gymw~j wls sbmw" iq~ h~ lccabayl~an fymo ~ja xaly

<8:7 wjak kmk/Q^H tblxays ak~ayan ~ja hknqs~yx+

Hk ~ja tls~ naclna" Hknhlk oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx jln saak l nylol~hc hotymvaoak~s" im~j |qlbh~x

whsa ls wabb ls |qlk~h~x whsa+ Iafmya" ~ja omkmtmbx mf ~ja olyea~ jln saak lk aknhkg tjlsa" ~ja

Lssa~s Qknay Olklgaoak~ *LQO( wls Ys+ 67ik+ ^ja tyhvl~a sac~my ak~yx ~m ~ja fqkn flohbx

ymsa ~ja LQO ~m Ys+ >74 hk hk Olycj <883 lkn ~hbb Ltyhb 944>" h~ yalcjan ~ja jahgj~ mf <"1>4 ik+

Tq~~hkg ~ja LQO mf ~ja Hknhlk Oq~qlb Fqkns Hknqs~yx hk~m cmotlyhsmk" ~ja ~m~lb mf h~ hs bass ~jlk

~ja natmsh~s mf SIH lbmka" cmks~h~q~a bass ~jlk <<! mf ~ja ~m~lb natmsh~s jabn ix ~ja Hknhlk

ilkehkg hknqs~yx+

^ja olhk yalsmk mf h~s tmmy gymw~j hs ~jl~ ~ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx hk Hknhl hs kaw hk ~ja

cmqk~yx+ Blyga sac~hmks mf Hknhlk hkvas~mys lya xa~ ~m ia hk~abbac~ql~an wh~j ~ja cmkcat~+ Jakca"

h~ hs ~ja tyhoa yastmkshihbh~x mf lbb oq~qlb fqkn cmotlkhas" ~m olyea~ ~ja tymnqc~ cmyyac~bx

liyals~ mf sabbhkg+

^ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx clk ia iymlnbx tq~ hk~m fmqy tjlsas lccmynhkg ~m ~ja navabmtoak~ mf

~ja sac~my+ Alcj tjlsa hs iyhafbx nascyhian ls qknay+

3:



^ja ol`my tblxays hk ~ja Hknhlk Oq~qlb Fqkn Hknqs~yx lya0

Ol`my Tblxays mf Oq~qlb Fqkns Hk Hknhl

Tayhmn *Bls~&kist< Waae(

Ylke

Scjaoa Kloa Nl~a KLV*Ys+(

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Oly 96 "944:

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Oly 96 "944:

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6 HCHCH Tyqnak~hlb FqshmkFqkn / Sayhas HHH /Hks~h~q~hmklb / Gymw~j

Oly 96 "944:

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Oly 96 "944:

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: HCHCH Tyqnak~hlb FqshmkFqkn / Sayhas HHH / Ya~lhb /Gymw~j

Oly 96 "944:

<4+<8 >+1< 99+38

38

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8 NIS Cjmbl Solbb Clt Fqkn/ Gymw~j

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L oq~qlb fqkn hs l tymfasshmklbbx/olklgan fhyo mf cmbbac~hva hkvas~oak~s ~jl~ tmmbs omkax

fymo olkx hkvas~mys lkn hkvas~s h~ hk s~mces" imkns" sjmy~/~ayo omkax olyea~ hks~yqoak~s"

lkn-my m~jay sacqyh~has+hk m~jay wmyns wa clk slx ~jl~ L Oq~qlb Fqkn hs l ~yqs~ yaghs~ayan wh~j

~ja Sacqyh~has lkn Azcjlkga Imlyn mf Hknhl *SAIH(" wjhcj tmmbs qt ~ja omkax fymo hknhvhnqlb -

cmytmyl~a hkvas~mys lkn hkvas~s ~ja sloa mk iajlbf mf ~ja hkvas~mys -qkh~ jmbnays" hk a|qh~x

sjlyas" Gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has" Imkns" Clbb omkax olyea~s a~c+" lkn nhs~yhiq~as ~ja tymfh~s+

^ja vlbqa mf alcj qkh~ mf ~ja oq~qlb fqkn" ekmwk ls ~ja ka~ lssa~ vlbqa *KLV(" hs oms~bx

clbcqbl~an nlhbx ilsan mk ~ja ~m~lb vlbqa mf ~ja fqkn nhvhnan ix ~ja kqoiay mf sjlyas cqyyak~bx

hssqan lkn mq~s~lknhkg+ ^ja vlbqa mf lbb ~ja sacqyh~has hk ~ja tmy~fmbhm hk clbcqbl~an nlhbx+ Fymo

~jhs" lbb aztaksas lya nanqc~an lkn ~ja yasqb~lk~ vlbqa nhvhnan ix ~ja kqoiay mf qkh~s hk ~ja fqkn

hs ~ja fqkn‘s KLV+

>4



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KLV ? ^m~lb vlbqa mf ~ja fqkn………………+Km+ mf sjlyas cqyyak~bx hssqan lkn mq~s~lknhkg

Lnvlk~lgas mf l OF – Oq~qlb Fqkns tymvhna ~ja iakafh~ mf cjalt lccass ~m aztakshva s~mces

– Oq~qlb fqkns nhvayshfx ~ja yhse mf ~ja hkvas~my ix hkvas~hkg hk l ilsea~ mf lssa~s

– L ~alo mf tymfasshmklb fqkn olklgays olklgas ~jao wh~j hk/nat~j yasalycj

hktq~s fymo hkvas~oak~ lklbxs~s+

– Iahkg hks~h~q~hmks wh~j gmmn ilyglhkhkg tmway hk olyea~s" oq~qlb fqkns jlva

lccass ~m cyqchlb cmytmyl~a hkfmyol~hmk" wjhcj hknhvhnqlb hkvas~mys clkkm~ lccass+

Jhs~myx mf ~ja Hknhlk oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx0^ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx hk Hknhl s~ly~an hk <863 wh~j ~ja fmyol~hmk mf Qkh~ ^yqs~ mf Hknhl" l~

~ja hkh~hl~hva mf ~ja Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl lkn Yasayva Ilke+ ^ja jhs~myx mf oq~qlb fqkns hk Hknhl

clk ia iymlnbx nhvhnan hk~m fmqy nhs~hkc~ tjlsas+

Fhys~ Tjlsa – <86>/:7

Qkh~ ^yqs~ mf Hknhl *Q^H( wls as~libhsjan mk <863 ix lk Lc~ mf Tlybhloak~ ix ~ja Yasayva Ilke

mf Hknhl lkn fqkc~hmkan qknay ~ja Yagqbl~myx lkn lnohkhs~yl~hva cmk~ymb mf ~ja Yasayva Ilke mf

Hknhl+ Hk <87: Q^H wls na/bhkean fymo ~ja YIH lkn ~ja Hknqs~yhlb Navabmtoak~ Ilke mf Hknhl

*HNIH( ~mme mvay ~ja yagqbl~myx lkn lnohkhs~yl~hva cmk~ymb hk tblca mf YIH+ ^ja fhys~ scjaoa

blqkcjan ix Q^H wls Qkh~ Scjaoa <86>+ L~ ~ja akn mf <8:: Q^H jln Ys+6"744 cymyas mf lssa~s

qknay olklgaoak~+

Sacmkn Tjlsa – <8:7/<883 *Ak~yx mf Tqibhc Sac~my Fqkns(

<8:7 olyean ~ja ak~yx mf kmk/ Q^H" tqibhc sac~my oq~qlb fqkns sa~ qt ix tqibhc sac~my ilkes lkn

Bhfa Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk mf Hknhl *BHC( lkn Gakaylb Hksqylkca Cmytmyl~hmk mf Hknhl *GHC(+

SIH Oq~qlb Fqkn wls ~ja fhys~ kmk/ Q^H Oq~qlb Fqkn as~libhsjan hk @qka <8:7 fmbbmwan ix

><



Clkilke Oq~qlb Fqkn *Nac :7(" Tqk`li Kl~hmklb Ilke Oq~qlb Fqkn *Lqg :8(" Hknhlk Ilke

Oq~qlb Fqkn *Kmv :8(" Ilke mf Hknhl *@qk 84(" Ilke mf Ilymnl Oq~qlb Fqkn *Mc~ 89(+ BHC

as~libhsjan h~s oq~qlb fqkn hk @qka <8:8 wjhba GHC jln sa~ qt h~s oq~qlb fqkn hk Nacaoiay

<884+L~ ~ja akn mf <883" ~ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx jln lssa~s qknay olklgaoak~ mf Ys+>7"44>

cymyas+

^jhyn Tjlsa – <883/9443 *Ak~yx mf Tyhvl~a Sac~my Fqkns(

<883 wls ~ja xaly hk wjhcj ~ja fhys~ Oq~qlb Fqkn Yagqbl~hmks cloa hk~m iahkg" qknay wjhcj lbb

oq~qlb fqkns" azcat~ Q^H waya ~m ia yaghs~ayan lkn gmvaykan+ ^ja ays~wjhba Em~jlyh Thmkaay

*kmw oaygan wh~j Fylkebhk âotba~mk( wls ~ja fhys~ tyhvl~a sac~my oq~qlb fqkn yaghs~ayan hk

@qbx <883+

^ja <883 SAIH *Oq~qlb Fqkn( Yagqbl~hmks waya sqis~h~q~an ix l omya cmotyajakshva lkn

yavhsan Oq~qlb Fqkn Yagqbl~hmks hk <886+ ^ja hknqs~yx kmw fqkc~hmks qknay ~ja SAIH *Oq~qlbFqkn( Yagqbl~hmks <886+ Ls l~ ~ja akn mf @lkqlyx 9443" ~jaya waya 33 oq~qlb fqkns wh~j ~m~lb

lssa~s mf Ys+ <"9<":41 cymyas+

Fmqy~j Tjlsa – shkca Faiyqlyx 9443

Hk Faiyqlyx 9443" fmbbmwhkg ~ja yatalb mf ~ja Qkh~ ^yqs~ mf Hknhl Lc~ <863 Q^H wls ihfqycl~an

hk~m ~wm satlyl~a ak~h~has+ Mka hs ~ja Stachfhan Qknay~lehkg mf ~ja Qkh~ ^yqs~ mf Hknhl wh~j lssa~s

qknay olklgaoak~ mf Ys+98":31 cymyas ls l~ ~ja akn mf @lkqlyx 9443" yatyasak~hkg iymlnbx" ~ja

lssa~s mf QS 6> scjaoa" lssqyan ya~qyk lkn cay~lhk m~jay scjaoas

^ja sacmkn hs ~ja Q^H Oq~qlb Fqkn B~n" stmksmyan ix SIH" TKI" IMI lkn BHC+ H~ hs yaghs~ayan

wh~j SAIH lkn fqkc~hmks qknay ~ja Oq~qlb Fqkn Yagqbl~hmks+ cmksmbhnl~hmk lkn gymw~j+ Ls l~

~ja akn mf Sat~aoiay" 944>" ~jaya waya 98 fqkns" wjhcj olklga lssa~s mf Ys+<13<4: cymyas

qknay >9< scjaoas+

>9



Cl~agmyhas mf oq~qlb fqkns0

Oq~qlb fqkns clk ia cblsshfhan ls fmbbmw0

Ilsan mk ~jahy s~yqc~qya 0

• Mtak/aknan fqkns0 Hkvas~mys clk iqx lkn sabb ~ja qkh~s fymo ~ja fqkn" l~ lkx tmhk~ mf

~hoa+

• Cbmsa/aknan fqkns0 ^jasa fqkns ylhsa omkax fymo hkvas~mys mkbx mkca+ ^jayafmya" lf~ay

~ja mffay tayhmn" fyasj hkvas~oak~s clk km~ ia olna hk~m ~ja fqkn+ Hf ~ja fqkn hs bhs~an mk

>3



l s~mces azcjlkga ~ja qkh~s clk ia ~ylnan bhea s~mces *A+g+" Omyglk S~lkbax Gymw~j

Fqkn(+ Yacak~bx" oms~ mf ~ja Kaw Fqkn Mffays mf cbmsa/aknan fqkns tymvhnan bh|qhnh~x

whknmw mk l tayhmnhc ilshs sqcj ls omk~jbx my waaebx+ Yanaot~hmk mf qkh~s clk ia

olna nqyhkg stachfhan hk~ayvlbs+ ^jayafmya" sqcj fqkns jlva yabl~hvabx bmw bh|qhnh~x+

