SCIENCEHIGHSCHOOL

COMPILATIONOF

ASSIGNMENTSANDREPORTS

INGRADE7

LISTOFCONTENTSOFTHECOMPILATION

1. AgendainEnvironmentalScience22. AnimalFarmBookReview3. AnswertoAtmospherequestions4. Artifacts5. Aurora6. BookReportsMinora. AngDagaatLeonb. AngPagongatangGansac. AngKabayoatBurikod. AngUngoyatPagong7. CleaningToolsandMaterials8. ComparisonThesisandDepEdIntelFormat9. CompilationofAssignmentsGrade7.pptx10. ConstellationDefinition11. Cooking12. CoreComposition13. Darangen14. DataCollectionMethodsinStatistics15. DepEdIntelResearchOutline16. DepEdIntel17. Dependent,Independent,MutualandNotMutual18. DrawingLayout19. Earthquake20. EnviromentalScienc22Agenda21. EthnicGroupsofthePhilippines22. FoodPyramid23. Forest24. Galaxies25. HistoricEarthquakes26. ImpengNegro27. IndigenousArts.ppt28. IndigenousofPalawanandZamboanga29. IndigenousePeopleofthePhilippines30. Inventions31. Kakanin32. KitchenUtinsils33. LayerofEarth

34. LupangHinirang35. MajorOrganSystems36. MakabagongPabula37. MakatiBarangays38. Matter39. MgaEpiko40. MgaGawainArtefacts41. MicroscopeParts42. MindanaoMusicalInstruments43. MindanaoMusic44. MountainsandVolcanoes45. MoviewReviewTheDayAfterTommorrow46. Nemo,angbatangpapel47. NutritionalValuesofFish48. Ocean49. PambansangSimbolo50. PDFReferences51. PermutaitonandCombination52. PrepositionsGrammar53. SciDama54. seafoodrecipe55. SentenceStructure56. Sentence57. SetMath58. SinaunangKulturangPilipino59. SkewnessandKurtosis60. Soil61. SolarSystemandPlanets62. solidliquidgas63. SpaceTelescopes64. StarClassification65. Statistics66. StepsinScientificMethod67. SuggestedTopicsforScientificInvestigation68. SurveyofCalamityResearch69. SurveyofCalamityLetter70. TechnicalWriting71. Theatmosphere72. TheMagneticFieldofEarth

73. TheScienceprocess74. TheScientificMethod75. TheSun76. TranscriptforPhilindiginousart77. TypesofEssay78. TypesofRocks79. Weathering80. WeddingDance

HEREARE1STPAGESOFALLTHEASSIGNMENTS/REPORTSINTHECOMPILATION

BOOKREVIEWS

ANIMALFARM:Animal Farm Major Characters

Mr. Jones: The farmer. In previous years, while he worked the animals hard, he used to be a capable farmer. Recently, though, he lost money in a lawsuit, became depressed, and started drinking heavily. He no longer gets much done and he spends a lot of time drinking and reading the newspapers in the kitchen.

Old Major: The prize Middle White boar, always called Old Major although at pig shows he was exhibited under the name Willingdon Beauty. At the time of his death he was twelve years old, quite stout and majestic-looking with a wise and benevolent appearance

Boxer: The male cart-horse, is very large and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose, which makes him look slightly stupid, and in fact he isn't highly intelligent, but he is steady, very hard-working and respected by all.

Clover: the female cart-horse, is very kind and motherly. She is stout, never having gotten her figure back after her fourth foal. She is devoted to Boxer.

Benjamin: The donkey is the oldest and worst-tempered animal on the farm. He doesn't seem to care who is in charge of the farm since he says it makes no difference in his life. He is very cynical, he seldom talks and never laughs. He is also very intelligent and insightful. He is devoted to Boxer in his own way, and the two of them usually spend their Sundays together grazing side by side.

Snowball: A boar. Vivacious, creative and quick in speech, but not considered as 'deep' as Napoleon. After he is expelled from the farm, Napoleon and Squealer identify him as the 'enemy' and blame him for everything that goes wrong.

Napoleon: A Berkshire boar (Berkshires are large, black pigs). He is rather fierce-looking. He doesn't talk much, but has a reputation for getting his own way. Later he becomes the Leader of Animal Farm and is hero-worshipped by the other animals.

Squealer: A porker, small and fat with round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements and a shrill voice. He is very persuasive, can convince anyone of anything, and when arguing a difficult point he has an almost hypnotic way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail.

Minor Characters

The Dogs: Become the 'police' for Napoleon. Originally there are three dogs on the farm, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher. When Bluebell and Jessie give birth to nine puppies between them, Napoleon says he will educate the young puppies and secludes them in a loft in which he trains them to be his personal guard. The dogs become his weapon of terror, tearing out the throats of his political opponents.

The Pigs: The cleverest animals on the farm, find it easiest to learn to read and write and understand Animalism, and so they teach theother animals. They do not produce food by their own labor, but say they are the 'brain-workers' and become the leaders of the farm. Of the male pigs, only Snowball and Napoleon are boars (kept for breeding) and the others are porkers (i.e. have been castrated so as to be raised for meat).

Muriel: The white goat. She learns to read even better than the dogs can, and sometimes reads to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she finds on the rubbish heap.

Mollie: The white mare is very pretty and shallow. She loves sugar and plaiting her mane with ribbons, and she doesn't understand or care about political ideas.

The Cat: She is always looking for the most comfortable place to sleep and disappears whenever there is work or danger around.

Moses: The tame raven. He is Mr. Jones's special pet, is a spy and does no work - the other animals don't like him. He tells the animals about a special place called Sugarcandy Mountain where all animals go when they die. Moses likes beer - Mr. Jones sometimes feeds him on beer-soaked crusts of bread.

Mrs. Jones: The farmer's wife.

Pilkington: An easygoing upper-class farmer who lets his farm run down and get neglected, spending most of his time hunting or fishing.

Frederick: A tough, shrewd farmer. He is money-minded, drives hard bargains and is always taking people to court.

Minimus: A pig with a special talent for composing songs and poems, who becomes the official poet.

Mr. Whymper: The solicitor. He is a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor with a very small business, but clever enough to realize before anyone else that Animal Farm will need a broker and the commissions will be worth having.

The Sheep: Probably the stupidest animals on the farm. They become Napoleon's most brainlessly devoted followers.

Animal Farm Objects/Places

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngLeonatangDaga

Sumulatngkwento:Aesop(FromtheAesopsFables)

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngMadaldalngPagong

Sumulatngkwento:Aragon,AngelitaL.MgaAlamatatibapangmgaKuwento(LegendsandotherStories).QuezonCity:TruCopyPrintingPress,1986,pp.4849

Tauhan:

1. Pagong2. DalawangGanzaAbuhinatPuti3. Mgabata

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngBurikoatangkabayo

Sumulatngkwento:BootsAgbayaniPastor

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngPagongatUnggoy

Sumulatngkwento:EutiquianoGarcia

MOVIEREVIEW

THEDAYAFTERTOMORROW

Plot JackHallisapaleoclimatologistonanexpeditioninAntarcticawithcolleaguesFrankandJason.They are drilling for ice core samples on the Larsen Ice Shelf for theNOAAwhen the shelfbreaksoffandJackalmostfallstohisdeath.

Lateron,inNewDelhi,India,JackpresentshisfindingsonglobalwarmingataUnitedNationsconference,where diplomats and Vice President of the United States Raymond Becker areunconvinced by Jack's findings. However, Professor Terry Rapson of the Hedland ClimateResearch Centre in Scotland believes in Jack's theories. Several buoys in theNorth Atlanticsimultaneously show amassive drop in the ocean temperature, and Rapson concludes thatmelting polar ice is disrupting the North Atlantic current. He contacts Jack, whosepaleoclimatologicalweathermodel showshow climate changes caused the first IceAge.Histeam, along with NASA's meteorologist Janet Tokada, builds a forecast model with theircombineddata.

Acrosstheworld,violentweathercausesmassdestruction.U.S.PresidentBlakeauthorizestheFAAtosuspendallairtrafficduetosevereturbulence.AttheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)threeastronauts seeahuge storm system spanning thenorthernhemisphere,delaying theirreturnhome.Thesituationworsenswhenthelatterdevelopsintothreemassivehurricanelike

ASSIGNMENTS

CLASSIFICATIONOFVOLCANOES

Apopularwayofclassifyingmagmaticvolcanoes isbytheirfrequencyoferuption,withthosethateruptregularlycalledactive,thosethathaveeruptedinhistoricaltimesbutarenowquietcalleddormantor inactive,and those thathavenoterupted inhistorical timescalledextinct.However, these popular classificationsextinct in particularare practicallymeaningless toscientists.Theyuseclassificationswhichrefertoaparticularvolcano'sformativeanderuptiveprocessesandresultingshapes,whichwasexplainedabove.

ACTIVE

MT.MAYONANACTIVEVOLCANO

MayonVolcano,AlbayProvince,2,462metres,Eruption:1616to2010

Thereisnoconsensusamongvolcanologistsonhowtodefinean"active"volcano.Thelifespanof a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a distinctionsometimesmeaninglesswhencompared to the lifespansofhumansorevencivilizations.Forexample,manyofEarth'svolcanoeshaveerupteddozensof times in thepast few thousandyearsbutarenotcurrentlyshowingsignsoferuption.Giventhelonglifespanofsuchvolcanoes,theyareveryactive.Byhumanlifespans,however,theyarenot.

Scientistsusuallyconsideravolcanotobeeruptingorlikelytoeruptifitiscurrentlyerupting,orshowingsignsofunrestsuchasunusualearthquakeactivityorsignificantnewgasemissions.

MOUNTAINSANDVOLCANOESEssentiallyavolcanoisatypeofmountain.Mountain:Mountains can be formed in a couple of different ways. Different kinds ofmountains areformeddifferentways.Therearefourdifferentkindsofmountains:Volcanic,erosional,faultblock,andfolded.A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenicmovement or epeirogenicmovement. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion ofigneousmatter forces surface rockupward,creatinga landformhigher than the surroundingfeatures.Theheightofthefeaturemakesiteitherahillor,ifhigherandsteeper,amountain.Theabsoluteheightsoffeaturestermedmountainsandhillsvarygreatlyaccordingtoanarea'sterrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plateboundariesandactivity.Twotypesofmountainareformedinthiswaydependingonhowtherockreactstothetectonicforces,foldmountainsorfaultblockmountains.Othermountainbuildingprocessesincludevolcanoesandseafloorspreading.Volcanoes:Volcanicmountains,alsoknownasvolcanoes,canbestandingaloneorbepartofonebigchainof volcanoes.Volcanoes are areas inwhich lava andmagmamove to the surface and burstthrough thecrust. Igneous rocksare formedhere.Sometimes,hotmolten rockspewsoutofvolcanoes.This isearth'swayofreleasing its internalheat.Manypeoplehavediedandcitieshavebeenburiedfromvolcaniceruptions.AnareawithachainofvolcanoesisHawaii.MaunaKea(4,205m/13,796ft)isanexampleofavolcanicmountain.Volcanoestypicallyoccurduetothecollisionofacontinentalplateandanoceanicplate,wherethe denser oceanic plate undergoes 'subduction' and slips under the less dense continentalplate.Volcanoes can also formwhere there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in theinteriorsofplates,e.g.,intheEastAfricanRift,theWellsGrayClearwatervolcanicfieldandtheRioGrande Rift inNorthAmerica. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Platehypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained asmantleplumes.These socalled "hotspots", forexampleHawaii,arepostulated toarise fromupwellingdiapirswithmagmafromthecoremantleboundary,3,000kmdeepintheEarth.Theextremeheatandpressureexertedon thissubductingoceanicplate,causingupliftingofmagmafromtheearth'smantle,whichrisesandbreachesthesurface,creatingavolcano.Theremustbesomefissureorcrackinthecrustinorderforavolcanotoformandthemagmatorisethrough.

