COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICusers.utcluj.ro/~denisad/Compatibilitate... · COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1. Cursul are un numar de 6 credite ! Structura cursului: 14

COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ

CURS AN IV, Specializările: ET, I&AD, IM

AN UNIVERSITAR 2017-2018

Conf. Dr. Ing. Denisa ŞTEŢ

Facultatea de Inginerie Electrică, Departamentul de Electrotehnică și Măsurări

E-mail: [email protected]

Office: Str. G.Barițiu, Nr. 26-28, sala 53

Tel: 0264.401.462

http://users.utcluj.ro/~denisad

mailto:[email protected]

Obiectivele disciplinei:

1. Însuşirea cunoştinţelor specifice disciplinei CEM şi familiarizareacu problematica poluării electromagnetice;

2. Cunoaşterea principalelor surse de perturbaţii electromagnetice;

3. Cunoaşterea tipurilor de cuplaje prin intermediul căroraperturbaţiile electromagnetice se propagă de la surse la receptoare;

4. Cunoaşterea tehnicilor de măsurare a interferenţelorelectromagnetice;

5. Cunoașterea modalităţilor practice de reducere a interferenţelorelectromagnetice şi asigurare a imunităţii, respectiv a mijloacelor demăsurare în CEM.

COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1 2/26

http://www.google.ro/imgres?q=objective&um=1&hl=ro&sa=N&rlz=1T4ADRA_enRO404RO417&biw=1280&bih=822&tbm=isch&tbnid=fy3o_Br0jKkAjM:&imgrefurl=http://bownishi.com/home/our-obejctive/&docid=UOItTXQgrzSnuM&imgurl=http://bownishi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Objectives.png&w=291&h=221&ei=RvD2T_KdLIXXtAb1n83SBQ&zoom=1

COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1

Cursul are un numar de 6 credite !

Structura cursului:

14 cursuri (3 ore/curs)

7 laboratoare (4 ore/laborator)

[http://us.123rf.com]



Tematica cursului de CEM

Introducere în Compatibilitatea Electromagnetică (CEM)

Surse de perturbaţii electromagnetice

Tipuri de cuplaje electromagnetice

Linii de transmisie

Unde electromagnetice

Tehnici şi dispozitive de atenuare a interferenţelor

electromagnetice

Tehnici si mijloace de măsurare în CEM

Influența câmpurilor EM asupra bioorganismelor

Aspecte ale CEM în electroenergetică



Introducere în Compatibilitatea Electromagnetică (CEM)

1.1. Scurt istoric. De ce CEM?

[http://www.way2science.com; http://www.gardenofpraise.com]

Legea inducției electromagnetice



➢ după 1850 - transmisii telegrafice confruntate cu probleme de diafonie

1. Introducere în CEM

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_at_desk.jpg]

➢ 1895 Marconi inventează radioul

➢ 1897 prima transmisie radio peste Canalul Mânecii (Marconi)

➢ 1901 prima transmisie radio peste Oceanul Atlantic (Marconi)



➢ 1904 experienţe privind detectarea ecoului undelor electromagnetice

(Hulsmeyer, “telemobiloscope”) 1935 primele sisteme RADAR (1940 - RAdio

Detection And Ranging)

[http://www.design-

technology.info/inventors/page28.htm]




➢ 1907 Lee de Forest descoperă trioda cu vid (”audion”)

unde electromagnetice continue, modularea lor cu semnale telefonice,

amplificarea lor înainte de recepție

[http://www.bugera-amps.com, http://www.freeinfosociety.com]

„Un dispozitiv cu trei electrozi pentru

amplificarea curenților electrici foarte

slabi” (Lee de Forest)




➢ după 1910 - electrificarea căilor ferate perturbă liniile de comunicaţii

Soluții: cabluri ecranate, dispozitive împotriva fulgerelor

[http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net]



➢ 1915 -1940 domeniul de frecvență în telecomunicaţii se extinde la

frecvente înalte emisiuni radio “deranjate” de acțiunea perturbatoare al

aparatelor electrice

Solutii:

• legarea la masă,

• decuplarea galvanică,

• filtre de frecvență,

• amplificatoare diferențiale,

• prescripţii militare precise şi ferme (primele organisme cu rol de

standardizare) etc.


http://www.google.ro/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCLrGzq-bmsgCFQvxcgod2B8JlA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anunturi.crom.ro%2Fcategoria%2FTelecomunicatii.html&psig=AFQjCNH9CW2wcPnSd-gqHiD5xjMezdpbWw&ust=1443546288211367



➢ 1945 – primul calculator electronic

(ENIAC - Electronic Numerical

Integrator And Computer)