Ilsan mk ~jahy hkvas~oak~ miàc~hva 0

A|qh~x fqkns0 ^jasa fqkns hkvas~ hk a|qh~has lkn a|qh~x yabl~an hks~yqoak~s+ Wh~j

fbqc~ql~hkg sjlya tyhcas" sqcj fqkns sjmw vmbl~hba tayfmyolkca" avak bmssas+ Jmwavay"

sjmy~ ~ayo fbqc~ql~hmks hk ~ja olyea~" gakaylbbx somm~jaks mq~ hk ~ja bmkg ~ayo" ~jayaix

mffayhkg jhgjay ya~qyks l~ yabl~hvabx bmway vmbl~hbh~x+ L~ ~ja sloa ~hoa" sqcj fqkns clk

xhabn gyal~ clth~lb lttyachl~hmk ls" jhs~myhclbbx" a|qh~has jlva mq~tayfmyoan lbb lssa~

cblssas hk ~ja bmkg ~ayo+ Jakca" hkvas~oak~ hk a|qh~x fqkns sjmqbn ia cmkshnayan fmy l

tayhmn mf l~ bals~ 3/1 xalys+ H~ clk ia fqy~jay cblsshfhan ls0

h( Hknaz fqkns/ Hk ~jhs clsa l eax s~mce olyea~ hknaz" bhea ISA Saksaz my Khf~x hs ~ylcean+^jahy tmy~fmbhm ohyymys ~ja iakcjolye hknaz im~j hk ~ayos mf cmotmsh~hmk lkn hknhvhnqlb s~mce wahgj~lgas+

hh( A|qh~x nhvayshfhan fqkns/ <44! mf ~ja clth~lb hs hkvas~an hk a|qh~has styalnhkg lcymss nhffayak~sac~mys lkn s~mces+

hhh( Nhvhnakn xhabn fqkns/ h~ hs shohbly ~m ~ja a|qh~x nhvayshfhan fqkns azcat~ ~jl~ ~jax hkvas~ hkcmotlkhas mffayhkg jhgj nhvhnakn xhabns+

hv( ^jaol~hc fqkns/ Hkvas~ <44! mf ~ja lssa~s hk sac~mys wjhcj lya yabl~an ~jymqgj smoa ~jaoa+

a+g+ /Lk hkfyls~yqc~qya fqkn hkvas~s hk tmway" cmks~yqc~hmk" caoak~s sac~mys a~c+

v( Sac~my fqkns/ Hkvas~ <44! mf ~ja clth~lb hk l stachfhc sac~my+ a+g+ / L ilkehkg sac~my fqkn whbbhkvas~ hk ilkehkg s~mces+

vh( ABSS/ A|qh~x Bhkean Slvhkg Scjaoa tymvhnas ~lz iakafh~ ~m ~ja hkvas~mys+

Ilblkcan fqkn0 ^jahy hkvas~oak~ tmy~fmbhm hkcbqnas im~j nai~ lkn a|qh~x+ Ls l yasqb~" mk ~ja

yhse/ya~qyk blnnay" ~jax flbb ia~waak a|qh~x lkn nai~ fqkns+ Ilblkcan fqkns lya ~ja hnalb oq~qlb

fqkns vajhcba fmy hkvas~mys wjm tyafay styalnhkg ~jahy yhse lcymss vlyhmqs hks~yqoak~s+ Fmbbmwhkg

lya ilblkcan fqkns cblssas0

h( Nai~/myhak~an fqkns /Hkvas~oak~ iabmw 61! hk a|qh~has+

hh( A|qh~x/myhak~an fqkns /Hkvas~ l~ bals~ 61! hk a|qh~has" yaolhkhkg hk nai~+

>>



Nai~ fqkn0 ^jax hkvas~ mkbx hk nai~ hks~yqoak~s" lkn lya l gmmn mt~hmk fmy hkvas~mys lvaysa ~m

hnal mf ~lehkg yhse lssmchl~an wh~j a|qh~has+ ^jayafmya" ~jax hkvas~ azcbqshvabx hk fhzan/hkcmoa

hks~yqoak~s bhea imkns" naiak~qyas" Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl sacqyh~has5 lkn omkax olyea~

hks~yqoak~s sqcj ls cay~hfhcl~as mf natmsh~ *CN(" cmooaychlb tltay *CT( lkn clbb omkax+ Tq~

xmqy omkax hk~m lkx mf ~jasa nai~ fqkns nataknhkg mk xmqy hkvas~oak~ jmyhpmk lkn kaans+

h( Bh|qhn fqkns/ ^jasa fqkns hkvas~ <44! hk omkax olyea~ hks~yqoak~s" l blyga tmy~hmk iahkghkvas~an hk clbb omkax olyea~+

hh(Ghb~ fqkns S^/ ^jax hkvas~ <44! mf ~jahy tmy~fmbhm hk gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has mf lkn ^/ihbbs+

hhh(Fbml~hkg yl~a fqkns / Hkvas~ hk sjmy~/~ayo nai~ tltays+ Fbml~ays hkvas~ hk nai~ hks~yqoak~swjhcj jlva vlyhliba cmqtmk yl~a+

hv(Lyih~ylga fqkn/ ^jax gakayl~a hkcmoa ~jymqgj lyih~ylga mttmy~qkh~has nqa ~m ohs/tyhchkg ia~waak clsj olyea~ lkn nayhvl~hvas olyea~+ Fqkns lya lbbmcl~an ~m a|qh~has" nayhvl~hvas lkn

omkax olyea~s+ Jhgjay tymtmy~hmk *lymqkn 71!( hs tq~ hk omkax olyea~s" hk ~ja lisakca mf

lyih~ylga mttmy~qkh~has+

v(Ghb~ fqkns B^/ ^jax hkvas~ <44! mf ~jahy tmy~fmbhm hk bmkg/~ayo gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has+

vh( Hkcmoa fqkns B^/ ^xthclbbx" sqcj fqkns hkvas~ l ol`my tmy~hmk mf ~ja tmy~fmbhm hk bmkg/~ayonai~ tltays+

vhh( OHTs/ Omk~jbx Hkcmoa Tblks jlva lk aztmsqya mf 74!/84! ~m nai~ lkn lk aztmsqya mf <4!/34! ~m a|qh~has+

vhhh(FOTs/ fhzan omk~jbx tblks hkvas~ hk nai~ tltays wjmsa ol~qyh~x hs hk bhka wh~j ~jl~ mf ~jafqkn+

>1



Hkvas~oak~ s~yl~aghas0

<+ Sxs~aol~hc Hkvas~oak~ Tblk0 qknay ~jhs l fhzan sqo hs hkvas~an alcj omk~j mk l fhzan nl~a

mf l omk~j+ Tlxoak~ hs olna ~jymqgj tms~ nl~an cja|qas my nhyac~ naih~ flchbh~has+ ^ja hkvas~my

ga~s faway qkh~s wjak ~ja KLV hs jhgj lkn omya qkh~s wjak ~ja KLV hs bmw+ ^jhs hs clbban ls

~ja iakafh~ mf Yqtaa Cms~ Lvaylghkg *YCL(

9+ Sxs~aol~hc ^ylksfay Tblk0 qknay ~jhs lk hkvas~my hkvas~ hk nai~ myhak~an fqkn lkn ghva

hks~yqc~hmks ~m ~ylksfay l fhzan sqo" l~ l fhzan hk~ayvlb" ~m lk a|qh~x scjaoa mf ~ja sloa oq~qlb

fqkn+

3+ Sxs~aol~hc Wh~jnylwlb Tblk0 hf smoamka whsjas ~m wh~jnylw fymo l oq~qlb fqkn ~jak ja

clk wh~jnylw l fhzan lomqk~ alcj omk~j+

>6



Yhse v-s+ ya~qyk0

>7



Wmyehkg mf l Oq~qlb fqkn0

^ja ak~hya oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx mtayl~as hk l vayx myglkhpan wlx+ ^ja hkvas~mys" ekmwk ls qkh~

jmbnays"jlknmvay ~jahy slvhkgs ~m ~ja LOCs qknay vlyhmqs scjaoas+ ^ja miàc~hva mf ~ja

hkvas~oak~ sjmqbn ol~cj wh~j ~ja miàc~hva mf ~ja fqkn ~m ias~ sqh~ ~ja hkvas~mys‘ kaans+ ^ja

>:



LOCs fqy~jay hkvas~ ~ja fqkns hk~m vlyhmqs sacqyh~has lccmynhkg ~m ~ja hkvas~oak~ miàc~hva+

^ja ya~qyk gakayl~an fymo ~ja hkvas~oak~s hs tlssan mk ~m ~ja hkvas~mys my yahkvas~an ls

oak~hmkan hk ~ja mffay nmcqoak~+

Wmyehkg Mf Oq~qlb Fqkn

Oq~qlb Fqkns

Iafmya wa qknays~lkn wjl~ hs oq~qlb fqkn" h~‘s vayx hotmy~lk~ ~m ekmw ~ja lyal hk wjhcj

oq~qlb fqkns wmyes" ~ja ilshc qknays~lknhkg mf s~mces lkn imkns+

S~mces 0 S~mces yatyasak~ sjlyas mf mwkaysjht hk l tqibhc cmotlkx+ Azlotbas mf tqibhc

cmotlkhas hkcbqna Yabhlkca" MKGC lkn Hkfmsxs+ S~mces lya cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja oms~ cmoomk

mwkan hkvas~oak~ ~ylnan mk ~ja olyea~+

Imkns 0 Imkns lya ilshclbbx ~ja omkax wjhcj xmq bakn ~m ~ja gmvaykoak~ my l cmotlkx" lkn hkya~qyk xmq clk yacahva hk~ayas~ mk xmqy hkvas~an lomqk~" wjhcj hs ilce mvay tyana~ayohkan

lomqk~s mf ~hoa+ Imkns lya cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja oms~ cmoomk baknhkg hkvas~oak~ ~ylnan mk ~ja

olyea~+ ^jaya lya olkx m~jay ~xtas mf hkvas~oak~s m~jay ~jlk s~mces lkn imkns *hkcbqnhkg

lkkqh~has" yalb as~l~a" lkn tyachmqs oa~lbs(" iq~ ~ja ol`myh~x mf oq~qlb fqkns hkvas~ hk s~mces

lkn-my imkns+

Wjl~ Hs Oq~qlb Fqkn

L oq~qlb fqkn hs `qs~ ~ja cmkkac~hkg iyhnga my l fhklkchlb hk~ayoanhlyx ~jl~ lbbmws l

gymqt mf hkvas~mys ~m tmmb ~jahy omkax ~mga~jay wh~j l tyana~ayohkan hkvas~oak~ miàc~hva+ ^ja

oq~qlb fqkn whbb jlva l fqkn olklgay wjm hs yastmkshiba fmy hkvas~hkg ~ja gl~jayan omkax hk~m

>8



stachfhc sacqyh~has *s~mces my imkns(+ Wjak xmq hkvas~ hk l oq~qlb fqkn" xmq lya iqxhkg qkh~s my

tmy~hmks mf ~ja oq~qlb fqkn lkn ~jqs mk hkvas~hkg iacmoas l sjlyajmbnay my qkh~ jmbnay mf ~ja

fqkn+

Oq~qlb fqkns lya cmkshnayan ls mka mf ~ja ias~ lvlhbliba hkvas~oak~s ls cmotlya ~m

m~jays ~jax lya vayx cms~ affhchak~ lkn lbsm alsx ~m hkvas~ hk" ~jqs ix tmmbhkg omkax ~mga~jay hk loq~qlb fqkn" hkvas~mys clk tqycjlsa s~mces my imkns wh~j oqcj bmway ~ylnhkg cms~s ~jlk hf ~jax

~yhan ~m nm h~ mk ~jahy mwk+ Iq~ ~ja ihggas~ lnvlk~lga ~m oq~qlb fqkns hs nhvayshfhcl~hmk" ix

ohkhohphkg yhse & olzhohphkg ya~qyks+

^jqs l Oq~qlb Fqkn hs ~ja oms~ sqh~liba hkvas~oak~ fmy ~ja cmoomk olk ls h~ mffays lkmttmy~qkh~x ~m hkvas~ hk l nhvayshfhan" tymfasshmklbbx olklgan ilsea~ mf sacqyh~has l~ l yabl~hvabxbmw cms~+ ^ja fbmw cjly~ iabmw nascyhias iymlnbx ~ja wmyehkg mf l oq~qlb fqkn

14



1<



Mvayvhaw mf azhs~hkg scjaoas azhs~an hk oq~qlb fqkn cl~agmyx

Whna vlyha~x mf Oq~qlb Fqkn Scjaoas azhs~s ~m cl~ay ~m ~ja kaans sqcj ls fhklkchlb

tmsh~hmk" yhse ~mbaylkca lkn ya~qyk aztac~l~hmks a~c+ ^ja ~liba iabmw ghvas lk mvayvhaw hk~m ~ja

azhs~hkg ~xtas mf scjaoas hk ~ja Hknqs~yx+

19



^xta mf Oq~qlb Fqkn Scjaoas

IX S^YQC^QYA

Mtak Aknan ScjaoasLk mtak/akn fqkn hs mka ~jl~ hs lvlhbliba fmy sqiscyht~hmk lbb ~jymqgj ~ja xaly+ ^jasa nm km~

jlva l fhzan ol~qyh~x+ Hkvas~mys clk cmkvakhak~bx iqx lkn sabb qkh~s l~ Ka~ Lssa~ Vlbqa *)KLV)(

yabl~an tyhcas+ ^ja eax fal~qya mf mtak/akn scjaoas hs bh|qhnh~x+

Cbmsa Aknan Scjaoas

L cbmsan/akn fqkn jls l s~htqbl~an ol~qyh~x tayhmn wjhcj gakaylbbx ylkghkg fymo 3 ~m <1

xalys+ ^ja fqkn hs mtak fmy sqiscyht~hmk mkbx nqyhkg l stachfhan tayhmn+ Hkvas~mys clk hkvas~ hk

~ja scjaoa l~ ~ja ~hoa mf ~ja hkh~hlb tqibhc hssqa lkn ~jayalf~ay ~jax clk iqx my sabb ~ja qkh~s mf

~ja scjaoa mk ~ja s~mce azcjlkgas wjaya ~jax lya bhs~an+ Hk mynay ~m tymvhna lk azh~ ymq~a ~m ~ja

hkvas~mys" smoa cbmsa/aknan fqkns ghva lk mt~hmk mf sabbhkg ilce ~ja qkh~s ~m ~ja Oq~qlb Fqkn