EARTHQUAKE

Anearthquake(alsoknownasaquake,tremorortemblor)istheresultofasuddenreleaseofenergyintheEarth'scrustthatcreatesseismicwaves.Theseismicity,seismismorseismicactivityofanareareferstothefrequency,typeandsizeofearthquakesexperiencedoveraperiodoftime.Earthquakesaremeasuredusingobservationsfromseismometers.

Measuringandlocatingearthquakes

Earthquakescanberecordedbyseismometersuptogreatdistances,becauseseismicwavestravelthroughthewholeEarth'sinterior.TheabsolutemagnitudeofaquakeisconventionallyreportedbynumbersontheMomentmagnitudescale(formerlyRichterscale,magnitude7causingseriousdamageoverlargeareas),whereasthefeltmagnitudeisreportedusingthemodifiedMercalliintensityscale(intensityIIXII).

Everytremorproducesdifferenttypesofseismicwaves,whichtravelthroughrockwithdifferentvelocities:

LongitudinalPwaves(shockorpressurewaves) TransverseSwaves(bothbodywaves) Surfacewaves(RayleighandLovewaves)

Propagationvelocityoftheseismicwavesrangesfromapprox.3km/supto13km/s,dependingonthedensityandelasticityofthemedium.IntheEarth'sinteriortheshockorPwavestravelmuchfasterthantheSwaves(approx.relation1.7:1).ThedifferencesintraveltimefromtheepicentretotheobservatoryareameasureofthedistanceandcanbeusedtoimagebothsourcesofquakesandstructureswithintheEarth.Alsothedepthofthehypocentercanbecomputedroughly.

InsolidrockPwavestravelatabout6to7kmpersecond;thevelocityincreaseswithinthedeepmantleto~13km/s.ThevelocityofSwavesrangesfrom23km/sinlightsedimentsand45km/sintheEarth'scrustupto7km/sinthedeepmantle.Asaconsequence,thefirstwavesofadistantearthquakearriveatanobservatoryviatheEarth'smantle.

Ruleofthumb:Ontheaverage,thekilometerdistancetotheearthquakeisthenumberofsecondsbetweenthePandSwavetimes8.[44]Slightdeviationsarecausedbyinhomogeneitiesofsubsurfacestructure.BysuchanalysesofseismogramstheEarth'scorewaslocatedin1913byBenoGutenberg.

Earthquakesarenotonlycategorizedbytheirmagnitudebutalsobytheplacewheretheyoccur.Theworldisdividedinto754FlinnEngdahlregions(FEregions),whicharebasedonpoliticalandgeographicalboundariesaswellasseismicactivity.MoreactivezonesaredividedintosmallerFEregionswhereaslessactivezonesbelongtolargerFEregions.

22 AGENDA IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

1. PollutionandHumanHealth

2. PopulationandEffectstoNaturalResourcesandHumanHealth

3. NaturalResourcesLand,WaterandAirResources

4. EnvironmentalProtectionLawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocalLawsandPolicies

5. EnvironmentProtectionandConservation

6. RenewableEnergyandNonrenewableenergyanditseffectinenvironment

7. RenewableandNonrenewablenaturalresources

8. WasteManagementLawsandPolicies

9. TypesofWaste(BiodegradableandNonbiodegradable)

10. Recycling

11. WeathersandClimatesanditseffectsintheenvironment

12. ComponentsandpartsofEarthMineralsRocks,waterandearthresources,andtectonics

13. Naturalandmanmadedisasters,iteffectsonecosystem,environment,andpeople

14. SpaceScienceanditsrelationshiptolifeandenvironmentinearthAtmosphereandouterspace,solarsystem,galaxiesandtheuniverse

15. SpeciesinEarth

EndangeredSpecies ExtinctSpecies

16. Habitatsisanecologicalorenvironmentalareathatisinhabitedbyaparticularspeciesofanimal,plant,orothertypeoforganism.

17. Plants,trees,animals

Theirrelationshipwithconservationandprotectionofenvironment Theirrelationshipwithmedicinesanddrugsasitsrawmaterialsources Foodandasrawmaterials

18. Ecosystemisacommunityoflivingorganisms(plants,animalsandmicrobes)inconjunctionwiththenonlivingcomponentsoftheirenvironment(thingslikeair,waterandmineralsoil),interactingasasystem.

EARTHSCIENCEASSIGNMENT

1. Describethemovementoftheairmoleculesduringtransferofheatbyconductionandconvection.Answer:Movementofairmolecules:Themovementofairmoleculesfromoneplacetoanotherisduetodifferencesinenergyoftheairineacharea.Moreenergeticairmoleculesarewarmer,fasterandlessdensethanlessenergeticairmolecules.Inresponsetochangesintemperature,airmoleculesmovefasterandspreadapart,ormoveslowerandgetclosertogether.Thus:Forconduction:sincethemoleculeofairhasdirectcontactwithotherfastmovingmolecules(heatedmolecules),thentheairmoleculeswillmovefasterandlessdense.Forconvection:sincetheairmoleculehasnodirectcontactwiththesourceofheat,thentheairmoleculeswillmoveslowerthenconductionandmoredenser.Butitwillbefasterthanwhenitisinnormaltemperature.

2. Thedensityofairdecreasesasyouclimbamountain.Whathappenstotheairpressureasyouclimbhigher?Why?Answer:TheAirPressureasyouclimbhigherwillalsodecreasethesameasthedensity.Thisisbecause,intermsofagas,densityandpressurehaveaproportionalrelationship.Thehigherthepressureofthegas,thehigherthedensity.Thelowerthepressureofthegas,thelowerthedensity.

3. Startingatthesurfaceoftheearth,listeachlayeroftheatmospherebyincreasingaltitude.Refertotheattachedpage.

ARTIFACTS

1. Primaryaatsekundaryangsangguniana. PrimaryangsanggunianOrihinalnalibro,artikuloatibapangbagaynanagbibigaykaisipan

atimpormasyonnasinulatatginawangisangindibidwaloisanggrupongmgatao.Sulat,MaiklingKwento,Pelikula,Tula,Akto,Yugto,Talumpatiatmgalarawan.

Panulat PelikulaatTeatro

b. SekundaryangSanggunian:

Pagsusulatngreaksyon,pagsusuriopagbibigaykahulugansamgaprimaryangsanggunian.

AURORA

Aglowingstreamerofthenorthernlights(AuroraBorealis)appearsintheskyabovealakenearKautokeino,

Norway.Amateurastronomerscanobserveauroraswithoutanyspecialequipment.

Anauroraisadisplayofcoloredlightinthenightskythatoccursprimarilyinhighlatitudesofbothhemispheres.AurorasintheNorthernHemispherearecalledthenorthern lights,orauroraborealis. In theUnitedStates theyaremost frequentandspectacularinAlaskaandotherNorthernstates.Theyareseenapproximately25 times a year. In the SouthernHemisphere auroras are called the southernlights,orauroraaustralis.

Theaurora isusuallywhitewithagreenishtingebutmaytakeonayellowishorreddishcast.Vertical rays, likesearchlightbeams,arecommon. In thebeautifulcorona formofaurora, rays seem tomeetoverhead ina starlike shape. In thespectacular flame type, tonguelike rays rippleupward.Vertical rays rising fromcurvingbandsarecalleddraperies.

Auroras appear when highly charged particles from sunspots and solar flaresexcitethethingasesoftheupperatmosphereandmakethemglow.DisplaysaremostfrequentinspringandfallbecausetheEarthisthenmostnearlyinlinewithzonesofthesunwheresunspotsare largeandfrequent.However,aurorasmaybemostfrequentduringwinterincertainareas.

CLEANINGTOOLS,EQUIPMENTANDMATERIALSCLASSIFICATION NAME DRAWING USE

CleaningTool Broom

Useforsweepingdust,dirtandsmallgarbage

CleaningTool Dustpan

Topickupdust,dirtandgarbageafter

sweeping

CleaningTool Mop Usetocleanwetfloorsorfordryingwetfloors

GENERALTHESISFORMATANDDEPEDINTELRESEARCHFORMATCOMPARISON

GENERALFORMATFORATHESIS THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT DEFINITION COMPARISON

ODUCTORYPAGES

rPage Withspecificlayoutforcoverpageandtitlepage Bothhavespecificlayoutforcover

pageandtitlepagePage TitlePage

isCommittee None Alistcontainingthenames,title,andaffiliationsofthe

committeemembers,withspacefortheirsignaturesanddate

NocommitteeisnecessaryfortheDepEdIntelFormat

isExaminingCommittee None Alistcontainingthenames,titles,andaffiliationsoftheThesisExaminingCommitteemembers,withspacefortheirsignaturesanddate

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cation(Optional) Dedication(Optional) Itshouldbebriefandneednotincludetheworkdedicated;forexample,ToKhalfanissufficient.

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owledgement(Optional) Acknowledgments Intheacknowledgement,thestudentthanksmentorsandcolleagueswhosupportedtheresearch.Theacknowledgementsshouldnotexceedonepage.

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ract Abstract Anabstractbrieflysummarizesthecontentsofthepaper.Itshouldbeapproximatelyonepagesinglespaced.

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raph(Optional) None Anepigraphisabrief,pertinentquotation.Thenameoftheauthoroftheepigraph(sometimesonlythelastnameofawellknownauthor)appearsbelowtheepigraph,rightjustified.

NoepigraphisneededfortheDepEdIntelformat.

eofContents TableofContents Thetableofcontentslistsallthepartsofthepaper SameofTables(Optional) ListofFiguresand

TablesThisisalistofallthetabletitlesinnumericalorderwiththeirpagenumbers.

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ofFigures(Optional) Thisisalistofallfigurestitlesinnumericalorderwiththeirpagenumbers.

ofSymbolsandAbbreviationsional)

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sary(Optional) None Athesiswhichcontainsmanyforeignortechnicaltermsshouldincludealistofthem,followedbytheirtranslationordefinition.Thesetermsshouldbearrangedalphabetically.

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CONSTELLATIONS

The constellationOrionis oneofthemostrecognizableinthenightsky.In modernastronomy,aconstellationis aninternationally defined area ofthe celestial sphere. Theseareas are groupedaroundasterisms, patternsformed by prominent starswithin apparent proximity toone another on Earth'snightsky.There are88 standardconstellationsrecognized bytheInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU)since1922.Themajorityofthesegobacktothe48constellations defined byPtolemyin hisAlmagest(2nd century). The remaining ones weredefined in the17thand18th century; themost recentonesare foundon the southern sky,definedinCoelumaustralestelliferumbyNicolasLouisdeLacaille(1763).Therearealsonumeroushistoricalconstellationsnotrecognizedby the IAU,orconstellationsrecognized in regional traditions of astronomy orastrology, such asChinese,HinduorAustralianAboriginal. CONSTELLATIONSARENOTPHYSICALGROUPINGS:Theapparentgroupingsofstarsintoconstellationsthatweseeonthecelestialspherearenotphysicalgroupings.Inmostcasesthestarsinconstellationsareeachatverydifferentdistancesfromus,andonlyappeartobegroupedbecausetheylieinapproximatelythesamedirection.This is illustrated in the following figure for the starsof theBigDipper,where theirphysical

CORECOMPOSITION

ThemostsimplisticviewoftheEarth'scoreisthatitiscomposedmostlyofmetalliciron,theinnercorebeingpureironinahexagonalclosepacked(hcp)crystallineform,andtheoutercorebeingmolten ironwithapproximately10percentbyweightofa lightelementsuchasoxygenorsulphur.Thisview issatisfactory fromageophysicalperspective inthat itaccountsforthecoredensityestimated fromthemeandensityandmomentof inertiaoftheEarth,aswellas fromseismicbodywavevelocities. If,however,weuse thecrustandthemantleasaguide,theEarth'scoreisprobablyanythingbutnearlypureorofsimplecomposition.Themainproblemwithdeterminingtheactualcorecompositioniscausedbyitsremoteness,theabsenceofcorexenoliths,and thedifficultyofreplicating theextremepressuresand temperaturesofthecoreinthelaboratory.