➢ 1951 - UNIVAC (Universal

Automatic Calculator) în realizarea

lui fiind implementate principiile

elaborate de von Neumann în 1945

[http://www.teammarcopolo.com, http://upload.wikimedia.org]



Evolutia microelectronicii

➢ 1948 - primul tranzistor

➢ 1958 – primul circuit integrat

➢ 1971 – primul microprocesor

➢ 1976 - primul computer personal

➢ 1983 - primul compact disk

➢ 1984 - Macintosh cu prima interfaţă

utilizator grafică

➢ 1984 - prima reţea Internet

➢ 1995 - prima memorie de 1 Gb

➢ 2000 – frecvenţe de lucru peste 1 GHz

şi tensiuni de alimentare sub 2,5 V

COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1 12/26








COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1

Interferenţele complexe prin curenţi de dispersie,

specifice centrelor urbane aglomerate




[http://www.hubersuhner.ch]






[http://www.biotele.com/EMI.htm]




[http://www2.teknat.uu.se]




➢ 1933 – Comitetul Internațional Special de Pertrurbații Radioelectrice (CISPR)

Stabilirea și dezvoltarea normelor privind evitarea interferențelor radio

1979 – American Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Publică norme

limită de emisii electromagnetice pentru toate aparatele electronice

➢ 1980 – Comisia Electrotehnică Internatională (CEI) Normativul CEI 801 care

se refera la imunitatea materialelor la interferentele electromagnetice

➢ 1990 - Comunitatea Economică Europeană (CEE) Directiva 89/336/CEE care

contine acordarea legislatiilor statelor membre ale CEE cu privire la CEM

1 ianuarie 1996 toate produsele puse pe piata europeană trebuie sa satisfacă în mod

egal exigențele normelor CM de emisie și de imunitate


Domenii de interes pentru normare în domeniul CEM




Principalele tipuri de PEM studiate de CEM



Compatibilitate Electromagnetică (engleză: EMC, ElectroMagnetic Compatibility) =

coexistența neconflictuală a emițătoarelor și receptoarelor de energie electromagnetică.



Element

perturbator

(Emitator)

Mecanism de

cuplaj

(cale)

Element

perturbat

(Receptor)

Scop CEM: de a face compatibilă funcţionarea unui sistem electric sau electronic

sensibil într-un mediu electromagnetic perturbat prin respectarea a trei criterii:

• să nu producă nici o interferenţă cu alte sisteme;

• să nu fie susceptibil la emisiile altor sisteme;

• să nu producă nici o interferenţă cu el însuşi.

1.2. Definiția Compatibilității Electromagnetice (CEM)


Interferenţa electromagnetică = fenomen de suprapunere în acelaşi

punct din spaţiu a două sau mai multe unde (semnale), provenite de la diferite

surse, având ca efect modificarea parametrilor semnalului util (amplitudine,

frecvenţă, fază).


Surse de perturbaţii electromagnetice

tAty sin

1111 sin tAty

rrrr tAty sin

➢ Mai multe surse de perturbaţii → utilizarea metodei suprapunerii

efectelor, consecinţă a liniarităţii ecuaţiilor diferenţiale care descriu

procesele ondulatorii.

1.3. Conceptul de interferență electromagnetică IEM/EMI în sensul CEM


Pentru proiectarea corectă a CEM a unui sistem electric trebuie

cunoscute:

✓ Mediul electromagnetic perturbator (toate emiţătoarele) sub forma de:

valori de vârf ale tensiunilor şi curenţilor, intensităţi ale câmpurilor

magnetice şi electrice, spectre de frecvenţă, pante ale fronturilor

impulsurilor;



[http://www.leedywest.com]

✓ Susceptibilitatea (receptivitatea)

dispozitivelor perturbate (receptoarelor),

sub formă de nivele de perturbaţii

admisibile (în domeniul frecvenţă şi în

domeniul timp).

✓ Mecanismele de cuplaj, sub forma

factorilor de atenuare ai filtrelor şi

ecranelor sau funcţii de transfer

complexe;


Bibliografie CURS 1

1. A.J. Schwab și W.W. Kȕrner, “Compatibilitate electromagnetică”, Editura Agir,

București, 2013;

2. F.D. Surianu, “Compatibilitate electromagnetica. Aplicatii in ingineria sistemelor

electroenergetice”, Editura Orizonturi Universitare, Timișoara, 2005;

3. E. Simion, “Interferența electromagnetica”, Editura Casa Cărții de Știinta, Cluj-

Napoca, 1999;

4. G. Hortopan, “Principii si tehnici de compatibilitate electromagnetica”, Editura

Tehnica, București, 1998;

