COMPHREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP) DISTRICT …agriculturemizoram.nic.in/Documents/DISTRICT_PLAN_AIZAWL.pdf · incorporated in the District Agriculture Plan. District

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COMPHREHENSIVE DISTRICT

AGRICULTURE PLAN

(C-DAP)

DISTRICT AIZAWL

MIZORAM

COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN

(C-DAP)

FOR RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA

OF XIth FIVE YEAR PLAN

Prepared by

District Agriculture Department

Aisawl District

2

FOREWORD

The National Development Council has set the goal of 4 per cent

growth in the 11th plan by reorienting strategies of Agricultural Development

towards meeting the needs of farmers and appropriate use of natural

resources. The state governments are motivated to concentrate on finding

and evolving suitable strategies with innovative technologies and projects

for rejuvenation of agriculture in the country. The need for integrated local

area plans, based on specific endowments and needs of each area, was

stressed from the beginning of planned development. However, despite

several reports and studies, only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such

planning could be located. It has therefore been decided by the Govt. of

India that the 'District Plan Process' should be an integral part of the

process of preparation of State. GoI Introduced a new Additional Central

Assistance scheme to incentivize States to draw up plans for their

agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions,

natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating

livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. I appreciate the Department of

agriculture at the state level also at the district level for their effort and

coordination for preparation of C-DAPs in an appropriate manner consulting

with all line departments of the state. I also congratulate all implementing

agencies of RKVY to work with commitment for achieving the common goals

in general and to improve the agriculture economy of the state.

Date

Director

3

Department of Agriculture

CONTENT

Chapters Title Page

Nos.

Chapter - I Introduction

1.1 Methodology

1.2 Data Collection and Consultation

1.3 Vision Statement

1.4 Objectives

1.5 Approach and Methodology

1.6 Expected Outcome

Chapter - II District Profile

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Demographic Information

2.3 Climate

2.4 Season

2.5 Temperature

2.6 Relative Humidity

2.7 Wind

Chapter - III SWOT Analysis of Various Sectors (Aisawl District)

3.1 SWOT Analysis of in Agriculture Sectors

3.1.1 Strength

3.1.2 Weakness

3.1.3 Opportunities

3.1.4 Threats

3.2 SWOT Analysis of Animal Husbandry

4

3.3 SWOT Analysis of Horticulture

3.3.1 Strength

3.3.2 Weakness

3.3.3 Opportunities

3.3.4 Threats

3.4 SWOT Analysis of Fishery

3.4.1 Strength

3.4.2 Weakness

3.4.3 Opportunities

3.4.4 Threats

3.5 SWOT Analysis in Sericulture

3.5.1 Strength

3.5.2 Weakness

3.5.3 Opportunities

3.5.4 Threats

Chapter - IV Agriculture in Aiswal District

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Operational Land Holding

4.3 Land Characteristics

4.4 Soil Fertility Status

4.5 Climate

4.6 Agro-Climatic Zones

4.7 Flood and Draughts in the District

4.8 Irrigation and Ground Water

4.9 Service Marketing Infrastructure Service Centre in

Agriculture and Allied Sectors

4.10 Soil Testing Laboratory in the District

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4.11 Basic Marketing Infrastructure for Agricultural

Production / Post Harvest Management

4.12 Agriculture Activities

Chapter V Development of Agri-Allied Sectors

5.1 Horticulture in Aisawl District

5.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Fruit Crops

of in the State

5.3 Organic Farming

5.4 Existing Horticulture Cultivation Practices of the

District

5.5 Different Programme Launched by Government for

Development of Horticultural Sector in the District

5.6 Oil Palm Development Programme

5.7 Existing Varieties of Different Horticultural Crops

5.8 Indigenous Crops/ Varieties

5.9 Post Harvest Technology

5.10 Livestock Status and Development

5.11 Fisheries Development

5.12 Sericulture in Aisawl District

5.13 Sericulture in Mizoram

5.14 Availability & Varieties of Sericulture

5.15 Soil and Water Conservation

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CONTENTS OF TABLES

Sl No Titles Page

Nos.

2.1 General Information of Aizawl District

2.2 The Population Trend in Aizawl District as per 2001 Census

2.3 Temperature (0C) from 2002-05

2.4 Average Relative (%) Humidity District

4.1 Land Holding in the District

4.2 Land Utilization Statistics ( Preceding 3 Years Average)

4.3 Data on Weather (Available Normal)

4.4 Development Block wise Monthly Rainfall in mm

4.5 Agro-Climatic Zones of Aizawl District

4.6 Soil Testing Laboratories in District

4.7 Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated / Rain

fed Conditions during Kharif Season

4.8 Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated / Rain

fed Conditions during Rabi Season

4.9 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed

Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income of

Various Crops in the District


Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income

from Rainfed Paddy (Direct Sown)



from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)



from Pea (Rabi Pulse)

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from Kharif Pulse



from Maize

4.15 Proposed Strategy for Agriculture – Physical and Financial

targets for the XI Plan

5.1 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Fruit Crops of

Mizoram (2007-08)

5.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Plantation Crops

of Mizoram (2007-08)

5.3 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Spices of Mizoram

(2007-08)

5.4 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Vegetable Crops of

Mizoram (2007-08)

5.5 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Root and Tuber

Crops of Mizoram (2007-08)

5.6 Area, Production and Yield of Major Horticulture Crops

5.7 Crop wise Area Expanded and No. of Beneficiaries Under area

Expansion Scheme up to (2008-09)

5.8 Important Fruit Crops and their Varieties Grown in Mamit

District

5.9 Some Indigenous and Local Fruits and Vegetables Grown in

Mamit District

5.10 Crop Wise Researche / Extension / Adoption Gap Analysis



from OKRA



from Chilli



from Rhizomatous

8



from Banana



from Pineapple



from Passion fruit



from Potato

5.18 Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development

5.19 Livestock Information

5.20 Distribution of Land and Livestock/Poultry Holdings in the

District

5.21 Benefits from Family Poultry

5.22 Taluka wise Existing of Veterinary Institutions (Aizawl

District)

5.23 Production Plan of Livestock During 11th Plan

5.24 Production Plan of Livestock

5.25 Research / Extension / Adoption Gap and Proposed

Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Goat


Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig-1


Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig-2


Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow /

Mithun / Hill Cattle


Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from

Poultry

5.30 Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary

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5.31 The Interventions are Suggested for Promotion of Fishery in

the District

5.32 Strategies Proposed for Improving Production and

Productivity in Sericulture

5.33 Various Interventions Suggested for Sericulture Development

in the District are Presented (in lakhs)

5.34 Abstract of Work plan under RKVY Scheme Soil Treatment

(Soil Department)

5.35 Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

5.36 Water Conservation

5.37 Physical and Financial Requirements and Proposed Strategies

for Soil Treatment (Rupees in lakhs)

5.38 Proposal for Implementation of Soil & Moisture Conservation

(Rupees in lakh)

5.39 Proposal for Implementation of Water Conservation Activities

(Rupees in Lakhs)

5.40 Proposal for Implementation of Soil & Water Conservation

(Rupees in Lakhs)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Concerned by the slow growth in the agriculture and allied sectors, the National

Development Council (NDC) resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance

Scheme, named Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched. To implement

this, formulation of action plans by means of developing District Agriculture Plans

(DAP) is recommended. Subsequently, a comprehensive State Agriculture Plan

(SAP) would be prepared by integrating these DAPs.

The major areas of focus were integrated development of major food crops like

paddy, coarse cereals, minor millets, pulses and oilseeds; Agriculture

mechanization; Strengthening of Market Infrastructure and Marketing

Development; Activities relating to enhancement of Horticultural Production and

Popularization of Micro Irrigation Systems; Sericulture Development; and Animal

Husbandry and Fisheries Development activities.

A series of meetings was held at the state as well district head quarter to discuss

the various components of the District Agriculture Plan in the presence of line

department officials and experts. The feedback received in the Meetings was

incorporated in the District Agriculture Plan.

District Agriculture Plan

Aizawl is the most important district of Mizoram is situated between 230

30‟00"N to 240 00‟00" N latitude and 920 30‟00”E to 93000‟ 00" E longitude. Aizawl

is the capital of the state situated in the western part of the district. It is linked to

Silchar (Assam) by NH – 54 covering a distance of about 180 km. The district lacks

railway connectivity. However it has air connectivity with Guwahti in Assam and to

the metro city of Kolkata. The total geographical area of Aizawl district is 3,46,721

hectare which is about 16 % of the state area of Mizoram. The district comprises

with two agricultural sub-divisions, namely Aizawl HQ and Darlawn. It contains 5

development Blocks namely, Aibawk, Darlawn, Phullen, Thingsulthliah, Tlangnuam

and 166 villages. Total population as per 2001 census is 3,43,506 and are

predominantly Schedule Tribes. Aizawl District can be categorized under three

agro-climatic zones namely, as Humid mild tropical, Humid – subtropical hill and

Humid Temperate Sub Alpine. However, Humid Sub-tropical Hill zone is covering

major area in the district which has production potential. There are wide variations

in climate condition, a distinct micro-climatic variation exist depending upon the

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altitude, which sharply differs from place to place. Considering the agro-climatic

conditions, the district has feasibility and scope for cultivation of wide variety of

crops. The staple food crop is paddy (Rice), maize is secondary. Wide range of

fruits, vegetables, Spices, Oilseeds and Pulses are grown. There are plenty of

grasslands, wherein livestock rearing is possible due to naturally available fodder.

Water harvesting is conveniently done in valleys and lower ridges, which are ideal

for „Pisci-culture‟. Irrigation facilities in the forms of river diversion schemes helping

in increasing production of various agricultural and horticultural commodities. The

land holding pattern of the district reflects dominance of both marginal and small

farmers in the district which are found to be in equal proportion. Medium farmers

are very negligible and there is no large farmer. Because of the small and

fragmented land holding of the farmers, extensive farming as well as use of

agricultural machineries like tractor has limited scope.

Priority of the district during IX plan

• Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal

husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming.

• Introduction of appropriate technologies to increase the production and

productivity of agriculture and allied sectors.

• Encouraging multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and

intercropping.

• Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises.

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• Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged

groups and filed staff.

• Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.

• Enhancement of soil health

• Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture

with the promotion of Agro processing industries.

Objectives Considering the above situation the present database/information

system was developed with the following objectives

Analysis on the existing farming practices.

Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector.

Identification of production constrains and technological gap.

Documentation of existing marketing pattern.

Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural

production system to increase productivity.

Strategies for the agriculture development.

• Strengthening the extension machinery for effective dissemination of technology.


• Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture

with the promotion of Agro processing industries.

• Development of minor irrigation

• Strengthening of rural markets with storage facilities.

• Strengthening of farmers‟ market with additional storage facilities.

• Establishment of cattle feed units.

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• Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal

husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming.

• Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged

groups and filed staff.

Development of suitable technologies such as varietal improvement, input

management supported by a strong institutional arrangements for the supply of

inputs like seed, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, credit, etc, price support

system favourable to farmers and market infrastructure for major crops like paddy,

maize, sugarcane, banana, vegetables, and fodder crops.

• Encouraging maize as an alternate crop for paddy

• Strengthening water harvesting structures like farm ponds and check dams.

• Reclamation of fallow and degraded lands.

Training and exposure visit to the farmers, traders, and other stakeholders on

grading, post harvest technologies, value addition and market intelligence.

• Inland fisheries development in major tanks and reservoirs and

Abstract of District Agricultural Plan

Budget Details for Activities Proposed in the District Agriculture Plan

Sl No Rs. In Lakhs

2010-11 2011-12 TOTAL

Agriculture

Horticulture

Animal

Husbandry

14

Fishery

Sericulture

Soil

Water

Conservation

KVK

Total

Chapter 1 Introduction

The population is growing very fast in all the par the globe. With the

rising population the supply of food material is also needed to be increased.

The World Food Summit (1997) predicted that food production in developing

countries must be tripled by the year 2050 to cater the demand created by

the expected doubling of the human population and their increasing

standard of living. Globally there will be enough food for a growing world

population by the year 2030, but hundreds of millions of people in

developing countries will remain hungry and many of the environmental

problems caused by agriculture will remain serious.(World Agriculture:

Towards 2015/2030, UN FAO)

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India occupies 2% of the world geographical area and 16% of its

population. At the time of independence, the country had a total population

of 350 million and produced only 51 million tonnes of food grain. Today,

population has crossed 1 billion marks and food grain production has

increased to 230.67 million tonnes (2007-08). But the agricultural

productivity world over has hit a plateau, whereas, Indian scenario is

different. Apart from the flattening of yields over the past two decades, our

average productivity also lies below the optimum level. The growth spurt

ignited by the green revolution in the 1970 is now seeing diminishing

returns to technology. Again the North Eastern state like Mizoram, the

situation is completely different. Most of the people observe the state as

organic “by default”. In the last 30 years the state has not been able to do

any remarkable job in the field of agriculture, especially for attaining

independency in food supply. At the same time the population of the state is

growing very fast and the last decadal growth rate was 28.82 %. So, in this

current global scenario policy makers have to rethink on the long term basis

for the development of agriculture of the state. Another fact is that the crisis

for food is going to increase in other parts of the country with the increasing

population pressure. Therefore, we need to be independent in our food grain

production.

The economic reforms commenced in 1991 has successfully put the

economy in a higher growth orbit with more than 8 percent growth rate

in total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during the recent

years. However, the agriculture sector which accounted for more than 30

percent of total GDP at the beginning of reforms failed to maintain its

pre-reform growth. On the contrary, it witnessed a sharp declining in

growth after the mid 1990s as the per annum growth in agriculture

sector dropped to 1.9 percent during 1996-97 to 2001-2002 from 3.2

percent in the period 1980-81 to 1995-1996. This happened despite the

fact that agricultural productivity in most of the States was quite low, as

it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The

Tenth five year plan target of growth of 4 percent per annum in

agriculture and allied sectors, set to reverse the sharp declining of 1996-

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1997 to 2001-2002 has not been achieved. A sustained and wide spread

agricultural growth is a precondition of development in India as more

than 50 percent of country‟s work fare still depends upon agri. for its

livelihood. This slow growth in agriculture (including allied sectors) can

be of great strain for the economy. Concerned over this pace of growth in

agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC),

in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special Additional

Central Assistance Scheme i.e. National Agriculture Development

Programme/ Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched with

following main objectives.

The main objectives of the scheme are:

► To stimulate the States for increasing public investment in agriculture

and allied sectors

► To ensure that agricultural plans of Districts/States are prepared and are

based on agro- climatic conditions, availability of technology and natural

resources.

► To reduce the yield gap in important crops and increase production and

productivity in agriculture and allied sectors through forcused and

holistic initiatives.

► To ensure that local needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the

agricultural plans of the Districts/States.

► To provide flexibility and autonomy to States in planning and

implementation of agriculture and allied sector schemes.

► To maximize income of farmers in agriculture and allied sectors.

The eligibility for assistance from the Centre under the scheme would

depend upon the State Government providing amounts in the Plan Budget of

the State for agriculture and allied sectors over the baseline expenditure. As

per the NDC resolution Government of India introduced a new Additional

Central Assistance Scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their

agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions,

natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating

17

livestock, poultry and fisheries etc. This involves a new scheme for

Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plans, administered by the

Union ministry of Agriculture over and above its existing centrally sponsored

schemes, to supplement the state-specific strategies. In order to rejuvenate

the agriculture during XIth plan a growth rate of 4 percent per annum has

to be achieved (as per NDC commitment) by reorienting development

strategies that meet the needs of the farmers. The agriculture growth being

essential element of the strategy of making growth more inclusive, the NDC

advised the State Governments on preparation of Comprehensive District

Agriculture Plans (C-DAP) which includes allied agriculture sectors with full

and efficient utilization of available resources. The concept of integrated

local area plans (to raise living standard in rural area and over come food

shortage) based on specific endowments and needs of each area mooted in

1st Five year plan in 1951, could not be materialized in true sense as only

sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning were practically

attempted. For success of local area or District level plans the underlying

constraints needed to be identified and required infrastructural investment,

extension (and research system) revamping and market reach with the

system‟s conduct and performance have to be synchronized through a

holistic policy approach. Keeping this in view the C-DAP of district Aisawl is

prepared for achieving sustainable agricultural growth with improved

farmers‟ income through participatory process involving stakeholders and

various organizations. By establishing strong linkages with required

institutional support services the plan will ensure optimum utilization of

scarce physical and financial resources. The Agriculture in the district can‟t

possibly achieve same growth as in the past without recognizing the role of

farmers‟ participatory approach for formulating strategies and finding

solution to new and emerging problems.

1.1 Methodology

The C-DAP was prepared as per the process and methodology suggested

by the planning Commission, Government of India. The approach followed in

preparation of the document was necessarily of Participatory Approach

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mode. Designed formats for data collection, guided in data collection and

analysis and conducted regular workshops and meetings conducted. The

responsibility of preparing C-DAP of of the Aisawl district was done by the

District agriculture unit with the able guidance from the Director and Join

Director of the state agriculture department and consultations with District/

Block/Village Agriculture Planning Units of the district. Before commencing

the planning process, a sequence of workshops and meetings were

conducted and the following specific aspects were covered discussed.

• Issue and challenges in Agriculture sector.

• Planning concepts and district Planning.

• Basic features and planning process of RKVY.

• Vision, methodology and process of preparing C-DAP.

• Farming system approach.

• Farming situation based extension.

• INM, IPM, NRM, HRD, Marketing and other important aspects.

1.2 Data Collection and consultation: Formal and informal meeting with

Agriculture and line department staff, village administrative units members

and farmers were contacted at different levels. Collected secondary data and

related statistics needed for planning from different departments and other

sources. The field level functionaries of the agriculture department, collected

information with well framed data collection formats given by the MoA, Gov.

of India. For in depth Farm/ village level study covering important aspects

of agriculture and allied fields required information on modified semi-

structured through PRA.

Cross verification of data: The primary as well as secondary data collected

were cross-checked through triangulations and verified from

information/reports available with different government departments and

PRA based exercises. The district plan (draft), SREP and PLP of Aisawl

district and specifically Vision 2020 document prepared by the KVK of the

District consulted widely and used as base for preparation of C-DAP.

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The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan-

• Adoption of resources conservation technologies at large scale.

• Farm productions system for land owing families.

• Soil health sustainability through the applications of fertilizers & other mgt

practices.

• Effective pest management strategies including weed & nematodes based

on economic threshold value.

• Augmentation of the existing water applications through rain water

conservation and demand management.

System approach:

1. Market infrastructure and marketing opportunities, custom hiring

services and some of the policy issue related to subsidy.

2. Collected and discussed the feed back regarding on-Farm and Off-Farm

activates.

3. Farmer inability to invest in the productivity enhancement as majority of

farmers belongs to resources poor category.

4. Livelihood support system for landless families.

5. Profitability and sustainability of cropping system and return

1.3 VISION STATEMENT

Sustainable rural livelihood by accelerating agriculture growth through

diversified farming system.

Priority setting for the district

• Conservation, development and sustainable management of water

resources.

• Soil health improvement

• Popularizing resource conserving technologies.

• Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and

intercropping.

• Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops,

20

animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based

farming.


• Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other

disadvantaged groups and filed staff.

• Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented

agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.

1.4 Objectives

Considering the above situation the present database/information system

was developed with the following objectives

1. To make analysis on the existing farming practices.

2. Collection and analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied

sectors.

3. Identification of production constrains and technological gap.

4. Documentation of existing marketing pattern.

5. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural

production system to increase productivity.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

The approach and methodology undertaken to conduct the present

analysis was

Consultation with the key stakeholders from both public and private

sector

Comprehensive review of existing farming practices through well

tested survey materials and observation.

1.6 Expected Outcome

This document will provide better and clear understanding of

prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing

technological gaps in the district.