IRONNICKELCOMPOSITION:

Mostcurrentideasonthecompositionofthecorehavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheironnickel meteorite analogy. In the earlier part of the twentieth century, the idea wasdeveloped that meteorites were remnants of a single, disrupted planet. As a result, themeteoriticEarthhypothesiswasformulatedtogiveinsightontheEarth'sinternalcomposition.Thehypothesisheldthatthestonymeteoritesrepresentedthedisruptedplanet'smantle,andironnickelmeteoritesthecore. It followedthenthattheEarth'scoremustalsobesimilar incomposition to ironor ironnickelmeteorites.By the1960s themeteoriticEarthhypothesishadfallenoutoffavourbecauseithadbeendiscoveredthatmeteoritesdidnotoriginatefromasingleparentplanet. Inparticular,oxygen isotopestudiesshowed thatmanyparentbodiesmust have existed. Moreover, petrological investigations revealed that some meteoritesexperienced igneous processing while others have remained relatively unaltered since the

DARANGEN-MINDANAO EPIC POETRIES

DARANGEN-MINDANAO EPIC POETRY

The Darangan tells of the sentimental and romantic adventures of noble warriors, one

of them, is about a warrior-prince called Bantugan.. Prince Bantugan was the brother of

the chieftain of a village called Bumbaran. Bantugan owned a magic shield, was

protected by divine spirits called "Tonongs" and was capable of rising from the dead.

Once his enemies attacked Bembaran, thinking he was dead. In the nick of time,

Bantugans soul was recovered and he saved the village.

There is also an episode, where Prince Bantugan was on a quest and fought his

enemies with his magic Kampilan (Native sword). Soon, he got tired and fell on to the

water. A crocodile delivered him to his enemies, but he regained his strength, escaped

his captors, and commands an oar less ship and won the battle.

There were also Darangen epic poetries that relates stories of wars about abducted

princesses. Just like the chronicles of the Trojan War.

The Darangen is one of the oldest and longest Philippine Epic poetries. Several nights

were needed to recite the twenty five beautiful chapters. The Darangan, sung in its

original, possessed a sustained beauty and dignity, it might be studied for its esthetic

values alone.

The darangen is an epic chant associated with the Maranao people, with the core area

of habitation being the province of Lanao del Sur in the island of Mindanao. Although

other variations exist among the Maranao ethnic communities living in other areas,

among the Maguindanao ethnic group, and Manobo groups to the Pacific Coast. The one

in Lanao del Sur is considered the most definitive.

It is a pre-Islamic form of primarily oral literature, presently existing in an Islamic

context. Implications contained in the epic point to influences reaching as far west as

India. The epic is the culmination of all these influences and the core culture of the

Maranao.

The traditional Maranao belief and value systems are founded on the truisms of the

darangen. The mythologies contained therein constitute the foundation of indigenous

beliefs and value system. It is a body of traditions and functions as a societal lynchpin

DataCollectionMethods inStatisticsAswehaveseeninthedefinitionofstatistics,datacollectionisafundamentalaspectandasaconsequence,therearedifferentmethodsofcollectingdatawhichwhenusedononeparticularsetwillresult indifferentkindsofdata.Let'smoveonto lookatthese individualmethodsofcollectioninordertobetterunderstandthetypesofdatathatwillresult.

NationwideCensusofPopulation,USA

1. CensusDataCollection

Censusdatacollectionisamethodofcollectingdatawherebyallthedatafromeachandeverymemberofthepopulationiscollected.

Characteristics:Covers very expanded data collection thus requires a lot of resources. For example,whenyoucollecttheagesofallthestudents inagivenclass,youareusingthecensusdatacollectionmethodsinceyouareincludingallthemembersofthepopulation(whichistheclassinthiscase).

Limitations:Thismethodofdatacollectionisveryexpensive(tedious,timeconsumingandcostly)ifthenumberofelements(populationsize)isverylarge.Tounderstandthescopeofhowexpensive it is, thinkof trying to countall the tenyearoldboys in the country.Thatwouldtakealotoftimeandresources,whichyoumaynothave.

THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT(Part1)

Title TableofContents ListofFiguresandTables Abstract ResearchPlan

MaterialsandMethods Treatments/Generalprocedures

Introduction BackgroundoftheStudy StatementoftheProblem Significance ScopeandLimitations ReviewofRelatedLiterature

ResultsandDiscussion Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography Acknowledgments

THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT(Part1)

Title

TableofContents

ListofFiguresandTables

Abstract

ResearchPlan

MaterialsandMethods

Treatments/Generalprocedures

Introduction

BackgroundoftheStudy

StatementoftheProblem

Significance

ScopeandLimitations

ReviewofRelatedLiterature

ResultsandDiscussion

Conclusions

Recommendations

Bibliography

Acknowledgments

MUTUALLYEXCLUSIVEEVENTSMutuallyExclusive:can'thappenatthesametime.Examples:

TurningleftandturningrightareMutuallyExclusive(youcan'tdobothatthesametime)

Tossingacoin:HeadsandTailsareMutuallyExclusive Cards:KingsandAcesareMutuallyExclusive

NotMutuallyExclusive:Canhappenatthesametime.Example:

Turningleftandscratchingyourheadcanhappenatthesametime KingsandHearts,becauseyoucanhaveaKingofHearts!

Likehere:

AcesandKingsareMutuallyExclusive(can'tbeboth)

HeartsandKingsarenotMutuallyExclusive

(canbeboth)

ProbabilityLet'slookattheprobabilitiesofMutuallyExclusiveevents.Butfirst,adefinition:

Probabilityofaneventhappening= Numberofwaysitcanhappen

Totalnumberofoutcomes

22AGENDAS INENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE

1. PollutionandHumanHealth Itseffectstohumanhealth Itseffectstoenvironment Itseffectstoweatherandclimate PollutionLawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocal(i.e.CleanAirAct)

2. Population Itseffectstoenvironment Itseffectstonaturalhabitat ItseffecttoNaturalResources ItseffecttoHumanHealth PopulationLawsandPoliciesForeignandLocallaws(i.e.RHBill)

3. NaturalResources LandResources WaterResources AirResources

4. EnvironmentProtectionandConservation Concepts LawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocalLawsandPolicies

5. RenewableEnergyandNonrenewableenergyanditseffectinenvironment

6. RenewableandNonrenewablenaturalresources

7. WasteManagementLawsandPolicies TypesofWaste(BiodegradableandNonbiodegradable) Recycling EffectsofWasteintheenvirnment WasteManagementLawsandPolicies

8. WeathersandClimatesanditseffectsintheenvironment

9. ComponentsandPartsofEarth MineralsRocks WaterandSoilResources Tectonicsplatesandsurfaceoftheearth

10. Naturalandmanmadedisasters,iteffectsonecosystem,environment,andpeople

ETHNICGROUPSANDINDIGENOUSPEOPLEOFTHEPHILIPPINESThehumanresourcesofthePhilippinesisitspeople.Filipinoscallthem.Butdiversegroupstheyinclude.Diversalsocallthem.TheAetasisoneoftheancestors.TheyalsocalledNegritos,AytaorBaluga.BasicallytheyliveintheCentralLuzon.ItisinthemountainsofZambales,Quezon,LagunaandCagayan.ManyalsoresideinthemountainsofPanayandNegros.Aetas,IfugaoandKalinga:Aetas,theIfugaoandKalingaresidesinLuzon.TheyarelocatedintheMountainProvince.TheyarethefoundersofthefamousIfugaoriceterracesoftwothousandyearsago.Ilocanos:AnothergroupofFilipinosinLuzonaretheIlocanos.TheyusuallyliveinnorthernLuzon.ButthereareIlocanosalsoinotherpartsofVisayasandMindanao.Theyliveinthatareatowork,trade,ormarry.Theyareindustriousandhardworking.TheyarealsolocatedinthemiddleandsouthernLuzontheTagalog.TheyarethesecondlargestgroupofChristiansinthePhilippines.Mangyan:KnownastheMangyaninLuzon.TheyarefoundtheislandofMindoro.Mostofthemhaveexternalappearancethewaytheirsimpleancestorsare.Cebuano,IlongoandWaray:AdiversegroupinthePhilippineislandofVisayas.OneoftheseistheCebuanowiththegreatestgroupintheregion.TheynotedfolksongMatudNilaanddancetoRosasPandan.MeetingalsoVisayasIlonggo.TheyrecognizenativesonganddanceDandansoyandCariosa.TurntheWaraygroupofFilipinosinMindanao.SomeofthemaretheBadjaos,Maranao,Tausug,Tiboli,andManobo.LivesintheseasideBadjaos.TheyfoundfromZamboangatoSulu.Fishingistheirmainoccupation.TheteamofTiboliresideinCotabato.Farmingisthemainikinaraisethem.Theirmainlivelihoodisfishingandfarming.

FOOD,NUTRITIONANDCOOKING

FOOD

Foodisanysubstanceconsumedtoprovidenutritionalsupportforthebody.Itisusuallyofplant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins,vitamins,orminerals.Thesubstanceisingestedbyanorganismandassimilatedbytheorganism'scellsinanefforttoproduceenergy,maintainlife,orstimulategrowth.NUTRITION

Nutrition (alsocallednourishmentoraliment) istheprovision,tocellsandorganisms,ofthematerialsnecessary(intheformoffood)tosupportlife.Manycommonhealthproblemscanbepreventedoralleviatedwithahealthydiet.

Therearesixmajorclassesofnutrients:carbohydrates, fats,minerals,protein,vitamins,andwater.MacronutrientsandMicronutrients:

Thesenutrient classes canbe categorizedaseithermacronutrients (needed in relativelylarge amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients includecarbohydrates (including fiber), fats, protein, andwater. Themicronutrients areminerals andvitamins.

Themacronutrients (excluding fiber andwater)provide structuralmaterial (amino acidsfromwhichproteinsarebuilt,andlipidsfromwhichcellmembranesandsomesignalingmoleculesarebuilt)andenergy.Vitamins,minerals,fiber,andwaterdonotprovideenergy,butarerequiredfor other reasons. A third class of dietarymaterial, fiber (i.e., nondigestiblematerial such ascellulose), is also required, for bothmechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exactreasonsremainunclear.Carbohydrates

Carbohydratesmay be classified asmonosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

dependingonthenumberofmonomer(sugar)unitstheycontain.Theyconstitutealargepartoffoods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grainbased products. Monosaccharides,disaccharides,andpolysaccharidescontainone,two,andthreeormoresugarunits,respectively.

FOREST

Forest is a large area of land thicklycoveredwithtreesandbushes.

TypesofForests:

Forests thrive in diverse climatic regionsthroughout the world, and can becategorized by their locations andelevations.Hereare thedifferent typesofforests:

Tropical: lush, dense forests foundnear the equator. They are vitalstorehouses of the planet'sbiodiversity;

Subtropical:consistsoftreesthatcanresistthesummerdrought.Theyarefoundtothenorthandsouthofthetropicalforests;

Mediterranean:locatedtothesouthofthetemperateregionsandmadeupprimarilyofevergreentrees;

Temperate:mixofconiferousevergreenanddeciduoustreesfound inNorthAmerica,northeasternAsiaandEurope;

Coniferous:Theseforestsarefoundaroundthepolesincold,windyregionsandcontainbothconifersandhardwoods;and

Montane:alsoknownascloud forests.Containmainlyconifersandarefound inhighelevationtropical,subtropicalandtemperatezones.

ImportanceofForestintheOverallEcosystem:

Theworld'sforestsholdimportanceforalloftheirinhabitantsaswellasfortheoverallhealthoftheplanet.Thebenefitsofforeststosocietyandtothediversityoflifemakeitvitalthattheybeprotectedfromdeforestationandotherpotentialnegativeimpactsofcivilization.

FREQUENCYDISTRIBUTION

Thefrequency(f)ofaparticularobservationisthenumberoftimestheobservationoccursinthedata.Thedistributionofavariableisthepatternoffrequenciesoftheobservation.Frequencydistributionsareportrayedasfrequencytables,histograms,orpolygons.