~jymqgj tayhmnhc yatqycjlsa l~ KLV yabl~an tyhcas+ SAIH Yagqbl~hmks s~htqbl~a ~jl~ l~ bals~ mka

mf ~ja ~wm azh~ ymq~as hs tymvhnan ~m ~ja hkvas~my+

Hk~ayvlb Scjaoas

Hk~ayvlb Scjaoas lya ~jl~ scjaoa" wjhcj cmoihkas ~ja fal~qyas mf mtak/aknan lkn cbmsa/

aknan scjaoas+ ^ja qkh~s olx ia ~ylnan mk ~ja s~mce azcjlkga my olx ia mtak fmy slba my

yanaot~hmk nqyhkg tya/na~ayohkan hk~ayvlbs l~ KLV yabl~an tyhcas+

13



IX KL^QYA

Qknay ~jhs ~ja oq~qlb fqkn hs cl~agmyhpan mk ~ja ilshs mf Hkvas~oak~ Miàc~hva+ Ix kl~qya ~jaoq~qlb fqkn hs cl~agmyhpan ls fmbbmw0

1>



<+ A|qh~x fqkn0

11



^jasa fqkns hkvas~ l olzhoqo tly~ mf ~jahy cmytqs hk~m a|qh~has jmbnhkgs+ ^ja s~yqc~qya mf

~ja fqkn olx vlyx nhffayak~ fmy nhffayak~ scjaoas lkn ~ja fqkn olklgay‘s mq~bmme mk nhffayak~

s~mces+ ^ja A|qh~x Fqkns lya sqi/cblsshfhan nataknhkg qtmk ~jahy hkvas~oak~ miàc~hva" ls

fmbbmws0

•

Nhvayshfhan A|qh~x Fqkns• Ohn/Clt Fqkns

• Sac~my Stachfhc Fqkns

• ^lz Slvhkgs Fqkns *ABSS(

A|qh~x hkvas~oak~s lya oalk~ fmy l bmkgay ~hoa jmyhpmk" ~jqs A|qh~x fqkns ylke jhgj mk ~ja

yhse/ya~qyk ol~yhz+

9+ Nai~ fqkns0

^ja miàc~hva mf ~jasa Fqkns hs ~m hkvas~ hk nai~ tltays+ Gmvaykoak~ lq~jmyh~has" tyhvl~a

cmotlkhas" ilkes lkn fhklkchlb hks~h~q~hmks lya smoa mf ~ja ol`my hssqays mf nai~ tltays+ Ixhkvas~hkg hk nai~ hks~yqoak~s" ~jasa fqkns aksqya bmw yhse lkn tymvhna s~liba hkcmoa ~m ~ja

hkvas~mys+ Nai~ fqkns lya fqy~jay cblsshfhan ls0

• Ghb~ Fqkns0 Hkvas~ ~jahy cmytqs hk sacqyh~has hssqan ix Gmvaykoak~" tmtqblybx ekmwk ls

Gmvaykoak~ mf Hknhl nai~ tltays+ ^jasa Fqkns clyyx paym Naflqb~ yhse iq~ lya lssmchl~an

wh~j Hk~ayas~ Yl~a yhse+ ^jasa scjaoas lya slfay ls ~jax hkvas~ hk tltays ilcean ix

Gmvaykoak~+

• Hkcmoa Fqkns0 Hkvas~ l ol`my tmy~hmk hk~m vlyhmqs nai~ hks~yqoak~s sqcj ls imkns"

cmytmyl~a naiak~qyas lkn Gmvaykoak~ sacqyh~has+

• OHTs0 Hkvas~s olzhoqo mf ~jahy ~m~lb cmytqs hk nai~ hks~yqoak~s wjhba ~jax ~lea

ohkhoqo aztmsqya hk a|qh~has+ H~ ga~s iakafh~ mf im~j a|qh~x lkn nai~ olyea~+ ^jasa

scjaoa ylkes sbhgj~bx jhgj mk ~ja yhse/ya~qyk ol~yhz wjak cmotlyan wh~j m~jay nai~

scjaoas+

• Sjmy~ âyo Tblks *S^Ts(0 Oalk~ fmy hkvas~oak~ jmyhpmk fmy ~jyaa ~m shz omk~js+ ^jasa

fqkns tyholyhbx hkvas~ hk sjmy~ ~ayo tltays bhea Cay~hfhcl~a mf Natmsh~s *CNs( lknCmooaychlb Tltays *CTs(+ Smoa tmy~hmk mf ~ja cmytqs hs lbsm hkvas~an hk cmytmyl~a

naiak~qyas+

16



• Bh|qhn Fqkns0 Lbsm ekmwk ls Omkax Olyea~ Scjaoas" ^jasa fqkns tymvhnas alsx

bh|qhnh~x lkn tyasayvl~hmk mf clth~lb+ ^jasa scjaoas hkvas~ hk sjmy~/~ayo hks~yqoak~s bhea

^yalsqyx Ihbbs" hk~ay/ilke clbb omkax olyea~" CTs lkn CNs+ ^jasa fqkns lya oalk~ fmy

sjmy~/~ayo clsj olklgaoak~ mf cmytmyl~a jmqsas lkn lya oalk~ fmy lk hkvas~oak~

jmyhpmk mf <nlx ~m 3 omk~js+ ^jasa scjaoas ylke bmw mk yhse/ya~qyk ol~yhz lkn lya

cmkshnayan ~m ia ~ja slfas~ lomkgs~ lbb cl~agmyhas mf oq~qlb fqkns+

3+ Ilblkcan fqkns0 Ls ~ja kloa sqggas~ ~jax" lya l ohz mf im~j a|qh~x lkn nai~ fqkns+ ^jax

hkvas~ hk im~j a|qh~has lkn fhzan hkcmoa sacqyh~has" wjhcj lya hk bhka wh~j tya/nafhkan hkvas~oak~

miàc~hva mf ~ja scjaoa+ ^jasa scjaoas lho ~m tymvhna hkvas~mys wh~j ~ja ias~ mf im~j ~ja

wmybns+ A|qh~x tly~ tymvhnas gymw~j lkn ~ja nai~ tly~ tymvhnas s~lihbh~x hk ya~qyks+

Fqy~jay ~ja oq~qlb fqkns clk ia iymlnbx cblsshfhan mk ~ja ilshs mf hkvas~oak~ tlyloa~ay vhp"

Alcj cl~agmyx mf fqkns hs ilcean ix lk hkvas~oak~ tjhbmsmtjx" wjhcj hs tya/nafhkan hk ~ja

miàc~hvas mf ~ja fqkn+ ^ja hkvas~my clk lbhgk jhs mwk hkvas~oak~ kaans wh~j ~ja fqkns miàc~hva

lkn hkvas~ lccmynhkgbx+

IX HKVASÔAK^ MI@AC^HVA

• Gymw~j Scjaoas0 Gymw~j Scjaoas lya lbsm ekmwk ls a|qh~x scjaoas+ ^ja lho mf ~jasa

scjaoas hs ~m tymvhna clth~lb lttyachl~hmk mvay oanhqo ~m bmkg ~ayo+ ^jasa scjaoas

kmyolbbx hkvas~ l ol`my tly~ mf ~jahy fqkn hk a|qh~has lkn lya whbbhkg ~m ialy sjmy~/~ayo

nacbhka hk vlbqa fmy tmsshiba fq~qya lttyachl~hmk+

• Hkcmoa Scjaoas0 Hkcmoa Scjaoas lya lbsm ekmwk ls nai~ scjaoas+ ^ja lho mf ~jasa

scjaoas hs ~m tymvhna yagqbly lkn s~alnx hkcmoa ~m hkvas~mys+ ^jasa scjaoas gakaylbbx

hkvas~ hk fhzan hkcmoa sacqyh~has sqcj ls imkns lkn cmytmyl~a naiak~qyas+ Clth~lb

lttyachl~hmk hk sqcj scjaoas olx ia bhoh~an+

• Ilblkcan Scjaoas0 Ilblkcan Scjaoas lho ~m tymvhna im~j gymw~j lkn hkcmoa ix

tayhmnhclbbx nhs~yhiq~hkg l tly~ mf ~ja hkcmoa lkn clth~lb glhks ~jax alyk+ ^jasa scjaoas

17



hkvas~ hk im~j sjlyas lkn fhzan hkcmoa sacqyh~has" hk ~ja tymtmy~hmk hknhcl~an hk ~jahy

mffay nmcqoak~s *kmyolbbx 14014(+

• Omkax Olyea~ Scjaoas0 Omkax Olyea~ Scjaoas lho ~m tymvhna alsx bh|qhnh~x"

tyasayvl~hmk mf clth~lb lkn omnayl~a hkcmoa+ ^jasa scjaoas gakaylbbx hkvas~ hk slfay"

sjmy~/~ayo hks~yqoak~s" sqcj ls ~yalsqyx ihbbs" cay~hfhcl~as mf natmsh~" cmooaychlb tltay lkn hk~ay/ilke clbb omkax+

M^JAY SCJAOAS

• ^lz Slvhkg Scjaoas0 ^lz/slvhkg scjaoas mffay ~lz yail~as ~m ~ja hkvas~mys qknay ~lz

blws tyascyhian fymo ~hoa ~m ~hoa+ Qknay Sac+:: mf ~ja Hkcmoa ^lz Lc~" cmk~yhiq~hmks

olna ~m lkx A|qh~x Bhkean Slvhkgs Scjaoa *ABSS( lya abhghiba fmy yail~a+

• Hknaz Scjaoas0 Hknaz scjaoas l~~aot~ ~m yatbhcl~a ~ja tayfmyolkca mf l tly~hcqbly

hknaz sqcj ls ~ja ISA Saksaz my ~ja KSA 14+ ^ja tmy~fmbhm mf ~jasa scjaoas whbb cmkshs~

mf mkbx ~jmsa s~mces ~jl~ cmks~h~q~a ~ja hknaz+ ^ja taycak~lga mf alcj s~mce ~m ~ja ~m~lb

jmbnhkg whbb ia hnak~hclb ~m ~ja s~mces hknaz wahgj~lga+ Lkn jakca" ~ja ya~qyks fymo sqcj

scjaoas wmqbn ia omya my bass a|qhvlbak~ ~m ~jmsa mf ~ja Hknaz+

• Sac~my Stachfhc Scjaoas0 ^jasa lya ~ja fqkns-scjaoas wjhcj hkvas~ hk ~ja sacqyh~has mf

mkbx ~jmsa sac~mys my hknqs~yhas ls stachfhan hk ~ja mffay nmcqoak~s+ a+g+ Tjlyolcaq~hclbs"

Smf~wlya" Fls~ Omvhkg Cmksqoay Gmmns *FOCG(" Ta~ymbaqo s~mces" a~c+ ^ja ya~qyks hk

~jasa fqkns lya nataknak~ mk ~ja tayfmyolkca mf ~ja yastac~hva sac~mys-hknqs~yhas+ Wjhba

~jasa fqkns olx ghva jhgjay ya~qyks" ~jax lya omya yhsex cmotlyan ~m nhvayshfhan fqkns+

Hkvas~mys kaan ~m eaat l wl~cj mk ~ja tayfmyolkca mf ~jmsa sac~mys-hknqs~yhas lkn oqs~

azh~ l~ lk lttymtyhl~a ~hoa+

^xtas mf ya~qyks0

^jaya lya ~jyaa wlxs" wjaya ~ja ~m~lb ya~qyks tymvhnan ix oq~qlb fqkns clk ia ak`mxan ix

hkvas~mys0

1:



• Hkcmoa hs alykan fymo nhvhnakns mk s~mces lkn hk~ayas~ mk imkns+ L fqkn tlxs mq~ kalybx

lbb hkcmoa h~ yacahvas mvay ~ja xaly ~m fqkn mwkays hk ~ja fmyo mf l nhs~yhiq~hmk+

• Hf ~ja fqkn sabbs sacqyh~has ~jl~ jlva hkcyalsan hk tyhca" ~ja fqkn jls l clth~lb glhk+ Oms~

fqkns lbsm tlss mk ~jasa glhks ~m hkvas~mys hk l nhs~yhiq~hmk+

• Hf fqkn jmbnhkgs hkcyalsa hk tyhca iq~ lya km~ smbn ix ~ja fqkn olklgay" ~ja fqkn's sjlyas

hkcyalsa hk tyhca+ Xmq clk ~jak sabb xmqy oq~qlb fqkn sjlyas fmy l tymfh~+ Fqkns whbb lbsm

qsqlbbx ghva xmq l cjmhca ah~jay ~m yacahva l cjace fmy nhs~yhiq~hmks my ~m yahkvas~ ~ja

alykhkgs lkn ga~ omya sjlyas+

Tyms & cmks mf hkvas~hkg hk oq~qlb fqkns0

Fmy hkvas~oak~s hk oq~qlb fqkn" mka oqs~ eaat hk ohkn limq~ ~ja Tyms lkn cmks mf hkvas~oak~s hk oq~qlb fqkn+

Lnvlk~lgas mf Hkvas~hkg Oq~qlb Fqkns0

<+ Tymfasshmklb Olklgaoak~ / ^ja ilshc lnvlk~lga mf fqkns hs ~jl~" ~jax lya tymfasshmklb

olklgan" ix wabb |qlbhfhan tymfasshmklb+ Hkvas~mys tqycjlsa fqkns iaclqsa ~jax nm km~ jlva ~ja