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This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the

development opportunities and potentialities for employment

generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector.

This document will support the state government to develop

agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and

action plans.

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CHAPTER – 2 DISTRICT PROFILE

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

Aizawl is the most important district of Mizoram is situated between

230 30‟00"N to 240 00‟00" N latitude and 920 30‟00”E to 93000‟ 00" E

longitude. Its capital also known as Aizawl which is situated in the western

part of the district. It is linked to Silchar (Assam) by NH – 54 covering a

distance of about 180 km. The district lacks railway connectivity. However it

has air connectivity with Guwahti in Assam and to the metro city of Kolkata.

The total geographical area of Aizawl district is 3,46,721 hectare which is

about 16 % of the state area of Mizoram. The district comprises with two

agricultural sub-divisions, namely Aizawl HQ and Darlawn. It contains 5

development Blocks namely, Aibawk, Darlawn, Phullen, Thingsulthliah,

Tlangnuam and 166 villages. The map of the district is given at figure-1.

Total population as per 2001 census is 3,43,506 and are predominantly

Schedule Tribes.

Table 2.1: General Information of Aizawl District

General Population (As per the 2001 Census)

Dev.

Block

Villages No. of

Reven

ue

Villag

es

Area

(ha)

No.

of

GPs.

Male Female Total S.C S.T In-

habitated

Un-in

habitate

d

Aibawk 20 -- 20 52204 -- 9087 8981 18068 -- 18068

Darlawn 27 -- 27 98242 -- 14550 14227 28777 -- 28777

Phullen 12 -- 12 52338 -- 6850 7416 14266 -- 14266

Thingsulthl

iah 21 -- 21 89437 -- 9018 9039 18057 -- 18057

Tlangnuam 86 -- 86 54500 -- 132828 131510 264338 -- 264338

Total 166 -- 166 346721 -- 172333 171173 343506 -- 343506

23

The topography in general is undulant with broken mountainous /

hilly ranges and between them lies the valley lands suitable for cultivation of

field crops. The hills are suited for Horticultural practices where ever the

slopes are gentle/moderate. The soils in hills are rich in humus due to forest

cover. However, in abandoned jhum lands the situation is reverse. The soil

in general is acidic- pH ranging between 4.5 - 6, deficient in base material,

medium in organic carbon, low in available phosphorus. The predominant

soil taxonomy is Hapludults (typic and humic) and Udonthernts – wherein

moisture retention capacity is very low.

Though the District mainly comprises of hilly terrain there are low

lying valley lands in few pockets, where altitude is rather low having warm

and humid climate facilitating paddy cultivation. The altitude ranges

between 100 meter to 1500 meter in the district.

The economy of the district is pre-dominantly agarian with more than

60% of the total work force engaged either directly or indirectly in

agriculture. However, agriculture still remains under-developed and the

primitive practice of Jhum (shifting cultivation) predominates. Both

production and productivity are relatively low.

Aizawl District can be categorized under three agro-climatic zones

namely, as Humid mild tropical, Humid – subtropical hill and Humid

Temperate Sub Alpine. However, Humid Sub-tropical Hill zone is covering

major area in the district which has production potential. There are wide

variations in climate condition, a distinct micro-climatic variation exist

depending upon the altitude, which sharply differs from place to place.

Considering the agro-climatic conditions, the district has feasibility and

scope for cultivation of wide variety of crops. The staple food crop is paddy

(Rice), maize is secondary. Wide range of fruits, vegetables, Spices, Oilseeds

and Pulses are grown. There are plenty of grasslands, wherein livestock

rearing is possible due to naturally available fodder. Water harvesting is

conveniently done in valleys and lower ridges, which are ideal for „Pisci-

24

culture‟. Irrigation facilities in the forms of river diversion schemes helping

in increasing production of various agricultural and horticultural

commodities.

2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

As per the census of 2001 the total population of the district is

3,43,506. The variation in the density as well as the distribution of

population is related to the physical, social and economic factors, which are

responsible for the characteristics of the population in the district.

Tabel 2.2 : The Population trend in Aizawl district as per 2001 census

District Area

(ha)

No. of

Household

Population Decadal

variation

% 1991-

2001

Literacy

rate (%) Male Female Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aizawl

3,46,721

64753 172333 171173 343506

38.10

96.50

2.3 Climate

Climate is the aggregate of all atmospheric or meteorological

influences such as moisture, wind pressure, temperature and evaporation.

Climate is one of the most important factors of the geographical environment

to which man is subjected and man‟s activities like agriculture, forestry,

supply of water, industry, etc.

The climate of Mizoram is controlled by its location, physiographic,

pressure regime in the North West India and Bay of Bengal, warm and moist

maritime tropical air masses from the Bay of Bengal, local mountain and

valley winds. Overall its climate is tropical monsoon type. As the Mamit

district lies in the North Western part of the state, it enjoys a moderate

25

climate owing to its tropical climate. It falls under the direct influence of the

South West Monsoon. As such the area receives an adequate amount of

rainfall which is responsible for a humid tropical climate characterized by

short winter and long summer with heavy rainfall. In general the climate of

the district is sub-tropical and humid type.

2.4 Season

Based on the variation in temperature, rainfall, humidity and other

general weather conditions four different types of seasons are observed here.

They are

1. The cold and winter season (Thlasik)

Winter season starts from the month of December to first half of

February. This is the coldest season of the year. During this period rainfall

is much less as compared to other seasons, and whatever amount of rainfall

received is originated from North East Monsoon, generally known as the

retreating monsoon.

2. Spring season (Thal)

Spring is the shortest season of the year. It starts from the second half of

the February to the first half of March. Temperature is mild during this

period and the sky is clear and Mizoram people accustomed to build new

houses during this season as there are no weather disturbances during this

period.

3. Summer season/ Rainy season

It is the longest season and starts from the second half of March till the

first half of October. The warmest months, i.e. July and August, prevails

during this period and maximum insolation is received during the early part

of this season. Study from rainfall records reveals that the heavy

precipitation generally starts from the second quarter of May and it

continues up to September and these five months alone contributed 74.41%

of the total annual rainfall during 2007.

26

4. Autumn season (Favang)

It starts from second part of October to November. This season is very

pleasant as both the temperature and rain comes down and it is the season

of harvesting major crops like paddy.

2.5 Temperature

Temperature of the district does not fluctuate much. The average

maximum and minimum temperature of the district is 350C and 5.30C,

respectively. The highest temperature was recorded on 6th May 2004 and it

was 35.60C. On an average July and August was recorded to be the warmest

months with mean maximum temperature 27.50C and mean minimum

temperature 20.40C.

Table 2.3. Temperature (0C) from 2002-2005

Months 2002 2003 2004 2005

Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

Jan - - 26.5 6 26.5 5.9 28.2 6.4

Feb - - 29.4 8.5 31.1 5.7 32.2 7.2

March - - 31.5 8.3 34.8 11.6 33.4 13.5

April - - 34.2 16.6 34.2 15 34.8 14.4

May 33.9 16.7 34.3 18.1 35.6 17.4 34.2 16.8

June 32.6 20.4 34 19.5 33.7 20 34.8 19.4

July 32.8 22 34.5 22 32.8 20.6 33.3 21.6

Aug 32.8 22 33.5 20.1 34.3 21.8 - -

Sep 34 20.4 33.1 21.4 31.8 21 - -

Oct 32.5 17 31.1 18.4 31.4 17.2 - -

Nov 30.2 13 29.4 11.3 30.4 12.2 - -

Dec 26.5 6.3 27.6 9 27.6 5.3 - -

The temperature starts falling from November and it falls far low

during December and January. January was recorded to be the coldest

month of the year with mean maximum temperature 27.10C and minimum

27

temperature 6.10C. However, the coldest day was recorded to be 28th

December 2004 with 5.30C.

2.6 Relative Humidity

Relative humidity is the ratio of moisture content in the air to the

moisture holding capacity of the same air and it is directly related to the rate

of evaporation. Of the various components of atmosphere, moisture

constitutes from nearly zero to about 4 percent by volume. Humidity plays a

very important role in the heat budget as well as day to day weather

changes. During these years the highest relative humidity (88.6%) was

found for the month of September 2004.

Table 2.4. Average relative (%) Humidity District

Months 2003 2004 2005 Average

Jan 77.7 81.4 72.4 77.2

Feb 66.7 68.9 52.6 62.7

Mar 58.2 54.6 57.7 56.8

Apr 64.1 73.5 58.4 65.3

May 75.2 63.5 72.1 70.3

June 85.3 80.3 71.9 79.2

July 79.9 86.4 81.5 82.6

Aug 81.1 85.2 NA 83.2

Sep 87.6 88.6 NA 88.1

Oct 87.5 84.3 NA 85.9

Nov 77.7 77.5 NA 77.6

Dec 78.2 71.9 NA 75.1

Average 76.6 76.3 66.7 73.2

28

2.7 Wind

The monsoon wind is the most important wind that prevails in

Mizoram. During summer, the subtropical high pressure belt and the

thermal equator are displaced northward in response to the changing

pattern of solar heating of the earth. From the ocean, particularly from the

North Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal, they move towards the land mass and

blow over the Asian continent. This South West Monsoon usually reaches

Mizoram during second half of May and prevails up to the first half of

October. The summer monsoon is characterized by highly variable weather

with frequent spells of draught and heavy rains. Besides this, the winter

monsoon also prevails which is a gentle drift of air in which the winds

generally blow from the north east. The retreating monsoon cause sporadic

rainfall especially in Mizoram and other north eastern states producing

sometimes heavy cyclonic rains.

As evidence from the earlier records, Mizoram state is vulnerable to

impact of tropical cyclone which develop in North Indian Ocean (Bay of

Bengal), and the cyclones of the post monsoon season (October to

December) are more intense than those of pre-monsoon season (April and

May). Cyclones are associated with strong winds, torrential rains and

storms. The impacts of these cyclones are quite devastating; it often led to

loss of properties, houses, power line cut-off, blockage of road, damages to

crops and even human lives etc. Generally these winds come from the north

western part of the state as the wind originates from the Bay of Bengal.

Vulnerability Analysis of Cyclone in Mizoram has been conducted by the

State Remote Sensing Center, Mizoram and according to that report there

are 87 villages/ towns/ wards falling in different classes of vulnerability.

Out of this, four villages (Mamit town, Tuipuibari, Hmunpui and Darlung)

are grouped as high vulnerable areas. Other than this, eighteen villages/

towns/ wards are grouped as medium vulnerable and rest sixty five villages/

towns/ wards are grouped as low vulnerable.

29

Chapter-3 SWOT ANALYSIS of Various Sectors (Aisawl District)

3.1 SWOT ANALYSIS of in Agriculture Sectors

3.1.1 STRENGTH

1. Ideal climatic condition

2. Good rainfall

3. Assured Market

4. Technology available

5. Less damage chance from Cyclone& flood

6. Less labour intensive

3.1.2 WEAKNESS

1. Poor soil fertility

2. High Soil erosion

3. Un availability of HYV from local market

4. Scattered areas

5. Poor transport communication

6. Lack of perennial water for irrigation

3.1.3 OPPORTUNITIES

1. Land & Labour available

2. High - Local demand

3. Less - Pest & diseases

4. High - Interest of farmers

5. Easy - export to neighbouring state

6. Cultural practice

3.1.4 THREATS

1. High cost of transportation

2. Natural calamity (Excess rainfall, Landslides, Wind etc)

3. Market failure

4. Lack of storage facilities

5. Lacking of awareness on pest & diseases

6. Scarcity of water during summer

30

3.2 SWOT ANALYSIS of Animal Husbandry

STRENGTH

Mizos by tradition are animal rearers and possess the basic knowledge of

animal husbandry

WEAKNESS

Lack of awareness by the farmers

Financial problems of farmers

OPPORTUNITIES

Good marketing

Potential increase in productivity

Increased demand for livestock products

THREATS

Swine flu/ bird flu outbreak

Significant increase in price of animal feeds

3.3 SWOT ANALYSIS of Horticulture

3.3.1 STRENGTH

1. Good market facility

2. Good temperature and Climate condition

3. Availability of land

4. Almost all the population is Non-vegetarian

5. Abundant supply of rain water

6. Ideal for fodder cultivation

3.3.2 WEAKNESS

1. High cost of labour

2. Scarcity of flat land

3. Transport problem

4. Lack of technology

5. Scattered populations

31

3.3.3 OPPORTUNITIES

1. Available of natural resources

2. High demand of meat and meat product

3. Rain water harvest opportunities

3.3.4 THREATS

1. High transport cost

2. Natural calamity like landslide and high rain fall

3. High cost of feed

4. Low population

5. Lack of storage facility

6. Diseases threat from neighboring countries.

3.4 SWOT ANALYSIS of Fishery

3.4.1 STRENGTH

1. Western belt potential in 4000 Ha for a culture fisheries

2. Farmers strength is around 1500 nos

3. The present production is 1050 MT

4. Area curved so far is around 750 Ha

5. Potential in Fish seed farms is private sector

3.4.2 WEAKNESS

1. Non availability of major inputs like fish feed

2. Drastically weak in District Office manpower and field staff resulting

to poor production due to weak technology transfer.

3. Weak financial allocation in to the district

3.4.3 OPPORTUNITIES

Above potential areas could be developed through CSS Viz:- FFDA and

NFDB

32

3.4.4 THREATS

Although threats like flood are occasional at places Viz:- Darlak and

Zawlnuam, the development resulting to fish production becomes

dominant over threats.

3.5 SWOT ANALYSIS in Sericulture

3.5.1 STRENGTH :

1. Climatic condition ideal for Mulberry and Castor plants.

2. PH of Soil optimum.

3. Agrarian life style of Jhum cultivation ease the mind set of the people

to switch-on Sericulture readily.

4. Mizoram Govt. flagship programme (i.e. Sericulture sector/activities).

5. Short gestation period (i.e. 1 year)

3.5.2 WEAKNESS :

1. Non-traditional.

2. Communication poor.

3. Infrastructure (viz. Grainage house, Godown, etc.) inadequate.

4. Illiteracy on livelihood.

5. Minority area.

3.5.3 OPPORTUNITIES :

1. Hilly terrain unsuitable for wet rice cultivation, good for Mulberry and

Castor.

2. An excellent sector for replacement of Jhum cultivation.

3. Minority areas.

4. Introduction of Sericulture easy due to BPL areas.

5. Mixed & Subsistence Agri. economy.

3.5.4 THREATS :

1. Consumer ignorance.

2. Fair weather road.

3. Lack of technological know-how. Bru-insurgency.

33

CHAPTER – 4 AGRICULTURE IN AIZAWL DISTRICT

4.1 Introduction

Mizoram is situated on the extreme south of north eastern India and it

also falls under the rainfed area. The word “Mizo” means highlander. It

consists of steep hill ranges, separated from one another by narrow valleys.

It is predominantly an agrarian state. It is blessed with diverse topography

and congenial climate which makes it conducive for growing varied type of

agriculture and horticulture crops. The population (8, 91,058nos, Census-

2001) of Mizoram is growing very fast (19.18 %) and 54.9 % of the

population are engaged in agriculture. The present state of the economy is

far from satisfactory with very less improvement in the agricultural

productivity level. The per capita income of Mizoram is above the national

average. However, the state is not self-sufficient and depends heavily on

Central Govt. assistance like most of the North Eastern states. It is not a

highly industrialized state and the traditional industries are mostly for home

consumption.

The economy of the district is largely dependent on agriculture and its

allied sector. The district has diverse topography and favorable climate to

support this enterprise even to a commercial level for some crops. Paddy is a

major crop grown in the district, which is also a staple food of the local

people but the production is still not sufficient to support the growing

population mainly due to large practice of unsustainable farming system.

34

4.2 Operational Land Holding

The land holding pattern of the district reflects dominance of both

marginal and small farmers in the district which are found to be in equal

proportion. Medium farmers are very negligible and there is no large farmer.

Because of the small and fragmented land holding of the farmers, extensive

farming as well as use of agricultural machineries like tractor has limited

scope.

Table 4.1: Land Holding in the District

Sl.

No.

District Marginal Small Semi-

Medium

Medium Large All sizes

1

Aizawl

8,270

8,223

3,230

5

NIL

19,728

4.3 LAND CHARACTERSITICS:

With a geographical area of over 3,46,721 hectare and perched on the

high hills of the Aizawl district possibly has the most difficult terrain, and

hills are separated by rivers flowing north to south, thus creating

innumerable hurdles in intra-district communication. The major rivers

flowing in the district are Tlawng and Tuirial which are fed by number of

tributaries. These rivers flow from south to north and ultimately confluences

to Barak river of Assam.

The district gets an average annual rainfall of about 2100 mm and

that too, in a concentrated period of 6 (six) months resulting in the working

season in a year greatly restricted. At the same time, surface and sub-soil

being highly porous, its retentively of water is low. Consequently, the district

faces the unique paradoxical problem of scarcity of water in the midst of

plenty. However, the people of the district has developed an innovative

practice of harvesting roof top rain water to meet their day to day water

requirement for household activities. Drinking water problem in the capital

35

of the district Aizawl has been greatly solved by the water supply scheme of

the government.

The actual area of permanent paddy rice is 6618 hectare. However,

paddy also is cultivated in shifting cultivation areas. The cropping system

throughout the district is diverse since it is dependent upon soil, micro-

climatic conditions and socio-economic status. Various horticulture crops

like bananas, oranges, papaya, hatkora, Assam lemon, vegetables, spices

like ginger, oilseeds, pulses and areca nut are grown in the district. Of the

total area only 21 percent is put on the paddy and seasonal crops. As high

as 63 percent of the total crop area is under Jhum cultivation. The net sown

area is 18120 and gross cropped area is only 22000. The cropping intensity

is only 125%. The cropping intensity is to be increased to attain self

sufficiency in food production. According to the Agriculture Department‟s

figure of 2007-2008 total production of paddy stood at 10237 MT. During

the same year the area under fruits was 1400 ha. The Forest production is

mainly timber, bamboo, broom-stick etc. The forests are continuously under

great pressure of shifting cultivation.

36

Table 4.2 : Land Utilization Statistics ( preceding 3 years average)

[

Under the Centrally Sponsored Schemes like NWDPRA, IWDP,

Hariyali, NREGA, Technology Mission for Horticultural development etc.,

efforts are being put into the process of reclamation of land, checking of soil

erosion by constructing check dams, rain water harvesting and extension of

areas under fruit crops etc. The State Land Use Board (SLUB) of Mizoram is

situated in the Aizawl city which was consitued in the year 1972. The SLUB

has been reviewing the existing land use pattern of all the districts of

Mizoram. The SLUB is also exploring the possibilities of utilizing the land

according to its capabilities.

Sr.

No

Dev.

Bloc

k

Area in hectares

Geo

grap

hica

l

area

Forest

Area

Land

Under

Non-

agril.

Use

Culti-

vable

waste

Perm

anent

pastu

res

Land

under

miscel

laneou

s

tree

crops

and

groves

Curr

ent

fallo

ws

Oth

er

Fall

ows

Croppi

ng

intens

ity

(%)

Net

sown

area

Gross

croppe

d

area

1. Aiba

wk

522

04 30065 2291 10832 319 322 - - 6521 7280 111.6

2. Darl

awn

982

42 56607 3443 2245 155 20928 - - 1337 1525 114

3. Phul

len

523

38 27560 2833 13145 903 424 - 269 3014 5974 198.2

4. Thin

gsult

hliah

894

37 45666 2487 13436 1030 876 - 20 5229 5437 103.9

5. Tlan

gnua

m

545

00 6391 4673 1506 137 1100 - 895 2019 2044 101.2

Total 346

72 16628 15727 41164 2544 23650

118

4

1812

0 22260 125%

37

4.4 SOIL FERTILITY STATUS

The soil fertility status of the district observed to be moderate but

conducive to support a wide range of crops. The state soil testing laboratory,

Aizawl tested as much as 8000 soil samples of the district which revealed

that soils are acidic in nature with pH values ranging from 4.5 to 6.3.The

percentage of organic carbon content is low to medium. Both the available

nitrogen and available phosphorus found to be medium while available

potash is low in the most parts of the district. Adequate soil management

practices can improve and enrich the fertility status. However, the status of

micronutrient content of soil could not be known due to lack of proper

infrastructural facilities in the soil testing laboratory for analyzing micro-

nutrients. It is obvious that due to high rainfall area, the soils might be

deficient in base materials like calcium, manganese, aluminums etc. Iron

content in the soils is seems to be rich effecting soil nutrient availability.