5. A. Sotir si T. Moșoiu, “Compatibilitate electromagnetica”, Editura Militară,

Bucuresti, 1997;


6. D. Șteț, D. D. Micu, L. Czumbil, “Analiza, modelarea și predicția

fenomenelor de interferență electromagnetică dintre liniile electrice

de înaltă tensiune și structurile metalice învecinate. Complemente

de matematici “, Ed. Mediamira, Cluj-Napoca, 2016

7. Fotografii/imagini preluate de pe internet.

Research, Engineering & Consulting

http://users.utcluj.ro/~lcmn


The LCMN high-skilled team will work closely with you from the definition of the problem to the delivery of highquality engineering studies and solutions. Our experience in understanding power systems, EMC and energy issues,combined with adequate simulation software tools, represents a guarantee of every project successful completion.

Research & Development in Core Areas✓ Advances in numerical modeling of different electromagnetic interference problems: prediction, diagnosis

and feasible solutions for induced voltages and AC Corrosion in metallic structures;✓ Optimal right of way evaluation of gas streams as related to possible AC interferences;✓ Lightning Interferences and Protection of Infrastructures.

Research & Development in Applied Fields✓ Investigations through numerical analysis and in situ evaluations of electromagnetic interferences;✓ Inverse reconstruction and identification of cracks, sources and materials in inaccessible locations;✓ Numerical field synthesis and optimization of different electromagnetic devices (including devices for medical

applications - magnetic coils used in different therapies);✓ Numerical analysis and computational geometry applied in engineering problems.

Energy Consulting✓ Optimization of common transportation coridors as related to AC/DC interferences, in case of diferent

utilities networks;✓ Investigation of different electromagnetic interference problems;✓ Energy evaluation and solutions regarding the efficient use of energy;✓ Power quality evaluations, diagnosis and solutions for industry and buildings.

Applied Engineering Services✓ Case studies of electromagnetic interferences: diagnosis and solutions;✓ Energy audit or industrial and residential consumers;✓ Power quality measurements and filtering solutions;✓ Power Systems /P&G/T&D/Energy Trading;✓ Measurements and testing of: power quality indicators, remote electric and/or magnetic fields (DC to GHz),

earth resistances, etc;✓ Computer aided designing of embedded electronics circuits (low and high power);✓ Designing of wired or wireless sensors.

Training✓ Support and applied techniques regarding the practical implementation of case studies: electromagnetic

interferences, lightning protection, optimal right of way grid for energy transmission (oil, gas, electricity);✓ Numerical modeling of different interference problems;✓ Energy audits to industrial and residential consumers;✓ Nearly Zero Energy Buildings professional certification for engineers and architects.

LCM

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📚 Scientific Publications (2000 - 2015)▪ 10 Books and 2 Book Chapters published in prestigious

publishing houses;▪ Over 200 published scientific papers: ISI Journals, ISI

Proceedings, papers indexed in international data bases(IEEEXplore, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, EBSON).

🏆 Publication Awards▪ 2013– PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2013-3768 for AC Interference on

Pipelines due to Double Circuit Power Lines. A Detailed Study;▪ 2009 - PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2009-1259 for Numerical Evaluation

of Induced Voltages in the Metallic Underground Pipelines;▪ 2009 - PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2009-1134 for Original Approaches

for Solving Electromagnetic Interference Problem;▪ 2009 - PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2009-322 for Energy Efficient Coils

for Magnetic Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves;▪ 2008 - PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2008-48 for Synthesis Method of an

Inductive Sensor using Tikhonov Regularization Procedure.

LCM

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▪ 15 Research Grants obtained through (Inter)National Competitions;▪ 18 Research Projects founded by Industry Companies;▪ 5 Postdoctoral Research Projects;▪ 16 PhD thesis.

🏆 Research Awards▪ 2015 – Romanian Energy Awards – Awarding the Excellence in

Romanian’s Energy Sector, for an Energy Efficiency Projectimplemented in TUCN own Buildings;

▪ 2014 - Excellence Award of Technical University of Cluj-Napocafor researchers;

▪ 2008 - Excellence Award of Technical University of Cluj-Napocafor young researchers;

The strategy of the LCMN Research Team (15 members) aims:

❖ To develop and apply mathematical models for solvingpractical problems from industry (as a collaborationwith different national and international companies);

❖ To participate in interdisciplinary research groupswithin scientific and applied engineering projects;

❖ To extend the international scientific cooperationwithin European projects;

❖ To promote PhD students in advanced researchactivities.