Frequencydistributionscanshoweithertheactualnumberofobservationsfallingineach

rangeorthepercentageofobservations.Inthelatterinstance,thedistributioniscalledarelativefrequencydistribution.

Frequencydistributiontablescanbeusedforbothcategoricalandnumericvariables.

Continuousvariablesshouldonlybeusedwithclassintervals,whichwillbeexplainedshortly.

FrequencyDistributionTable

AsurveywastakenonMapleAvenue.Ineachof20homes,peoplewereaskedhowmany

carswereregisteredtotheirhouseholds.Theresultswererecordedasfollows:1,2,1,0,3,4,0,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,1,4,0,0Usethefollowingstepstopresentthisdatainafrequencydistributiontable.

1. Dividetheresults(x)intointervals,andthencountthenumberofresultsineachinterval.Inthiscase,theintervalswouldbethenumberofhouseholdswithnocar(0),onecar(1),twocars(2)andsoforth.

2. Makeatablewithseparatecolumnsfortheintervalnumbers(thenumberofcarsperhousehold),thetalliedresults,andthefrequencyofresultsineachinterval.LabelthesecolumnsNumberofcars,TallyandFrequency.

3. Readthelistofdatafromlefttorightandplaceatallymarkintheappropriaterow.Forexample,thefirstresultisa1,soplaceatallymarkintherowbesidewhere1appearsintheintervalcolumn(Numberofcars).Thenextresultisa2,soplaceatallymarkintherowbesidethe2,andsoon.Whenyoureachyourfifthtallymark,drawatallylinethroughtheprecedingfourmarkstomakeyourfinalfrequencycalculationseasiertoread.

4. AddupthenumberoftallymarksineachrowandrecordtheminthefinalcolumnentitledFrequency.

GALAXIES

TherearebillionsofGalaxiesintheUniverse.Someareverysmallwithonlyafewmillionstars.Whileotherscouldhaveasmanyas400billionstars,orevenmore.TherearethreekindsofGalaxies,Spiral,Elliptical,and Irregular.Theonlydifferencebetweenthethree iswhatshapetheyare.

SPIRAL

AvisuallightimageofAndromedaGalaxyshowstheemissionofordinarystarsandthelightreflectedbydust.

THEMOSTDEVASTATINGEARTHQUAKESOFTHELASTCENTURY

Hundredsofthousandsof liveswere lostbecauseofthedevastatingearthquakesthathappenedinthelast100years.

TheearthquakethatstruckJapanattheendof lastweek isoneofthemostpowerfulandalsooneofthemostdevastatingearthquakesofthelast100years.

The8,9magnitudeearthquakehittheNorthEastcoastofJapanonFriday,intheSendaiarea,400kmsdistancefromTokyo.Theearthquakewasfollowedbyhundredsofaftershocks(7,4magnitudemaximum)andbyadevastatingtsunami.

However, it was the not only earthquake that had devastating consequences.Earthquakeswithamagnitudeofupto9happenedbefore,causingthedeathsofhundredsofthousandsofpeopleworldwide.Andthemostdevastatingearthquakehappened inJapan in1995,whocauseddamagesworthmorethan200billiondollars.

SomeofthemostdevastatingearthquakesthathitEarthinthelast100years:1906:UnitedStates.SanFrancisco,California:the7,8magnitudeearthquakeendedin3000

deadbodiesandcaused524milliondollarsindamages.

IMPENGNEGRO(SinulatniRogelioSikat)

BUOD:

Naghuhugasng kamay sabatalan si Impennang kausapinopangaralan siyang kanyang ina.Binalaansiyangkanyanginanahuwagnasiyangmakipagawayatuuwingbasagangmukha.

NagpuntasiImpensaigibanngtubigdahilisasiyangagwador.Mahinanaangkitangkanyang

ina sa paglalaba at mahina na rin ang kanyang kita sa pagaagawador ngunit patuloy siya sapagtatrabahokahitnamaramingnangaapisakanya.Inaapisiyadahilsaestadongkanilangpamilyaatdahilsakanyangkulay.IsasamgamatindingmanuksosakanyaayangkapwaagwadornasiOgor.

Napansinni Impenang langkayngmgaagwadorsamaygripo.Nakaanimnakargasiyaatmay

sisentasentimosnangkumakalansingsabulsangkanyangmaong.Nanatilisiyaroonupangmagigibpaat tatanghaliin siya ng paguwi. Nakita niya si Ogor sa isang tindahan malapit sa gripo. Tulad ngnakagawiannito,agadsiyanitongtinawagnaNegroatpinagsalitaanngmasasakitnasalita.SumingitsiOgorsapilanangsi Impennaangsasahodngbaldeniya.Sakagustuhangmakaiwassagulo,hindinaumimiksiImpenatnagpasyangumalisnalamang.

PinatidniOgor si Impennangpapaalisna ito sapila.Nabuwal si Impen.Tumamaang kanan

niyangpisngiatnagalitsi Impenatnagsuntukansila.HinditumigilsiOgorsapagtadyak,pagsuntok,atpananakitkayImpenhanggangsalabisnangnapunongpootsiImpen.HuminasiOgorsasunudsunodnadagokatbayoniImpensakanya.SumukosiyakayImpen,naikinagulatnglahat.Maramingsandalingwalangnangahasnamagsalita.Naramdamanni ImpenangpaghangamulasamgataongpumalibotsakanilaniOgor.TiningnanniImpenangnakabulagtangsiOgor.Nakadamasiyangkapangyarihan.Aral:

Hindimabutiangpapangapingunithindidinmabutiangpagganti.

Philippine Indigenous Arts

Prepared By: Ms. Rosalia C. Rosario

INDIGENOUSPEOPLEANDETHNICGROUPS

PALAWAN

ThetribesofPalawanareadiversegroupoftribesprimarily located inthe islandofPalawanand itsoutlyingislands.ThesetribalgroupsarewidelydistributedtothelongstripofmainlandislandliterallytraversingLuzon,VisayasandMindanao.Palawan ishome tomany indigenouspeopleswhoseoriginsdateback thousandsofcenturies.PrehistoricdiscoveriesrevealhowabundantculturallifeinPalawansurvivedbeforeforeignoccupiersandcolonizersreachedthePhilippinearchipelago.In1962,ateamofanthropologistsfromtheNationalMuseumledbyDr.RobertFoxunearthedfossilsatLipuunPoint(nowknownastheTabonCaveComplex)inQuezontownthatwereclassifiedasthoseofhomosapiensandbelievedtobe22,000to24,000yearsold.TherecoveryoftheTabonManandother significant findings in the area earned for Palawan the title, "the Cradle of PhilippineCivilization."BatakTheBatak,whichmeans"mountainpeople"inCuyononisagroupofindigenousFilipinopeoplethatresidesinthenortheastportionofPalawan.TheyliveintheruggedinteriorsofnortheasternPalawan.Livingclosetonature,theyareapeacefulandshypeople.Thesepeoplebelieveinnaturespirits,withwhomtheycommunicatethroughababaylanormediumPalaweos(Cuyunon)Nativebornlowlanddwellers(callingthemselvesPalaweos,muchtotheamusementanddistressofthe original tribal groups, such as the Palawanwho are calledPalawanoby outsiders) include theCuyunon,Agutayanonsubgroups.TheCuyunons,originallyfromtheislandtownofCuyoinnorthernPalawan,areconsideredtheeliteclassinthisgroup.Theyarereligious,disciplinedandhaveahighlydevelopedcommunity spirit.Theirconversion toChristianityhas led to themergerof theanimisticbeliefs of the Cuyunon with the Christian elements to produce a folk Christianity which is theprevailingbeliefof theCuyunon.[4]TheAgutayanonspracticeasimpler island lifestyle,with fishingandfarmingastheirmainsourceoflivelihood.Palawano(Monobobased)

ThePalawanotribe,alsoknownasPala'wan(orPalawan,dependingonsubdialect)orPalawano(onlybyoutsiders),isoneoftheuniqueindigenouspeoplesofPalawan.TheyarepartofthelargeManobobased linguistic groups of southern Philippines. They traditionally hunt using soars and bambooblowguns.ThePalawanocloselyresembletheTagbanwa,andinthepast,theyweredoubtlessthesamepeople.

INDIGENOUSPEOPLESOFTHEPHILIPPINES

ETHNOGRAPHIC REGIONS

CAR and Region I

Region II

Region III and Rest of Luzon

Island Group

Southern and Eastern Mindanao

Central Mindanao

Northern and Western Mindanao

INVENTIONS

FLYINGSHUTTLEINVENTEDBYJOHNKAYON1733

Theflyingshuttle,createdbyJohnKayin1733,isoneofthemajorweavinginventions

MAJA BLANCA

MajaBlancaisaFilipinodessertmadefromcoconutmilk,cornstarch,andsugar.OftencalledCoconutPudding,thislusciousdessertiseasytomakeandtheingredientsareverycommon.Unknowntomany,theoriginalMajaBlancarecipedoesnotincludecornandmilk.Inthisrecipe,addedisawholesweetkernelcornandcondensedmilkforaddedtasteandamorecreamytexture.SinceChristmasseasonisjustaroundthecorner,thiswouldmakeaverygoodholidaydessertespeciallyduringpotluckChristmasPartiesandNocheBuenaaswell.

Recipe

Ingredients

4cupscoconutmilk 3/4cupcornstarch 14ouncescondensedmilk 3/4cupfreshmilk 3/4cupgranulatedsugar 15ounceswholesweetkernelcorn 5tbsptoastedgratedcoconut

Cooking Procedure

1. Pourthecoconutmilkinacookingpotandbringtoaboil.2. Addthesugar,condensedmilk,andwholesweetkernelcornthenstiruntilall

theingredientsareevenlydistributed.3. Simmerfor8minutes4. Combinethefreshmilkandcornstarchthenwhiskuntilthecornstarchisdiluted5. Pourthefreshmilkandcornstarchmixtureinthecookingpotandstir

thoroughly.ll k hil i i il h i h d i d hi k

BASICCOOKINGUTENSILS

KitchenKnivesOftenreferredtoascook'sorchef'stools,knivesareamustforalltypesofkitchentasks,frompeelinganonionandslicingcarrots,tocarvingaroastorturkey.You'llneedafewdifferenttypesofknivesforvariouscuttingtasksandthenaddspecialtyknivesasrequired.

CuttingBoardsAfewdifferenttypesofboardsinvarioussizesisnecessaryforassortments.Auseoflargerwoodenoneshavealotoffoodstosliceorchop,roasttocarveorsimplytouseashotpadsforcasseroles,breads,bakingswhentheycomeoutoftheoven.Smallerplasticboardsarehandyforcuttinganonionandthethinplastic,flexibleboardsverynicewhenpreparingasaladorslicingwatermelonforeasyscoopingtotransfertoabinorbowl

SpatulastoBlend,Mix,ScrapeThetermspatulareferstoseveraltypesofkitchenutensilsincluding:rubberorsiliconetoolstoblendorscrapethefoodfromthebowl;metal,siliconeorplasticeggturnersorflippers.

Geophysics, which studies the physics of the Earth, has led to many significant discoveries about the Earth and its make-up. Seismologic studies of the Earth have uncovered new information about the interior of the Earth that has helped to give credence to plate tectonic theory. Geophysical studies have revealed that the Earth has several distinct layers. Each of these layers has its own properties. The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. This comprises the continents and ocean basins. The crust has a variable thickness, being 35-70 km thick in the continents and 5-10 km thick in the ocean basins. The crust is composed mainly of alumino-silicates. The next layer is the mantle, which is composed mainly of ferro-magnesium silicates. It is about 2900 km thick, and is separated into the upper and lower mantle. This is where most of the internal heat of the Earth is located. Large convective cells in the mantle circulate heat and may drive plate tectonic processes.