Necessary soil ameliorative measure is the need of the time to improve upon

the situation. The department of agriculture has initiated a programme of

soil amendment through providing slacked lime to the farmers for

correction/reducing the soil acidity.

4.5 CLIMATE:

The Climate of Aizawl district is generally pleasant and moderate.

There is no extremities of temperature which ranges between 80 C to 300 –

320C. The relative humidity (%) varies from 29% to about 90%. The rainfall

is well distributed, with a span of almost 6 months from May to October.

Although pre-monsoon rains break in form the early part of March with

occasional thunder-storms, the Monsoon period really starts from the

middle part of April. The average annual rainfall is around 2100mm, the

peak period being June- August/September. It declines gradually and

ceases during November. Occasional showers of low to medium intensity

also occur during the period from December to February due to the

influence of the Retreating / N.E. Monsoon.

38

Table 4.3 : Data on Weather (Available normal )

Name

of

district

Rainfall Temperature Relative Humidity (%)

No. of

rainy

days

Average

rainfall

(mm)

Min.ºC Max.ºC Min Max

Aizawl 206 2174.9 8.0 32.12 29.71 89.78

There are no snow-clad mountains hence the rivers are rainfed.

Fig-2:Blockwise rainfall data of Aizawl district, 2008-2009

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Jan

Feb Mar

Apr

ilM

ayJu

ne Jul

Aug

Sep O

ctNov

Dec

Month

Ra

infa

ll (

mm

)

Aibawk

Darlawn

Phullen

Thingsulthliah

Tlangnuam

39

Table 4.4 : Development Block wise monthly rainfall in mm

Name of

the

Blocks

Months

Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Aibawk 59 7 52 29 231 469 727 859 381 133 40 Nil

Darlawn 55 11 39 67 279 495 289 381 282 185 Nil Nil

Phullen 17 Nil 33 44 235 298 319 380 456 108 Nil Nil

Thingsul

thliah 84 25 62 90 506 677 828 727 308 408 69 Nil

Tlangnu

am 44 14 16 34 182 298 174 357 322 128 Nil Nil

Total

(mm) 259 57 202 264 1433 2237 2337 2704

174

9 962 109 0

4.6 AGRO – CLIMATIC ZONES:

Based on the rainfall, temperature, terrain and soil characteristics, the state

of Mizoram has been delineated into the following three agro – climatic

zones.

1. Humid mild tropical,

2. Humid – subtropical hill and

3. Humid Temperate Sub Alpine

40

Table 4.5 : Agro-climatic zones of Aizawl district

However, the major area part of the Aizawl district falls under the

Humid Sub-Tropic Hill Zone followed by Humid Temperate sub-alpine and

Humid Mild Tropical zones. Three major soil types are found in these agro-

climatic zones namely, Typic Hapladults and Humic Hapladults covering

an area of 104721 ha and Udonthernts which covers 242000 ha of area. The

average annual rainfall found to be marginally more in the soil type of

Udonthernts. The soil type Hapladults favors paddy cultivation while many

fruits, maize and plantation crop like areca nut are growing in Udonthernts

soil type. The agro-climatic map of Aizawl district.

Name of

the Agro-

Climatic

Zone

Area

in ha

Major soil types Average

rainfall in

mm

(Proceedin

gs 5 years

average)

Major crops

Name Area in ha

Type Area in

ha

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Humid

Sub-

Tropical

3,46,7

21

Hapladults 104721 2100 Paddy 44221

(including

shifting

cultivation

areas)

Udonthernts 242000 2275 Maize 11309

Banana 2250

Orange 4995

Arecan

ut

1182

41

4.7 FLOOD AND DRAUGHTS IN THE DISTRICT:

No major incidence of floods in the district due to existence of hilly

terrains. However, due to heavy rainfall, soil erosion is a major problem. Due

to scanty and erratic distribution of rainfall during November to March,

crops occasionally suffers draught like situation causing moisture stress

particularly during winter season.

4.8 IRRIGATION AND GROUND WATER

No major and medium irrigation facilities could be possible in the

district due to topographical constraint. The state has a minor irrigation

department looking after the development and maintenance of irrigation

schemes in the state as a whole and in the Aizawl district in particular.

Many minor irrigation facilities have been developed. The Aizawl district has

only river diversion schemes. It has 40 river diversion schemes with a gross

command area (GCA) of 1639 ha, which have 1424 cultivable Command

Area (CCA). With these schemes 3043 ha of irrigated potential has been

created. The rain water harvesting in the district is still at meager stage.

The status of ground water could not be obtained as the Central

Ground Water Board (CBGB), Govt. of India has no Ground Water

Monitoring Stations (GWMS) in Mizoram. However, due to high hills and

terrain condition, extraction of ground water for irrigation purpose is least

feasible.

4.9 SERVICE CENTRE IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS:

The farmers of the district have been adopting mechanization in the

agricultural practices by using power tillers and other tools and implements.

However, they are facing problems of maintenance and repairing facilities or

know how at rural level. Creation of Service centre will be helpful for the

farmers. Hence, provision for creation of service centre at least at Block head

quarter need to be made.

42

4.10 SOIL TESTING LABORATORY IN THE DISTRICT:

There is one Soil Testing Laboratory in the district at Aizawl city to

cater the needs of entire state of Mizoram under the state govt. of Mizoram.

Another soil testing laboratory at Krishi Vikash Kendra (KVK) , Selesih is

also set up. No availability of mobile soil testing unit. The information on the

soil testing laboratory is given in the following table. The state soil testing

laboratory is also not properly functioning. Optimum nutrient application in

soil is not being done due to lack of knowledge of soil fertility status.

Awareness for need and importance of soil testing is very poor. Necessary

field level training is required to create awareness among farmers in the

district.

Table 4.6 : Soil Testing Laboratories in District

Soil Testing

Laboratories

Under

No of Soil Testing

Laboratories

Annual

Analysing

Capacity

No of Samples

Analysed

No of Soil

Testing

Laboratories

having Annual

Analysing

system Static Mobile Total

Govt. Sector 2 NIL 2

8000

( by state soil

testing

laboratory)

8000

( by state soil

testing

laboratory)

1+1

Co-

Operative &

Public U -

taking

-- -- -- -- -- --

Private

Sector -- -- -- -- -- --

Total : 2 NIL 2 8000 8000 1

43

4.11 BASIC MARKETING INFRA-STRUCTURE FOR AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION / POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT:

Market infrastructures have not been well organized or built up in the

district so far. Many markets sheds have been constructed in some potential

areas but these areas need good connectivity and market net work. Storage

as well as transportation facilities for agricultural commodities need to be

improved. Rural go down may be constructed at community or co-operative

level. The district also offers scope for development of post harvest

management for many economically viable agricultural and horticultural

commodities. Training for different technologies on post harvest may be

organized in selected areas.

4.12 AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES:

The economy of the district centers around agriculture and paddy is

predominant commodity which is cultivated during kharif season and even

during winter season in some pockets of the district where assured

irrigation exist. Maize is another important field crop and is cultivated both

during kharif and rabi season. The other important crops of the district are

different pulses and oil seeds, cash crops like ginger, chillies, sugarcane,

vegetables like potato, tomato, cabbage etc. Tables 9 & 10 present the area,

production (MT) and yield (q/ha) of some major crops grown during kharif

and rabi season under rainfed and irrigated conditions.

44

Table 4.7: Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated / Rain fed

Conditions during Kharif Season

Crops

Area(ha) Production (MT) Yield (q/ha)

Irrigate

d %

Rainf

ed % Total

Irrig

ated %

Rainf

ed % Total

Irrig

ated

Rain

fed Average

Paddy 310 4.7 6308 95.3 6618 775 7.6 9462 92.4 10237 2.5 1.5 2

Maize 58 3.1 1794 96.9 1852 137 2 6692 98 6829 2.36 3.7 3.05

Pulses 359 36 649 64.4 1008 268 0.3 5074 65.4 7753 7.46 7.8 7.63

Oilsee

d 185 0.2 577 75.7 762 755 15 4416 85.1 5191 4.08 7.7 5.86

Cash

Crop NA -- 417 -- 417 NA -- 3560 -- 3560 NA 8.5 8.53

Table 4.8 : Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated / Rain fed

Conditions during rabi Season

Crops

Area(ha) Production( q) Yield(q/ha)

Irrigat

ed %

Rain

fed %

Tota

l

Irrigate

d %

Rain

fed % Total

Irrigat

ed

Rainf

ed Average

Maize 25 80 -- -- 25 481 -- -- -- 481 19.22 -- 19.22

Peas &

Bean 123 61 -- -- 123 10927 -- -- -- 10927 88.83 -- 88.83

Cabbag

e 80 90 -- -- 80 12250 -- -- -- 12250 153.1 -- 153.12

Tomato 8 90 -- -- 8 2250 -- -- -- 2250 281.3 -- 281.25

Potato 29 15 -- -- 29 4538 -- -- -- 4538 156.5 -- 156.48

45

4.9 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income of various crops in the district

Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income

from Rainfed Paddy the District (Transplanted)

Sl.

No Items of Package Existing practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap in

Adopt

Specific Reasons for

Gap

Farmers Proposed Strategy

Strategy to Overcome

gap

1

Sowing Time Method

-Transplant -( May- 1st Week of July) -Local method

-Transplant -(May- 1st Week of July) -SRI

- -Lack of awareness, -

-Demonstration -Training -Exposure visit

2 Varieties

-Local varities

-IR-64 -Pant-12 -KRH

F

-Lack of awareness, -Non-availability of HYV seeds

- Supply of HYV seeds

-Demonstration -Training -Timely supply of HYV seeds -Exposure visit

3 Seed Rate (per ha.)

60-75Kg 45-50Kg F -Lack of awareness

-

-Demonstration -Training

4 Seed Treatment

- Sun/Smoke drying

- Use of chemical

F - Lack of awareness - Lack of inputs

-Availability of inputs in time

-Demonstration -Training -Timely supply of inputs.

5 Organic Manure (tons / ha)

Nil 5 tones/ha F -Lack of awareness -Lack of inputs

-Availability of inputs in time

-Demonstration -Training -Availability of inputs

46

6 Fertilizer

Nil 60:40:40 (NPK) F -Lack of awareness -Lack of inputs

-Availability of inputs

-Demonstration -Training -Timely supply of Fertilizers

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil -Use of Micro- nutrients

F -Lack of awareness

- -Demonstration -Training

8

Pest Management

-Use of cultural methods

-Use of NPK F -Lack of awareness

-Use of Pesticides

-Introduction of IPM

9 Disease Management.


-Use of NPK F -Lack of awareness -Use of Pesticides


10 Post Harvest Management

-Traditional method -Scientific Post harvest Technology

F -Lack of awareness - -Awareness campaign - Exposure visit

11

Weed Management

-Hand Weeding -Use of Scientific technologies

F -Lack of awareness -Lack of inputs

-Supply of inputs

-Awareness training - Supply of inputs.

47

Table – 4.10 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity /

Income from Rainfed_Paddy (Direct Sown)

Sl. No

Items of Package Existing practice Recommended Practice

Gap in Adopt

Specific Reasons for Gap


Strategy to Overcome gap

1

Sowing Time Method

-Dibbling -April -Local method

-Dibbling -April -

N -

- -

2 Varieties

-Local varieties

- Improved Variety

P

-Lack of awareness -Lack of Improved seeds

-

- Awareness training - - Exposure visit - Demonstration

3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 2530Kg 25-30Kg N - - -

4 Seed Treatment

-Sun /Smoke

drying

- Use of

chemical F

-Lack of awareness

-Lack of inputs

-Availability of

inputs in time


-Timely supply of inputs.

5 -Organic Manure (tons / ha)

Nil Nil N - - -

6 Fertilizer

Nil 30:20:20(NPK)


-Availability of inputs

-Demonstration -Training -Timely supply of Fertilizers

7 Micro Nutrient Nil Nil

N

-

-

-

48

8 Pest Management

-Use of cultural method

-Use of IPM F -Lack of awareness

-Use of Pesticides

Introduction of IPM -Exposure visit




-Use of Pesticides

Introduction of IPM

10

Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific

Post Harvest Technology

F -Lack of

awareness -

-Awareness campaign

- Exposure visit

11 Weed Management

-Hand Weeding Use of Scientific technologies


Supply of inputs


49

Table – 4.11 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the

Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)

Sl. No

Items of Package Existing practice

Recommended Practice

Gap in Adopt




1

Sowing

Time Method

-Broadcasting

November-December Braodcasting

Broadcasting

November-December Braodcasting

N - -

2 Varieties

-M -27 -Varuna

-M -27 -Varuna

N - - -


12-18Kg 10-15Kg F

-Lack of awareness campaign

-

-Awareness training -Demonstration

4 Seed Treatment

Sun/Smoke drying

Use of chemical F -Lack of chemicals

- -Supply of chemicals


Nil 2-3 tones F

Lack of Organic manures

Supply of Organic manures


6

Fertilizer

Nil 60-40-40(NPK) F

Lack of awareness Lack of inputs supply

-Input Supply


-Timely supply of Fertilizers

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Use of Micro- nutrients


- -Demonstration -Training

8 Pest Management -Use of cultural method


-Use of Pesticides

Introduction of IPM -Exposure visit

50




-Use of Pesticides

Introduction of IPM


Traditional method

-Scientific Post Harvest Technology


- -Awareness campaign - Exposure visit

11

Weed Management

-Hand Weeding

Use of Scientific technologies

F

-Lack of

awareness -Lack of inputs

Supply of inputs

-Awareness training

- Supply of inputs.

51


Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse)

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice


Gap in Adopt




1

Sowing Time Method

Direct

sowing November-December Direct sowing

Line sowing November-December Line Sowing

F Lack of awareness

- -Demonstration-Training

2 Varieties Arkel Arkel N - - -


50-60Kg/ha

30-50Kg/ha F Lack of awareness

- -Demonstration-Training

4 Seed Treatment

Sun/Smoke drying



5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil 2-3 tonnes F Lack of Organic

manures

Supply of Organic

manures


6 Fertilizer

Nil 20:46:0NPK F

-Lack of Fertilizers -Demonstration

Supply of fertilizers

-Supply of Fertilizers -Demonstration -Training

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Use of micro nutrient

F

Lack of awareness

-

-Training -Exposure visit

52

8

Pest Management

-Use of cultural methodS


-Use of Pesticides

-Introduction of IPM -Exposure visit

9

Disease Management.



-Use of Pesticides



Traditional method

Scientific Post Harvest Technology



11 Weed Management

-Hand Weeding

Use of Scientific technologies

F

-Lack of awareness -Lack of inputs

-Supply of inputs


53


Income from Kharif Pulse

Sl.

No

Items of

Package

Existing

practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap

in

Adopt

Specific Reasons

for Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


1

Sowing

Time

Method

Dibbling

April-May

Dibbling

Line sowing

April-May

Line sowing

P

Lack of

awareness

-

Training

Demonstration

exposure visit

2 Varieties Local variety Improve

variety F

Lack of

awareness -

Demonstration

3 Seed Rate

(per ha.)

40Kg/ha 50Kg/ha F

Lack of

awareness -

Demonstration

4

Seed

Treatment

Sun/Smoke

drying

Use of

chemical F

-Lack of

chemicals -

-Supply of chemicals

5

Organic

Manure(tons

/ ha)

Nil

2-4 tonnes

F

-Lack of Organic

manures

-Supply of

Organic

manures


6

Fertilizer

Nil

20:60:40 NPK

F

-Lack of inputs

-Lack of

awareness

-Supply of

inputs

-Supply of inputs

-Training

-Demonstration

7

Micro

Nutrient

Nil Use of micro

nutrients F

Lack of

awareness -

Awareness training

8 Pest

Management

Use of cultural

method -Use of IPM F

-Lack of

awareness

-Use of

Pesticides

Introduction of IPM

-Exposure visit

54

9

Disease

Management.

-Use of

cultural

methods

-Use of NPK F

-Lack of

awareness

-Use of

Pesticides

Introduction of IPM

10

Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific Post

Harvest

Technology

F -Lack of

awareness -

-Awareness campaign

- Exposure visit

11

Weed

Management

-Hand Weeding

Use of

Scientific

technologies

F

-Lack of

awareness

-Lack of inputs

Supply of

inputs

-Awareness training

- Supply of inputs.

55


Income from Maize

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice


Gap in Adopt




1

Sowing

Time Method

Dibbling

April-May Dibbling

Line sowing

April-May Line sowing

P -Lack of awareness

-

-Lack of awareness

-Demonstration

2 Varieties

Local Vijay Composite Navjot


- -Lack of awareness -Demonstration


20-25Kg/ha

15-20 P -Lack of awareness

- -Lack of awareness -Demonstration

4 Seed Treatment

Sun/Smoke drying




Nil 2tonnes F Lack of Organic manures

- -Supply of manures

6 Fertilizer

Nil 18:40::40 F

Lack of inputs Lack of awareness

Supply of inputs Supply of inputs Training Demonstration

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Use of micro nutrients F

Lack of awareness -

Awareness training

8

Pest Management

-Use of cultural methodS


-Use of Pesticides

-Introduction of IPM -Exposure visit

56




-Use of Pesticides Introduction of IPM


Traditional method

-Scientific Post Harvest Technology



11

Weed

Management

-Hand Weeding

-Use of

Scientific technologies

F

-Lack of

awareness -Lack of inputs

Supply of inputs

-Awareness training

- Supply of inputs.

Note : N - NIL, F - Fully P - Partly

57

Table – 4.15 Proposed Strategy for Agriculture – Physical and Financial targets for the XI Plan

Sl.