~hoa my ~ja aztay~hsa ~m olklga ~jahy mwk tmy~fmbhm+ L oq~qlb fqkn hs cmkshnayan ~m ia yabl~hvabx

bass aztakshva wlx ~m olea lkn omkh~my ~jahy hkvas~oak~s+

9+ Nhvayshfhcl~hmk / Tqycjlshkg qkh~s hk l oq~qlb fqkn hks~aln mf iqxhkg hknhvhnqlb s~mces my

imkns" ~ja hkvas~mys yhse hs styaln mq~ lkn ohkhohpan qt ~m cay~lhk az~ak~+ ^ja hnal iajhkn

nhvayshfhcl~hmk hs ~m hkvas~ hk l blyga kqoiay mf lssa~s sm ~jl~ l bmss hk lkx tly~hcqbly hkvas~oak~

hs ohkhohpan ix glhks hk m~jays+

18



3+ Acmkmohas mf Sclba / Oq~qlb fqkn iqx lkn sabb blyga lomqk~s mf sacqyh~has l~ l ~hoa" ~jqs

jabt ~m yanqchkg ~ylkslc~hmk cms~s" lkn jabt ~m iyhkg nmwk ~ja lvaylga cms~ mf ~ja qkh~ fmy ~jahy

hkvas~mys+

>+ Bh|qhnh~x / @qs~ bhea lk hknhvhnqlb s~mce" oq~qlb fqkn lbsm lbbmws hkvas~mys ~m bh|qhnl~a ~jahy

jmbnhkgs ls lkn wjak ~jax wlk~+

1+ Shotbhch~x / Hkvas~oak~s hk oq~qlb fqkn hs cmkshnayan ~m ia alsx" cmotlya ~m m~jay lvlhbliba

hks~yqoak~s hk ~ja olyea~" lkn ~ja ohkhoqo hkvas~oak~ hs solbb+ Oms~ LOC lbsm jlva

lq~mol~hc tqycjlsa tblks wjayaix ls bh~~ba ls Ys+ 9444" wjaya SHT s~ly~ wh~j `qs~ Ys+14 tay

omk~j ilshs+

Nhslnvlk~lgas mf Hkvas~hkg Oq~qlb Fqkns0

<+ Tymfasshmklb Olklgaoak~/ Smoa fqkns nmask‘~ tayfmyo hk kah~jay ~ja olyea~" ls ~jahy

olklgaoak~ hs km~ nxklohc akmqgj ~m aztbmya ~ja lvlhbliba mttmy~qkh~x hk ~ja olyea~" ~jqs

olkx hkvas~mys nail~a mvay wja~jay my km~ ~ja sm/clbban tymfasshmklbs lya lkx ia~~ay ~jlk oq~qlb

fqkn my hkvas~my jhosabf" fmy thcehkg qt s~mces+

9+ Cms~s – ^ja ihggas~ smqyca mf LOC hkcmoa" hs gakaylbbx fymo ~ja ak~yx & azh~ bmln wjhcj

~jax cjlyga fymo lk hkvas~mys" l~ ~ja ~hoa mf tqycjlsa+ ^ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yhas lya ~jqs

cjlyghkg az~yl cms~ qknay blxays mf `lygmk+

3+ Nhbq~hmk / Iaclqsa fqkns jlva solbb jmbnhkgs lcymss nhffayak~ cmotlkhas" jhgj ya~qyks fymo l

faw hkvas~oak~s mf~ak nmk'~ olea oqcj nhffayakca mk ~ja mvaylbb ya~qyk+ Nhbq~hmk hs lbsm ~ja

yasqb~ mf l sqccassfqb fqkn ga~~hkg ~mm ihg+ Wjak omkax tmqys hk~m fqkns ~jl~ jlva jln s~ymkg

sqccass" ~ja olklgay mf~ak jls ~ymqiba fhknhkg l gmmn hkvas~oak~ fmy lbb ~ja kaw omkax+

>+ ^lzas / wjak olehkg nachshmks limq~ xmqy omkax" fqkn olklgays nmk'~ cmkshnay xmqy

taysmklb ~lz sh~ql~hmk+ Fmy azlotba" wjak l fqkn olklgay sabbs l sacqyh~x" l clth~lb/glhk ~lz hs

64



~yhggayan" wjhcj lffac~s jmw tymfh~liba ~ja hknhvhnqlb hs fymo ~ja slba+ H~ ohgj~ jlva iaak omya

lnvlk~lgamqs fmy ~ja hknhvhnqlb ~m nafay ~ja clth~lb glhks bhlihbh~x+

Gqhnabhkas mf ~ja SAIH fmy Oq~qlb Fqkn Cmotlkhas 0

6<



^m tym~ac~ ~ja hk~ayas~ mf ~ja hkvas~mys" SAIH fmyoqbl~as tmbhchas lkn yagqbl~as ~ja oq~qlb

fqkns+ H~ km~hfhan yagqbl~hmks hk <883 *fqbbx yavhsan hk <886( lkn hssqas gqhnabhkas fymo ~hoa ~m

~hoa+

SAIH lttymvan Lssa~ Olklgaoak~ Cmotlkx *LOC( olklgas ~ja fqkns ix olehkg

hkvas~oak~s hk vlyhmqs ~xtas mf sacqyh~has+ Cqs~mnhlk" yaghs~ayan wh~j SAIH" jmbns ~ja sacqyh~has

mf vlyhmqs scjaoas mf ~ja fqkn hk h~s cqs~mnx+

Lccmynhkg ~m SAIH Yagqbl~hmks" ~wm ~jhyns mf ~ja nhyac~mys mf ^yqs~aa Cmotlkx my imlyn mf

~yqs~aas oqs~ ia hknataknak~+

^ja Lssmchl~hmk mf Oq~qlb Fqkns hk Hknhl *LOFH( yalssqyas ~ja hkvas~mys hk qkh~s mf oq~qlb

fqkns ~jl~ ~ja oq~qlb fqkns fqkc~hmk wh~jhk ~ja s~yhc~ yagqbl~myx fyloawmye+ H~s miàc~hva hs ~m

hkcyalsa tqibhc lwlyakass mf ~ja oq~qlb fqkn hknqs~yx+ LOFH lbsm hs akglgan hk qtgylnhkg

tymfasshmklb s~lknlyns lkn hk tymom~hkg ias~ hknqs~yx tylc~hcas hk nhvaysa lyals sqcj lsvlbql~hmk" nhscbmsqya" ~ylkstlyakcx a~c+

Nmcqoak~s ya|qhyan *TLK olknl~myx(0

Tymmf mf hnak~h~x 0

<+ Tjm~m TLK clyn

9+ Hk clsa mf kmk/tjm~m TLK clyn hk lnnh~hmk ~m cmtx mf TLK clyn lkx mka mf ~ja fmbbmwhkg0

nyhvhkg bhcaksa-tlsstmy~ cmtx- vm~ay hn- ilke tjm~m tlss imme+

Tymmf mf lnnyass *lkx mf ~ja fmbbmwhkg ( 0bl~as~ ~abatjmka ihbb" bl~as~ abac~yhch~x ihbb" Tlsstmy~"

bl~as~ ilke tlssimme-ilke lccmqk~ s~l~aoak~" bl~as~ Naol~ lccmqk~ s~l~aoak~" vm~ay hn" nyhvhkg

bhcaksa" yl~hmk clyn" yak~ lgyaaoak~+

Mffay nmcqoak~0 Lk mffay nmcqoak~ hs hssqan wjak ~ja LOCs olea Kaw Fqkn Mffay*KFM(+

H~s lnvhsliba ~m avayx hkvas~my ~m lse fmy ~ja mffay nmcqoak~ lkn yaln h~ iafmya hkvas~hkg+ Lk

69



63



QBHTS

6>



TBL^FMYOS MF BHFA HKSQYLKCA/ QKH^ BHKEAN HKSQYLKCA TBLKS

Wmybn mvay " hksqylkca cmoa hk nhffayak~ fmyos lkn sjltas + lb~jmqgj ~ja gakayhc kloas olx

fhkn shohbly " ~ja nhffayakca hk tymnqc~ fal~qyas oleas mka wmknay limq~ ~ja ilshs mk wjhcj

~jasa tymnqc~s lya nashgkan +Wh~j hksqylkca olyea~ mtakan qt " Hknhlk cqs~moay jls sqnnakbx

fmqkn jhosabf hk l olyea~ tblca wjaya ja hs imoilynan wh~j l bm~ mf `lygmk ls wabb ls olyea~hkg

ghoohces wh~j l vayx bh~~ba ekmwbanga mf wjl~ hs jlttakhkg + ^jhs omnqba hs lhoan l~ cblyhfxhkg

~jasa qknaybxhkg cmkcat~s lkn shotbhfxhkg ~ja nhffayak~ tymnqc~s lvlhbliba hk ~ja olyea~+

Wa jlva olkx tymnqc~s bhea Aknmwoak~ " Wjmba bhfa " Omkax ilce a~c+ Lbb ~jasa tymnqc~s lya

ilsan mk fmbbmwhkg ilshc tbl~fmyos my s~yqc~qyas vhp+

➩ ^ylnh~hmklb Bhfa

➩Qkhvayslb Bhfa my Qkh~ Bhkean Tmbhchas

^YLNH^HMKLB BHFA – LK MVAYVHAW

^ja ilshc lkn whnabx qsan fmyo mf nashgk hs ekmwk ls ^ylnh~hmklb Bhfa Tbl~fmyo+ H~ hs ilsan mk

~ja cmkcat~ mf sjlyhkg + Alcj mf ~ja tmbhcx jmbnay cmk~yhiq~as jhs cmk~yhiq~hmk *tyaohqo( hk~m ~ja

cmoomk blyga fqkn hs olklgan ix ~ja cmotlkx mk iajlbf mf ~ja tmbhcx jmbnays+

Lnohkhs~yl~hmk mf ~jl~ cmoomk fqkn hk ~ja hk~ayas~ mf avayximnx wls ak~yqs~an ~m ~ja hksqylkca

cmotlkx +H~ wls ~ja yastmkshihbh~x mf ~ja cmotlkx ~m lnohkhs~ay scjaoas fmy iakafh~ mf ~ja

tmbhcxjmbnays+ Tmbhcxjmbnays tblxan l vayx tlsshva ymbb + Hk ~ja cmqysa mf ~hoa " ~ja sloa cmkcat~

mf sjlyhkg lkn l cmoomk fqkn wls az~aknan ~m nhffayak~ lyals bhea slvhkg " hkvas~oak~ a~c+

61



FAL^QYAS MF ^B 0

^jhs hs ~ja shotbas~ wlx mf nashgkhkg tymnqc~ ls fly ls cmkcaykan+ Ja jls km m~jay

yastmkshihbh~x iq~ ~m tlx ~ja tyaohqo yagqblybx+

Cmotlkx hs yastmkshiba fmy ~ja tym~ac~hmk ls wabb ls olzhohpl~hmk mf ~ja tmbhcxjmbnay‘s

fqkns+

^jaya hs l cmoomk fqkn wjaya hk lbb ~ja tyaohqos tlhn lya lccqoqbl~an+ Aztaksas

hkcqyyan ls wabb ls cblhos tlhn lya ~jak ~leak mq~ mf ~jhs fqkn+

Cmotlkhas clyyx mq~ ~ja vlbql~hmk mf ~ja fqkn tayhmnhclbbx ~m lscay~lhk ~ja tmsh~hmk+ H~ hs

lbsm l tylc~hca ~m hkcyalsa ~ja ohkhoqo tmsshiba gqlylk~aa qknay l tmbhcx avayx xaly hk

~ja fmyo mf nacblyhkg lkn l~~lcjhkg imkqsas ~m ~ja sqo lssqyan mk ~ja ilshs mf ~jhs

vlbql~hmk+ Nacblyl~hmk mf imkqsas hs km~ olknl~myx + Ilsan mk ~ja akn miàc~hva " cmotlkhas olx mffay nhffayak~ tblks bhea slvhkg tblks"

hkvas~oak~ tblks a~c+*a+g+ Aknmwoak~ " STWBHT(

H~ jabts ~m olhk~lhk l somm~j gymw~j lkn tym~ac~s lglhks~ ~ja vlglyhas mf ~ja olyea~+ Hk m~jay

wmyns h~ ohkhohpas ~ja yhse mf hkvas~oak~s fmy lk lvaylga hknhvhnqlb+ Ja sjlyas jhs yhse wh~j l

gymqt mf bhea/ohknan hknhvhnqlbs+

QBHT hs ~ja Tymnqc~ Hkkmvl~hmk mf ~ja cmkvak~hmklb Hksqylkca tymnqc~+ Wh~j ~ja nacbhka hk

~ja tmtqblyh~x mf ~ylnh~hmklb Hksqylkca tymnqc~s & cjlkghkg Hkvas~my kaans hk ~ayos mf bhfa

tym~ac~hmk" tayhmnhch~x" ya~qyks & bh|qhnh~x" h~ wls kaan mf ~ja jmqy ~m jlva lk Hks~yqoak~

~jl~ mffays lbb ~jasa fal~qyas iqknban hk~m mka+

L Qkh~ Bhke Hksqylkca Tmbhcx *QBHT( hs mka hk wjhcj ~ja cqs~moay hs tymvhnan wh~j l bhfa

hksqylkca cmvay lkn ~ja tyaohqo tlhn hs hkvas~an hk ah~jay nai~ my a|qh~x tymnqc~s my l

cmoihkl~hmk mf ~ja ~wm+ Hk m~jay wmyns" h~ aklibas ~ja iqxay ~m sacqya smoa tym~ac~hmk fmy jhs

flohbx hk ~ja avak~ mf jhs qk~hoabx nal~j lkn l~ ~ja sloa ~hoa tymvhnas jho lk mttmy~qkh~x ~m

alyk l ya~qyk mk jhs tyaohqo tlhn+ Hk ~ja avak~ mf ~ja hksqyan taysmk's qk~hoabx nal~j" jhs

kmohkaas wmqbn kmyolbbx yacahva lk lomqk~ ~jl~ hs ~ja jhgjay mf ~ja sqo lssqyan my ~ja vlbqa mf