The last layer is the core, which is separated into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The outer core is 2300 km thick and the inner core is 1200 km thick. The outer core is composed mainly of a nickel-iron alloy, while the inner core is almost entirely composed of iron. Earth's magnetic field is believed to be controlled by the liquid outer core.

LupangHinirang(ThePhilippineNationalAnthem)

BayangmagiliwPerlasngSilanganan,Alabngpuso,Sadibdibmo'ybuhay.LupangHinirang,Duyankangmagiting,Samanlulupig,Dikapasisiil.Sadagatatbundok,Sasimoyatsalangitmongbughaw,MaydilagangtulaAtawitsapaglayangminamahal.Angkislapngwatawatmo'yTagumpaynanagniningning,AngbituinatarawniyaKailanpama'ydimagdidilim.Lupangaraw,ngluwalhati'tpagsinta,Buhayaylangitsapilingmo.Amingligaya,napagmaymangaapiAngmamataynangdahilsaiyo.

DIGESTIVESYSTEM

MajorRole:Themainroleofthedigestivesystemistobreakdownandabsorbnutrients

thatarenecessaryforgrowthandmaintenance.

MajorOrgans:Mouth,esophagus,stomach,smallandlargeintestines

Largeintestine

Ang Pabula ng Kabayo at ng Mangngalakal

A short story from Katig.com book of fables (Inspired by the ancient fables of Aesop)

Isang mangangalakal ang maghahatid ng dalawang sakong asin sa palengke.Inilulan niya ang mga sako ng asin sa kanyang kabayo at nagtungo sila sa palengke.Nang tumatawid sila sa isang ilog na dinaanan ay hindi sinasadyang nadulas atnatumba ang kabayo. Napunit ang mga sako at ang ilang bahagi ng asin ay nabuhos sailog at ang iba naman ay nalusaw dahil sa pagkababad sa tubig. Hindi naman nasaktanang kabayo at napansin niya na lubhang gumaan ang pasan niyang dalawang sako ngasin at siya ay natuwa

Nang sumunod na linggo ay magpupunta uli ang mangangalakal sa palengke atnaglulan na nman ng dalawang sakong asin sa kanyang kabayo. nang mapalapit na silasa ilog ay napagisip-isip ng kabayo: "Kung magpapadulas ako sa ilog ay tiyak nagagaan uli ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili. Ganun na nga angginawa ng kabayo. Muling nabutas ang mga sako at ibang asin ay nabuhos sa ilog atang iba naman ay nalusaw. Nguni't sa pagkakataong eto ay nakahalata angmangangalakal na sadyang nagpadulas ang kabayo sa ilog.

Pagdaan pa ng isang linggo ay muling magtutungo ang mangangalakal sa

palengke subalit sa pagkakataong eto ay apat na baldeng may lamang alpombra angkanyang inilulan sa kabayo - dalawang balde sa magkabilang tabi ng kabayo. "Aba, okto, mas magaan ang pasan ko ngayon. Ganun pa man ay magpapadulas pa rin ako sailog para mas gumaan pa ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili.

Pagdating sa ilog ay kusa na namang nagpadulas ang kabayo ngunit laking gulat

niya nang biglang bumigat ang kanyang pasan nang siya ay malublob sa tubig. Angapat na balde na may alpombra ay napuno ng tubig at di hamak nanaging masmabigat pa keysa sa dalawang sakong asin. Mga aral ng pabula:

Ang masamang balakin ay may katapat na kaparusahan. Ang pagiging tuso aymay katapat na kabayaran.

No. Barangay Population(2004)

PopulationasofMay1,2010

Area(km2) District

1. Bangkal 22,433 23,378 0.74 1st2. BelAir 9,330 18,280 1.71 1st3. Carmona 3,699 3,096 0.34 1st4. Cembo 25,815 27,998 0.22 2nd5. Comembo 14,174 14,433 0.27 2nd6. Dasmarias 5,757 5,654 1.90 1st7. EastRembo 23,902 26,433 0.44 2nd8. ForbesPark 3,420 2,533 2.53 1st9. GuadalupeNuevo 22,493 18,271 0.57 2nd10. GuadalupeViejo 13,632 16,411 0.62 2nd11. Kasilawan 6,224 5,291 0.09 1st12. LaPaz 8,843 7,931 0.32 1st13. Magallanes 7,509 5,576 1.20 1st14. Olympia 20,172 21,270 0.44 1st15. Palanan 16,614 17,283 0.65 1st16. Pembo 35,035 44,803 1.23 2nd17. Pinagkaisahan 6,186 5,804 0.16 2nd18. PiodelPilar 22,495 27,035 1.20 1st19. Pitogo 13,367 15,332 0.14 2nd20. Poblacion 8,446 17,120 0.46 1st21. PostProperNorthside 1,475 6,010 0.45 2nd22. PostProperSouthside 25,037 45,310 0.60 2nd23. Rembo 12,226 0.00 1st24. Rizal 37,022 41,959 0.89 2nd25. SanAntonio 12,226 11,443 0.89 1st26. SanIsidro 8,686 7,589 0.50 1st27. SanLorenzo 6,487 10,006 2.09 1st28. SantaCruz 7,419 7,440 0.47 1st29. Singkamas 6,226 7,426 0.13 1st30. SouthCembo 13,570 14,672 0.20 2nd31. Tejeros 16,820 13,868 0.29 1st32. Urdaneta 3,817 3,717 0.74 1st33. Valenzuela 5,908 7,261 0.24 1st34. WestRembo 28,889 28,406 0.55 2nd

TOTAL 475,354 529,039 23.27

MATTER

GAS LIQUID SOLID

A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, and helium.

A liquid has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container. Examples of liquids include water and oil.

A solid has a definite shape and volume. Examples of solids include ice (solid water), a bar of steel, and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).

assumes the shape and volume of its container

assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies

retains a fixed volume and shape

particles can move past one another

particles can move/slide past one another

rigid - particles locked into place

compressible

not easily compressible

not easily compressible

lots of free space between particles

little free space between particles

little free space between particles

flows easily

flows easily

does not flow easily

particles can move past one another

particles can move/slide past one another

rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

AGYU(EpikongManobo)

(Monobo)

AngpinanggagalinganngkabuhayanngmgaIlianonaypangongolektangsera.IpinapalitnilaangserasamgaMoro,sakanilangmgapangunahingpangangailangantuladngpalay,asinatasukal.NagkaroonngdipagkakaunawaansiAgyuatangdatungmgaMorodahilsapagkakautangnilangisangdaang tambakngsera. Upangmaiwasanangmadugong labanan,siAgyuatangkaniyangpamilya ay umalis sa Ayuman at pumunta ng Ilian. Ngunit hindi hahayaan ngmgaMoro namamuhaysilangpayapa. Sinundannilaangmga itoupangpatayinsiyaatangkanyangpamilya.LumabansiAgyuatangkanyangpamilyangbuongtapangatlumabasnapanalosalabansamgaMoro. PagkataposngtagumpayaynaisipniAgyuna lisaninang IlianatpumuntangBundokngPinamatun.Doonaynagtayosilangmgabahaysapaananngbundok.IsangarawaypumuntasiAgyusabundokngSandawaupangmanghulingbaboyramo. UmuwisiyanadalaangkanyanghulihabangangkanyangkapatidnalalakinasiLonoatmgakapatidnababaingsinaYambunganatIkwaganaynakahanapngpulotpukyutan.Hinatinilaangbaboyramoatpulotpukyutansakanilaatsakanilangmgaalipin.Bakitayawmongkumuhangkarneatpulotpara sa iyo,atsa iyongasawasaAyuman,Banlak?tanongniciteAgyu/citesakanyangkapatidnalalaki.AngasawaniBanlaknasiMunganaynaiwansaAyumansapagkatnagkaroonitongketong.

ARTEFACT

1. Tignanangmgasumusunodnalarawanatisulatkunganoatparasaanangbawatbagay.

Anoito? ParaSaanito? LarawanKalesa Itoangpangunahing

sasakyangpangpublikonatransportasyonsamgalungsodngPilipinasnoongunangpanahon

InukitnarebultongAnitooangdiyosdiyosanngmgasinaunangtaosabansa.

ItoaysumisimblongmganinunoatdiyosngpagaaningmgatagaIfugao

TagatugtogngMP3 ItoayginagamitupangmagpatugtogngMP3nauringfiles.

MICROSCOPEPARTS

MINDANAOMUSICINSTRUMENTS

KulintangEnsembleorKulintangan

Thecompleteensemble

Twogongsonthestand

MUSICINMINDANAO

IndigenousPhilippinefolkloreischaracterizedbysacredritualsandpractices,andmademoreferventandvibrantbythemusicthataccompaniesthem.

InMindanao,thesoundsoftheagumandguimbaosignaltheassemblyoftheparticipantsintheperformanceofsacrificesbyindigenousgroups.Themiminsad,adancesong,isalsochantedastheywalkbeforethealtar.

Theweddingfeastisanotheroccasionwheremusicplaysakeyrole.SomeMuslimgroupsplaymusicusingsmallandlargekettledrumsasaccompanimenttodancing,oneofthehighlightsofthecelebration.

InJolo,thesuasuaisacelebratedcourtshipsonganddancethathasoftenbeenmodernizedfortroupeperformances.

AwardanceinBukidnoncalledthesagayanepitomizesthegallantryofMuslimcombatantswhilelittlegirlsperformafestivaldancewhereintheywearhollowcopperankletsandringlittlecellstoproducecertainsoundstotheaccompanimentofavarietyoftomtomandanindigenousxylophone.(Baas1975).

InAgusan,thetudob,asongcomposedoffournotes,issungduringriceharvests.InSulu,fourgongsareusedtoproduceakindofmusiccalledthetagungo.

MindanaofolkmusicincludestheancientMuslimfolksonganddancecalledestijaro,andaMindanaofolksongcalleduruyan.Theseareusuallyaccompaniedbydrums,gongs,orotherpercussioninstrumentslikethesubing,agong.

SINGKIL

TheSingkl(SayawsaKasingkil)originatedfromtheMaranaopeoplewhoinhabittheshoresofLake Lanao.ItisderivedfromastoryintheDarangen,theMaranaointerpretationoftheancientIndian epic,theRamayana.Thenameofthedanceitselfmeans"toentanglethefeetwithdisturbingobjectssuchasvinesoranythinginyourpath".Itisapopulardanceperformedduringcelebrationsandotherfestiveentertainment.Originallyonlywomen,particularlyroyalty,dancedtheSingkl,whichservesaseitheraconsciousorunconsciousadvertisementtopotentialsuitors.

Theleaddancer,intheroleofPutriGandingan(theDarangennameforSita),graciouslystepinandoutofclosingbamboospolesarrangedineitheraparallel,rectangular,orcrisscrossfashionwhilemanipulatingeitherapir(fans),mosala(scarves),orevenjusttheirbarehands.Akulintangandagungensemblealwaysaccompaniesthedance.

Nemo,angBatangPapelniReneO.Villanueva

SiNemoay isangbatangyarisaginupitnadiyaryo.Pinunitpunit,ginupitgupitsakapinagdikitdikit,siNemoayginawangmgabataparasaisangproyektonilasaklase.Ngayoy bakasyon na. Si Nemoy naiwang kasama ng ibang papel sa silid.Nakatambaksiyasabuntonngmgamaalikaboknapolderatenbelop.

NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF FISH

Protein

Fishisaverygoodsourceofprotein.Ourbodiesarenotequippedtostoreprotein,thereforeconsumingfishdailyhelpsyoufulfillyourdailyrequirement.

Omega3FattyAcids

Fishisagoodsourceofomega3fattyacids.Ourbodiesdon'tmanufacturethisnutrient,whichhelpsprotectagainstheartdisease.

LowFat

Fishisagreatstapleofalowfatdiet.Themajorityoffishcontainlowlevelsofsaturatedfats.

BVitamins

FishcontainsBvitamins,whichhelptoreducestress,anxietyanddepression.TheBvitaminshelpyourmemoryandreducetheriskofheartdisease.