No Proposed

Strategy Activities

Unit cost

in Rs

2010-11 2011-12

Phy Fin Phy Fin Total

1

Enhancing

seed

replacement

rate

Production incentive for HYV paddy seeds - - - - - -

Distribution of certified seeds of paddy 1500/qt 50 0.75 75 1.125 1.875

Distribution of certified pulse seeds 4500/qt 80 3.60 95 4.275 7.875

Prodn. incentives for certified pulse seeds - - - - - -

Distribution of certyified oilseeds 3000/qt 30 0.90 40 1.20 2.1

2

Transfer of technology

through crop

demonstration

Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize 5000/ha 15 0.75 25 1.25 2.0

Intercropping demonstration of Arhar based crops 5000/ha 5 0.25 5 0.25 0.5

Intercropping demonstration of Maize based crop 5000/ha 10 0.50 15 0.75 1.25

Demonstration of oilseeds 5000/ha 15 0.75 15 0.75 1.50

Demonstration on pulse 4000/ha 10 0.40 15 0.60 1.00

SRI method of paddy demonstration 7500/ha 15 1.125 15 1.125 2.25

Hybrid rice demonstration 3000/ha 10 0.30 10 0.30 0.9

Farmers Field School (rice, sugarcane, pulses,

oilseeds)

17,000/N

o 20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

Varietals demonstration on pulses 5000/ha 10 0.50 10 0.50 1.00

Varietals demonstration on Oil seeds 5000/ha 5 0.25 5 0.25 0.50

Varietals demonstration on Maize 5000/ha 10 0.50 10 0.50 1.00

Promotion SRI Village - - - - -

3

Integrated

Nutrient

Management

(FFS)

INM demonstration in rice 17,000/h

a

20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

INM demonstration on sugarcane 17,000/h

a

10 1.70 15 2.55 4.25

INM demonstration on Oilseed 17,000/h

a

6 1.02 8 1.36 2.38

Supply of micro-nutrients 1000/ha 20 0.20 25 0.25 0.45

Liming of acid soils 1,000/ha 100 1.00 130 1.30 2.30

4 Integrated Pest management

(FFS)

IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/ha

16 2.72 16 2.72 5.44

IPM demonstrations on Rabi Oilseeeds 17,000/h

a

25 4.25 25 4.25 8.50

58

IPM demonstrations on Rabi Pulse 17,000/h

a

20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

IPM demonstrations on Kharif Pulse 17,000/h

a

20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

IPM demonstrations on Kharif Oilseeeds 17,000/h

a

10 1.70 10 1.70 3.40

IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 17,000/ha

5 0.85 10 1.70 2.55

IPM demonstrations on Maize 17,000/h

a

20 3.40 30 5.10 8.50

Supply of bio-pesticides for rice, pulse and Oilseeds 1,000 100 1.00 200 2.00 3.00

5

Promotion of

Organic

Farming

Establishment of Vermi - hatchery at Block Level

1,50,000/

unit

6

9.00

12

18.00

27.00

Demonstration on compost pit 15,000/u

nit

12 1.80 12 1.80 3.60

Establishment of Vermi-compost units 15,000/unit

12 1.80 12 1.80 3.60

6 Farm Mechanisation

Subsidized sale of power tillers@ 50% 5,62,500/

No

5 28.125 5 28.125 56.25

Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000/N

o

20 5.00 20 5.00 10.00

Subsidised sale of power thresher @ 50% 24,000/N

o

10 2.40 10 2.40 4.80

Subsidised sale of post hole digger @ 50% 25,000/N

o - - - - -

Subsidised sale of bullock drawn/manual operated implements @ 50%

5,000/No - - - - -

Subsidised sale of diesel pump sets @ 50% 10,000/N

o

30 3.00 30 3.00 6.00

Subsidised sale of sprayers @ 50% 1,600/No 60 0.96 80 1.28 2.24

Subsidised sale of Harrow @ 50% 20,000/N

o - - - - -

Subsidised sale of Power thresher @ 50 % 24,000/N

o - - - - -

Subsidised sale of Reaper @ 50% 80,000/N

o

10 8.00 10 8.00 16.00

59

Subsidised sale of Cono Weeder @ 50% 3,000/No 50 1.50 50 1.50 3.00

Subsidised sale of Zero tilth seed cum Fert.Drill @

50%

25,000/N

o

5

1.25

5

1.25

2.50

Subsidised sale of Potato Planter 50% 30,000/N

o

5 1.50 5 1.50 3.00

Subsidised sale of Raised Bed Planter @ 50%

25,000/No

-

-

-

-

-

Subsidised sale of Animal Driven Tool Carrier @ 50

%

12,000/N

o

-

-

-

-

-

7 Infrastructure

Development

Establishment of bio control laboratory - - - - -

Assistance for setting up cold storages at District

Headquaters,Sub-Divivsion HQs

-

-

-

- -

Support for establishment of Agri-clinics - - 1 20.00 20.00

Construction of storage godown at District HQ.Sub-Division HQ

-

-

1

40.00

40.00

8 Technology

Transfer

Training farmers groups on crop production

technology (Village Level)

15,000/N

o 9 1.35 9 1.35 2.70

Training farmers groups on crop production

technology (District Level)

30,000/N

o 3 0.90 3 0.90 1.80

Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level

25,000/N

o 1 0.25 1 0.25 0.50

Exposure visit of farmers within the state for 40

farmers

1,00,000/

No

2

2.00

2

2.00 4.00

Exposure visit of farmers outside the state for 20

Farmers

2,00,000/

No 1 2.00 1 2.00 4.00

Conducting field trials on Rabi/ Kharif

100000/

No 2 2.00 2 2.00 4.00

Training of farmers (Village Level) for 50farmers 10,000/N 9 0.90 15 1.50 2.40

60

o

Training of farmers(District/State Level) for 30

farmers

20,000/N

o 2 0.40 3 0.60 1.40

New crop varieties / new practices - - - - - -

9

Support to

State Seed

farm (Seed

Production

Farm)

Procurement of farm inputs LS LS 3.50 LS 6.00 9.50

Machinery and equipment LS LS 5.00 LS 5.00 10.00

Development of Farm Infrastructure LS LS 2.00 LS 2.00 4.00

10 Innovative Programme

Model Organic Farming LS - - - - -

District Level Exhibition Show(Rabi/Kharif) 5,00,000/

No 2 10.00 2 10.00 20.00

Assistance for boring of tube well 24,000/No

10 2.40 15 3.60 6.00

Total 923 139.05 1210 223.66 363.41

61

CHAPTER- 5 DEVELOPMENT OF AGRI-ALLIED SECTORS

5.1 Horticulture in Aizawl District

The North Eastern hill region including Mizoram is considered to be

the rich reservoir of genetic variability of large number of horticultural

crops. The enormous diversity makes the state a gene pool for the varietal

improvement, but in spite of the potentiality, there is not much visible

development in the field of horticulture is going on. Although, the state is

rich with respect to natural resources viz. land, water and biodiversity but

their over exploitation and extraction with poor replenishment has become a

point of concern for their sustainability and future availability with serious

impact on soil health and biodiversity. In addition to natural hazards, the

large scale interference due to traditional system of shifting cultivation and

increased population pressure has enhanced the process of degradation and

desertification to the great extent. Mizoram has unique diversity of agro-

climatic condition, altitudinal variation and well distributed rainfall, which

is highly conducive for cultivation of wide range of horticultural crops

covering fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, flowers, aromatic and medicinal

plants.

In North Eastern Region, horticultural crop are grown in an area of about

6558 lakh ha and produces 49 lakh tonnes of horticultural products. This

roughly accounts for 6% of the countries area under horticulture. Mizoram

has an area of 49339.20 ha (Fig: 1) under horticulture and it produces

499959.05MT of horticultural crops with a productivity of 10.37MT/ha.

Among the horticultural crops, fruit crops occupies maximum area

(33470.00 ha) in the state. The fruits grown ranges from tropical and sub-

tropical fruits like passion fruit, Khasi mandarin, banana, papaya,

pineapple, jack fruit and citrus to temperate fruits like grape, pear and

certain nut fruits. It has a production of 286411.00 MT and productivity of

8.56 MT/ha. Floriculture (91.62 ha) in the state is mainly limited to the few

greenhouses, polyhouses, nethouses and some commercial and government

nurseries and farms. The root and tuber crops in the state are not grown

62

abundantly as it occupies only 4% to the total horticultural crop production

from 91.62ha. In case of plantation crops, its area is 19% but its share to

the total production is 1% only. Whereas, spice crops occupies 14% area to

the total area of horticultural crops but its share to the total production is

more than 28%.

In Mizoram passion fruit and Khasi mandarin are commonly grown

but they have the lowest productivity among the fruit crops. Banana has

the highest production (151519 MT) fallowed by passion fruit and Khasi

mandarin. Among the fruit crops it is found that papaya has the highest

productivity (25.13 MT/ha).

The commonly grown plantation crop in the state are arecanut,

jatropha, oil palm, betel vine, coconut, tung etc. Recently oil palm has

got the popularity in this region and covers 7219ha. But the

production (4451.70MT) and productivity (2.85MT/ha) is found to be

the highest for arecanut among the plantation crops.

Turmeric and ginger are very popular in this hill state and they cover

almost all the area (7762ha) under spice crops grown. Among the

63

spice crops turmeric has the highest production and productivity.

Potato is the leading tuber crop of Mizoram with an area of 1688.39

ha, production 15960.24 MT and productivity 9.45MT/ha. Other root

and tuber crops like colocasia, tapioca, arrow root, sweet potato etc.

are grown in a very small area. The vegetable grown in the state are

chow-chow, cabbage, ash gourd, rice bean, tomato bottle gourd, musk

melon and broccoli etc. Among this chow-chow is most commonly

grown (714ha) and it has the highest production (26418MT) and

productivity (37MT/ha). In general area under vegetable production

like rice bean, tomato bottle gourd, musk melon, broccoli etc. are very

limited. Samtawk (Solanum spp.) a local vegetable has good preference

among the people of Mizoram and it is also grown in quite large area

in this region as compared to the other vegetables. Floriculture in

Mizoram needs special attention as there is ample scope to develop

this sector. Presently commercial floriculture is limited only to the few

government and private farms, nurseries, poly-houses and net-

houses. Anthurium is the leading flower produced (239800 sq. m) in

Mizoram followed by rose and leather leaf fern. Other flowers are

produced in very small quantity.

5.2 Area, production and productivity of major fruit crops of in

the State

64

Table 5.1. Area, production and productivity of major fruit crops of

Mizoram (2007-08)

Sl. No.

Name of crop Area (ha) Production (MT)

Productivity (MT/ ha)

1 Passion fruit B 7 44720 5.00

NB/NP 480 - -

2 Grape B 672 10416 15.50

NB/NP 500 - -

3 Banana B 6220 151519 24.36

NB/NP 1000 - -

4 Khasi Mandarin B 6395 41567 6.5

NB/NP 2812 - -

5 Papaya B 617 15505 25.13

NB/NP 200 - -

6 Hatkora B 854 5969 6.99

NB/NP 1007 - -

7 Other citrus (Lemon, Kagzi lime, Pumelo, Zamir, Sweet orange etc.)

B 942 6132 6.51

NB/NP 453 - -

8 Avocado B 35 716 20.47

NB/NP 100 - -

9 Other fruits (Mango, Peach, Plum, Jack fruit, Guava, Tamarind, Pear, Litchi, Gooseberry etc.)

B 1722 9867 5.73

NB/NP 517 - -

Total 33470.00 286411.00 8.56 B-Bearing, NB- Non bearing, NP- New plantation Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

65

Table 5.2. Area, production and productivity of major plantation crops of

Mizoram (2007-08)

Sl. No.



1 Areca nut B 1562 4451.70 2.85

NB/NP - - -

2 Jatropha B - - -

NB/NP 150 - -

4 Oil palm B - - -

NB/NP 7219 - -

3 Other plantation crops (Betel vine, Coconut, Tung etc.)

B 1590 2130.60 1.33

NB/NP 230 - -

Total 10751.00 6582.30 1.29

B-Bearing, NB- Non bearing, NP- New plantation

Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Table 5.3. Area, production and productivity of major spices of Mizoram (2007-08)

Sl. No.



1 Turmeric 4175.00 83500.00 20.00

2 Ginger 3587.00 57010.93 15.89

3 Black Pepper 50.00 9.04 0.18

4 Bird eye Chillies 100.00 200.00 2.00

5 Other Spices (Onion, Garlic, Cardamom, Coriander etc.)

- - -

Total 7912.00 140720 17.79

Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

66

Table 5.4. Area, production and productivity of major vegetable

crops of Mizoram (2007-08)

Sl.

No.

Name of crop Area

(ha)

Production

(MT)

Productivity

(MT/ ha)

1 Pea 139.00 462.00 3.32

2 French bean (Green pod)

167.00 1469.60 8.80

3 Radish 37.00 181.40 4.90

4 Carrot 45.00 950.32 21.11

5 Cauliflower 30.00 438.00 14.60

6 Knolkhol 52.00 698.32 13.43

7 Local Mustard (Green leaves)

90.00 431.65 4.79

8 French Mustard (Green leaves)

77.00 371.30 4.82

9 Broccoli 36.00 385.00 10.69

10 Chow Chow 714.00 26418.00 37.00

11 Tomato 17.00 297.50 17.50

12 Cabbage 200.00 5000.00 25.00

13 Brinjal 80.00 1003.51 12.54

14 Cucumber 91.00 801.39 8.80

15 Okra 91.60 540 5.89

16 Cowpea( green pod) 107.00 718.14 6. 71

17 Pumpkin 103.00 1532.69 14.88

18 Bitter gourd 76.00 986.35 12.97

19 Snake gourd 64.00 1148.76 17.94

20 Bottle gourd 26.00 531.03 20.42

21 Ash gourd 90.00 2408.16 26.75

22 Water melon 91.00 1799.52 19.77

23 Musk melon 28.93 449.87 15.55

24 Rice bean 15.00 100.03 6.66

25 Samtawk (Solanum spp.)

58.19 273 4.69

Total 2525.72 49395.54 19.58 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

67

Table 5.5. Area, production and productivity of major root and

tuber crops of Mizoram (2007-08)

Sl.

No.

Name of crop Area

(ha)

Production

(MT)

Productivity

(MT/ ha)

1 Potato 1688.39 15960.24 9.45

2 Other tuber crops (Colocasia, Tapioca, Arrow root, Sweet

potato etc.)

119.47 890.00 7.44

Total 1807.86 16850.24 9.32 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Table 5.6: Area, Production and Yield of Major Horticulture Crops

Sr.

No. Crop

Area Production Yield t / ha

Irriga-

ted % Rainfed % Total

Irriga-

ted % Rainfed % Total

Irriga-

ted Rainfed Average

1 Orange -- -- 141 -- 141 -- - 13740 13740 -- 97.4 97.4

Banana -- -- 53 -- 53 -- - 12340 12340 -- 233 233

Peas &

Fruits -- -- 697 -- 697 -- - 20910 20910 -- 30 30

Mango -- -- 234 -- 234 -- - 7020 7020 -- 30 30

Lime -- - 269 -- 269 -- - 11850 11850 -- 44.1 44.1

5.3 Organic farming:

Most of the agricultural production in the district is organic by

default. In 1996, the department of Agriculture introduced organic farming

project and ran a trial at Lungmuat village in Aizawl district. Here, organic

farming coupled with contour trench farming was demonstrated which

showed promising results. Training on bio-composting was conducted and

many vermi composting units have been developed. It strongly felt that

Mizoram state by virtue of very less amount of chemical inputs imported and

utilized, has a great scope for successful organic farming. The agricultural

68

department has converted all the departmental farms in to model organic

farms. However, considering the production deficiencies in all foods crops,

promotion of organically grown crops is not gaining popularity. There is no

market net work for selling the high quality organic produces. Further,

commercial productions of organic commodities are very less due to lack of

infra-structural facilities and necessary service providers. Formation of

organic groups also not as per requirement. The complexities and lack of

regional/state certification agencies and cost involvement hinder the

cultivation of organic crops in commercial basis. Use of bio-compost is very

essential for soil health management for sustainable production but need

more attention.

5.4 Existing Horticulture Cultivation Practices of the District

Very few progressive farmer has settled horticulture farm. In this

region most of the farmers are practicing jhum. They slash and burn the

jungle to clean the area and cultivate crops for few years and then they shift

to another area for cultivation. In case of perennial crops after planting most

of the farmers comes for harvesting. They takes no to very little care of their

orchards.

Land preparation

In jhum, burning & cleaning the jungle is done in the months of

February- March and wood ash spread over the entire area and small pit are

dugged to plant vegetables. In some low land area vegetables are taken after

paddy harvest in these areas some land preparation practices are adopted.

Planting:

Most of the crops are grown as rainfed in the Jhum. Planting are

done on the onset of monsoon. During rabi season very few farmers are

taken crops due to non availability of water for irrigation. Fruits crops are

also planted on onset of monsoon. Farmers do not maintain any proper

planting distance.

69

Irrigation:

Most of area the crops are grown as rainfed. In some area farmers

used their ponds for irrigation purpose during rabi season.

Fertilizers and Pesticides:

Use of fertilizers and pesticides are very nominal. Only few progressive

farmers used fertilizer and pesticides as they don‟t have good knowledge of

using fertilizer and pesticides. Approximately 770 tonnes fertilizer are used

for production of agricultural and horticultural crops in the district during

2007-08. (Statistical Abstract, Deptt. Of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry),

Mizoram, 2007-08).

Intercropping and mixed cropping:

Farmers are growing all crops together in their jhum and field as a

mixed crops. Growing vegetables and spices as intercrop between the fruit

crops is the common practice in the district. Generally farmers are growing

brinjal, chillies, cucurbits, beans and cowpea as mixed crop in their orchard

and jhum. Some farmers are also growing cowpea with maize in their fields.

Growing of two or more fruit crops together or vegetables between fruit crops

in the orchard are more common practices in the District.

5.5 Different programme launched by Government for Development of

Horticultural sector in the District:

Technology Mission (Integrated development of horticultural crops) in

North Eastern states:

Under this central sector scheme MM-II & MM-III are successfully

going on in the District. Under MM-II the main activities are area extension

of different horticultural crops, creation of water source, on farm water

supply management and transfer of improved technology, production and

management of horticultural crops and other aspect related to horticulture.

Total 5781.72 ha area of different horticultural crops are expanded and

14022persons are benefited to this scheme (table 14).

70

Double cropping:

This NEC funded scheme is operated By Directorate of Agriculture

(R&E) through KVK. The main objective of this scheme is sustainable

development of agriculture by adopting double cropping. In Mizoram mono

cropping is predominantly practiced. Most of the farmers do not take any

crop after paddy. The main object of the scheme emphasizes in taking

short duration paddy (Var. IR 64) and grow second crop in their field during

rabi season. After harvest of paddy the fields are remaining vacant during

rabi season. The choicest crops for second crop are mostly vegetables and

oilseed. In Mamit District total area 265 ha are covered under this scheme

and 126 nos. of beneficiaries are benefited.

Table 5.7. Crop wise area expanded and no. of beneficiaries under area expansion Scheme up to 2008-09*

Sl. No. Name of crop Area covered

(in Ha)

No. of

beneficiaries

1. Mandarin orange 1573.00 1466.00

2. Hatkora 243.00 250.00

3. Other citrus 85.00 170.00

4. Banana 733.00 1466.00

5. Passion fruit 47.00 87.00

6. Grape 6.00 6.00

7. Papaya 122.00 230.00

8. Pineapple 65.00 120.00

9. Avocado 10.00 20.00

10. Other fruits 340.00 680.00

11. Arecanut 155.00 3706.00

12. Jatropha 63.00 126.00

13. Other plantation crop 150.00 300.00

14. Vegetable Rabi 418.20 418.00

15. Vegetable Kharif 812.50 1600.00

16. Ginger 140.00 285

17. Turmeric 600.00 2100.00

18. Bird eye chillies 190.00 880.00

19. Black pepper 27.00 88.00

20. Anthurium 2.00 20.00

21. Leaf leather fern 0.02 4.00

Total 5781.72 14022.00 *Divisional Horticulture Officer, Tuidam (2009-10)

71

5.6 Oil Palm Development Programme:

For oil palm development programme, Ministry Of Agriculture and Co-

Operation, Government of India issued administrative approval of oil palm

cultivation under ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme for Oil Palm, Oilseeds and

Maize). The oil palm development programme is a centrally sponsored

scheme on 75:25 sharing between Central Government & State Government.

A high level working group constituted by Government of India under the

chairmanship of Dr. K.L. Chadha have identified 61,000 ha. (approx)

potential area for oil palm cultivation in Mizoram. At present, the entire

eight districts are selected for cultivation of oil palm. Under this programme

at end of XIth plan (2011-12) 31,000ha. area coved under oil palm cultivation

in entire Mizoram.

5.7 Existing varieties of different horticultural crops:

Table 5.8. Important fruit crops and their varieties grown in Mamit

District

5.8 Indigenous crops/ varieties:

Besides the above mentioned crops/varieties, farmers also cultivate

local and indigenous varieties/ crops which are well adopted and suited to

Sl.No. Crops Varieties

1 Mandarin Khasi Mandarin

2 Banana Giant Cavendish, Dawrf Cavendish,

Poovan, Grane Nine

3 Lemon Assam Lemon

4 Pine apple Kew, Queen

5 Passion fruit Purple, Yellow , Giant granadilla

6 Turmeric Megha Turmeric

7 Ginger Nadia, Thingpui, Tingaria, Thinglaidum

8 Papaya Hawaiian Solo, Red leady, Ranchi Dwarf,

Non Descriptive

72

the existing climate condition. Many wild varieties of vegetables and edible

fruits are growing luxuriously in the farmers Jhum and forest.