~ja qkh~s *hkvas~oak~s(+

66



^m tq~ h~ shotbx" QBHT l~~aot~s ~m fqbfhbb hkvas~oak~ kaans mf lk hkvas~my wh~j

tym~ac~hmk-hksqylkca kaans mf lk hksqylkca saaeay+ H~ slvas ~ja hkvas~my-hksqylkca/saaeay ~ja

jlssbas mf olklghkg lkn ~ylcehkg l tmy~fmbhm my tymnqc~s+ Omya hotmy~lk~bx QBHTs mffay

hkvas~mys ~ja mttmy~qkh~x ~m sabac~ l tymnqc~ wjhcj ol~cjas ~jahy yhse tymfhba+

Qkh~ Bhkean Hksqylkca Tblks cloa hk~m tblx hk ~ja <864s lkn iacloa vayx tmtqbly hk Was~ayk

Aqymta lkn Loayhcls+ Hk Hknhl ^ja fhys~ qkh~ bhkean Hksqylkca Tblk " tmtqblybx ekmwk ls QBHT –

Qkh~ Bhkean Hksqylkca Tblk hk Hknhl wls iymqgj~ mq~ ix Qkh~ ^yqs~ Mf Hknhl hk ~ja xaly <87< ix

ak~ayhkg hk~m l gymqt hksqylkca lyylkgaoak~ wh~j BHC m tymvhna fmy bhfa cmvay ~m ~ja hkvas~mys "

wjhba Q^H " ls l oq~qlb wls ~lehkg clya mf hkvas~hkg ~ja qkh~ jmbnays omkax hk ~ja clth~lb olyea~

lkn ghvhkg ~jao l flhy ya~qyk +

Sqisa|qak~bx hk ~ja xaly <8:8 " lkm~jay Qkh~ Bhkean Tymnqc~ wls blqkcjan ix ~ja BHC Oq~qlb

Fqkn clbban ix ~ja kloa mf ‒NJLKLYLESJL‟ wjhcj wls omya my bass mk ~ja bhka mf QBHT mf

Q^H + ^jayalf~ay BHC h~sabf cloa mq~ wh~j l Qkh~ Bhkean Hksqylkca Tymnqc~ ekmwk ix kloa

‒IHOL TBQS ‒ hk ~ja xaly 944</49 +

Tyasak~bx l kqoiay mf tyhvl~a bhfa hksqylkca cmotlkhas jlva blqkcjan Qkh~ Bhkean Hksqylkca

Tymnqc~s wh~j l vlyha~x mf kaw fal~qyas+

^XTAS MF QBHT

^jaya lya vlyhmqs qkh~ bhkean hksqylkca tblks lvlhbliba hk ~ja olyea~+ Jmwavay" ~ja eax mkas lya

takshmk" cjhbnyak" gymqt lkn clth~lb gqlylk~aa tblks+

^ja takshmk tblks cmoa wh~j ~wm vlyhl~hmks „ wh~j lkn wh~jmq~ bhfa cmvay „ lkn lya oalk~ fmy

tamtba wjm wlk~ ~m gakayl~a ya~qyks fmy ~jahy sqksa~ xalys+

67



^ja cjhbnyak tblks" mk ~ja m~jay jlkn" lya lhoan l~ ~lehkg clya mf ~jahy anqcl~hmklb lkn m~jay

kaans++

Ltly~ fymo qkh~/bhkean tblks fmy hknhvhnqlbs" gymqt qkh~ bhkean tblks lya lbsm lvlhbliba hk ~ja

olyea~+ ^ja Gymqt bhkean tblks lya ilshclbbx nashgkan fmy aotbmxays wjm wlk~ ~m mffay cay~lhk

iakafh~s fmy ~jahy aotbmxaas sqcj ls gyl~qh~x" sqtaylkkql~hmk lkn balva akclsjoak~+

^ja m~jay hotmy~lk~ cl~agmyx mf QBHTs hs clth~lb gqlylk~aa tblks+ ^ja tblk tymohsas ~ja

tmbhcxjmbnay ~jl~ l~ bals~ ~ja tyaohqo tlhn whbb ia ya~qykan l~ ol~qyh~x+ Iq~ ~ja gqlylk~aan

lomqk~ hs tlxliba mkbx wjak ~ja tmbhcx's ol~qyh~x vlbqa hs iabmw ~ja ~m~lb tyaohqo tlhn ix ~ja

hknhvhnqlb ~hbb ol~qyh~x+ Jmwavay" ~ja gqlylk~aa hs km~ tymvhnan mk ~ja lc~qlb tyaohqo tlhn iq~

mkbx mk ~jl~ tmy~hmk mf ~ja tyaohqo ~jl~ hs ka~ mf aztaksas *omy~lbh~x" slbas lkn olyea~hkg"

lnohkhs~yl~hmk(+

Jmw QBHTs wmye

QBHTs wmye mk ~ja bhkas mf oq~qlb fqkns+ ^ja tyaohqo tlhn ix ~ja cbhak~ *bass lkx cjlyga( hs

qsan ~m iqx qkh~s hk vlyhmqs fqkns *lggyasshva" ilblkcan my cmksayvl~hva( fbml~an ix ~ja

hksqylkca cmotlkhas+ Qkh~s lya imqgj~ lccmynhkg ~m ~ja tblk cjmsak ix ~ja tmbhcxjmbnay+ Mk

avayx lnnh~hmklb tyaohqo" omya qkh~s lya lbbm~~an ~m jhs fqkn+ ^ja tmbhcxjmbnay clk lbsm swh~cj

lomkg ~ja fqkns ls lkn wjak ja nashyas+ Wjhba smoa cmotlkhas lbbmw lkx kqoiay mf fyaa

swh~cjas ~m ~ja tmbhcxjmbnay" smoa yas~yhc~ ~ja kqoiay ~m `qs~ ~jyaa my fmqy+ Hf ~ja kqoiay hs

azcaanan" l cay~lhk cjlyga hs bavhan+

Hknhvhnqlbs clk lbsm olea lnnh~hmklb hkvas~oak~s *iashnas tyaohqo( fymo ~hoa ~m ~hoa ~m

hkcyalsa ~ja slvhkgs cmotmkak~ hk ~jahy tblk+ ^jhs flchbh~x hs ~ayoan )~mt/qt)+ ^ja omkax tlyean

hk l QBHT tblk hs ya~qykan ah~jay mk ~ja hksqyan's nal~j my hk ~ja avak~ mf ol~qyh~x mf ~ja tmbhcx+

Hk clsa mf ~ja hksqyan taysmk's qk~hoabx nal~j" ~ja lomqk~ ~jl~ ~ja iakafhchlyx hs tlhn hs ~ja

jhgjay mf ~ja sqo lssqyan *hksqylkca cmvay( my ~ja vlbqa mf ~ja qkh~s *hkvas~oak~s(+ Jmwavay"

smoa scjaoas tlx ~ja sqo lssqyan tbqs ~ja tyavlhbhkg vlbqa mf ~ja hkvas~oak~s+

6:



QBHT / EAX FAL^QYAS

• Tyaohqos tlhn clk ia shkgba" yagqbly my vlyhliba+ ^ja tlxoak~ tayhmn ~mm clk ia yagqbly

my vlyhliba+ ^ja yhse cmvay clk ia hkcyalsan my nacyalsan+

• Ls hk lbb hksqylkca tmbhchas" ~ja yhse cjlyga *omy~lbh~x yl~a( vlyhas wh~j lga+

• ^ja ol~qyh~x iakafh~ hs km~ ~xthclbbx l fhzan lomqk~ lkn ~ja ol~qyh~x tayhmn clk ia

lnvlkcan my az~aknan+

• Hkvas~oak~s clk ia olna hk ghb~ fqkns" ilblkcan fqkns" omkax olyea~ fqkns" gymw~j

fqkns my imkns+

• ^ja tmbhcxjmbnay clk swh~cj ia~waak scjaoas" fmy hks~lkca" ilblkcan ~m nai~ my ghb~ ~m

a|qh~x" a~c+

• ^ja ol~qyh~x iakafh~ hs ~ja ka~ lssa~ vlbqa mf ~ja qkh~s+

• ^ja cms~s hk QBHT lya jhgjay iaclqsa ~jaya hs l bhfa hksqylkca cmotmkak~ hk h~ ls wabb" hk

lnnh~hmk ~m ~ja hkvas~oak~ cmotmkak~+

• Hksqylkca cmotlkhas jlva ~ja nhscya~hmk ~m nachna mk ~jahy hkvas~oak~ tmy~fmbhms+

• Iahkg ~ylkstlyak~ ~ja tmbhcxjmbnay ga~s ~ja ak~hya athsmna mk ~ja tayfmyolkca mf jhs

fqkn+

• QBHT tymnqc~s lya azaot~an fymo ~lz lkn ~jax tymvhna bhfa hksqylkca+

• Tymvhnas clth~lb lttyachl~hmk+

68



• Hkvas~my ga~s lk mt~hmk ~m cjmmsa lomkg nai~" ilblkcan lkn a|qh~x fqkns+

QST mf QBHTS

Hksqylkca cmvay tbqs slvhkgs

QBHTs sayva ~ja tqytmsa mf tymvhnhkg bhfa hksqylkca cmoihkan wh~j slvhkgs l~ olyea~/bhkean

ya~qyks+ ^m ~jl~ az~ak~" QBHTS clk ia ~ayoan ls l ~wm/hk/mka tblk hk ~ayos mf ghvhkg lk

hknhvhnqlb ~ja ~whk iakafh~s mf bhfa hksqylkca tbqs slvhkgs+

Oqb~htba hkvas~oak~ mt~hmks

QBHTS mffay l bm~ omya vlyha~x ~jlk ~ylnh~hmklb bhfa hksqylkca tblks+ Sm ~jaya lya oqb~htba mt~hmks

l~ ~ja hknhvhnqlb‘s nhstmslb+ QBHTS gakaylbbx cmoa hk ~jyaa iymln vlyhlk~s0

Lggyasshva QBHTS *wjhcj clk ~xthclbbx hkvas~ :4!/<44! hk a|qh~has" ilblkca hk nai~(

Ilblkcan QBHTS *clk ~xthclbbx hkvas~ lymqkn >4!/64! hk a|qh~has(

Cmksayvl~hva QBHTS *clk ~xthclbbx hkvas~ qt~m 94! hk a|qh~has(

Lb~jmqgj ~jhs hs jmw ~ja QBHT mt~hmks lya gakaylbbx nashgkan" ~ja azlc~ nai~-a|qh~x lbbmcl~hmks

olx vlyx lcymss hksqylkca cmotlkhas+ Hknhvhnqlbs clk mt~ fmy l vlyhlk~ ilsan mk ~jahy yhse

tymfhba+

Fbazhihbh~x

^ja fbazhihbh~x wh~j wjhcj hknhvhnqlbs clk swh~cj ia~waak ~ja QBHT vlyhlk~s ~m clth~lbhsa mk

hkvas~oak~ mttmy~qkh~has lcymss ~ja a|qh~x lkn nai~ olyea~s hs wjl~ nhs~hkgqhsjas h~ fymo m~jay

hks~yqoak~s+ Smoa hksqylkca cmotlkhas lbbmw l cay~lhk kqoiay mf ‚fyaa‘ swh~cjas+ Swh~cjhkg

lbsm jabts hknhvhnqlbs mk lkm~jay fymk~+ ^jax clk sjhf~ fymo lk Lggyasshva ~m l Ilblkcan my l

Cmksayvl~hva QBHT ls ~jax lttymlcj ya~hyaoak~+ ^jhs hs l yafbac~hmk mf ~ja cjlkga hk ~jahy yhse

ltta~h~a ls ~jax gymw mbnay+

Wmyes bhea lk SHT

Yqtaa cms~/lvaylghkg hs lkm~jay hotmy~lk~ iakafh~ lssmchl~an wh~j QBHTS+ Wh~j lk SHT"

hknhvhnqlbs hkvas~ ~jahy omkhas yagqblybx mvay ~hoa hk~ayvlbs mf l omk~j-|qly~ay lkn nmk‘~ jlva

~m wmyyx limq~ ‚~hohkg‘ ~ja s~mce olyea~s+

74



JQYNBAS MF QBHT

KM S^LKNLYNHPL^HMK

Lbb ~ja cms~s lya bavhan hk wlxs ~jl~ nm km~ bakn ~m s~lknlynhsl~hmk+ Hf mka cmotlkx clbcqbl~as

lnohkhs~yl~hmk cms~ ix l fmyoqbl" lkm~jay bavhas l fbl~ yl~a+ Hf mka cmotlkx lbbmws l ylkga mf ~ja

sqo lssqyan *SL(" lkm~jay lbbmws mkbx l oqb~htba mf ~ja tyaohqo+ ^jaya wls lbsm ~ja tymibao

mf l vlyxhkg cms~ s~yqc~qya wh~j lga

BLCE MF FBAZHIHBH^X HK BHFA CMVAY

QBHT hs ekmwk ~m ia omya fbazhiba hk kl~qya ~jlk ~ja ~ylnh~hmklb tblks lkn" mk oms~ cmqk~s" ~jax

lya+ Jmwavay" smoa hksqylkca cmotlkhas nm km~ lbbmw ~ja hknhvhnqlb ~m fhz ~ja bhfa cmvay ~jl~ jakaans+ ^jasa yabx mk l oqb~htbhay ~jl~ hs fhzan ix ~ja hksqyay