VitaminA

VitaminA,whichisfoundinfish,helpsthebodytissuemendandprovidesthemechanicsforcellgrowth.SomeothercommonailmentsVitaminAhelpswardoffarearthritis,acneandbronchitis.

Calcium

Fishalsocontainscalcium,whichhelpstomaintainstrongbonesandteeth.

SUBSTANCESTHATAREDISSOLVEDINOCEANWATER1. SaltsinSeaandOceanWaterSalinity.In the past, salinity of seawaterwasmeasured by evaporating thewater andweighing theamountofsaltremaining.Sincethatapproachisdifficultandinaccurate,electricalconductivityofseawaterisnowusedtomeasuresalinity. Conductivityincreasesassaltcontentofthewaterincreases. Conductivitygivesveryaccuratesalinitydata:35.0000X. Conductivity (and temperature and depth) aremeasured by instruments called CTDs

(Conductivity Temperature Depth). These instruments can make thousands ofmeasurements/hour.

Salinity, temperature,anddepth (pressure)canbeused tocalculatedensity,which isimportanttounderstandingverticalcirculationofthewater.

Salinity isgreatest inwarm, tropicalsurfacewaters,where there ismoreevaporationthanprecipitation.Itislowestwheretherearelargeinputsoffreshwaterfromrivers.

Salinityhasnounits.(ThePSUor"practicalsalinityunit"isincorrect,althoughfrequentlyused.) Salinity isapproximatelyequal to theweight, ingrams,of saltdissolved in1000gof

seawater.Thiswouldbethesaltconcentrationinpartsperthousand(). Averageoceanwaterhasasalinityof35.0. Thismeansthat1000gofaverageseawatercontains965gofwaterand35gofsalts.

Simbolismongbansa

Mgasimbolongbansangpilipinas

PambansangWatawat

PambansangAwit:LupangHinirang

JulianFelipe

PambansangBayani:Dr.JoseRizal

CCOOMMBBIINNAATTIIOONNSS,,PPEERRMMUUTTAATTIIOONNSS,,AANNDDCCOOUUNNTTIINNGGEEVVEENNTTSS

Thesolutiontomanystatisticalexperimentsinvolvesbeingabletocountthenumberofpointsinasamplespace.Countingpointscanbehard,tedious,orboth.Fortunately,therearewaystomakethecountingtaskeasier.Thislessonfocusesonthreerulesof counting that can save both time and effort event multiples, permutations, andcombinations.EVENTMULTIPLESThe first ruleofcountingdealswitheventmultiples.Aneventmultipleoccurswhen twoormore independenteventsaregroupedtogether.Thefirstruleofcountinghelpsusdeterminehowmanywaysaneventmultiplecanoccur.Rule1.Supposewehavekindependentevents.Event1canbeperformedinn1ways;Event2,inn2ways;andsoonuptoEventk(whichcanbeperformedinnkways).Thenumberofwaysthattheseeventscanbeperformedtogetherisequalton1n2...nkways.Example1Howmanysamplepointsareinthesamplespacewhenacoinisflipped4times?Solution:Eachcoinflipcanhaveoneoftwooutcomesheadsortails.Therefore,thefourcoinflipscanlandin(2)(2)(2)(2)=16ways.Example2Abusinessmanhas4dressshirtsand7ties.Howmanydifferentshirt/tieoutfitscanhecreate?Solution:Foreachoutfit,hecanchooseoneoffourshirtsandoneofseventies.Therefore,thebusinessmancancreate(4)(7)=28differentshirt/tieoutfits.PERMUTATIONSOften,wewanttocountallofthepossiblewaysthatasinglesetofobjectscanbearranged.For example, consider the letters X, Y, and Z. These letters can be arranged a number ofdifferentways(XYZ,XZY,YXZ,etc.)Eachofthesearrangementsisapermutation.

Ingeneral,nobjectscanbearrangedinn(n1)(n2)...(3)(2)(1)ways.Thisproductisrepresentedbythesymboln!,whichiscallednfactorial.(Byconvention,0!=1.)

Apermutation isanarrangementofallorpartofasetofobjects,withregardto theorderof thearrangement.Thismeans thatXYZ isconsideredadifferentpermutationthanZYX.

PREPOSITION Aprepositionmaybedefined as connectingword showing the relationofanounor anounsubstitute tosomeotherword in thesentence (thesquirrel in the tree; thepreposition inshows therelationshipbetweenthesquirrelandthetree.).Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvesthesenineprepositions: with at by to in for from of on Prepositionscauseproblemsbecausesometimestheycanbeusedinterchangeably(Hesatonthechair:Hesat in thechair),becauseprepositionsareoftencombinedwithverbs tocreatephrasalverbs(tolookaftersomeone;tolookdownonsomeone),andbecauseasingleprepositioncanbeusedtoexpressseveraldifferentideas(He istallforhisage;Iswamforanhour). Themost efficientmethod of study is to familiarize yourself with prepositions andprepositionalphrases throughpracticeandmemorization. This isparticularlyhelpful for thebilingualstudent,whooftenseemstofindprepositionusageoneofthemostdifficultpartsoftheEnglishlanguage.

UsesofCommonPrepositions

Prepositions are used to express a number of relationships, including time, location,manner,means,quantity,purpose,andstateorcondition.Thefollowingoutlinedemonstratestheusesofcommonprepositions.

A.TIME

in:inthemorninginthefallinAprilin1987insixmonths(attheendof)intime(earlyenough)

on: onTuesday(dayoftheweek)onMay8(date)ontime(punctual)

about:aboutnoon(approximately)

after:afterthegameafterlunchafterthree

Coconutshrimp

Ingredients

1egg1/2cupallpurposeflour2/3cupbeer11/2teaspoonsbakingpowder1/4cupallpurposeflour2cupsflakedcoconut24shrimp3cupsoilforfryingDirections

1. Inmediumbowl,combineegg,1/2cupflour,beerandbakingpowder.Place1/4cupflourandcoconutintwoseparatebowls.

2. Holdshrimpbytail,anddredgeinflour,shakingoffexcessflour.Dipinegg/beerbatter;allowexcesstodripoff.Rollshrimpincoconut,andplaceonabakingsheetlinedwithwaxpaper.Refrigeratefor30minutes.Meanwhile,heatoilto350degreesF(175degreesC)inadeepfryer.

3. Fryshrimpinbatches:cook,turningonce,for2to3minutes,oruntilgoldenbrown.Usingtongs,removeshrimptopapertowelstodrain.Servewarmwithyourfavoritedippingsauce.

THESTRUCTUREOFASENTENCE

Rememberthateveryclauseis,inasense,aminiaturesentence.Asimplesentencescontainsonlyasingleclause,whileacompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oracompoundcomplexsentencecontainsatleasttwoclauses.

TheSimpleSentence

Themostbasictypeofsentenceisthesimplesentence,whichcontainsonlyoneclause.Asimplesentencecanbeasshortasoneword:

Run!

Usually,however,thesentencehasasubjectaswellasapredicateandboththesubjectandthepredicatemayhavemodifiers.Allofthefollowingaresimplesentences,becauseeachcontainsonlyoneclause:

Melt!Icemelts.Theicemeltsquickly.TheiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.Lyingexposedwithoutitsblanketofsnow,theiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.

Asyoucansee,asimplesentencecanbequitelongitisamistaketothinkthatyoucantellasimplesentencefromacompoundsentenceoracomplexsentencesimplybyitslength.

Themostnaturalsentencestructureisthesimplesentence:itisthefirstkindwhichchildrenlearntospeak,anditremainsbyfarthemostcommonsentenceinthespokenlanguageofpeopleofallages.Inwrittenwork,simplesentencescanbeveryeffectiveforgrabbingareader'sattentionorforsummingupanargument,butyouhavetousethemwithcare:toomanysimplesentencescanmakeyourwritingseemchildish.

Whenyoudousesimplesentences,youshouldaddtransitionalphrasestoconnectthemtothesurroundingsentences.

SENTENCE

SENTENCESTRUCTURE

InClauses, thereare two types: independentanddependent. Independentclausesarecompletesentences because they have a subject and verb and express a complete thought. Dependentclauses, incontrast,cannot standalonebecause theydonotexpressacomplete thoughteventhough they have a subject and a verb. Independent and dependent clauses can be used in anumber of ways to form the four basic types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, andcompoundcomplex.

Asimplesentencescontainsonlyasingleclause,whileacompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oracompoundcomplexsentencecontainsatleasttwoclauses.

THESIMPLESENTENCE

Themostbasictypeofsentenceisthesimplesentence,whichcontainsonlyoneclause.Asimplesentencecanbeasshortasoneword:

Run!

Usually,however,thesentencehasasubjectaswellasapredicateandboththesubjectandthepredicatemayhavemodifiers.Allof the following are simple sentences,becauseeach containsonlyoneclause:

Melt!

Icemelts.

Theicemeltsquickly.

TheiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.

Lying exposedwithout its blanket of snow, the ice on the rivermeltsquickly under thewarmMarchsun.

Asyoucansee,asimplesentencecanbequite long it isamistaketothinkthatyoucantellasimplesentencefromacompoundsentenceoracomplexsentencesimplybyitslength.

Themostnaturalsentencestructureisthesimplesentence:itisthefirstkindwhichchildrenlearntospeak,anditremainsbyfarthemostcommonsentenceinthespokenlanguageofpeopleofallages. Inwrittenwork,simplesentencescanbeveryeffectiveforgrabbingareader'sattentionor

SET(MATHEMATICS)

Thisarticlegivesanintroductiontowhatmathematicianscall"intuitive"or"naive"settheory;foramoredetailedaccountseeNaivesettheory.Forarigorousmodernaxiomatictreatmentofsets,seeSettheory.

Theintersectionoftwosetsismadeupoftheobjectscontainedinbothsets,showninaVenndiagram.

Asetisacollectionofwelldefinedanddistinctobjects,consideredasanobjectinitsownright.Setsareoneofthemostfundamentalconceptsinmathematics.Developedattheendofthe19thcentury,settheoryisnowaubiquitouspartofmathematics,andcanbeusedasafoundationfromwhichnearlyallofmathematicscanbederived.Inmathematicseducation,elementarytopicssuchasVenndiagramsaretaughtatayoungage,whilemoreadvancedconceptsaretaughtaspartofauniversitydegree.

Definition

Asetisawelldefinedcollectionofobjects.GeorgCantor,thefounderofsettheory,gavethefollowingdefinitionofasetatthebeginningofhisBeitrgezurBegrndungdertransfinitenMengenlehre:[1]

Asetisagatheringtogetherintoawholeofdefinite,distinctobjectsofourperception[Anschauung]andofourthoughtwhicharecalledelementsoftheset.

Theelementsormembersofasetcanbeanything:numbers,people,lettersofthealphabet,othersets,andsoon.Setsareconventionallydenotedwithcapitalletters.SetsAandBareequalifandonlyiftheyhavepreciselythesameelements.[2]

Asdiscussedbelow,thedefinitiongivenaboveturnedouttobeinadequateforformalmathematics;instead,thenotionofa"set"istakenasanundefinedprimitiveinaxiomaticsettheory,anditspropertiesaredefinedbytheZermeloFraenkelaxioms.Themostbasicpropertiesarethataset"has"elements,andthattwosetsareequal(oneandthesame)ifandonlyifeveryelementofoneisanelementoftheother.

SINAUNANGKULTURANGPILIPINO

1. Mgasinaunangpaniniwala

Anito Bathala

2. Pagpapaksalnoongunangpanahon

3. Hanapbuhay Mangangaso

Skewness/Kurtosis Skewness is the degree of departure from symmetry of a distribution. A positively skewed distribution has a "tail" which is pulled in the positive direction. A negatively skewed distribution has a "tail" which is pulled in the negative direction.

Kurtosis is the degree of peakedness of a distribution. A normal distribution is a mesokurtic distribution. A pure leptokurtic distribution has a higher peak than the normal distribution and has heavier tails. A pure platykurtic distribution has a lower peak than a normal distribution and lighter tails.