Table 5.9. Some indigenous and local fruits and vegetables grown in

Mamit district

Sl.No. Local Name Common Name

Botanical Name Edible part /use

1 Zawngtah Tree bean Parkia roxburghii Fruit

2 Pangkai Lutqua, Boody tree

Baccaurea ramiflora Fruit

3 Chengkek Gowa or

Kangach

Garcinia cowaI Roxb Fruit

4 Saisu Ensete glaucum Pseudostem

5 Changel Wild Banana Muas paradisiacal linn var. sylvestris

Spadix

6 Thingthupui Dysoxylum gobara Merr

7 Maipawl Ash gourd Benincasa hispida Fruit

8 Berul Snake gourd Trichosanthes anguina Linn

Fruit

9 Hruizik Cane Fruit

10 Mizo purun Mizo onion Allium sp. Fruit

11 Samtawk Wild brinjal (Solanum spp.) Fruit

Most of the local vegetables are the daily part of diet of the people.

5.9 Post harvest technology:

There is no such particular technologies for post harvest management

of horticultural crops in the district. After harvesting most of fruits and

vegetables are used for home consumption or sale in local market. There is

no concept of packaging. Most of vegetables and fruits are transported loose

in bamboo baskets or in packed in gunny bags which results heavy losses

during transportation. Oranges are transported to neighbouring states by

just filling in the trucks. Lower layers of fruits are get crushed and spoiled

till fruits reached to the markets.

73

PRODUCTION GAP ANALYSIS

Table 5.10. Crop Wise Researche / Extension / Adoption Gap Analysis

A. Vegetables : Tomato

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice


Gap in Adopt




1 Sowing

Time

Method

Aug_September

Primary Nursery

Early var : June-July

Middle var: Sept.Oct.

Late var : Oct. – Nov.

Improper management

Lack of awareness and difficulty in convincing farmers

Quality seeds/ inputs

Timely procurement of seeds/inputs and distribution to the farmers.

2 Varieties

Depends on Horti. Deptt./local market

Pusa Samrudhi Aska Saurav, Pusa Uphar

More use of local market units

High cost of hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


1000gm/Ha. Local-400-500gm/ha. Hybrid-200-300g/ha.

Traditional practices

Lack of awareness

Training Training/demonstration

4 Seed Treatment

Poor/Nil Agrosan GN-3gm/1kg seed

Bavistan-2gm.1kgseed

-do- -do- -do- -do-

74

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Poor Management

FYM-20T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Irregular NPK:60:80:120 kg 1Ha. -do- -do- Subsidised -do-

7 Micro Nutrient

Poor/Nil - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need Base Malathion 50EC@2ml/l Rogor 30EC@2ml/l

Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


Need Base Dithane M-45@3gm/l Indofil M-45@3gm/l

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Bomboo basket Proper packing/ plastic crates container

Non-availability

Cost factor

Subsidise rate

-do-

11 Weed Management

Traditional Butachlor @3kg/ha. Alachles @3kg/ha.

High traditional practice

Cost factor, awareness

-do- -do-

75

Crop : Bhindi /OKRA

Table 5.11.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from OKRA

Sl. No

Items of Package Existing practice


Gap in Adopt Specific

Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

April – May

In-situ

Feb – Mar – Spring summer crop

April – June – N.I

Improper management




2 Varieties

Local Aska Abay

Aska Ananuka



-do- -do-


9-11 kg/ha. 18-22kg/ha. – spring summer

8-10kg/ha. – kharif


Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil Bavistan 0.2% -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM 25 T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

76

6 Fertilizer Occationally NPK:95:10:60 kg/ha.

-do- -do- Subsidised -do-

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Ca-80kg/ha.

Mg-35kg./ha.

-do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need base Malathion @2ml/lit

of water

Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-


-do- Bavistin @2gm/kg. of ssed

Captan/Thiram @3gm/kg of sed

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Nil Cooling, packing in gunny bags and do not keep in air tight container

Non-availability

Cost factor Subsidise rate -do-

11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Fluchloralin @1.5kg. a.i/ha.



-do- -do-

77

Table 5.12.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice



Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

March – April

Mixed cropping with jhum paddy

March – May

Nursery raising, In-situ

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and difficulty in convincing farmers

Quality seeds/

inputs

Timely procurement of

seeds/inputs and distribution to the farmers.

2 Varieties

Local variety, some hybrid variety

California wonder, Pusa Deepti



-do- -do-


1 Kg./ha. 1 Kg/ha. Traditional practices

Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil Captan/Thiram @2g/kg of seed

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM-20T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

- NPK@100:50:50 kg/ha.


78

7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

- Chlopyriphos 10kg/ 1ha, Meta Systox 25EC@2ml/l

Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


Need Base Carbendrzim @1g/kg os seed Thiram/Captan @0.25%

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Nil

Traditional Practice

Packed in perjosated plastic bag & store in bamboo basket. Shade dry for 3 days and Sun dry.

Non-availability


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Alachlor @2kg/ha. In 800 l of water



-do- -do-

79

Crop : GINGER

Table 5.13.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice



Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

April – May

In – situ

April – May Improper management




2 Varieties

Thingpui, Thanglaidum

Nadia, Thingpui More use of local market units


-do- -do-


5 qtl./acre 12-15 q/ha. Traditional practices

Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil Dithane [email protected]% for 30 minutes

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM 25-30T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer Occasionally NPK : -do- -do- Subsidised -do-

mailto:[email protected]%25

mailto:[email protected]%25

80

75:50:50kg/ha.

7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need Base Endrin 0.5% Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


Poor/Nil Dithane M-45 @0.03%

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Nil One day sun drying for dry ginger, packing in air proof container.

Non-availability


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Alachlor @1.5 kg/ha.



-do- -do-

81

Table 5.14.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Banana

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice



Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

March – April

Pit planting

March – April Improper

management

Lack of


Quality

seeds/ inputs



2 Varieties

Cavendish Grand Naine, Cavendish



-do- -do-


400 suckers /ha.

600 suckers/ha. for hilly areas


Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Not practice Bavistan @0.2% -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM @120kg/plant -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Need base N:P:K @218:311:500g/plant


82

7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Cleaning base of the plant

Malathion, Rogor Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


Poor / Nil Bavistan @2% Removal of bunchy tops

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Harvesting & packaging in gunny bags

Grading, drying, packing in bamboo baskets.

Non-availability


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Clean cultivation, use of weedicides.



-do- -do-

83

Table 5.15. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice



Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

April – October

Line Planting

April – October

Line planting across the slope.

Improper

management

Lack of


Quality seeds/

inputs



2 Varieties

Queen, Kew Queen, Kew, Mauritius.



-do- -do-


15,000 suckers/ha.

44,000 suckers/ha.


Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

- Dibling of seed in ceresan solution 4g/l

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Not practice FYM @10T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

-do- Urea @40g/10l of water


84

7 Micro Nutrient

-do- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Poor / Nil - Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


-do- - -do- -do- -do- -do-


Not practice Shade drying store in plastic crates.

Non-availability


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Butachlor High traditional practice


-do- -do-

85

Table 5.16.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passionfruit

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice



Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

Jan/Feb – sowing

May – Transplanting

In-situ

-do-

-do-

Improper

management

Lack of


Quality seeds/

inputs



2 Varieties

Purple variety Purple var. yellow, var, Hybrid



-do- -do-


1500 seedlings/ha.

-do- Traditional practices

Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil - -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM 20T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer Need base N:P:K 300: 150:150gm/plant


86

7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need base Malathion 1m/l Nuvan, Dicofol

Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


Poor/Nil Confidor @0.5 ml/.l of water

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Shade drying and pack in bamboo baskets

Store in plastic crates, bamboo basket.

Non-availability


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Alachlor @2g/ha. High traditional practice


-do- -do-

87

Table 5.17.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato

Sl. No

Items of Package

Existing practice



Reasons for Gap



1 Sowing

Time

Method

Winter Potato –

Oct- (Plain area) Nov. Summer Potato – Jan – Feb. (Hill area)

-do-

Ridge and furrow, Terracing

Improper

management

Lack of


Quality seeds/

inputs



2 Varieties

Kufri var. Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Mejha, Kufri Ashoka



-do- -do-


18qtl/Ha. 22.5 – 259/Ha. (Small size 25g)


Lack of awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil Soaking of seeds in Dithance M-45 @45g/l of water for 30 mins.

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

5qtl/acre FYM FYM -25-30 T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer - N:P:K @ -do- -do- Subsidised -do-

88

120:80:80 kg/ha.

7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

On need base Malathion 5% Rogor or 30EC

Improper practices

-do- -do- -do-


-do- Dithance M-45@ 0.25% Rodomil 2ml

-do- -do- -do- -do-


Store in thatch house

Curing and store in diffused sunlight.

Non-availability


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Metribuzin 1kg/ha



-do- -do-

89

Proposed Strategy

Activities Unit Cost in Rs. In Lakh

2010-11 2011-12


Fruit Development

M. Orange 0.225 /Ha

60 13.50 65 14.625 28.125

Banana 0.151 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Papaya 0.151 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Pineapple 0.15 / Ha

45 6.75 45 6.75 13.50

Citrus Rejuvenati

on

0.15 / Ha

80 12.00 85 12.75 24.75

Overhead charge

3.19 3.47 6.66

Grape 0.15 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Avocado 0.15 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Mango 0.15 / Ha

50 7.50 55 8.25 15.75

TOTAL 395 66.94 430 72.84 139.78

Vegetable Development

Chayote (Squash)

0.13 / Ha

40 5.20 40 5.20 10.40

Cabbage 0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

Tomato 0.13 / Ha

45 5.85 45 5.85 11.7

Broccoli 0.13 / Ha

40 5.20 50 6.50 11.7

Bhindi 0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

Bitter gourd

0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

Brinjal 0.13 / Ha

60 7.80 65 8.45 16.25

Carrot 0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

TOTAL 385 50.05 420 54.60 104.65

Plantation Crop Development

Coconut 0.20/Ha 50 10.00 60 12.00 22.00

Areca nut 0.15/Ha 60 9.00 70 10.50 19.50

TOTAL 110 19.00 130 22.50 41.50

Spices Development

a) Bird‟s Eye Chillies

0.13/Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 16.25

b) Turmeric

0.13/Ha 70 9.10 75 9.75 18.85

c) Ginger 0.13/Ha 80 10.40 90 11.70 22.10

90

TOTAL 210 27.30 230 29.90 57.20

Promotion of Nursery

Model Nursery in Public Sector

20.00/no

4 80.00 4 18.00 98.00

Model Nursery in Private Sector

10.00 /no

15 150.00 10 100.00 250.00

Small Nursery in Private Sector (No)

5.00 / no

20 100.0 20 100.0 200.00

Establishment of New Garden

Banana (ha)

Sucker

1st Year Maintained of Banana

Floriculture Rose – (Small & Marginal farmer (Ha)

2.00 / unit

30 60.00 35 70.10 130.10

Incentives to Floriculture Garden (No)

0.50 / unit

30 15.00 35 17.50 32.50

Seed Infrastructure

Vegetable seed Production

10.00/unit

2 20.00 2 20.00 40.00

Integrated Nutrient Management / Integrated Pest Management

A. Fruits IPM on Banana cultivation

0.0.25 200 5.00 300 7.50 12.50

INM on Pineapple

0.05 250 12.50 250 12.50 25.00

INM on Yongchak

0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 30.00

INM on Passion Fruits

0.10 300 30.00 350 35.00 65.00

IPM on Lime / Lemon

0.025 250 6.25 300 75.00 81.25

B. Vegetables Kharif

IPM on French Bean

0.025 200 5.00 250 6.25 11.25

91

INM on Bhindi

0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50

INM on Brinjal

0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 17.50

IPM on Cucurbit

0.025 300 7.50 350 8.75 16.25

INM on Ginger / Turmeric

0.10 450 45.60 500 50.00 95.60

INM on Chillies

0.05 500 25.00 600 30.00 55.00

C. Vegetables Rabi

IPM on Pea 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50

IPM on Cabbage

0.05 300 15.00 350 17.50 32.50

INM on Cauliflower

0.05 100 5.00 120 6.00 11.00

INM on Potato

0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 30.00

INM on Radish

0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 17.50

INM on Knolkhol

0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50

INM on Tomato

0.05 150 7.50 150 7.50 15.00

Protected Cultivation

Green House (SF & MF)

0.25/no 40 10.00 50 12.50 22.50

Green House (Other farmer)(Hi Tech)

10.00/no

10 100.00 15 150.00 250.00

Shade net Sq m

0.00020 70 14.00 80 16.00 30.00

Mulching (Ha)

0.08/Ha 70 5.60 80 6.40 12.00

Promotion and Popularization of Organic farming

Construction of compost pit

0.10/no 250 25.00 300 30.00 55.00

Establishment of Vermi- Composts units-Big (No)

2.50/unit

30 75.00 35 87.50 162.50

Establishm

92

ent of Vermi- Compost units-Big (no)

Demonstration of Organic Farming

0.25/no 20 5.00 25 6.25 11.25

Popularization on of organic Fertilizers

Demonstration on use of Rich Reuter “AA”

0.20/unit

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00

Rich Field

Fertilizer (13:40:13)

0.20/un

it

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00

Rich Field Fertilizer (19:19:19)

0.20/unit

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00


0.20/unit

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00

Watershed Watershed Development

50.00/no

5 250.00 6 300.00 550.00

Human Resource Development

Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District Level.

0.25/no 6 1.50 8 2.00 3.50

Exposure visit outside the State on

IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health Management

1.50/no 5 7.50 5 7.50 15.00

Exposure visit inside the state

1.00/no 6 6.00 6 6.00 12.00

Training of 0.25/no 7 1.75 8 2.00 3.75

93

Entrepreneurs

Exposure Visits of Farmers inside the State

1.00/no 5 5.00 5 5.00 10.00

Creation of Water Resources

Construction of community Tanks

2.00/no 70 140.0 80 160.0 300.00

Farm Mechanization

Subsidized sale of power tillers

1.00/no 15 15.00 20 20.00 50.00

Subsidized sale of pump sets @ 50%

0.25/no 20 5.00 30 7.50 12.50

Subsidized sale of sprayers @ 50 %

0.075/no

200 15.00 250 18.75 33.75

Post harvest Infrastructure Development

Assistance for setting up cold storages at Block Level

20.00/unit

4 80.00 80.00

Construction of storage of godown at Block Headquarters

5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 50.00

Establishment of Marketing Infrastructure

Functional Infrastructure for Collection & grading (no)

5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 50.00

Technology transfer

Training of farmer

groups on crop production technology

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Training of farmers on the use of Organic Fertilizers

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Training of 0.25/no 6 1.50 6 1.50 3.00

94

farmers on INM

Training of Farmers on IPM

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Training of Farmers on Post Harvest Technology on important horticultural crops

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Exposure visit of farmers within the state

0.50/no 3 1.50 3 1.50 3.00

Exposure visit of farmers outside the state

1.50/no 3 4.50 3 4.50 9.00

Conducting field trials in new crop varieties / new practices

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage

10.00/no

5 50.00 5 50.00 100.00

Programme Structure

District Level Show

2.00/no 2 4.00 2 4.00 8.00

Project Area Connectivity

Horticulture Link Road

3.00/Km

15 45.00 15 45.00 90.00

Capacity Building

(a) Training of

Trainers at(Research institution)

1.00/no 4 4.00 4 4.00 8.00

(b) Awareness Campaign/Seminar/Workshop etc.

5.00 5.00 10.00

95

Table .5.18 Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development

5.10 LIVESTOCK STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT

In spite of the challenges that lay ahead for Mizoram towards animal

husbandry, India ranks first in respect of cattle and buffaloes, second in

goats, third in sheep and seventh in poultry population in the world. About

22.45 million people work in livestock sector. The contribution of livestock

and fisheries sector to the total GDP during 2006-07 was 5.26%.

India‟s per capita income has doubled over the past 20 years. With

population growth slowing now to about 1.6 per cent per annum, a growth

rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) of around 9 per cent per annum

would be sufficient to quadruple the per capita income by 2020 (Planning

Commission, 2002).

The district poses a challenge in animal husbandry, but restrains like

protectionism policies of the state or the country handicaps the true want

towards animal husbandry. Good governance, sustainable development in

conjunction with environmental friendly methods is perhaps the only

practical answer in order to correct the issues at hand. Scientific methods

improving the products of animals i.e. use of biotechnology may perhaps be

helpful but unfortunately will not increase productivity so as to claim animal

husbandry as part of our GDP. On the other hand challenges are met and

yes, the future holds a promise in all fields as long as we put our heads

together and pave the green fields.

Infrastructure Technical Support

4.50 4.50 90.00

Mushroom Development Unit

Spawn Production

20.00/unit

1 20.00

20.00

Model Horticulture Centre

Research & Development in Horticulture Crops

50.00/no

1 50.00 1 50.00 100.00

Total 6,469 1695.95 7505 1940.60 3895.83

96

There is increasing demand of milk and meat products in the district.

Rearing piggery and poultry are popular mainly for meat production and egg

production. People are showing interest in cattle rearing and dairy farming

in few pockets of the district. Milk production in co-operative basis also

gaining popularity.

However, present level of production can meet only 60 – 65 % of the

total requirements. To fill this gap it is necessary for popularization of more

diary, piggery and poultry farms. State veterinary department, KVK and

College of veterinary science, CAU have to initiate necessary actions for

furthering the development.

Table 5.19: Livestock Information

Area

under

Fodders

(ha)

Cattle(Nos) Buffaloes

(Nos) Sheep(No.) Goats(No.) Poultry(Nos)

Oth

ers

(Nos

)

Total

(Nos)

Fodde

r

crops

Gra

zin

g

Lan

d

Cross

Breed

Indig

e-

nous

Total

Im

pr

o-

ve

d

Ind

ige-

no

us

Tot

al

Im

pro

-

ved

In

di

ge

-

no

us

Tot

al

Im

pr

o-

ve

d

Indige

-

nous

Total Broiler Layer Duck

s

Tur

key

288.8 5860 1486 7346 Nil 263 263 Nil 86 86 Nil 1576 1576 169559 139753 1445 677 3111434

97

Table 5.20: Distribution of land and livestock/poultry holdings in the District

Items Landless

(0 ha)

Margina

l

(1ha)

Small

(<1-2 ha)

Medium

(2-4 ha)

Large

(>4 ha) All

Poultr

y 63315 80305 80367 53198 34249 311434

Cattle 185 348 708 2480 3625 7346

Buffal

o Nil 15 31 95 122 263

Pigs 9012 7453 19602 25198 13075 74340

Sheep 15 39 26 6 Nil 86

Goats 148 635 595 171 27 1576

Table 5.21: Benefits from Family Poultry

Indicators

Farm Categories

Landless

(0 ha)

Margi

nal

(<1ha)

Small

(1-2

ha)

Medi

um

(2-4

ha)

Large

(>4

ha)

All

1) Number of Chickens 62888 79758 79816 5283

6 34

3093

12

2) No. of Ducks/Other Species 427 547 551 362 235 2122

3) Yearly income from chicken

compared to other

livestock species (% Rs./farm or

holding / year)

7.53 2.07 0.8 0.26 0.4 0.6

4) Yearly income from ducks

compared to other

livestock species (% Rs./farm

0.5 0.4 0.13 0.13 0.08 0.13

5) Eggs production from poultry ( No/

farm family/year) 1176 588 588 336 588 588

98

Gender participation

i) Male 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

ii) Female 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

Social Profile

i)SC -- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ii)ST 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

iii) Others 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

Table 5.22 : Taluka wise Existing of Veterinary Institutions (Aizawl District)

Dist Village

s

Institutions (Nos)

Total

V

H VD

MV

C PVC AIC

KVS

sub-

Centre

Diagno

stic

Labs

PEC

College

/unive

rsity/K

VKTota

l

Aiza

wl 166 1 6 Nil -- 20 -- 1 -- 2 30

VH - Veterinary Hospital, VD - Veterinary Dispensary,

MVC - Mobile Veterinary Centres, PVC - Proposed Veterinary Centres

Source : Statistical Handbook,

Mizoram 2008

99

Table 5.23: Production Plan of Livestock during 11th plan

Sl.