MVAYS^L^HKG ^JA XHABN

Hksqylkca cmotlkhas wmye mk hbbqs~yl~hmks+ ^jax lya lbbmwan ~m sjmw xmq jmw oqcj xmqy

lkkqlb tyaohqo whbb ia wmy~j hf h~ gyaw l~ <4 tay cak~ tay lkkqo+ Iq~ ~jaya lya cms~s" sm alcj

cmotlkx lbsm ghvas l tms~/cms~ ya~qyk l~ ~ja <4 tay cak~ hbbqs~yl~hmk" clbbhkg h~ ~ja xhabn+ smoa

cmotlkhas waya km~ hkcbqnhkg ~ja omy~lbh~x cms~ wjhba clbcqbl~hkg ~ja xhabn+ ^jhs lomqk~s ~m

mvays~l~hkg ~ja xhabn+

HKÂYKLBBX OLNA SLBAS HBBQS^YL^HMK

Nqyhkg ~ja tymcass mf cmbbac~hkg hkfmyol~hmk" h~ wls fmqkn ~jl~ ~ja slbas iakafh~ hbbqs~yl~hmk

sjmwk wls km~ cmkfmyohkg ~m ~ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x *Hynl(

fmyol~+ hk olkx bmcl~hmks34 tay cak~ ya~qyk hbbqs~yl~hmks lya s~hbb ylotlk~

KM^ LBB SJMW ^JA IAKCJOLYE YA^QYK

7<



^m ~lbe limq~ ya~qyks wh~jmq~ tagghkg ~jao ~m l iakcjolye hs ohsbalnhkg ~ja cqs~moay+ ^jmqgj

oms~ cmotlkhas qsa Saksaz" ISA <44 my ~ja Khf~x ls ~ja iakcjolye" my ~ja oalsqyhkg ymn mf

tayfmyolkca" smoa cmotlkhas lya km~ qshkg lkx iakcjolye l~ lbb+

ALYBX AZH^ MT^HMKS

^ja Qbht tymnqc~ wmyes mvay ~ja bmkg ~ayo+ ^ja alybhay ~ja azh~" ~ja wmysa mff hs ~ja hkvas~my

shkca ja akns qt yanaaohkg l jhgj/fymk~/bmln tymnqc~ lkn hs ~jak akcmqylgan ~m omva hk~m

lkm~jay jhgjay cms~ tymnqc~ l~ ~jl~ s~lga+ Lk alybx azh~ lbsm ~leas lwlx ~ja iakafh~ mf

cmotmqknhkg fymo hksqyan+

CYAATHKG CMS^S

Shkca ~ja hkvas~mys lya kmw omya lwlya ~jlk iafmya lkn jlva iagqk ~m lse fmy cms~s" smoa

cmotlkhas jlva fmqkn l wlx ~m lksway ~jl~ wh~jmq~ nhscbmshkg ~mm oqcj+ Tamtba lya kmw lsehkgjmw oqcj mf ~ja tyaohqo whbb gm ~m wmye+ ^jaya lya tblks ~jl~ lya liba ~m slx 89 tay cak~ whbb

ia hkvas~an" ~jl~ hs" whbb jlva l fymk~ bmln mf `qs~ : tay cak~+ Wjl~ ~jax nm km~ slx hs ~ja oqcj

jhgjay tmbhcx lnohkhs~yl~hmk cms~ ~jl~ hs ~qcean lwlx hkshna *ln`qs~an fymo ~ja fqkn vlbqa(+

Wjhba oms~ hksqylkca cmotlkhas cjlyga lk lkkqlb faa mf limq~ Ys 644 ls lnohkhs~yl~hmk cms~s"

~jl~ s~lx fhzan mvay ~hoa" ~jaya lya tblks ~jl~ cjlyga ~jhs lomqk~" iq~ h~ gymws ix ls oqcj ls 1

tay cak~ l xaly mvay ~hoa+ ^jaya lya m~jays ~jl~ cjlyga l oqb~htba mf ~jhs lomqk~ lkn ~jl~ ~mm

gymws

79



CMOTLYHSMK

IA^WAAK QBHTS

LKN OQ^QLB

FQKNS

73



CMOTLYHSMK IA^WAAK QBHTS LKN OQ^QLB FQKNS 0

Qkh~ Bhkean Hksqylkca Tmbhchas *QBHTs( ls lk hkvas~oak~ lvakqa lya cbmsas~ ~m oq~qlb fqkns hk

~ayos mf ~jahy s~yqc~qya lkn fqkc~hmkhkg+ Ls hs ~ja clsa wh~j oq~qlb fqkns" hkvas~mys hk QBHTs lya

lbbm~~an qkh~s ix ~ja hksqylkca cmotlkx lkn l ka~ lssa~ vlbqa *KLV( hs nacblyan fmy ~ja sloa mk

l nlhbx ilshs+

Shohblybx QBHT hkvas~mys jlva ~ja mt~hmk mf hkvas~hkg lcymss vlyhmqs scjaoas shohbly ~m ~ja mkas

fmqkn hk ~ja oq~qlb fqkns nmolhk" h+a+ nhvayshfhan a|qh~x fqkns" ilblkcan fqkns lkn nai~ fqkns ~m

kloa l faw+ Gakaylbbx stalehkg" QBHTs clk ia ~ayoan ls oq~qlb fqkn scjaoas wh~j lk

hksqylkca cmotmkak~+

Jmwavay h~ sjmqbn km~ ia cmks~yqan ~jl~ ilyyhkg ~ja hksqylkca abaoak~ ~jaya hs km~jhkgnhffayak~hl~hkg oq~qlb fqkns fymo QBHTs+

Tmhk~s mf nhffayakca ia~waak ~ja ~wm0

<+ Omna mf hkvas~oak~- hkvas~oak~ lomqk~s

Oq~qlb fqkn hkvas~mys jlva ~ja mt~hmk mf ah~jay olehkg bqot sqo hkvas~oak~s my hkvas~hkg qshkg

~ja sxs~aol~hc hkvas~oak~ tblk *SHT( ymq~a wjhcj ak~lhbs cmooh~oak~s mvay bmkgay ~hoa

jmyhpmks+ ^ja ohkhoqo hkvas~oak~ lomqk~s lya blhn mq~ ix ~ja fqkn jmqsa+

QBHT hkvas~mys lbsm jlva ~ja cjmhca mf hkvas~hkg hk l bqot sqo *shkgba tyaohqo( my qshkg ~ja

cmkvak~hmklb ymq~a" h+a+ olehkg tyaohqo tlxoak~s mk lk lkkqlb" jlbf/xalybx" |qly~aybx my

omk~jbx ilshs+ Hk QBHTs" na~ayohkhkg ~ja tyaohqo tlhn hs mf~ak ~ja s~ly~hkg tmhk~ fmy ~ja

hkvas~oak~ lc~hvh~x+

^jhs hs hk s~lye cmk~yls~ ~m cmkvak~hmklb hksqylkca tblks wjaya ~ja sqo lssqyan hs ~ja s~ly~hkg

tmhk~ lkn tyaohqos ~m ia tlhn lya na~ayohkan ~jayalf~ay+

7>



QBHT hkvas~mys lbsm jlva ~ja fbazhihbh~x ~m lb~ay ~ja tyaohqo lomqk~s nqyhkg ~ja tmbhcx's ~akqya+

Fmy azlotba lk hknhvhnqlb wh~j lccass ~m sqytbqs fqkns clk akjlkca ~ja cmk~yhiq~hmk ~jayaix

aksqyhkg ~jl~ jhs sqytbqs fqkns lya glhkfqbbx hkvas~an5 cmkvaysabx lk hknhvhnqlb flcan wh~j l

bh|qhnh~x cyqkcj jls ~ja mt~hmk mf tlxhkg l bmway lomqk~ *~ja nhffayakca iahkg ln`qs~an hk ~ja

lccqoqbl~an vlbqa mf jhs QBHT(+ ^ja fyaanmo ~m omnhfx tyaohqo tlxoak~s l~ mka's

cmkvakhakca cbalybx ghvas QBHT hkvas~mys lk anga mvay ~jahy oq~qlb fqkn cmqk~aytly~s+

9+ Aztaksas

Hk oq~qlb fqkn hkvas~oak~s" aztaksas cjlygan fmy vlyhmqs lc~hvh~has bhea fqkn olklgaoak~" slbas

lkn olyea~hkg" lnohkhs~yl~hmk lomkg m~jays lya sqiàc~ ~m tya/na~ayohkan qttay bhoh~s ls

tyascyhian ix ~ja Sacqyh~has lkn Azcjlkga Imlyn mf Hknhl+

Fmy azlotba a|qh~x/myhak~an fqkns clk cjlyga ~jahy hkvas~mys l olzhoqo mf 9+1! tay lkkqo mk

l yacqyyhkg ilshs fmy lbb ~jahy aztaksas5 lkx aztaksa limva ~ja tyascyhian bhoh~ hs imyka ix ~ja

fqkn jmqsa lkn km~ ~ja hkvas~mys+

Shohblybx fqkns lbsm cjlyga ~jahy hkvas~mys ak~yx lkn azh~ bmlns *hk oms~ clsas" ah~jay hs

lttbhcliba(+ Ak~yx bmlns lya cjlygan l~ ~ja ~hohkg mf olehkg lk hkvas~oak~ wjhba ~ja azh~ bmln hs

cjlygan l~ ~ja ~hoa mf slba+

Hksqylkca cmotlkhas jlva l fyaa jlkn hk bavxhkg aztaksas mk ~jahy QBHT tymnqc~s wh~j km qttay

bhoh~s iahkg tyascyhian ix ~ja yagqbl~my" h+a+ ~ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~

Lq~jmyh~x+ ^jhs aztblhks ~ja cmotbaz lkn l~ ~hoas 'qkwhabnx' aztaksa s~yqc~qyas mk QBHT

mffayhkgs+ ^ja mkbx yas~ylhk~ tblcan hs ~jl~ hksqyays lya ya|qhyan ~m km~hfx ~ja yagqbl~my mf lbb ~ja

aztaksas ~jl~ whbb ia cjlygan mk ~jahy QBHT mffayhkgs+

Aztaksas clk jlva fly/yalcjhkg cmksa|qakcas mk hkvas~mys shkca jhgjay aztaksas ~ylksbl~a hk~m

bmway lomqk~s iahkg hkvas~an lkn l solbbay cmytqs iahkg lccqoqbl~an+ QBHT/yabl~an aztaksas

jlva iaak nalb~ wh~j hk na~lhb hk ~ja ly~hcba )Qknays~lknhkg QBHT aztaksas)+

71



3+ Tmy~fmbhm nhscbmsqya

Oq~qlb fqkn jmqsas lya ya|qhyan ~m s~l~q~myhbx nacblya ~jahy tmy~fmbhms mk l |qly~aybx ilshs" lbiah~

oms~ fqkn jmqsas nm sm mk l omk~jbx ilshs+ Hkvas~mys ga~ ~ja mttmy~qkh~x ~m saa wjaya ~jahy

omkhas lya iahkg hkvas~an lkn jmw ~jax jlva iaak olklgan ix s~qnxhkg ~ja tmy~fmbhm+

^jaya hs blce mf cmksaksqs mk wja~jay QBHTs lya ya|qhyan ~m nhscbmsa ~jahy tmy~fmbhms+ Nqyhkg

mqy hk~aylc~hmks wh~j balnhkg hksqyays wa cloa lcymss nhvaygak~ vhaws mk ~jhs hssqa+

Wjhba mka scjmmb mf ~jmqgj~ iabhavas ~jl~ nhscbmshkg tmy~fmbhms mk l |qly~aybx ilshs hs

olknl~myx" ~ja m~jay iabhavas ~jl~ ~jaya hs km baglb mibhgl~hmk ~m nm sm lkn ~jl~ hksqyays lya

ya|qhyan ~m nhscbmsa ~jahy tmy~fmbhms mkbx mk naolkn+

Smoa hksqylkca cmotlkhas nm nacblya ~jahy tmy~fmbhms mk l omk~jbx-|qly~aybx ilshs+ Jmwavay ~ja

blce mf ~ylkstlyakcx hk QBHT hkvas~oak~s cmqbn ia l clqsa fmy cmkcayk cmkshnayhkg ~jl~ ~ja

lomqk~ hkvas~an hk hksqylkca tmbhchas hs assak~hlbbx oalk~ ~m tymvhna fmy cmk~hkgakchas lkn fmy

bmkg/~ayo kaans bhea ya~hyaoak~5 yagqbly tmy~fmbhm nhscbmsqyas mk ~ja m~jay jlkn clk akliba

hkvas~mys ~m olea ~hoabx hkvas~oak~ nachshmks+

>+ Fbazhihbh~x hk lb~ayhkg ~ja lssa~ lbbmcl~hmk

Ls wls s~l~an alybhay" mffayhkgs hk im~j ~ja oq~qlb fqkns sagoak~ lkn QBHTs sagoak~ lya blygabx

cmotlyliba+ Fmy azlotba tblks ~jl~ hkvas~ ~jahy ak~hya cmytqs hk a|qh~has *nhvayshfhan a|qh~x

fqkns(" l 640>4 lbbm~oak~ hk a|qh~x lkn nai~ hks~yqoak~s *ilblkcan fqkns( lkn ~jmsa hkvas~hkg

mkbx hk nai~ hks~yqoak~s *nai~ fqkns( clk ia fmqkn hk im~j QBHTs lkn oq~qlb fqkns+