Most departures from normality display combinations of both skewness and kurtosis different from a normal distribution.

SKEWNESSANDKURTOSIS

Skewness

Thefirstthingyouusuallynoticeaboutadistributionsshapeiswhetherithasonemode(peak)ormorethanone.Ifitsunimodal(hasjustonepeak),likemostdatasets,thenextthingyounoticeiswhetheritssymmetricorskewedtooneside.Ifthebulkofthedataisattheleftandtherighttailislonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedrightorpositivelyskewed;ifthepeakistowardtherightandthelefttailislonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedleftornegativelyskewed.Lookatthetwographsbelow.Theybothhave=0.6923and=0.1685,buttheirshapesaredifferent.

Beta(=4.5,=2)skewness=0.5370

1.3846Beta(=4.5,=2)

skewness=+0.5370

Thefirstoneismoderatelyskewedleft:thelefttailislongerandmostofthedistributionisattheright.Bycontrast,theseconddistributionismoderatelyskewedright:itsrighttailislongerandmostofthedistributionisattheleft.

Youcangetageneralimpressionofskewnessbydrawingahistogram(MATH200Apart1),buttherearealsosomecommonnumericalmeasuresofskewness.Someauthorsfavorone,somefavoranother.ThisWebpagepresentsoneofthem.Infact,thesearethesameformulasthatExcelusesinitsDescriptiveStatisticstoolinAnalysisToolpak.Youmayrememberthatthemeanandstandarddeviationhavethesameunitsastheoriginaldata,andthevariancehasthesquareofthoseunits.However,theskewnesshasnounits:itsapurenumber,likeazscore.

SOIL

Darkenedtopsoilandreddishsubsoillayersaretypicalinsomeregions.

1. Amixtureofsandandorganicmaterial,usedtosupportplantgrowth.

2. Theunconsolidatedmineralororganicmaterialontheimmediatesurfaceoftheearththat

servesasanaturalmediumforthegrowthoflandplants.

3. Theunconsolidatedmineralororganicmatteron thesurfaceof theearth thathasbeensubjectedtoandshowseffectsofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsof:climate(includingwater and temperature effects), andmacro andmicroorganisms, conditionedby relief,actingonparentmaterialoveraperiodof time.Aproductsoildiffers from thematerialfrom which it is derived in many physical, chemical, biological, and morphologicalpropertiesandcharacteristics.'Soil'isthethinlayeronthesurfaceoftheEarthonwhichthelivingbeingssurvive.Soilis

the layerwhich iscomposedwithmanysubstances, inthis layervariousplantshavetheirroots.Soil ismade ofmany substances likeweathered rock particles, and decayed plant and animalmatter.Didyouknowthatittakesmorethanathousandyearstoformofathinlayerofsoil?Yes,soilisveryprecious.Soilismadeofdiversematerialslikebrokendownrockparticlesandorganicmaterial.Therearedifferenttypesofsoilandvariouswaystoclassifyit.

SOLARSYSTEM

OursolarsystemconsistsofanaveragestarwecalltheSun,theplanetsMercury,Venus,Earth,Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus,Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets;numerouscomets,asteroids,andmeteoroids;andtheinterplanetarymedium.TheSunistherichestsourceofelectromagneticenergy(mostlyintheformofheatandlight)inthesolarsystem.TheSun'snearestknownstellarneighbor isareddwarfstarcalledProximaCentauri,atadistanceof4.3lightyearsaway.Thewholesolarsystem,togetherwiththelocalstarsvisibleonaclearnight,orbitsthecenterofourhomegalaxy,aspiraldiskof200billionstarswecalltheMilkyWay.TheMilkyWayhastwosmallgalaxiesorbitingitnearby,whicharevisiblefromthesouthernhemisphere.TheyarecalledtheLargeMagellanicCloudandtheSmallMagellanicCloud.ThenearestlargegalaxyistheAndromedaGalaxy.ItisaspiralgalaxyliketheMilkyWaybutis4timesasmassiveandis2millionlightyearsaway.Ourgalaxy,oneofbillionsofgalaxiesknown,istravelingthroughintergalacticspace.Theplanets,mostofthesatellitesoftheplanetsandtheasteroidsrevolvearoundtheSun inthesamedirection, innearlycircularorbits.When lookingdown fromabove theSun'snorthpole,theplanetsorbitinacounterclockwisedirection.TheplanetsorbittheSuninornearthesameplane,calledtheecliptic.Plutoisaspecialcaseinthatitsorbitisthemosthighlyinclined(18degrees)andthemosthighlyellipticalofalltheplanets.Becauseofthis,forpartofitsorbit,PlutoisclosertotheSunthanisNeptune.Theaxisofrotationformostoftheplanetsisnearlyperpendiculartotheecliptic.TheexceptionsareUranusandPluto,whicharetippedontheirsides.

EarthVenus

Mercury

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

DwarfPlanet

Universe

Asteroids

Sun

Ecliptic

Pluto

Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid. Microscopic view of a solid.

Note that:

Particles in a: o gas are well separated with no regular arrangement. o liquid are close together with no regular arrangement. o solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.

Particles in a: o gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds. o liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other. o solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.

Liquids and solids are often referred to as condensed phases because the particles are very close together.

The following table summarizes properties of gases, liquids, and solids and identifies the microscopic behavior responsible for each property.

Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior

gas liquid solid

assumes the shape and volume of its container

particles can move past one another

assumes the shape of the part of the container which it

occupies particles can move/slide past

one another

retains a fixed volume and shape

rigid - particles locked into place

compressible lots of free space between

particles

not easily compressible little free space between

particles

not easily compressible little free space between

particles

flows easily particles can move past one

another

flows easily particles can move/slide past

one another

does not flow easily rigid - particles cannot

move/slide past one another

STARS

BillionsofStarsintheSky

Theearliestbeginningofastariscalledanebula.Anebulaisacloudofhydrogenandafewheliumatomshanging in space.Sometimes anebula just stays at thispoint,but if the cloud gets thickenough,with enoughhydrogen atoms close enough together, it canbecome a browndwarf.Abrowndwarfisasmallstarthatisnotquitebigenough,sothereisnotenoughgravitytostartthenuclearfusionprocess.Browndwarfstarshardlyshineatall,butthey'renotverycommoneither.Ifthebrowndwarfsucceedsinattractingenoughhydrogenatomsandpackingthemtightlyenoughtogether,thenitturnsintoamainsequencestaranordinarystarlikeoursun.NineoutofeverytenstarsyoucanseefromEartharemainsequencestars.Insideamainsequencestar,thepressureofgravity pushes hydrogen atoms together so they become helium atoms, and the extra energyreleasedbythisfusionprocessshootsoutofthestarandbecomeheatandsunlight.

STEPSINSCIENTIFICMETHOD

TOPICSFORSCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION

1. Canyoumakeyourownmusicalinstrumentthatcanplayacompletescale?Examplesmightincludearubberbandharporflutefromclay,woodorplastic.

2. Canablacklightdetectinvisiblestains?

3. Whattypeofplasticwrappreventsevaporationthebest?

4. Whatplasticwrappreventsoxidationthebest?

5. Arenightinsectsattractedtolampsbecauseofheatorlight?

6. Whattypeofcarantifreezeissafesttotheenvironment?

7. DodifferentbrandsoforangejuicecontaindifferentlevelsofvitaminC?

8. DoesthelevelofvitaminCinorangejuicechangeovertime?

9. Howeffectivearenaturalmosquitorepellents?

10. Doesmagnetismaffectthegrowthofplants?

11. DoorangesgainorlosevitaminCafterbeingpicked?

12. Howdoesthesugarconcentrationvaryindifferentbrandsofapplejuices?

13. DoesstoragetemperatureaffectthepHofjuice?

14. Doesthepresenceofcigarettesmokeaffectthegrowthrateofplants?

15. Doeseatingbreakfasthaveaneffectonschoolperformance?Doesitmatterwhatyoueat?

16. Dothesametypesofmoldgrowonalltypesofbread?

17. Doeslightaffecttherateatwhichfoodsspoil?

18. Dofoodscontainingpreservativesstayfreshlongerthanfoodswithoutthem?

19. Howdoestimeorseasonofharvestaffectthechemistryandnutritionalcontentoffood?

20. Howlongdohomehaircoloringproductsholdtheircolor?Doesbrandmatter?Doestypeofhairaffectcolorfastness?Howdoesprevioustreatment(perming,previouscoloring,straightening)affectinitialcolorintensityandcolorfastness?

July___,2012_______________________TheChairman_______________,MakatiCityDearestSir/Madam:Warmestgreetings!We are the Grade 7 students of _______________. Under the Research I subject under___________,we are assigned to conduct survey regarding issues and concerns in the localBarangayunit.Inthisregard,wewouldliketoaskpermissiontoconductasurveytoatleast10personsinourcommunityonproblemsencountered in theBarangayandwhatpossible solutions theywouldliketorecommend,intheirownview.Hopingforyourkindfavoronourrequest.ThankyouandGodBless!Sincerelyyours,GroupMembers:Notedby:________________________ Teacher

SURVEYONEXISTINGCALAMITYPROBLEMSRESEARCHINSTRUMENT

Name:____________________________________BarangayandZone:___________________QuestionnairePurpose:TobeinformedofthecalamityproblemsinourCommunity.

QuestionsonCalamitiesinourCommunity(Pleaseanswerbycheckingoneormoreboxes;):1. Whatarethecalamitiesthathadpassed?

Flood LandSlide Hurricane DroughtTyphoon Earthquake Tsunami Others:_______________

2. Whatcalamitythatispresentnow?

Flood LandSlide Hurricane DroughtTyphoon Earthquake Tsunami Others:_______________

3. Whatproblemsthatfollowedthesecalamities?

Death Lossofshelter/house Trauma/DepressionHealthProblems Lackoffood/water Others:_______________

4. Whatmaybethesolutionstotheseproblems?

PreparednessofhomeandCommunity CoordinationcommunitygroupsProperdisposalofgarbage/waste CleanlinessofCommunityNewinfrastructureagainstcalamities Awarenessonpreparedness

5. Whatwouldbethebenefitsonresolvingthese?

Preventionorminimizeeffectsofcalamities ImmediaterecoveryofcommunityLesscasualties(death/illnesses/properties) Others:__________________________

6. Whataretheconsequencesifnotresolved?

Morecasualties(death/illnesses/properties) RepeatofmoreworsecalamitiesUnabletoimmediatelyrecover Others:__________________________

TECHNICALWRITINGTechnicalwriting isaformoftechnicalcommunication.It isastyleofwritingused infieldsasdiverseascomputerhardwareand software,engineering,chemistry, theaerospace industry,robotics,finance,consumerelectronics,andbiotechnology.Technicalwriterwritescommunicationsdoneon the job,especially in fieldswith specializedvocabularies,suchasscience,engineering,technology,andthehealthsciences.TheSocietyforTechnicalCommunication(STC)definestechnicalwritingasabroadfieldthatincludesanyformofcommunicationthatexhibitsoneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:

(1) communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications,medicalprocedures,orenvironmentalregulations;

(2) communicatingbyusingtechnology,suchaswebpages,helpfiles,orsocialmediasites;or

(3) providinginstructionsabouthowtodosomething,regardlessofhowtechnicalthetaskis, and regardless of whether technology is used to create or distribute thatcommunication.

"Thegoaloftechnicalwritingistoenablereaderstouseatechnologyorunderstandaprocessor concept.Because the subjectmatter ismore important than thewriter's voice, technicalwritingstyleusesanobjective,notasubjective,tone.Thewritingstyleisdirectandutilitarian,emphasizingexactnessandclarityratherthaneleganceorallusiveness.Atechnicalwriterusesfigurative language only when a figure of speech would facilitate understanding1."Technicalwriting isaccomplishedbytechnicalwriters,whomaybeprofessionalsoramateurs.Suchwriters ideallybeginby formingaclearunderstandingof thepurposeof thedocumentthat they will create. Technical writers then typically gather information from existingdocumentationandfromsubjectmatterexperts(SME).AnSMEisanyexpertonthetopicthatthewriter isworking on. Technicalwriters are often not SMEs themselves (unless they arewritingabout creatinggood technicaldocumentation).Workersatmany levels,and inmanydifferent fields,have a role inproducing technical communications.A good technicalwriterneeds strong language and teaching skills and must understand themany conventions ofmoderntechnicalcommunications.Advanced technicalwritersoftenmove into specializedareas such asAdvanceProgrammingInterface writing for software programming, document architecture, or informationmanagement.