No

Name of

Commodity

Baseline (2007-2008) Baseline (2008-2009) Baseline (2009-2010)

Nos Production (in

tones)

Productivity

(in Kg/nos) Nos Production

Productivi

ty Nos Produc-tion Productivity

1 Milk

i

Indigenous

Cow 956 358 374 1017 371tns 365 kg 1023 383tns 374 kg

ii

Crossbred

Cow 2978 8156 2738.6 2970 7973tns 2677 kg 2969 8131tns 2739 kg

iii Buffalo 106 48 453 125 54 tns 432 kg 127 58 tns 453 kg

2 Eggs

i Desi 56000 4700000 85 nos 56000 5000000 89 nos 56309 47863 85 nos

ii Improved 3000000 6500000 217 nos 2800000 6100000 218 nos

302076

1 6555051 217nos

iii Broiler 547288 1429.52 2.612 57011 1568 tns 2.75 kg 57244 1592 tns 2.792 kg

3 Meat

i Cattle 8938 1025 114.679 9350 1086.6 tns 116.09 kg 9403 1095.54tns 116.51 kg

ii Buffalo 145 19.99 137.931 85 11.523 tns 135.50 kg 74 10.04 tns 135.73 kg

iii 3. Mithun 14 1.89 135.000 65 8.81 tns 135.50 kg 74 10.04 tns 135.73 kg

iv 4. Goats 3122 28 8.969 3380 33.8 tns 10.00 kg 3407 34.34 tns 10.08 kg

v 5. Pigs 44353 4225.99 95.281 45072 4326.91tns 95.999 kg 45145 4343.4 tns 16.21 kg

100

Table 5.24 : Production Plan of Livestock

Sl.

No

Name of

Commodity

Baseline (2010-2011) Baseline (2011-2012) Baseline (2012-2013)

Nos Production Productivity Nos Production Productivit

y Nos Produc-tion

Produc-

tivity

1 Milk

i

Indigenous

Cow 1030 386 tns 374.49 kg 1036 389 tns 375 kg 1042 392 tns 365 kg

ii Crossbred Cow 2968 8131 tns 2739 kg 2968 8131 tns 2740 kg 2967 8130 tns 2677 kg

iii Buffalo 129 59 tns 454 kg 131 59 tns 454 kg 134 61 tns 432 kg

2 Eggs

i Desi 56620 48127 lakhs 85 nos 56932 48962 nos 86 nos 57247 50377 nos 89 nos

ii Improved 3041667 6630834 lakhs 218 nos 3062748 6676725 218 nos 3083916 6753776 218 nos

iii Broiler 57478 1610 tns 2.801 57713 1635.59 tns 2.834 kg 57949 1716.45 2.75 kg

3 Meat

i Cattle 9438 1101.71 tns 116.731 kg 9478 1108.56tns 116.981 kg 9534 1118.54 tns 116.09 kg

ii Buffalo 77 10.52 tns 136.63 kg 73 9.981 tns 136.734 kg 69 9.44 tns 135.50 kg

iii 3. Mithun 84 11.42 tns 135.96 kg 94 12.784 tns 136.00 kg 110 15.05 tns 135.50 kg

iv 4. Goats 3434 35.99 tns 10.48 kg 3461 37.97 tns 10.97 kg 3489 38.56 tns 10.00 kg

v 5. Pigs 4517 4361.9 tns 96.466 kg 45290 4382.31 tns 96.761 kg 45363 4395.31 tns 95.999 kg

101

Table 5.25. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from

Goat

Sl. No.

Items of package Existing practice

Recommended practice

Gap Specific Reasons for Gap



1 Breed (Non descript Cross Breed) Black Bengal Fail No supply of kids Subsidized kids supplied to

Dissemination of

2 Feed management

Animals are Unavailability of good

farmers proposed breed through A.H & Vety. farm

Green Fodder (Kg / day) grazed in 1-2 grazing land subsidized To supply feed

Dry Fodder (Kg / day) available 0.5-1 Failed cultivated with rate of in subsidized rate and to

Concentrate (gms / day) grazing 500 gms / day suitable fodder concurate feed cultivate fodder in available grazing land

Minerals (gm/day) land as per required Eg. Signal grass

Vitamins (ml / day) by status of

3 Inter Calving Period (months)

150-180 days

animal

160 days

Good

Health care and Vaccination

Village farmers Need for increased veterinary care

4 Health Care limited veterinary aids limited in need access centres and man power

No of Vaccination Annually P village done to atleast once

102

HSBQ Annually Annually P transportation a month

FMD Annually Annually P

5 General Management

Washing (times / day) No specific Semi intensive Failed Lack of Financial and technical support

Training, Monitoring and

Cleaning (times / day) Management with proper knowledge financial support

Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha)

housing and land

Drinking Water (lit / day)

6 Average Milk Yield (lit./day)

No milking done

NB : Vaccination are covered under AH & Vety. Dept. Mizram. However, there has been difficulty in covering villages, due to transport and

limited supply of vaccines.

103


Pig-1

Sl. No

Items of package Existing practice Recommended practice

Gap Specific Reasons for Gap

Proposed Strategy


1 Breed (Local; Mizo and large black) Hybrid of F No breeding Subsidized To establish pig

2 Feed management Local with axotic centre piglet supply Breeding farm

Green Fodder (Kg / day) Only few owners in

Concentrate + Locally available food

F Lack of Technical

Feed subsidy To compose high

Concentrate (gms / day) town area 1 Kg knowledge quality feed from

(i) 0-56 days (piglet) feed concentrate 1.250 Kg. High cost of Locally available

(ii) 56-180 days (Grower) without technical 2.500 Kg. Concentrate feeds

Source +

(iii) Fatten know-how

100-200 days

3 Kg.

180 days

F Long Weaning Reduce Concentrate

(iv) Breeding feed

3 Inter Ferring period (months)

care of piglets to reduce

4 Health Care (No of Vaccination)

wearing time

(i) FMD Annually Annually Moderate in

Lack of man power and

Atleast monthly

To increase veterinary

104

transport

(ii) Swine fever Annually Annually town Visit in Dept. man power mobilization

(iii) Piglet Anaemia Iron injection areas Villages


Washing (times / day) Only few people Practice Lack of water Need to improve

Cleaning (times / day) cleaning the pigs sty and knowledge housing with locally


Kutcha 1 Acceptable available


Icanty / Nil 2-3L/day Lack of water materials

NB : (1) Large black are heavier and larger and is the maximum type reared thin the town and totally in villages

(2) Mizo local breed are found few in villages

(3) The two breeds are suitable for small scale marginal farmers to produce meat purpose marginal farms and meat pockets

(4) Meat processing unit acceded to be established in later years.

105


Pig-2

Sl. No

Items of package Existing practice Recommended practice

Gap Specific Reasons for

Gap



1 Breed (Yokkshire X Duroc

Cross breed LWY x Duroc x F No breeding farm

Subsidized piglet

To establish pig breeding farm and Artificial Insemination Centre

2 Feed management

few people reared for breeding)

Large Black P Subsidized

Green Fodder (Kg / day) 2 Kg. 2 Kg. High Cost rate of To produce

Concentrate (gms / day) 1.25 Kg F of Concentrate feed Subsidized feed

(i) 0-56 days (piglet) 100 g 1.5 Kg F feeds

(ii) 56-180 days (Grower) 250 g 2.5 Kg F

(iii) Fatten 1 Kg 3 Kg F

(iv) Breeding 2 Kg F

3 Inter Ferring period (months)

180-200 days 160 days Long weaning time

To improve piglet health and reduce weaning time

4 Health Care (No of Covered

106

Vaccination)

(i) FMD Annually Annually P only town

(ii) Swine fever Annually Annually P area

(iii) Piglet Anaemia Iron injection Iron injection P


Washing (times / day) 1-8 / week Daily F Need for

Cleaning (times / day) 1-3 week Daily F Training and


Kutch & Pucca Pucca F Farm


1-2L / day 1-2L / day P Demonstration

NB : The present breed is oceared by few people in town area for breeding. The recommended breed. (Large white lorkshire X Duroc X fargi

black (Local). At present people get cross-bred piglets from other district leading to transportation cost and high cost. Thus, there is need for a

pig breeding farm at Saiha district to promote piggery through Artificial Insemination.

107


Cow / Mithun / Hill Cattle

Sl. No




Gap



1 Breed 2 types – Hill cattle

& milch cow Mithun & croes Few people only Subsidized Artificial

2 Feed management

(for Dairy)

breed are interested calf Insemination to improve breed

Green Fodder (Kg / day) 10 – 15 Kg. 15 – 20 Kg F No Supply fodder land

Dry Fodder (Kg / day) 2 – 6Kgs. F and fodder development

Concentrate (gms / day) Limited 4 – 8 Kgs. F area feed subsidy

Vitamins (ml / day) Very limited As required F

3 Inter Calving Period (months) (for Dairy)

380-400 days 370 day F Long weaning date

Shortening of weaning time

4 Health Care Available

No. of Vaccination

HSBQ Annually Annually P

FMD Annually Annually P


108


Kutcha Kutcha P

Drinking Water (lit / day/ 100 Birds)

2 – 3 L 5 - 8 L F Scarcity of coater

Improvement of housing

6 Average Milk Yield (lit. / day)

5 L 8 – 10 L F Low quality Improved feed and fodder land

feed

NB : 1. Hill cattle could be replaced by Mithun in villages having vast grazing land. Nithun doesnot need feeding except for mineral salt lacks

2. Milch cattle can be of cross breed (H.F X Jersey) for town area and villages near to district headquarters.

109


Poultry

Sl. No




Gap



1 Breed (Local, Broiler, sayer)

Dual purpose

eg. vanaraja

F Unavailability To produce the

2 Feed management

breed at local area

Concentrate Feed Concentrate

Starter feeds mixed 20 – 40 gt. High cost Subsidized feed Subsidized feed

Grower with locally 40 – 80 g F of feed

Finisher available feed 80 – 110g

Sayers 110 – 160 g

3 Inter Calving Period

(months)

4 Health Care

No of Vaccination

RDV Annually Annually P

IBD Annually Annually P

110



Drinking Water (lit / day )

6 Average Milk Yield (lit. / day)

F Insufficient

water supply

111

Table 5.30. Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary

Sl. No Interventions Unit cost Rs.

2010-11 2011-12

1 Animal Health Phy Fin Phy Fin Total

i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kids 50000/ training 4 nos 2.00 4 2.00 4.00

ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 20

lakhs/dispensary

1 20.00 1 20.00 40.00

Cattle and Buffalo Dev.

Milk cow induction cow/heifer expected give 10 lit. of

milk per day

Rs 40,000/ cow 10

Cows

4.00 10

Cows

4.00 8.00

2 Piggery development

Distribution of 5 piglets (4female +1 male) of age group

3-4 month.

Rs 3000/Piglet 20

piglet

0.60 20

piglet

0.60 1.20

3 Poultry Development

Backyard Poultry scheme Distribution of 40 grown up

low input technology birds

Rs.350/Bird ie

Rs 1400/unit

30 Unit 4.20 30 4.20 8.40

Construction of Chick rearing unit with procurement of Rs 25 lakhs / 1 25.00 25.00

112

poultry appliance in the district Head Office unit

Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day old ducklings a

long with feed and other appliance

Rs 50/duckling

Rs 2500/Unit

4Unit 0.10 0.10

4 Other Livestock Development

i) Incentives to Mithun Breeders/Farmers Rs 30,000/ Unit 50 Unit 15.00 40 12.00 27.00

ii) Incentive to the farmers under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4

doest and 1 buck)

Rs 10,000/Unit 10 Unit 1.00 10

Unit

1.00 2.00

Feed and fodder Dev.

i) Construction/ Strengthening of state feed mixing

plant at Khumbong

ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 5000/-beneficiary

in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges

Rs 10,000/Unit 20 2.00 20 2.00 4.00

5 Extension, Education & Training

i) Organisation of farmers training programme @ Rs,

1000/-each.

Rs 20,000/Unit 5 1.00 5 1.00 2.00

Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co-operation/Local

bodies

Rs 30,000/Unit 10 3.00 10 3.00 6.00

Construction of meat marketing shed at the District

Head Qtr. Block Head quarters.

Rs 6 Lakh/Shed 3 18.00 2 12.00 30.00

113

Total 163 70.8 157 86.90 157.70

114

5.11 FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

Fishery development is still in nascent stage in Aizawl district in

comparison with its neighboring district of Kolasib. Fish seed being the vital

input for development of fisheries, there is major set back to gather required

momentum towards fishery development. The total water spread area (WSA) in

departmental tanks is found to be only 5.5 ha as reported by the District

Fishery Officer, Aizawl. However, it does not include the private ponds and

community tanks, river and riverine sector.

STRATEGIES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING FISH PRODUCTION

Items of packages Recommended

Practice

Existing

practice

Specific

problems (**)

Proposed

strategy (***)

Pond preparation

- Organic manures - Inorganic

manures - Bio-fertilizers

10,000 kg

cowdung/ha

200-400 kg/ha

6-8 kg

Small ponds

-

-

2

2

1,2

1,2,4

Feeding schedule

1:1 ratio of Rice

bran 2% oil cake

body wt. Green leaf

Partially

followed

1,2 1,2,4

Cultural practice Multispecies

culture

Monoculture 1,2 3,4

** Specific problems *** Farmer proposed extension strategies :

1. Lack of awareness 1. Awareness campaign

2. Lack of knowledge 2. Demonstration

3. Lack of convention 3. Training

4. Lack of finance 4. Exposure visits

5. Lack intensive 5. Linkage with banks

115

ORGANISATION CHART OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT

Table 5.31 The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the

district

Interventions

Unit cost in

(Rs.in

lakh)

2010-11 2011-12


Development of fish breeding farm, Lamphel

(Deepening of ponds for an area of 2.5 ha.)

70 / farm

Development of F.F.D.A farm (Pond deepening

for 2.5 ha.)

50/farm

Development of fresh water aquaculture (FFDA

Scheme)

Avg Rs 3

lakh/ha

30ha 90.00 30ha 90 180.00

Development of integrated Fish Farming at two

units

Rs 0.20

lakh/ha

10Ha 2 2

Training of Fish Farmers for FFDA Scheme Rs 0.03

lakh /

terrace

100 3 100 3 6

Mobile Hypophysation Programme

Demonstration on Fish Culture

Development of Cage/Pen Culture

District Fishery Development Officer

Fishery Extension Officer (2 Nos.)

Assistant Fishery Officer (1 No.)

Fishery Demonstrator (3 Nos.)

116

Total 130 93 140 95 188

5.12 SERICULTURE IN AISAWL DISTRICT:

Importance of sericulture in development

The art of silk production is called sericulture that comprises cultivation

of mulberry, silkworm rearing and post cocoon activities leading to

production of silk yarn. Sericulture provides gainful employment,

economic development and improvement in the quality of life to the

people in rural area and therefore it plays an important role in anti

poverty programme and prevents migration of rural people to urban area

in search of employment. Hence several developing nations like China,

India, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Iran, Sri Lanka,

Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Turkey, Papua New Guinea,

Mexico, Uzbekistan and some of the African and Latin American

countries have taken up sericulture to provide employment to the people

in rural area.

Multipurpose use of sericulture

Apart from silk, there are several other bye-products from sericulture.

The mulberry fruits are rich in minerals and vitamins and from the roots,

barks and mulberry leaves several ayurvedic and herbal medicines are

prepared. Some of the woody mulberry trees provide timber which are

resistant to termites and the timber is used for making sports items, toys

etc. The mulberry branches after silkworm feeding are generally dried

and used as fuel particularly in the villages. The foliage of mulberry is

used as a fodder for cattle. The mulberry trees are also planted in the

embarkment area for protection of the soil to prevent soil erosion, and

mulberry trees are planted as avenue trees. The silkworm pupae are rich

in oil content and pupal oil is used in cosmetic industry and the

remaining pupal cake is a rich source of protein suitable for poultry and

117

fisheries. In some tribal population, the people eat eri pupa as a source

of protein and nourishment. The silkworm litter is used for bio-gas

production and used as a fuel for cooking in the rural area. Thus

sericulture not only provides silk for fashionable clothings, it also

provides several very useful bye products to the human society.

Therefore, sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the

living standards of people in the rural area in developing countries.

Future demand for silk

The present global silk production is fluctuating around 70, 000 to 90,

000 M.T. and the demand for silk is annually increasing by 5%. With the

increase in population and also with the increased demand for

fashionable clothing items due to fast changing fashion designs in

developed countries, the demand for silk is bound to increase even more.

For increasing the silk production we require highly productive mulberry

varieties and silkworm races and also silkworm races tolerant to adverse

climatic conditions and diseases which can come mainly from the

sericultural germplasm resources and also from the wild relatives of

Bombyx available in the natural habitats.

Present status of silkworm germplasm at global level

Though accurate data are not available on the silkworm germplasm in

different countries of the world, an approximate information indicate that

there are 4310 silkworm germplasm accessions available in different

countries. There is every likelihood that some of these silkworm

accessions are duplicated; for instance the silkworm germplasm from

China, Japan, France, Russia and India might be represented in the

germplasm collection of other countries since these are the principal

source of sericultural germplasm and also several countries might have

exchanged some silkworm germplasm for silkworm breeding and hence a

118

proper documentation on the availability of silkworm germplasm in

different countries is very much required.

A very recent compilation of silkworm genetic stocks indicate that there

are around 3000 genotypes of Bombyx mori at the global level, which

includes mutants, parthenoclones, polyploids and geographical races

(Nagaraju et. al 2001). In fact much of the genetic diversity of Bombyx

mori is derived from the inbred lines of land races and elite stocks

evolved by the silkworm breeders and also from hybridisation of different

geographical races; mainly the Japanese, Chinese, European and tropical

races, which are distinct for several economic characters. The

geographical races also possess several heritable characters for a variety

of morphological, biochemical and quantitative characters. Among the

four geographical races, the bivoltine and univoltine races of temperate

origin and multivoltine races of tropical origin differ widely and exhibit

contrasting characters. The bivoltine and univoltine races produce high

quantity of good quality silk, whereas the multivoltine races are hardy,

tolerant to pathogen load and thereby resistant to diseases compared to

the bivoltines but produce low amount of poor quality silk. Thus, these

geographical races are very valuable genetic stocks for further

improvement of silkworm races and evolution of superior breeds of B.

mori.

Apart from a rich biodiversity of geographical races, there are also a large

number of mutants. The silkworm genetic stocks include more than 500

mutants for a variety of characters viz., serosal colours; larval and adult

integument colours; skin markings and body shapes; cocoon colours and

shapes; physiological traits such as diapause, number of larval moults

and timing of larval maturity; food habits and biochemical features such

as digestive amylase, blood and egg esterases, larval integument

esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases; haemolymph proteins; silk

119

production and fibroin secretion; homeoproteins and body plan

determination etc. and the various mutants, gene locus and phenotype

were documented recently .

Apart from the geographical races and mutants there is a large genetic

stock of B.mori evolved by the breeders mostly utilising the geographical

races and mutants of larval, pupal and cocoon colour variants of sex

limited races, particularly in Peoples Republic of China, Japan, India and

erstwhile United Soviet Socialist Russia (USSR) and some of these breeds

are commercially exploited in these countries for silkworm rearing to

produce raw silk and the remaining breeds are maintained in the

silkworm germplasm of these countries as breeders genetic stocks and

they are utilised as the genetic material in the silkworm breeding

programmes for evolution of more superior and elite races.