Hf l oq~qlb fqkn hkvas~my hk l nhvayshfhan a|qh~x fqkn whsjas ~m sjhf~ jhs cmytqs hk~m l nai~ fymo

~ja sloa fqkn jmqsa" ja cmqbn jlva ~m ialy lk azh~ bmln lkn-my ak~yx bmln+

76



Mk ~ja m~jay jlkn oms~ hksqylkca cmotlkhas tayoh~ ~jahy QBHT hkvak~mys ~m sjhf~ hkvas~oak~s

lcymss vlyhmqs tblks-lssa~ cblssas ah~jay l~ l kmohklb my km cms~ *qsqlbbx" l cmqtba mf swh~cjas lya

lbbmwan fyaa mf cjlyga avayx xaly lkn l cms~ jls ~m ia imyka fmy lnnh~hmklb swh~cjas(+

Affac~hvabx ~ja QBHT hkvas~my hs ghvak ~ja mt~hmk ~m hkvas~ lcymss lssa~ cblssas ls tay jhs

cmkvakhakca hk l cms~/affac~hva olkkay+

^jhs clk tymva ~m ia vayx qsafqb fmy hkvas~mys" fmy azlotba hk l iqbb olyea~ wjak ~ja QBHT

hkvas~my's a|qh~x cmotmkak~ jls lttyachl~an" ja clk imme tymfh~s ix shotbx ~ylksfayyhkg ~ja

ya|qhsh~a lomqk~ ~m l nai~/myhak~an tblk+

1+ ^lz iakafh~s

QBHT hkvas~oak~s |qlbhfx fmy nanqc~hmks qknay Sac~hmk :4C mf ~ja Hkcmoa ^lz Lc~+ ^jhs jmbns

gmmn" hyyastac~hva mf ~ja kl~qya mf ~ja tblk cjmsak ix ~ja hkvas~my+ Mk ~ja m~jay jlkn hk ~ja

oq~qlb fqkns nmolhk" mkbx hkvas~oak~s hk ~lz/slvhkg fqkns *lbsm yafayyan ~m ls a|qh~x/bhkean

slvhkgs scjaoas( lya abhghiba fmy Sac~hmk :4C iakafh~s+

Ol~qyh~x tymcaans fymo QBHTs lya ~lz fyaa+ Hk clsa mf a|qh~x/myhak~an fqkns *fmy azlotba

nhvayshfhan a|qh~x fqkns" ilblkcan fqkns(" hf ~ja hkvas~oak~s lya jabn fmy l tayhmn mvay <9

omk~js" ~ja glhks lya ~lz fyaa5 cmkvaysabx hkvas~oak~s smbn wh~jhk l <9/omk~j tayhmn l~~ylc~

sjmy~/~ayo clth~lb glhks ~lz D <4!+

Shohblybx" nai~/myhak~an fqkns l~~ylc~ l bmkg/~ayo clth~lb glhks ~lz D <4!" wjhba l sjmy~/~ayo

clth~lb glhk hs ~lzan l~ ~ja hkvas~my's olyghklb ~lz yl~a+

Nasth~a ~ja saaohkgbx shohbly s~yqc~qyas avhnak~bx im~j oq~qlb fqkns lkn QBHTs jlva ~jahy

qkh|qa sa~ mf lnvlk~lgas ~m mffay+ Ls lbwlxs" h~ hs vh~lb fmy hkvas~mys ~m ia lwlya mf ~ja kqlkcas

hk im~j mffayhkgs lkn olea hkfmyoan nachshmks+

77



Hkvas~hkg hk qbhts= Yaoaoiay …………

^ja jhgj ya~qyks *limva 94 tay cak~( lya nafhkh~abx km~ sqs~lhkliba mvay l bmkg ~ayo" ls ~jax

jlva iaak gakayl~an nqyhkg ~ja ihggas~ iqbb yqk hk yacak~ s~mce olyea~ jhs~myx+

^ja fyaa jlkn ghvak ~m QBHTs ohgj~ tymva yhsex hf ~ja ~hohkg mf azh~ jlttaks ~m cmhkchna wh~j l

ialyhsj olyea~ tjlsa" iaclqsa mf ~ja hkjayak~bx jhgj a|qh~x cmotmkak~ mf ~jasa scjaoas+

Wjhba l nai~/myhak~an QBHT scjaoa ohgj~ ia sqtayhmy ~m l nai~ mt~hmk hk l cmkvak~hmklb oq~qlb

fqkn nqa ~m ~lz cmkcasshmks ~jl~ hksqylkca cmotlkhas ak`mx" sqcj ~lz hkcak~hvas olx km~ bls~+

Bmme iaxmkn KLVs

^ja lttyachl~hmk hk ~ja ka~ lssa~ vlbqa *KLV( mf QBHTs ilyabx hknhcl~a ~ja lc~qlb ya~qyks alykan

mk xmqy hkvas~oak~+ ^ja vlyhmqs cjlygas mk xmqy tmbhcx lya nanqc~an ah~jay nhyac~bx fymo

tyaohqos iafmya hkvas~hkg hk qkh~s my cmbbac~an mk l omk~jbx ilshs ix ekmcehkg mff qkh~s+

Ah~jay wlx" ~ja cjlygas nm km~ lffac~ ~ja KLV5 iq~ ~ja kqoiay mf qkh~s hk xmqy lccmqk~ sqffays+

Xmq ohgj~ jlva lccass ~m nlhbx KLVs iq~ xmqy yalb ya~qyks olx ia sqis~lk~hlbbx bmway+

L ymqgj clbcqbl~hmk sjmws ~jl~ hf mqy hkvas~oak~s alyk l <9 tay cak~ lkkqlbhsan ya~qyk mvay l 94/

xaly tayhmn hk l gymw~j fqkn" wjak oalsqyan ix ~ja cjlkga hk KLV" ~ja yalb tya/ ~lz ya~qyks

ohgj~ ia mkbx 8 tay cak~+ ^ja sjmy~ay ~ja ~ayo" ~ja bmway ~ja yalb ya~qyks+

7:



Jmw cjlygas nak~ ya~qyks

Lk hkh~hlb lbbmcl~hmk cjlyga hs nanqc~an fymo mqy tyaohqos fmy sabbhkg" olyea~hkg lkn iymeay

cmoohsshmks+ ^jasa cjlygas cmqbn ia ls jhgj ls 61 tay cak~ mf ~ja fhys~ xaly tyaohqos+ Tyaohqo

lbbmcl~hmk cjlygas lya qsqlbbx vayx jhgj *1/61 tay cak~( hk ~ja fhys~ cmqtba mf xalys" iq~ ~ltay mff

bl~ay+ ^ja jhgj hkh~hlb cjlygas olhkbx gm ~mwlyns fqknhkg lgak~ cmoohsshmks" wjhcj cmqbn ia ls

jhgj ls >4 tay cak~ mf ~ja hkh~hlb tyaohqo ls tay HYNL *Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn Navabmtoak~

Lq~jmyh~x( yagqbl~hmks+

^ja cjlygas lya jhgjay fmy l bhkean tblk ~jlk l kmk/bhkean tblk" ls ~ja fmyoay ya|qhya bm~ omya

sayvhchkg ~jlk ~ja bl~~ay" sqcj ls yagqbly nhscbmsqya mf hkvas~oak~s" swh~cjas" ya/nhyac~hmk mf tyaohqos" wh~jnylwlbs" lkn sm mk+ Hksqylkca cmotlkhas jlva ~ja nhscya~hmk ~m s~yqc~qya ~jahy

aztaksas s~yqc~qya wjayals l oq~qlb fqkn nmas km~ jlva ~jl~ bqzqyx+ ^ja aztaksa yl~hms hk ~jahy

clsa clkkm~ azcaan 9+1 tay cak~ fmy lk a|qh~x tblk lkn 9+91 tay cak~ fmy l nai~ tblk yastac~hvabx+

^ja blce mf yagqbl~hmk mk ~ja aztaksa fymk~ wmyes ~m ~ja na~yhoak~ mf hkvas~mys hk QBHTs+

^ja fymk~/bmlnhkg mf cjlygas nmas jlva lk hotlc~ mk mvaylbb ya~qyks ls wa bmsa mq~ mk ~ja

cmotmqknhkg iakafh~+ Hksqylkca cmotlkhas aztblhk ~jl~ cjlygas ga~ avakan mq~ mvay l bmkg

~ayo+ ^jqs wa lya fmycan ~m s~lx wh~j ~ja tblk fmy l bmkgay ~akqya ~m avak mq~ ~ja affac~ mf hkh~hlb

cjlygas ls ~ja sjmy~ay ~ja ~akqya" ~ja bmway mqy yalb ya~qyks+

Hf wa wlk~ ~m wh~jnylw fymo ~ja tblk" xmq bmsa mq~" ls xmq whbb jlva ~m tlx wh~jnylwlb cjlygas

qt ~m l cay~lhk kqoiay mf xalys+

Hk affac~" wjak wa bmce hk mqy omkax hk l QBHT" nasth~a ~ja tymohsa mf fbazhihbh~x lkn bh|qhnh~x"

wa lya s~qce wh~j mka fqkn olklgaoak~ s~xba+ ^jhs hs lbb ~ja omya yalsmk ~m bmme fmy lk

as~libhsjan ~ylce yacmyn iafmya cmooh~~hkg mqy jlyn/alykan omkax+

78



Avlbql~a lb~aykl~hva mt~hmks

Ls lk hkvas~my wa jlva ~m avlbql~a lb~aykl~hva mt~hmks ~jl~ ghva sqtayhmy ya~qyks iafmya

cmkshnayhkg QBHTs+

Hksqylkca cmotlkhas lygqa ~jl~ cmotlyhkg QBHTs wh~j oq~qlb fqkns hs bhea cmotlyhkg mylkgas

wh~j lttbas" ls ~ja miàc~hvas lya nhffayak~ fmy im~j ~ja tymnqc~s+

Oms~ QBHTs ghva qs ~ja cjmhca mf l ohkhoqo hkvas~oak~ cmvay sm ~jl~ wa clk nhyac~ olzhoqo

tyaohqos ~mwlyns hkvas~oak~s+

^jqs" im~j QBHTs lkn oq~qlb fqkns ~lyga~ ~ja sloa cqs~moays+ Hf yhse cmvay hs xmqy tyholyx

miàc~hva" tqya hksqylkca tblks lya bass aztakshva+

Wjak wa cjmmsa l oq~qlb fqkn" wa bmme fmy lk as~libhsjan ~ylce yacmyn mf ~jyaa ~m fhva xalys mf

cmkshs~ak~ ya~qyks lcymss vlyhmqs olyea~ cxcbas ~m `qnga l fqkn's tayfmyolkca+

H~ hs alybx nlxs fmy hksqylkca cmotlkhas mk ~jhs scmya5 hkvas~hkg sqis~lk~hlbbx hk bhkean tblks

ohgj~ km~ ia lnvhsliba l~ ~jhs `qkc~qya+

:4



^yx ~mt/qts

Hksqylkca cmotlkhas lbbmw qs ~m olea bqot/sqo hkvas~oak~s hk azcass mf ~ja yagqbly

tyaohqos+ ^jasa ~mt/qts lya cjlygan l~ l oqcj bmway yl~a „ qsqlbbx mka ~m ~wm tay cak~+ ^ja

aztaksas hkcqyyan mk l ~mt/qt hkcbqnhkg lgak~ cmoohsshmks lya oqcj bmway ~jlk yagqbly

tyaohqos+

Smoa cmotlkhas lbsm ghva l cyanh~ mk ~mt/qts+ Fmy hks~lkca" hf xmq tlx hk Ys <44 ls l ~mt qt" ~ja

lc~qlb lbbmcl~hmk ~m qkh~s whbb ia Ys <4<+ Hf xmq eaat ~ja yagqbly tyaohqos ~m ~ja ohkhoqo lkn

hkcyalsa xmqy ~mt qts" xmq clk slva qt mk cjlygas" akjlkchkg ya~qyks hk ~ja bmkg yqk+

Yanqca bhfa cmvay

^ja tyhca mf ~ja bhfa cmvay l~~lcjan ~m l QBHT hs jhgjay ~jlk l kmyolb ~ayo tblk+ Yhse cjlygas

lya cjlygan mk l nlhbx my omk~jbx ilshs nataknhkg mk ~ja nlhbx lomqk~ l~ yhse+ Yl~as lya km~

bmcean lkn lya cjlygan mk l mka/xaly yakawlb ilshs+

Mqy bhfa cmvay cjlygas wmqbn natakn mk ~ja lccqoqbl~hmk hk xmqy hkvas~oak~ lccmqk~+ Ls

lccqoqbl~hmk hkcyalsas" ~ja lomqk~ l~ yhse fmy ~ja hksqylkca cmotlkx nacyalsas+ Jmwavay" wh~j

hkcyalshkg lga" ~ja cms~ tay Ys <"444 sqo lssqyan hkcyalsas" affac~hvabx hkcyalshkg xmqy mvaylbb

hksqylkca cms~s+ L bmway bhfa cmvay cmqbn xhabn ia~~ay ya~qyks+

:<



S~lx lwlx fymo yhnays

Lkx yhnays" sqcj ls lcchnak~ yhnay my cyh~hclb hbbkass yhnay" lya lbsm cjlygan mk l mka/xaly yakawlb

ilshs+ Mt~hkg fmy ~jasa yhnays wh~j l tblhk hksqylkca cmvay cmqbn tymvhna ia~~ay vlbqa fmy omkax+

QBHT's ls lk hkvas~oak~ hs l vayx gmmn vajhcba fmy walb~j cyal~hmk "iq~ wlx Qkh~ Bhkean