LCMN was the main organizer of the:49th International Universities' Power Engineering

Conference2 - 5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

www.upec2014.com

▪ 2008 - 2nd Prize for Research Projects: "CEEX-DIRECTOR_136: Intelligent and active diagnosis andprediction of buildings with resistance structure in acomplex polluted environment ", awarded by the NationalAuthority of Scientific Research.

http://www.upec2014.com/

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CEEX-MATELIZ_6856: Theoretical and experimental research on thebehavior of insulating materials in order to develop diagnosisstudies and intelligent prediction procedures

✓ Intelligent diagnosis and prediction methodologies applied toelectrical equipment and installations embedded with insulatingmaterials, customized for underground cables.

ROMATSA_3423: Electric and electronic equipment protection to overvoltage and electromagneticpulses occuring in power cables, respectively voice and data circuits due to lightning at DSNA Clujand DR Bucharest PNA/CNS Cluj

CEEX-DIRECTOR_136: Active and intelligent prediction anddiagnostics procedures for building with reinforced structures,placed in a complex polluted environment

✓ Methodology to determine complex electrical disturbances inreinforced concrete structures due to both inductive AC and DCcouplings from HVPL and electrified railway systems from urbanelectric traction.

✓ Advanced techniques for electric andmagnetic field synthesis regarding thereconstruction of the return strokecurrents – particular cases: flat ground,existence of towers.

PN-II-PC-CABDIAG_22-122: Intelligent diagnosis and predictionsystem for preventing power cables damages

✓ Predictive diagnosis system of medium and high voltage cables at a“prototype” level, through experimental development and numericalmodeling.

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PN-II-ID-PCE_1024: Mathematical model to study the ACelectromagnetic interferences between underground gaspipelines and HVPL

✓ Generalized mathematical model for effects estimation of theinductive and conductive couplings, in steady state, on anymetallic underground pipeline network; Device for controlledsuppression of induced currents.

PN-II-RU-TE_253: Modeling, prediction and design solutions,with maximum effectiveness, for reducing the impact of straycurrents on underground metallic gas pipelines

✓ InterfStud software package for solving electromagneticinterference problems (inductive, conductive and capacitivecouplings) between HVPL and underground/above groundpipelines; Artificial intelligence techniques.

CNCSIS-AT_224: Optimized construction of electromagnetic devicesbased on electromagnetic field synthesis in inaccessibleheterogeneous environments

✓ Numerical modeling tools applied to electrical circuits stability andsynthesis; Electromagnetic field synthesis in non-homogeneous media.

CEEX-ICEMECOS_X2C37: The impact of electromagnetic fields onanthropic ecosystems

✓ Quantifying the impact of electromagnetic fields on the investigatedenvironments; Experiments on electrochemical corrosion phenomena.Methods and procedures for limiting the harmful effects of corrosion.

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H2020-EE-2014-CSA 649773: MENs – Meeting the energy professional skills

✓ Enhance the NZEB (Near Zero Energy Buildings) skills of building managers such asengineers and architects through a series of accredited training activities developedby 9 universities and 3 market players.

CNCSIS_TD_33385: 3D Software for the simulation of theelectromagnetic stimulation of nerve fibers

✓ Software package that provides an efficient method for calculating thetransmembrane potential on any point along the nerve fibre.

CNCSIS-A_1279: The influence of electromagnetic fields onoperational stability and performance of combustioninstallations

✓ Ingrain the turbulence with the help of a rotating electrostaticfield, of high voltage, applied to the flame.

H2020-EE-2015-2-RIA/696114: Demand Response in Blocks ofBuildings (DR-BOB)

✓ The aim of the DR-BOB project is to demonstrate the economicand environmental benefits of demand response in blocks ofbuildings for the different key actors required to bring it to market.

TUCN – IP_36 internal project: Innovative Research Tools for anEfficient Energy University

✓ Identification of energy efficiency solutions for the TUCN buildings; Pilotproject implementation of variable speed control, LED lighting, M&T andM&V tools.

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https://vimeo.com/201872247

Applied software tools:

LCMN offers high quality, adaptable and affordable solutions and services. We care about our partners contentment and do our best to develop a win-win relationship with them.

❖ THEY TRUST US:

Research collaborations with laboratories from prestigious universities:

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http://users.utcluj.ro/~lcmnwww.facebook.com/LCMNCluj

Address: 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Romania

Phone: +40 264 401462, +40 744 191609Fax: +40 264 592903

E-mail: [email protected]


http://www.facebook.com/LCMNCluj

mailto:[email protected]

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COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICusers.utcluj.ro/~denisad/Compatibilitate... · COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA – curs 1. Cursul are un numar de 6 credite ! Structura cursului: 14