Thus, the geographical races, mutants and the elite breeders stock

constitute the major portion of the present day silkworm germplasm at

the global level apart from the parthenoclones, triploid, polyploids and

wild relatives of Bombyx and Bombycidae

Importance of conservation of silkworm genetic resources

During the recent years, biodiversity conservation programmes have

drawn the attention of many countries including developing nations,

because of the genetic erosion due to indiscriminate use of bio resources

and damage to the environment, destruction of forest, human

interference in eco-system, upsetting the equilibrium of the biosphere.

Improvement in silkworm race heavily depended on the geographical

races of B. mori and the wild relatives of Bombyx were not explored,

unlike in agriculture. Whereas in agricultural, horticultural and

sericultural crop improvement programme the wild species of several

120

crop plants have contributed very valuable genes for resistance to

diseases and pests and tolerance to adverse agroclimatic conditions and

similar exploitation of genes from wild relatives of B.mori have not been

reported.

Biodiversity is the result of evolution that is a continuous phenomenon

induced by natural selection pressure and the population of organisms

evolve through adaptation to the biotic and abiotic stress. Ever since

B.mori was domesticated, the species does not survive in the wild state in

natural condition and also does not survive without human care and

hence natural selection induced genetic diversity in B.mori is rather very

limited to voltinism. Hence, it is very essential to conserve and utilise the

wild relatives of Bombyx mori to broaden its genetic diversity, apart from

the geographical races, mutants, sex-limited races, evolved breeds and

breeders genetic stocks. The wild relatives of Bombyx are very vulnerable

and the vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales are not

known. The design of biodiversity network in sericulture involving the

complementarity of wild relatives and domesticated B. mori is also not

well established. Therefore, conservation of wild as well as domesticated

seribiodiversity resources is very essential for sustainable development of

sericulture (Fig-3) since loss of genetic resources of domesticated and

wild relatives of Bombyx species along with their unique genes may

disadvantage future generation.

5.13 SERICULTURE IN MIZORAM

Mizoram occupies an important position on account of its unique flora and

fauna. The climate here is congenial for the healthy growth and development

121

of sericulture industry, which covers mulberry, oak tassar, eri and muga

culture, the last three being commonly known as non-mulberry culture. Eri

culture is one of the most predominant sericulture in the region. The muga

culture is unique and confined particularly to the Brahmaputra Valley and

is not found in any other part of the world.

Silk culture or sericulture is the rearing of insect that produces silk yarn. It

is an extremely delicate work that requires patience throughout the entire

cycle of rearing silk moths from egg to cocoons. Silk, is acclaimed as the

queen of all the textiles, having all the desired qualities of textile, viz., fibre-

strength, elasticity, softness, coolness and affinity to dyes. Muga silk is

golden yellow in colour, which makes its very attractive. The world demand

for natural silk textiles is soaring. Traditional silk producing countries like

Japan, Korea, Brazil and Russia have drastically cut production due to

socio-economic reasons. India, taking advantage of the situation, has

launched a massive developmental Scheme on sericulture. The export of silk

has been registering a steady growth of 30% annually. The world silk

demand according to a survey conducted by the International Silk

Association (ISA) is steadily increasing due to the enhanced awareness

about natural fibres and preference for silk fibres. Silk fibres are mostly

woven on handlooms, which are quite popular in the domestic as well as

export markets.

5.14 Availability & Varieties of Sericulture:

Sericulture is not an organized commercial activity as is the case of

mulberry. It is prevalent mainly amongst the tribals in hill districts. The

lower Brahmaputra Valley is the traditional home of eri spinners and

weavers, producing bulk of eri yarn and fabric. The eri cocoons are utilized

locally. In MizoramMuga culture is a new introduction.

122

Table 5.32. Strategies proposed for improving production and

productivity in Sericulture

Items of packages

Existing practice

Recommended

Practice Problems diagnosed

Fr. Proposed extension

strategy

Sowing – planting

- Time - Method

April – May

Pit system

April – May

Pit system

-

-

Organic manure

No Application

10 tons - Lack of awareness

- Lack of finance

- Training & credit facility

Fertilizers (N:P:K)

No Application

220:80:80 - Lack of awareness

- Lack of finance

- Training & credit facility

Pest

- Leaf roller

Nuvan

Nuvan

- Lack of awareness

- Training & demonstration

Rearing method Tray rearing Tray rearing - -

Cocoon yield

30 kgs 80 kgs - Lack of awareness on General

management

- Training & demonstration

123

Table 5.33 Various interventions suggested for Sericulture

Development in the District are Presented (in lakhs)

Sl. No

Name of Activity

Unit Cost (in

lakhs)

2010-11 2011-12


1 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 115.00

2 Assistance for Irrigation and

other water conservation 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 14.00

3 Crop Protection and

disinfecting materials 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 14.00

4 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 3.8

5 Administrative cost 2.00 2.00 4.00

Sub Total 13.79 91.9 95.9 187.8

1 Mulberry Plantation with start

up tools 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 37.50

2 Cost of Rearing House 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 100.00

3 Assistant for strengthening of

Mulberry Farm cum Grainage 10 1 10.00 10.00

4 Establishment of Cocoon

godown 5 1 5.00 5.00






8 Construction of Chawki

Rearing Centre 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7.00

9 Capacity Building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 4.75

10 Administrative cost 20.29 3.00 3.00 6.00

Sub Total 92.4 92.4 150.35 242.75

5.15 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Due to high rainfall area and topographical extremities, the land is

exposed to prone to heavy erosion and landslides causing loss of top

soils. Water is lost due to deep percolation and runoff causing moisture

stress for crop production particularly in winter season. Activities like

124

water harvesting, contour trenching, terracing, gully plugging,

aforestation etc. assume importance.

Surface runoff and resulting soil erosion are the principal means

by which fertilizers, sediment, and pesticide residues reach surface

waters. Infiltration of ponded runoff through permeable soils can move

nitrogen and pesticide residues into ground water. Controlling water flow

through and out of your vineyard will greatly reduce transport of

contaminants off site, and will preserve your vineyard‟s productivity.

Three proven methods of reducing runoff and erosion are to divert excess

water around your vineyard, slow runoff out of your vineyard, and

provide ground covers that break the force of raindrops before they reach

the soil. Soil erosion involves movement of soil particles from one area to

another. In arid areas, disturbed soil is often moved by wind. In our

region, however, water movement is the prime force behind soil erosion.

Soil engineers recognize two types of soil erosion. Gully erosion involves

the mass movement of soil from an area of concentrated flow, often

following heavy rainfall. Gullies expand rapidly and are highly visible.

Sheet and rill erosion, as the name implies, involves more subtle loss of

soil across an entire area. It is more constant, but harder to spot, since it

involves movement of an imperceptibly small layer of soil. Runoff and soil

erosion impacts surface water quality directly through deposition of

sediments in waterways, streams, lakes and estuaries. It is also the

principal means by which fertilizers and pesticides (particularly

herbicides)applied to a vineyard move offsite, as they are often attached

to soil particles. Soil erosion also limits the productivity of vineyards. In

almost any older vineyard in New York, one can find eroded knolls where

subsoil layers are exposed, and swales or depressions with deep deposits

of sediment. Much of this erosion can be traced to clean tillage and

frequent disking practiced in Finger Lakes and Lake Erie hillside

vineyards from the mid-1800s through the early 80s, and more recently

125

on Long Island. This soil movement complicates vineyard management

and leads to more variability in vine size and performance. On Long

Island, runoff accumulates in low areas of vineyards, where it can slowly

infiltrate into groundwater.

For these reasons, soil conservation practices that control water

movement both into and out of vineyards, and limit the force of rainfall

hitting the soil are the best means for maintaining sustainable

production and avoiding offsite movement of pesticides and fertilizers.

Understanding Erosion. Topography, soil characteristics, rainfall, and

ground cover determine the annual rate of soil erosion. Soil conservation

professionals use a tool called the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

(RUSLE) to estimate annual rates of soil erosion on a particular site. This

equation predicts an annual rate of soil loss (A) based on several factors

that influence erosion. These factors are:

Rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall in a given climate

influences the amount of runoff and leaching.

Soil type. Soils differ in their „erosivity‟ or „erodability‟ based on

composition, soil particle sizes, and reaction to freeze/thaw cycles.

Slope Length. The longer a slope is, the more area it drains and the

more water it carries.

Slope steepness. Water runs faster and with more force down

steeper slopes than down shallow slopes.

Crop Factor. The type and sequence of crops grown affects erosion.

For example, continuous corn would be more prone to soil loss

than corn planted in rotation with alfalfa and small grains.

Perennial crops like grapes with less frequent tillage and soil

126

disturbance would have a lower crop factor than annually seeded

crops.

Management Factor. This factor is used to account for different

management practices. For example, „notill‟ corn, where crop

residues are left on the surface would reduce erosion compared

with corn grown with clean tillage. Similarly, a vineyard with row

middles disked four times annually would be more prone to

erosion than one with permanent cover or straw mulch in row

middles. Soil conservation professionals use this as a planning tool

to determine how different management practices or structures

would affect the annual soil loss. For example, installing diversions

or terraces would reduce erosion by reducing the effective slope

length. The general goal is to reduce the annual estimated soil

erosion (A) to less than the annual replacement or soil formation

rate, generally between 3 to 5 tons per acre per year. If that sounds

like a lot, consider that an acrefoot of soil weighs about 2 million

pounds, and that 5 T/acre/year would amount to a layer about

0.03 inches thick. Soil Conservation Practices Soil conservation

practices prevent erosion and maintain clean water in three ways.

First, diversion of water around vineyards keeps water clean,

because it doesn‟t wash over disturbed soil in the first place.

Filtering of water through soil (drainage systems) and ground cov-

ers removes soil particles and other material suspended in water

that passes through vineyards. Finally, ground covers provide a

protective barrier that breaks the force of raindrops that could

otherwise dislodge soil particles. Key soil conservation practices

used in vineyards are:

Diversion Ditches. Diversion ditches are soil structures constructed

at intervals across the slope. They collect water from slopes and

127

divert it into natural drainage ways. They are seeded and gently

graded, and slow the water down to reduce its erosive force. They

can reduce the amount of water running through a vineyard by up

to 80%.

Water and Sediment Control Basins. Raising a berm across a gully

with a subsurface outlet pipe that discharges at the base of the

slope will collect runoff, and stop erosion by slowing down water

and collecting the sediment.

Buffer Strips. All vineyards require headlands and grassed areas

around their perimeters to allow machinery to turn around. These

grassed areas also protect natural drainage ways by filtering

surface water that leaves vineyards before it gets to streams,

drainage ways and depressions. Generally, about 40 feet of

headland around vineyards is adequate for a buffer strip.

Drainage Tile. Subsurface drainage tile, commonly used in area

vineyards, also helps protect water quality in two ways. Drainage

tile reduces surface runoff that would otherwise occur when soils

become saturated with water. It also allows water to be filtered

through the soil, which removes many contaminants that would be

present in surface runoff.

Vineyard Layout. Planting vineyards so that the rows run across

the slope rather than up and down the slope can reduce erosion by

up to 50 percent. This practice is common, because most slopes

surrounding the Finger Lakes face east or west. Planting across the

slope allows vineyard rows to be oriented north and south, which

allows for maximum sunlight interception as well as soil

conservation.

128

Table 5.34 ABSTRACT OF WORK PLAN UNDER RKVY SCHEME

SOIL TREATMENT (Soil Department)

Type of

Soil

Area in

Ha.

Area

Affected

Area in Ha.

Treatment

required

Strat

egy 2010-

11

2011-

12

Acidity Soil 10,000 10,000 10,000 Limin

g

22.50 22.50

Loamy Soil 9,000 9,000 7,000 Affore

statio

n

50.00 50.00

Total 19,000 19,000 17,000 - 72.50 72.50

Table 5.35 Soil & moisture Conservation Activities

Sl. No.

Type of Activities

Area in Ha.

Unit Cost

No. of Units

Financial Requirement

Amount (in lakhs)

1. Terrace Farming 840 0.24 - 201.60

2. Contour Bunding 500 0.24 - 120.00

3. Channelling - - - -

4. Social Forestry 8,000 0.065 - 520.00

5. Check Wall Construction

- 0.20 1,500 300.00

6. Rubber Nursery - 3.00 50 Nos. 150.00

7. Coffee Nursery - 1.50 50 Nos. 75.00

8. Rubber Plantation

500 1.00 - 500.00

9. Coffee Plantation 300 1.00 - 300.00

10. Ground Water Charging

650 0.60 - 390.00

TOTAL : 2,556.60

129

Table 5.36 Water Conservation

Sl.

No.

Type of Activity Nos. of

Units

Unit Cost Financial

Requirement

Amount (in lakhs)

1. Farm Ponds 3,000 1.00 3,000.00

2. Check Dam 150 1.00 150.00

3. Feeder Channel - - -

4. Canal 25,000

R/M

0.0015

R/M

37.50

5. Water Storage 2,000 1.00 3,000.00

TOTAL 6,187.50

Table 5.37 Physical and Financial Requirements and Proposed

Strategies for Soil Treatment (Rupees in lakhs)

Type of

Soil

Unit Cost

2010-2011 2011-2012

Phy.

Ha.

Fin. Phy. Ha. Fin. Total

1 2 3 4 5 6

Acidity Soil 1500 per Ha. 1500 22.50 1500 22.50 45.00

Loamy Soil 5000 per Ha. 1000 50.00 1000 50.00 100.00

TOTAL 2500 72.50 2500 72.50 145.00

130

Table 5.38. PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & MOISTURE CONSERVATION ( Rupees in lakh)

Sl. No.

Type of Activities

Unit Cos

t per Ha./Nos.

Y E A R – W I S E T A R G E T

2010-2011 2011-2012 2016-2017

TOTAL

8. Rubber Plantartion.

1.00 72 72.00 72 72.00 500.00

9. Coffee plantation.

1.00 44 44.00 44 44.00 300.00


0.60 93 56.00 93 56.00 390.00

TOTAL 2,556.60

131

Table 5.39 PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER CONSERVATION

ACTIVITIES (Rupees in Lakhs)

Sl

.

N

o.

Type of

Activiti

es

Unit

Cost

per

Ha./Nos

.

2010-2011 2011-2012

Phy.

(Ha.)

Fin. Phy.

(Ha.)

Fin. Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Farm

Ponds

1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 860.00

2. Check

Dam

1.00 22 22.00 22 22.00 44.00

3. Feeder

Channe

l

- - - - -

4. Canal 0.0015

R/M

- - 417

R/M

6.25 6.25

5. Water

Storage

.

1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 860.00

TOTAL: 882 882 1299 1340.

25

1770.25

132

Table 5.40 PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & WATER

CONSERVATION (Rupees in Lakhs)

Sl.

No

Capacity

Building

2010-2011 2011-2012

Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. Tota

l

1 2 5 6 7 8

1. Training of the

Farmer

LS 35 LS 35 LS 70

2. Office expense LS 20 LS 25 LS 45

3. Machinery and

equipment

LS 20 LS 20 LS 40

4. Contingency LS 10 LS 10 LS 20

5. TA and DA LS 15 LS 10 LS 25

GRAND TOTAL 100 100 200

133

CHAPTER 6 DISTRICT PLAN

The economy of the district is largely dependent on agriculture and

its allied sector. The district has diverse topography and favorable

climate to support this enterprise even to a commercial level for some

crops. Paddy is a major crop grown in the district, which is also a staple

food of the local people but the production is still not sufficient to

support the growing population mainly due to large practice of

unsustainable farming system.

6.1 Proposed Strategy for Agriculture – Physical and Financial

targets for the XI Plan

Sl. No

Proposed Strategy

Activities Unit cost

in Rs

2010-11 2011-12

Ph

y Fin Phy Fin Total

1

Enhancing seed replacement rate

Production incentive for HYV paddy seeds

- - - - - -

Distribution of certified seeds of paddy 1500/qt

50 0.75 75 1.125 1.875

Distribution of certified pulse seeds 4500/qt

80 3.60 95 4.275 7.875

Prodn. incentives for certified pulse seeds

- - - - - -

Distribution of certyified oilseeds 3000/qt

30 0.90 40 1.20 2.1

2

Transfer of

technology through crop demonstration

Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize 5000/ha 15 0.75 25 1.25 2.0

Intercropping demonstration of Arhar based crops 5000/ha 5 0.25 5 0.25 0.5

Intercropping

demonstration of Maize based crop 5000/ha 10 0.50 15 0.75 1.25

Demonstration of oilseeds 5000/ha 15 0.75 15 0.75 1.50

Demonstration on pulse 4000/ha 10 0.40 15 0.60 1.00

SRI method of paddy demonstration 7500/ha

15 1.125 15 1.125 2.25

Hybrid rice demonstration 3000/ha 10 0.30 10 0.30 0.9

Farmers Field School 17,000/No 20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

134

(rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds)

Varietals demonstration on pulses 5000/ha

10 0.50 10 0.50 1.00

Varietals demonstration on Oil seeds 5000/ha

5 0.25 5 0.25 0.50

Varietals demonstration on Maize 5000/ha

10 0.50 10 0.50 1.00

Promotion SRI Village - - - - -

3

Integrated Nutrient Management

(FFS)

INM demonstration in rice 17,000/ha 20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

INM demonstration on sugarcane 17,000/ha

10 1.70 15 2.55 4.25

INM demonstration on Oilseed 17,000/ha

6 1.02 8 1.36 2.38

Supply of micro-nutrients 1000/ha 20 0.20 25 0.25 0.45

Liming of acid soils 1,000/ha

100

1.00 130 1.30 2.30

4

Integrated Pest management (FFS)

IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/ha

16 2.72 16 2.72 5.44

IPM demonstrations on Rabi Oilseeeds 17,000/ha

25 4.25 25 4.25 8.50

IPM demonstrations on Rabi Pulse 17,000/ha

20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

IPM demonstrations on Kharif Pulse 17,000/ha

20 3.40 25 4.25 7.65

IPM demonstrations on Kharif Oilseeeds 17,000/ha

10 1.70 10 1.70 3.40

IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 17,000/ha

5 0.85 10 1.70 2.55

IPM demonstrations on Maize 17,000/ha

20 3.40 30 5.10 8.50

Supply of bio-pesticides for rice, pulse and Oilseeds 1,000

100 1.00 200 2.00 3.00

5 Promotion of Organic Farming

Establishment of Vermi - hatchery at Block Level

1,50,000/unit

6

9.00

12

18.00

27.00

Demonstration on compost pit

15,000/unit

12 1.80 12 1.80 3.60

Establishment of Vermi-

compost units

15,000/uni

t

12 1.80 12 1.80 3.60

6 Farm Mechanisation

Subsidized sale of power tillers@ 50%

5,62,500/No

5 28.125 5 28.125 56.25

Subsidy on rotavator @ 50%

25,000/No 20 5.00 20 5.00 10.00

Subsidised sale of power thresher @ 50%

24,000/No 10 2.40 10 2.40 4.80

Subsidised sale of post hole digger @ 50%

25,000/No - - - - -

135

Subsidised sale of bullock drawn/manual operated implements @ 50%

5,000/No

- - - - -

Subsidised sale of diesel pump sets @ 50%

10,000/No 30 3.00 30 3.00 6.00

Subsidised sale of sprayers @ 50%

1,600/No 60 0.96 80 1.28 2.24

Subsidised sale of Harrow @ 50%

20,000/No - - - - -

Subsidised sale of Power thresher @ 50 %

24,000/No - - - - -

Subsidised sale of Reaper @ 50%

80,000/No 10 8.00 10 8.00 16.00

Subsidised sale of Cono

Weeder @ 50%

3,000/No 50 1.50 50 1.50 3.00

Subsidised sale of Zero tilth seed cum Fert.Drill @ 50%

25,000/No 5

1.25

5

1.25

2.50

Subsidised sale of Potato Planter 50%

30,000/No 5 1.50 5 1.50 3.00

Subsidised sale of Raised Bed Planter @ 50%

25,000/No

-

-

-

-

-

Subsidised sale of Animal Driven Tool Carrier @ 50 %

12,000/No

- -

-

-

-

7 Infrastructure Development

Establishment of bio control laboratory

- - - - -

Assistance for setting up cold storages at District Headquaters,Sub-Divivsion HQs