THE ATMOSPHERE

TheatmosphereofEarthisalayerofgasessurroundingtheplanetEarththatisretained

byEarth'sgravity.TheatmosphereprotectslifeonEarthbyabsorbingultravioletsolarradiation,warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducingtemperatureextremesbetweendayandnight(thediurnaltemperaturevariation).

Atmospheric stratificationdescribes the structure of the atmosphere, dividing it into

distinct layers, each with specific characteristics such as temperature or composition. Theatmosphere has amass of about 51018kg, three quarters ofwhich iswithin about 11km(6.8mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner withincreasingaltitude,with no definite boundary between the atmosphere andouter space. Analtitudeof120km(75mi) iswhereatmosphericeffectsbecomenoticeableduringatmosphericreentryofspacecraft.TheKrmnline,at100km(62mi),alsoisoftenregardedastheboundarybetweenatmosphereandouterspace.

Airis the name given toatmosphereused inbreathingandphotosynthesis. Dry aircontains roughly (by volume) 78.09%nitrogen, 20.95%oxygen, 0.93%argon, 0.039%carbondioxide,andsmallamountsofothergases.Airalsocontainsavariableamountofwatervapor,onaveragearound1%.Whileaircontentandatmosphericpressurevariesatdifferentlayers,airsuitableforthesurvivalofterrestrialplantsandterrestrialanimalsiscurrentlyonlyknowntobefoundinEarth'stroposphereandartificialatmospheres.

THEMAGNETICFIELDOFTHEEARTHTheEarth'smagneticfieldissimilartothatofabarmagnettilted11degreesfromthespinaxisoftheEarth.TheproblemwiththatpictureisthattheCurietemperatureofironisabout770C.TheEarth'scoreishotterthanthatandthereforenotmagnetic.SohowdidtheEarthgetitsmagneticfield?

Magneticfieldssurroundelectriccurrents,sowesurmisethatcirculatingelecticcurrentsintheEarth'smoltenmetalic core are the origin of themagnetic field.A current loop gives a fieldsimilartothatoftheearth.ThemagneticfieldmagnitudemeasuredatthesurfaceoftheEarthisabouthalfaGaussanddipstowardtheEarthinthenorthernhemisphere.ThemagnitudevariesoverthesurfaceoftheEarthintherange0.3to0.6Gauss

THESCIENCEPROCESS

PlanningInvolvestheactivitiesstudentsundertakewhencuriosityisstimulatedbytheirobservationsofaphenomena.Studentsaskquestionssuchaswhathappenswhen;whatistheeffectof..Theyattempttoprovideanswerstotheirownquestions,suggestpossiblerelationshipsandidentifyvariablesthatmayinfluencethephenomena.Theyattempttomakesenseofwhattheyhaveobservedbyresearchingwhatisknownfromsecondarysources.Studentsdeveloparesearchquestion,predictpossibleoutcomesandformanhypothesisthatdefinestheirscientificinvestigation.Theyidentifyandanalysepotentialproblemswiththeirinvestigation.ConductingInvolvesstudentsrefininganddocumentingtheirstepbystepprocedure;collectingresourcessuchasequipmentforconductingandmeasuringtheirobservations.Studentsdecideonthemostappropriatewaytomeasureandrecordtheirobservations.Theycarryouttheirexperiment,observe,measureandrecorddata,andconductrepeattrials.Theyidentifyandmanagesafetyrisks.

THESCIENTIFICMETHOD

TheScientificMethod

1. ChooseyourTopic2. IdentifyaProblem3. ResearchtheProblem4. FormaHypothesis5. DesigntheExperiments6. TesttheHypothesis7. AnalyzetheResults8. FormulateandReportConclusions

THESUN

AlthoughtheSunisaratherordinarystar,itisveryimportanttotheinhabitantsofEarth.TheSunisthesourceofvirtuallyallEarth'senergy.ItprovidestheheatandlightthatmakelifeonEarthpossible.YetEarthreceivesonlyabouthalfabillionthoftheenergythatleavestheSun.TheSunisahugeballofhotgases.Likeotherstars,itproducesenormousamountsofenergybyconvertinghydrogentoheliumdeepwithinitsinterior.POSITIONINTHESOLARSYSTEM:TheSunliesatthecenterofthesolarsystem.Itcontainsmorethan99percentofthesystem'smass.Theimmensepullofitsgravityholdstheplanets,dwarfplanets,asteroids,comets,andotherbodiesinorbitaroundit.TheaveragedistancebetweentheSunandEarthisroughly93millionmiles(150millionkilometers).Lighttravelsthroughspaceatabout186,282miles(299,792kilometers)persecond,soarayofsunlighttakesonlyabout8minutestoreachEarth.Lightfromthoseothersuns,thestars,takesmuchlongertoreachtheEarth.However,lightfromthenextneareststar,ProximaCentauri,takesmorethanfouryearstoarrive.TheSunisintheouterpartoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.LightfromthecenterofthegalaxytakesmanythousandsofyearstoreachEarth.BecausetheSunissoclosetoEarth,itseemsmuchlargerandbrighterthanotherstars.ItistheonlystarwhosesurfacedetailscanbeobservedfromEarth.

THESUNASTHECENTEROFTHESOLARSYSTEM:

EarthVenus

Mercury

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

DwarfPlanet

Universe

Asteroids

Sun

Ecliptic

Pluto

PhilippineIndigenousArts

1. AncientandpreSpanishEra:ItisbelievedthatthefirstinhabitantsofthePhilippinesarrivedovermanythousandsofyearsago.Itiscommonlythoughtthattheymigratedoveralandbridge,whichexistedatthattime,fromtheAsianmainland.ThenextknowninhabitationiswhentheNegritoorAetaarrivedintheislands.However,theyweredrivenbackbyseveralwavesofimmigrantsfromIndonesia,onlytobefollowedbythemaritimepeoplesoftheMalayanislands.

2. PhilippineIndigenousArtsSculpture/CarvingPotteryWeavingPhysicalornaments

3. Sculptureisthreedimensionalartworkcreatedbyshapingorcombininghardmaterials,typicallystonesuchasmarble,metal,glass,orwood,orplasticmaterialssuchasclay,textiles,polymersandsoftermetals.

4. Carvingisoneofthetechniquesusedinsculpture.

5. BulularecarvedAnitofiguresoftheIfugaos:theserepresenttheirancestralspiritandgranarygods.SEATEDIFUGAO"BULUL"ATTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEANNUALIFUGAOHARVESTRITUAL"BULULS"PLACEDINRICEGRANARIESARECONSIDEREDGUARDIANSOFTHEHARVEST

6. SarimanokShownabovearethemostwellknownoftheolddesigns,thesarimanok.Thefigurerepresentsafowlwithwings,featheredtail,andaheaddecoratedwithornamentsofscrolledandpaintedmotifofleaves,spirals,andfeatherlikeforms.Itusuallystandsonafishandanotheronehangsfromitsbeak.Thewoodenfigure,usuallyperchedatopabamboopole,standsamongdecorativeflagsduringweddingsandotherfestiveoccasions.

7. AngHagabiayisangupuangkahoyngmgaIfugaonasumisimbolosapanlipunangkatayuanngisangmamamayan.ItoaynagpapakitangyamanatkapangyarihanngmayarinitonakadalasanayisangKadanagyanoisangtaongnabibilangsamataasnaantassalipunan.Itoaysakadahilanangtangingangmgamayayamanlamangangmaykakayahangmagpagawanitokasamanaangritwalnaipinagdiriwangsaorasnamataposangpagbubuonito.

8. Anghagabiayisangupuangkahoynagawasanarraoipil.Angorihinalnaanyonitoaytinatawagnaginulguldingnaangibigsabihinay"kagayangkambing",sapagkatsadalawangdulongupuanaymayroongnakaukitnaanimo'yulongkambing.Sakasalukuyananghagabiaymayiba'tibananganyoangisangdulonitonatinatawagnangiwiaykagayanangulongisanghayopnamaymahabangilongatdalawangmalalakingtainga.

ESSAY

Anessayisashortpieceofwritingthatdiscusses,describesoranalyzesonetopic.Itcandiscussasubjectdirectlyor indirectly,seriouslyorhumorously. Itcandescribepersonalopinions,or justreport information.Anessaycanbewritten fromanyperspective,butessaysaremost commonlywritten in the firstperson (I),or thirdperson(subjectsthatcanbesubstitutedwiththehe,she,it,ortheypronouns).Therearemanydifferentkindsofessays.Thefollowingareasomeofthemostcommonones:

Descriptive Cause/Effect Argumentative

Definition Narrative Critical

Compare/Contrast Process

DESCRIPTIVE

Examples:Adescriptiveessaycoulddescribe...*atreeinmybackyard;*avisittothechildren'swardofahospital;*ahotfudgesundae;*whatanathletedidinordertomakeittotheOlympics.The descriptive essay provides details about how somethinglooks,feels,tastes,smells,makesonefeel,orsounds.Itcanalsodescribewhatsomethingis,orhowsomethinghappened.Theseessaysgenerallyusealotofsensorydetails.Theessaycouldbealistlike description that provides point by point details.Or, itcould functionasa story,keeping the reader interested in theplotandthemeoftheeventdescribed.

DEFINITION

Examples:Adefinitionessaymaytryanddefine...*themeaningofanabstractconcept,likelove;*thetruemeaningandimportanceofhonesty;*howthemeaningoffamilygoesdeeperthanjustyourbloodrelatives.Adefinitionessayattemptstodefineaspecificterm.Itcouldtrytopindownthemeaningofaspecificword,ordefineanabstract

TYPES OF ROCKS

Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to the major Earthprocesses that formed them. The three rock groups are igneous,sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Anyone who wishes to collectrocks should become familiar with the characteristics of these three rockgroups. Knowing how a geologist classifies rocks is important if you want totransform a random group of rock specimens into a true collection.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks areformed from meltedrock that has cooledand solidified. Whenrocks are buried deepwithin the Earth, theymelt because of thehigh pressure andtemperature; the moltenrock (called magma)can then flow upward oreven be erupted from avolcano onto the Earth'ssurface. When magmacools slowly, usually atdepths of thousands offeet, crystals grow fromthe molten liquid, and acoarse-grained rockforms. When magmacools rapidly, usually ator near the Earth'ssurface, the crystals are

extremely small, and a fine-grained rock results. A wide variety of rocks areformed by different cooling rates and different chemical compositions of theoriginal magma. Obsidian (volcanic glass), granite, basalt, and andesiteporphyry are four of the many types of igneous rock.

WEATHERING

Weatheringingeneralreferstoagroupofprocessesbywhichsurfacerockdisintegratesintosmallerparticlesordissolveintowaterduetotheimpactoftheatmosphereandhydrosphere.Theweatheringprocessesoftenareslow(hundredtothousandsofyears).Theamountoftimethatrocksandmineralshavebeenexposedattheearth'ssurfacewillinfluencethedegreetowhichtheyhaveweathered.

Weatheringprocessesaredividedintothreecategories:

PhysicalWeathering ChemicalWeathering BiologicalWeathering

PHYSICALWEATHERING:

Primarymineralsandrocksaresplittedinfragmentsduetophysicalweathering.Thisleadstoenvironmentalconditions(e.g.ahighersurfacearea)thatfavorchemicalweathering.Thereareseveralformsofphysicalweathering:

Abrasion:Watercarryingsuspendedrockfragmentshasascouringactiononsurfaces.Examplesarethegrindingactionofglaciers,gravel,pebblesand