Hksqylkca scjaoas lya smbn ix hksqylkca cmotlkx yatyasak~l~hva's lkn hksqylkca lnvhsmys hs km~

cmyyac~+

QBHT's qsqlbbx jlva fmbbmwhkg cjlygas iqhb~ hk~m h~ 0

l( Qt/fymk~ Cjlygas

i( Omy~lbh~x Cjlygas * Cjlygas fmy tymvhnhkg ~ja yhse cmvay fmy bhfa(

c( Lnohkhs~yl~hva Cjlygas

n( Fqkn Olklgaoak~ Cjlygas

Oq~qlb Fqkn's jlva ~ja fmbbmwhkg cjlygas 0

l( Qt/fymk~ cjlygas * Olyea~hkg" Lnvay~hshkg" nhs~yhiq~mys faa a~c+(

i( Fqkn Olklgaoak~ Cjlygas * aztaksas fmy olklghkg xmqy fqkn(

:9



L faw lstac~s mf hkvas~hkg hk QBHTs vaysqs oq~qlb fqkns+

Bh|qhnh~x

QBHTs scmya bmw mk bh|qhnh~x+ Lccmynhkg ~m gqhnabhkas mf ~ja Hksqylkca Yagqbl~myx lkn

Navabmtoak~ Lq~jmyh~x *HYNL(" QBHTs jlva l ohkhoqo ~ayo mf fhva xalys lkn l ohkhoqo

bmcehk mf ~jyaa xalys+ Xmq clk olea tly~hlb wh~jnylwlbs lf~ay ~jyaa xalys+ ^ja sqyyaknay vlbqa mf

l QBHT hs bmw hk ~ja hkh~hlb xalys" shkca ~ja hksqyay nanqc~s l blyga tly~ mf xmqy tyaohqo ls

olyea~hkg lkn nhs~yhiq~hmk cms~s+ QBHTs lya assak~hlbbx bmkg/~ayo tymnqc~s ~jl~ olea saksa mkbx

hf xmqy ~hoa jmyhpmk hs <4 ~m 94 xalys+

Oq~qlb fqkn hkvas~oak~s" mk ~ja m~jay jlkn" clk ia yanaaoan l~ lkx ~hoa" ilyyhkg ABSS *a|qh~x/bhkean slvhkgs scjaoas(+ Azh~ bmlns" hf lttbhcliba " lya gakaylbbx fmy shz omk~js ~m l xaly hk

a|qh~x fqkns+ Sm oq~qlb fqkns scmya sqis~lk~hlbbx jhgjay mk bh|qhnh~x+

^lz affhchakcx

QBHTs lya mf~ak th~cjan ls ~lz/affhchak~ " iaclqsa xmqy hkvas~oak~ hs abhghiba fmy azaot~hmk

qknay Sac~hmk :4C mf ~ja Hkcmoa ^lz Lc~ *sqiàc~ ~m l bhoh~ mf Ys < blej(+ Iq~ hkvas~oak~s hk

ABSS scjaoas mf oq~qlb fqkns lya lbsm abhghiba fmy azaot~hmk qknay ~ja sloa sac~hmk +Iashnas

~ja tyaohqo" ~ja ol~qyh~x lomqk~ hk QBHTs hs lbsm ~lz/fyaa " hyyastac~hva mf wja~jay ~ja

hkvas~oak~ wls hk l ilblkcan my nai~ tblk+ Sm ~jax nm jlva lk anga mk oq~qlb fqkns" ls nai~

fqkns lya ~lzan l~ <4! wh~jmq~ hknazl~hmk iakafh~s" lkn 94! wh~j hknazl~hmk iakafh~s+ ^ja

tmhk~" ~jmqgj" hs ~jl~ hf xmq hkvas~ hk l nai~ tblk ~jymqgj l QBHT" nasth~a h~s ~lz/affhchakcx xmqy

tms~/~lz ya~qyks whbb ia bmw" iaclqsa mf jhgj fymk~/akn cms~s+ Nai~ oq~qlb fqkns nmk‘~ cjlyga

sqcj cms~s+

:3



Aztaksas

Hksqylkca lgak~s ga~ jhgj cmoohsshmks fmy QBHTs" lkn ~jax ga~ ~jao hk ~ja hkh~hlb xalys" km~

s~lggayan mvay ~ja ~ayo+ Sm ~ja hksqyay yacmvays oms~ cjlygas fymo xmq hk ~ja hkh~hlb xalys" ls h~

yhses l bmss hf ~ja tmbhcx bltsas+ ^xthclbbx " hksqyays bavx akmyomqs sabbhkg cjlygas" lvaylghkg

omya ~jlk 94! mf ~ja fhys~ xaly‘s tyaohqo" lkn nymtthkg ~m <4! lkn 7+1! hk sqisa|qak~ xalys+

*Lkn ~jhs hs lf~ay hkvas~mys ilbean wjak cjlygas waya ls jhgj ls 61!,( Cmotlya ~jhs wh~j

oq~qlb fqkns‘ faas mf 9+91! mk ak~yx" qkhfmyo fmy lbb scjaoas+ Nhffayak~ QBHTs jlva vlyxhkg

cjlygas" mf~ak km~ olna cbaly ~m hkvas~mys+

Fmy hks~lkca" lk lgak~ wjm sabbs xmq l QBHT olx ga~ 91! mf xmqy fhys~ xaly‘s tyaohqo" <4! hk

~ja sacmkn xaly" 7+1! hk ~ja ~jhyn lkn fmqy~j xaly lkn 1! ~jayalf~ay+ Hf xmqy lkkqlb tyaohqo hs

Ys <4"444 lkn ~ja lgak~‘s cmoohsshmk hk ~ja fhys~ xaly hs 91!" h~ oalks mkbx Ys 7"144 mf xmqy omkax hs hkvas~an hk ~ja fhys~ xaly+ Sm avak hf ~ja KLV mf ~ja fqkn yhsas" slx 94!" ~jl~ xaly"

xmqy tmy~fmbhm wmqbn ia wmy~j mkbx Ys 8"444„oqcj bmway ~jlk ~ja Ys <4"444 xmq tlhn+ Mk ~ja

m~jay jlkn" hf xmq hkvas~ Ys <4"444 hk lk a|qh~x scjaoa wh~j l 9+91! ak~yx bmln" Ys 991 hs

nanqc~an " lkn ~ja yas~ hs hkvas~an+ Hf ~ja scjaoa‘s KLV yhsas 94!" xmqy tmy~fmbhm hs wmy~j Ys

<<"734+ ^jhs sjmws jmw QBHTs wmye mq~ aztakshva fmy hkvas~mys+ Nanqc~ ~ja cms~ mf l ~ayo

tmbhcx fymo ~ja oq~qlb fqkn ya~qyks" lkn xmq‘ya s~hbb baf~ wh~j l shpaliba nhffayakca+

:>



CMKCBQSHMK

^ja azjlqs~hva yasalycj hk ~ja fhabn mf Bhfa Hksqylkca ~jyaw qt smoa hk~ayas~hkg ~yakns wjhcj

clk ia saak hk ~ja limva lklbxshs+ L gakaylb hotyasshmk ~jl~ H gl~jayan nqyhkg Nl~l cmbbac~hmk

wls ~ja hooaksa lwlyakass lkn ekmwbanga lomkg tamtba limq~ vlyhmqs cmotlkhas lkn ~jahy

hksqylkca tymnqc~s+ Tamtba lya iaghkkhkg ~m bmme iaxmkn BHC fmy ~jahy hksqylkca kaans lkn lya

whbbhkg ~m ~yqs~ tyhvl~a tblxays wh~j ~jahy jlyn alykan omkax+

Tamtba hk gakaylb jlva iaak hotyassan ix ~ja olyea~hkg lkn lnvay~hshkg clotlhgks mf hksqylkca

cmotlkhas+ L jhgj taka~yl~hmk mf tyhk~" ylnhm lkn âbavhshmk Ln clotlhgks mvay ~ja xalys hs

iaghkkhkg ~m jlva h~‘s hotlc~ kmw+

Lkm~jay jaly~akhkg ~yakn wls hk ~ayos mf tamtba vhawhkg hksqylkca ls l ~lz slvhkg lkn

hkvas~oak~ hks~yqoak~ ls oqcj ls l tym~ac~hva mka+ L vayx jhgj kqoiay mf yastmknak~s jlva

mt~an fmy hksqylkca fmy sqcj tqytmsas lkn h~ sjmws jmw hksqylkca cmotlkhas jlva iaak

sqccassfqb ~m l~~ylc~ tqibhc omkax hk yacak~ ~hoas+

^ja gakaylb sl~hsflc~hmk bavabs lomkg tqibhc wh~j yaglyns ~m tmbhcx lkn lgak~s s~hbb ya|qhyas

hotymvaoak~+ Iq~ ~jayahk bhas ~ja mttmy~qkh~x fmy l yabl~hva tblxay bhea Oa~Bhfa Hknhl

Hksqylkca Cm+ B~n+ BHC jls kavay iaak ekmwk fmy tymot~ sayvhca my cqs~moay myhak~an

oa~jmns lkn Oa~Bhfa Hknhl Hksqylkca Cm + clk iqhbn mk ~jasa flc~mys+

:1



\qas~hmkklhya

Taysmklb Na~lhbs 0

Kloa 0 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Lnnyass 0 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Lga 0 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Cmk~lc~ Km+ 0 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Tymfhba mf yastmknak~0

S~qnak~ Iqshkass

Jmqsawhfa Sabf/Aotbmxan

Wmyehkg Tymfasshmklb Gmvaykoak~ Sayvhca Aotbmxaa

Nl~a0]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

Nm xmq jlva l bhfa hksqylkca tmbhcx-hkvas~oak~ tblk hk xmqy kloa=

m Xas m Km

Hf xas wjhcj cmotlkx‘s hksqylkca tmbhchas nm xmq jmbn=

m JNFC S~lknlyn Bhfa Hksqylkca m Ihybl Sqk Bhfa Hksqylkca

m Lvhvl Bhfa Hksqylkca m Il`l` Lbbhlkp Bhfa Hksqylkca

m BHC m ^l~l LHG Bhfa Hksqylkca

m HCHCH Tyqnak~hlb Bhfa Hksqylkca m HKG Vxsxl Bhfa Hksqylkca

m Ijly~h Lzl Bhfa Hksqylkca m M~jays *stachfx kloa(

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

:6



Wjl~ hs ~ja lttymzhol~a tyaohqo tlhn ix xmq lkkqlbbx *hk Yqtaas(=

m Ys+ 1"444 – Ys+ <4"444 m Ys+ <4"44< – Ys+ <1"444

m Ys+ <1"44< – Ys+ 91"444 m Ys+ 91"44< – Ys+ 14"444

m Ys+ 14"44< – Ys+ 64"444 m Ys+ 64"44< – Ys+ :4"444

m Ys+ :4"44< – Ys+ <"44"444

m Omya ~jlk Ys+ <"44"444 *stachfx tyaohqo( ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

Wjl~ ehkn mf hksqylkca tmbhcx wmqbn sqh~ xmq ias~ hk xmqy cqyyak~ s~lga mf bhfa=

m Bhfa Hksqylkca m Bhfa Hksqylkca lkn Hkvas~oak~ Tblks

m Takshmk Tblks m Cjhbn Tblks

m ^lz slvhkg tblks

Lya xmq lwlya mf ~ja kaw qkh~ bhkean hksqylkca tblks hk ~ja olyea~=

m Xas m Km

Jmw oqcj wmqbn xmq ia whbbhkg ~m stakn tay lkkqo hf xmq waya ~m gm fmy lk

hkvas~oak~-hksqylkca tblk=

m Bass ~jlk Ys+ 6"444 m Ys+ 6"44< – Ys+ <4"444

m Ys+ <4"44< – Ys+ 91"444 m Ys+ 91"44< – Ys+ 14"444

m Ys+ 14"444 – Ys+ <"44"444 m Omya ~jlk Ys+ <"44"444

Wjhcj lccmynhkg ~m xmq hs lk hnalb tmbhcx ~ayo= *Kqoiay mf xalys xmq wmqbn ia whbbhkg ~m

tlx tyaohqo(

m 3 ~m 1 xalys m 6 ~m 8 xalys

m <4 ~m <1 xalys m <6 ~m 94 xalys

:7



m 9< ~m 91 xalys m 96 ~m 34 xalys

m Omya ~jlk 34 xalys m Wjmba bhfa tmbhcx

Wjl~ om~hvl~as xmq ~m tqycjlsa hksqylkca-hkvas~oak~ tblks=

m Lnvay~hsaoak~s m Jhgj Ya~qyks

m Lnvhca fymo fyhakns m Flohbx yastmkshihbh~has

m M~jays *stachfx(

Hk wjhcj ehkn mf cmotlkx wmqbn xmq tyafay ~m olea l tqycjlsa mf hksqylkca=

m Gmvaykoak~ mwkan cmotlkx m Tqibhc Bhoh~an Cmotlkx

m Tyhvl~a Cmotlkx m Fmyahgk ilsan cmotlkx

^xthclbbx wjl~ ehkn mf ya~qyks wmqbn xmq bmme l~ fymo xmqy hkvas~oak~s= *Tbalsa km~a0

Jhgjay ya~qyks hkvmbva gyal~ay yhse(

m Bass ~jlk 1! m 6! / <4 !

m <<! / <1 ! m <6! / 94 !

m 9<! / 91! m 96! / 34!

m 3<! / >4! m ><! / 14!

m Omya ~jlk 14!

::



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