- -

-

-

-

Support for establishment of Agri-clinics

- - 1 20.00 20.00

Construction of storage godown at District HQ.Sub-Division HQ

-

-

1

40.00

40.00

8 Technology Transfer

Training farmers groups on crop production technology (Village Level)

15,000/No

9 1.35 9 1.35 2.70

Training farmers groups on crop production technology (District Level)

30,000/No

3 0.90 3 0.90 1.80

Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level

25,000/No 1 0.25 1 0.25 0.50

Exposure visit of farmers 4.00

136

within the state for 40 farmers

1,00,000/No

2 2.00 2 2.00

Exposure visit of farmers outside the state for 20 Farmers

2,00,000/No 1 2.00 1 2.00 4.00

Conducting field trials on Rabi/ Kharif

100000/No 2 2.00 2 2.00 4.00

Training of farmers (Village Level) for 50farmers 10,000/No 9 0.90 15 1.50 2.40

Training of farmers(District/State Level) for 30 farmers 20,000/No 2 0.40 3 0.60 1.40

New crop varieties / new practices - - - - - -

9

Support to State Seed farm (Seed Production Farm)

Procurement of farm inputs LS LS 3.50 LS 6.00 9.50

Machinery and equipment LS LS 5.00 LS 5.00 10.00

Development of Farm Infrastructure LS LS 2.00 LS 2.00 4.00

10 Innovative Programme

Model Organic Farming LS - - - - -

District Level Exhibition Show(Rabi/Kharif)

5,00,000/No

2 10.00 2 10.00 20.00

Assistance for boring of tube well

24,000/No 10 2.40 15 3.60 6.00

Total 32 139.05 1209 223.66 363.41

6.2 Horticultural Development

The North Eastern hill region including Mizoram is considered to

be the rich reservoir of genetic variability of large number of horticultural

crops. The enormous diversity makes the state a gene pool for the

137

varietal improvement, but in spite of the potentiality, there is not much

visible development in the field of horticulture is going on. Although, the

state is rich with respect to natural resources viz. land, water and

biodiversity but their over exploitation and extraction with poor

replenishment has become a point of concern for their sustainability and

future availability with serious impact on soil health and biodiversity. In

addition to natural hazards, the large scale interference due to

traditional system of shifting cultivation and increased population

pressure has enhanced the process of degradation and desertification to

the great extent. Mizoram has unique diversity of agro-climatic condition,

altitudinal variation and well distributed rainfall, which is highly

conducive for cultivation of wide range of horticultural crops covering

fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, flowers, aromatic and medicinal

plants.

Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development

Proposed Strategy

Activities Unit Cost in Rs. In

Lakh

2010-11 2011-12


Fruit Development

M. Orange 0.225 /Ha

60 13.50 65 14.625 28.125

Banana 0.151 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Papaya 0.151 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Pineapple 0.15 / Ha

45 6.75 45 6.75 13.50

Citrus Rejuvenation

0.15 / Ha

80 12.00 85 12.75 24.75

Overhead

charge

3.19 3.47 6.66

Grape 0.15 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Avocado 0.15 / Ha

40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75

Mango 0.15 / Ha

50 7.50 55 8.25 15.75

TOTAL 395 66.94 430 72.84 139.78

138

Vegetable Development

Chayote (Squash)

0.13 / Ha

40 5.20 40 5.20 10.40

Cabbage 0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

Tomato 0.13 / Ha

45 5.85 45 5.85 11.7

Broccoli 0.13 / Ha

40 5.20 50 6.50 11.7

Bhindi 0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

Bitter gourd

0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

Brinjal 0.13 / Ha

60 7.80 65 8.45 16.25

Carrot 0.13 / Ha

50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65

TOTAL 385 50.05 420 54.60 104.65

Plantation Crop Development

Coconut 0.20/Ha 50 10.00 60 12.00 22.00

Areca nut 0.15/Ha 60 9.00 70 10.50 19.50

TOTAL 110 19.00 130 22.50 41.50

Spices Development

a) Bird‟s Eye Chillies

0.13/Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 16.25

b) Turmeric

0.13/Ha 70 9.10 75 9.75 18.85

c) Ginger 0.13/Ha 80 10.40 90 11.70 22.10

TOTAL 210 27.30 230 29.90 57.20

Promotion of Nursery

Model Nursery in Public Sector

20.00/no

4 80.00 4 18.00 98.00

Model Nursery in Private Sector

10.00 /no

15 150.00 10 100.00 250.00

Small Nursery in Private Sector (No)

5.00 / no

20 100.0 20 100.0 200.00

Establishment of New Garden

Banana (ha) Sucker

1st Year Maintained of Banana

Floriculture Rose – (Small & Marginal

2.00 / unit

30 60.00 35 70.10 130.10

139

farmer (Ha)

Incentives to Floriculture Garden (No)

0.50 / unit

30 15.00 35 17.50 32.50

Seed Infrastructure

Vegetable seed Production

10.00/unit

2 20.00 2 20.00 40.00

Integrated Nutrient Management / Integrated Pest Management

A. Fruits IPM on Banana cultivation

0.0.25 200 5.00 300 7.50 12.50

INM on Pineapple

0.05 250 12.50 250 12.50 25.00

INM on Yongchak

0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 30.00

INM on Passion Fruits

0.10 300 30.00 350 35.00 65.00

IPM on Lime / Lemon

0.025 250 6.25 300 75.00 81.25

B. Vegetables Kharif

IPM on French Bean

0.025 200 5.00 250 6.25 11.25

INM on Bhindi

0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50

INM on Brinjal

0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 17.50

IPM on Cucurbit

0.025 300 7.50 350 8.75 16.25

INM on Ginger / Turmeric

0.10 450 45.60 500 50.00 95.60

INM on Chillies

0.05 500 25.00 600 30.00 55.00

C. Vegetables Rabi

IPM on Pea 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50

IPM on Cabbage

0.05 300 15.00 350 17.50 32.50

140

INM on Cauliflower

0.05 100 5.00 120 6.00 11.00

INM on Potato

0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 30.00

INM on Radish

0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 17.50

INM on Knolkhol

0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50

INM on Tomato

0.05 150 7.50 150 7.50 15.00

Protected Cultivation

Green House (SF & MF)

0.25/no 40 10.00 50 12.50 22.50

Green

House (Other farmer)(Hi Tech)

10.00/n

o

10 100.00 15 150.00 250.00

Shade net Sq m

0.00020 70 14.00 80 16.00 30.00

Mulching (Ha)

0.08/Ha 70 5.60 80 6.40 12.00

Promotion and Popularization of Organic farming

Construction of compost pit

0.10/no 250 25.00 300 30.00 55.00

Establishment of Vermi- Composts units-Big (No)

2.50/unit

30 75.00 35 87.50 162.50

Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-Big (no)

Demonstration of

Organic Farming

0.25/no 20 5.00 25 6.25 11.25

Popularization on of organic Fertilizers

Demonstration on use of Rich Reuter “AA”

0.20/unit

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00

Rich Field 0.20/un 30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00

141

Fertilizer (13:40:13)

it


0.20/unit

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00


0.20/unit

30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00

Watershed Watershed Development

50.00/no

5 250.00 6 300.00 550.00

Human Resource Development

Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District Level.

0.25/no 6 1.50 8 2.00 3.50

Exposure visit outside the State on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health Management

1.50/no 5 7.50 5 7.50 15.00

Exposure visit inside the state

1.00/no 6 6.00 6 6.00 12.00

Training of Entrepreneurs

0.25/no 7 1.75 8 2.00 3.75

Exposure Visits of Farmers inside the State

1.00/no 5 5.00 5 5.00 10.00

Creation of Water Resources

Construction of community Tanks

2.00/no 70 140.0 80 160.0 300.00

142

Farm Mechanization

Subsidized sale of power tillers

1.00/no 15 15.00 20 20.00 50.00

Subsidized sale of pump sets @ 50%

0.25/no 20 5.00 30 7.50 12.50

Subsidized sale of sprayers @ 50 %

0.075/no

200 15.00 250 18.75 33.75

Post harvest Infrastructure

Development

Assistance for setting

up cold storages at Block Level

20.00/unit

4 80.00 80.00

Construction of storage of godown at Block Headquarters

5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 50.00

Establishment of Marketing Infrastructure

Functional Infrastructure for Collection & grading (no)

5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 50.00

Technology transfer

Training of farmer groups on crop production technology

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Training of farmers on the use of Organic Fertilizers

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Training of farmers on INM

0.25/no 6 1.50 6 1.50 3.00

Training of Farmers on IPM

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Training of Farmers

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

143

on Post Harvest Technology on important horticultural crops

Exposure visit of farmers within the state

0.50/no 3 1.50 3 1.50 3.00

Exposure

visit of farmers outside the state

1.50/no 3 4.50 3 4.50 9.00

Conducting field trials in new crop varieties / new practices

0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50

Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage

10.00/no

5 50.00 5 50.00 100.00

Programme Structure

District Level Show

2.00/no 2 4.00 2 4.00 8.00

Project Area Connectivity

Horticulture Link Road

3.00/Km

15 45.00 15 45.00 90.00

Capacity Building

(a) Training of Trainers at(Research institution)

1.00/no 4 4.00 4 4.00 8.00

(b) Awareness Campaign/Seminar/Workshop etc.

5.00 5.00 10.00

Infrastructure Technical Support

4.50 4.50 90.00

Mushroom Spawn 20.00/u 1 20.00 20.00

144

Development Unit

Production nit

Model Horticulture Centre

Research & Development in Horticulture Crops

50.00/no

1 50.00 1 50.00 100.00

Total 6419 1824.24

6.3 Animal Husbandry & Veterinary

The district poses a challenge in animal husbandry, but restrains

like protectionism policies of the state or the country handicaps the true

want towards animal husbandry. Good governance, sustainable

development in conjunction with environmental friendly methods is

perhaps the only practical answer in order to correct the issues at hand.

Scientific methods improving the products of animals i.e. use of

biotechnology may perhaps be helpful but unfortunately will not increase

productivity so as to claim animal husbandry as part of our GDP. On the

other hand challenges are met and yes, the future holds a promise in all

fields as long as we put our heads together and pave the green fields.

There is increasing demand of milk and meat products in the district.

Rearing piggery and poultry are popular mainly for meat production and

egg production. People are showing interest in cattle rearing and dairy

farming in few pockets of the district. Milk production in co-operative

basis also gaining popularity.

145

Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary

Sl.

No

Interventions Unit cost Rs.

2010-11 2011-12

1 Animal Health Phy Fin Phy Fin Total

i) Distribution of Vety. Aid

Kids

50000/ training 4 nos 2.00 4 2.00 4.00

ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 20

lakhs/dispensary

1 20.00 1 20.00 40.00

Cattle and Buffalo Dev.

Milk cow induction

cow/heifer expected give 10

lit. of milk per day

Rs 40,000/ cow 10

Cows

4.00 10

Cows

4.00 8.00

2 Piggery development

Distribution of 5 piglets

(4female +1 male) of age

group 3-4 month.

Rs 3000/Piglet 20

piglet

0.60 20

piglet

0.60 1.20

3 Poultry Development

Backyard Poultry scheme

Distribution of 40 grown up

low input technology birds

Rs.350/Bird ie

Rs 1400/unit

30 Unit 4.20 30 4.20 8.40

Construction of Chick

rearing unit with

procurement of poultry

appliance in the district

Head Office

Rs 25 lakhs /

unit

1 25.00 25.00

146

Distribution of 50 Khaki

Campbel day old ducklings

a long with feed and other

appliance

Rs 50/duckling

Rs 2500/Unit

4Unit 0.10 0.10

4 Other Livestock

Development

i) Incentives to Mithun

Breeders/Farmers

Rs 30,000/ Unit 50 Unit 15.00 40 12.00 27.00

ii) Incentive to the farmers

under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4

doest and 1 buck)

Rs 10,000/Unit 10 Unit 1.00 10 Unit 1.00 2.00

Feed and fodder Dev.

i) Construction/

Strengthening of state feed

mixing plant at Khumbong

ii) Incentive for growing

fodder @ Rs, 5000/-

beneficiary in terms of

seed/fertilizer/fending/

ploughing charges

Rs 10,000/Unit 20 2.00 20 2.00 4.00

5 Extension, Education &

Training

i) Organisation of farmers

training programme @ Rs,

1000/-each.

Rs 20,000/Unit 5 1.00 5 1.00 2.00

Assistant to Animal

Husbandry Co-

operation/Local bodies

Rs 30,000/Unit 10 3.00 10 3.00 6.00

147

Construction of meat

marketing shed at the

District Head Qtr. Block

Head quarters.

Rs 6 Lakh/Shed 3 18.00 2 12.00 30.00

Total 163 70.8 157 86.9 157.7

6.4 Fishery in the district

Fishery development is still in nascent stage in Aizawl district in

comparison with its neighboring district of Kolasib. Fish seed being the vital

input for development of fisheries, there is major set back to gather required

momentum towards fishery development. The total water spread area (WSA) in

departmental tanks is found to be only 5.5 ha as reported by the District

Fishery Officer, Aizawl. However, it does not include the private ponds and

community tanks, river and riverine sector.

The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the

district

Interventions

Unit cost in

(Rs.in lakh) 2010-11 2011-12


Development of fish breeding farm,

Lamphel (Deepening of ponds for an

area of 2.5 ha.)

70 / farm

Development of F.F.D.A farm (Pond

deepening for 2.5 ha.)

50/farm

Development of fresh water Avg Rs 3 lakh/ha 30ha 90.00 30ha 90 180.00

148

aquaculture (FFDA Scheme)

Development of integrated Fish

Farming at two units

Rs 0.20 lakh/ha 10Ha 2 2

Training of Fish Farmers for FFDA

Scheme

Rs 0.03 lakh / terrace 100 3 100 3 6

Mobile Hypophysation Programme

Demonstration on Fish Culture

Development of Cage/Pen Culture

Total 130 93 140 95 188.00

6.5 Sericulture Development

The climate here is congenial for the healthy growth and development of

sericulture industry, which covers mulberry, oak tassar, eri and muga

culture, the last three being commonly known as non-mulberry culture.

Eri culture is one of the most predominant sericulture in the region. The

art of silk production is called sericulture that comprises cultivation of

mulberry, silkworm rearing and post cocoon activities leading to

production of silk yarn. Sericulture provides gainful employment,

economic development and improvement in the quality of life to the

people in rural area and therefore it plays an important role in anti

poverty programme and prevents migration of rural people to urban area

in search of employment.

149

Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in the

District are Presented (in lakhs)

Sl. No

Name of Activity

Unit Cost (in

lakhs)

2010-11 2011-12







4 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 3.8

5 Administrative cost 2.00 2.00 4.00

Sub Total 13.79 91.9 95.9 187.8

1 Mulberry Plantation with start

up tools 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 37.50

2 Cost of Rearing House 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 100.00

3 Assistant for strengthening of

Mulberry Farm cum Grainage 10 1 10.00 10.00

4 Establishment of Cocoon

godown 5 1 5.00 5.00




150



8 Construction of Chawki

Rearing Centre 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7.00

9 Capacity Building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 4.75

10 Administrative cost 20.29 3.00 3.00 6.00

Sub Total 92.4 92.4 150.35 242.75

6.6 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Due to high rainfall area and topographical extremities, the land is

exposed to prone to heavy erosion and landslides causing loss of top

soils. Water is lost due to deep percolation and runoff causing moisture

stress for crop production particularly in winter season. Activities like

water harvesting, contour trenching, terracing, gully plugging,

aforestation etc. assume importance.

SOIL TREATMENT (Soil Department)

Type of

Soil

Area in

Ha.

Area

Affected

Area in

Ha.

Treatm

ent

require

d

Strat

egy 2010-

11

2011-

12

Acidity Soil 10,000 10,000 10,000 Limin

g

22.50 22.50

Loamy Soil 9,000 9,000 7,000 Affore

statio

n

50.00 50.00

151

Total 19,000 19,000 17,000 - 72.50 72.50

Soil & moisture Conservation Activities

Sl. No.

Type of Activities

Area in Ha.

Unit Cost

No. of Units

Financial Requirement

Amount (in lakhs)

1. Terrace Farming 840 0.24 - 201.60

2. Contour Bunding 500 0.24 - 120.00

3. Channelling - - - -

4. Social Forestry 8,000 0.065 - 520.00

5. Check Wall Construction

- 0.20 1,500 300.00

6. Rubber Nursery - 3.00 50 Nos. 150.00

7. Coffee Nursery - 1.50 50 Nos. 75.00

8. Rubber Plantation

500 1.00 - 500.00

9. Coffee Plantation 300 1.00 - 300.00


650 0.60 - 390.00

152

TOTAL : 2,556.60

Water Conservation

Sl. No.

Type of Activity Nos. of Units

Unit Cost Financial Requirement

Amount (in lakhs)

1. Farm Ponds 3,000 1.00 3,000.00

2. Check Dam 150 1.00 150.00

3. Feeder Channel - - -

4. Canal 25,000 R/M

0.0015 R/M

37.50

5. Water Storage 2,000 1.00 3,000.00

TOTAL 6,187.50

Physical and Financial Requirements and Proposed Strategies for

Soil Treatment (Rupees in lakhs)

Type of

Soil

Unit Cost

2010-2011 2011-2012

153

Phy.

Ha.

Fin. Phy. Ha. Fin. Total

1 2 3 4 5 6

Acidity Soil 1500 per Ha. 1500 22.50 1500 22.50 45.00

Loamy Soil 5000 per Ha. 1000 50.00 1000 50.00 100.00

TOTAL 2500 72.50 2500 72.50 145.00

154

PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & MOISTURE CONSERVATION ( Rupees in lakh)

Sl. No.

Type of Activities

Unit Cos

t per Ha./Nos.

Y E A R – W I S E T A R G E T

2010-2011 2011-2012 2016-2017

TOTAL

8. Rubber Plantartion.

1.00 72 72.00 72 72.00 500.00

9. Coffee plantation.

1.00 44 44.00 44 44.00 300.00


0.60 93 56.00 93 56.00 390.00

TOTAL 2,556.60

155

PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER CONSERVATION

ACTIVITIES (Rupees in Lakhs)

Sl

.

N

o.

Type of

Activiti

es

Unit

Cost

per

Ha./Nos

.

2010-2011 2011-2012

Phy.

(Ha.)

Fin. Phy.

(Ha.)

Fin. Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Farm

Ponds

1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 860.00

2. Check

Dam

1.00 22 22.00 22 22.00 44.00

3. Feeder

Channe

l

- - - - -

4. Canal 0.0015

R/M

- - 417

R/M

6.25 6.25

5. Water

Storage

.

1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 860.00

TOTAL: 882 882 1299 888.25 1770.25

156

PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION

(Rupees in Lakhs)

Sl.

No

Capacity

Building

2010-2011 2011-2012

Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. Tota

l

1 2 5 6 7 8

1. Training of the

Farmer

LS 35 LS 35 LS 70

2. Office expense LS 20 LS 25 LS 45

3. Machinery and

equipment

LS 20 LS 20 LS 40

4. Contingency LS 10 LS 10 LS 20

5. TA and DA LS 15 LS 10 LS 25

GRAND TOTAL 100 100 200