Complex Systems Design & Management

Marc Aiguier · Frédéric BoulangerDaniel Krob · Clotilde MarchalEditors

Complex Systems Design& Management

Proceedings of the Fourth InternationalConference on Complex Systems Design& Management CSD&M 2013

ABC

EditorsMarc AiguierEcole Centrale ParisGrande Voie des VignesChâtenay-MalabryFrance

Frédéric BoulangerSupélecPlateau MoulonGif-sur-Yvette CedexFrance

Daniel KrobEcole PolytechniqueLIX/DIXPalaiseau CedexFrance

Clotilde MarchalEADSSuresnes CedexFrance

ISBN 978-3-319-02811-8 ISBN 978-3-319-02812-5 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02812-5Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013951239

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Preface

Introduction

This volume contains the proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on “Complex System Design & Management” (CSD&M 2013; see the conference website: http://www.csdm2013.csdm.fr for more details).

The CSD&M 2013 conference was jointly organized, the December 4–6, 2013 at the Cité Internationale Universitaire of Paris (France), by the two following founding partners:

1. the research & training Ecole Polytechnique – ENSTA ParisTech –Télécom ParisTech – Dassault Aviation – DCNS – DGA – Thales chair “Engineering of Complex Systems”,

2. the non profit organization C.E.S.A.M.E.S. (Center of Excellence on Systems Architecture, Management, Economy and Strategy).

The conference benefited of the permanent support of many academic and

institutional organizations such as Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Digiteo labs, Ecole Centrale de Paris, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées (ENSTA ParisTech), Ecole Polytechnique, Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité (Supélec), Institut des Systèmes Complexes – Ile de France, Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche and Télécom ParisTech which were deeply involved in its organization.

A special thank also goes to Dassault Aviation, DCNS, Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA), EADS, EDF, Faurecia, Institut de Recherche Technologique IRT-SystemX, MEGA International, Nexter Systems and Thales which were the main industrial sponsors of the conference. The generous specific support of EADS and IRT-SystemX shall be especially pointed out here.

We are also grateful to many non-profit organizations such as Association Française d’Ingénierie Système (AFIS), International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), Institut pour la Maîtrise des Risques (IMdR) and the Systematic cluster which supported strongly our communication.

All these institutions helped us a lot through their constant participation to the organizing committee during the one-year preparation of CSD&M 2013. Many thanks therefore to all of them.

VI Preface

Why a CSD&M Conference?

Mastering complex systems requires an integrated understanding of industrial practices as well as sophisticated theoretical techniques and tools. This explains the creation of an annual go-between forum at European level (which did not existed yet) dedicated both to academic researchers and industrial actors working on complex industrial systems architecture and engineering in order to facilitate their meeting. It was actually for us a sine qua non condition in order to nurture and develop in Europe this complex industrial systems science which is now emergent.

The purpose of the “Complex Systems Design & Management” (CSD&M) conference is exactly to be such a forum, in order to become, in time, the European academic-industrial conference of reference in the field of complex industrial systems architecture and engineering, which is a quite ambitious objective. The last three CSD&M 2010, CSD&M 2011 and CSD&M 2012 conferences – which were held in October 2010, December 2011 and December 2012 in Paris – were the first steps in this direction with respectively more than 200, 250 and 280 participants coming from 20 different countries with an almost perfect balance between academia and industry.

The CSD&M Academic–Industrial Integrated Dimension

To make the CSD&M conference this convergence point of the academic and industrial communities in complex industrial systems, we based our organization on a principle of complete parity between academics and industrialists (see the conference organization sections in the next pages). This principle was first implemented as follows: • the Programme Committee consisted of 50% academics and 50% industrialists, • the Invited Speakers are coming in a balanced way from numerous professional

environments. The set of activities of the conference followed the same principle. They indeed consist of a mixture of research seminars and experience sharing, academic articles and industrial presentations, software and training offers presentations, etc. The conference topics cover in the same way the most recent trends in the emerging field of complex systems sciences and practices from an industrial and academic perspective, including the main industrial domains (transport, defense & security, electronics & robotics, energy & environment, health & welfare services, media & communications, e-services), scientific and technical topics (systems fundamentals, systems architecture & engineering, systems metrics & quality, systemic tools) and system types (transportation systems, embedded systems, software & information systems, systems of systems, artificial ecosystems).

Preface VII

The CSD&M 2013 Edition

The CSD&M 2013 edition received 76 submitted papers, out of which the program committee selected 22 regular papers to be published in these proceedings, which corresponds to a 29% acceptance ratio which is fundamental for us to guarantee the high quality of the presentations. The program committee also selected 41 papers for a collective presentation in the poster workshop of the conference.

Each submission was assigned to at least two program committee members, who carefully reviewed the papers, in many cases with the help of external referees. These reviews were discussed by the program committee during a physical meeting held in C.E.S.A.M.E.S. office in Paris by June 11, 2013 and via the EasyChair conference management system.

We also chose 17 outstanding speakers with various industrial and scientific expertise who gave a series of invited talks covering all the spectrum of the conference, mainly during the two first days of CSD&M 2013, the last day being dedicated to a special “vision session” and the presentations of all accepted papers in parallel with three system-focused tutorials. The first day of the conference was especially organized around a common topic – Systems of systems – that gave a coherence to all the initial invited talks.

Futhermore, we had a poster workshop, for encouraging presentation and discussion on interesting but “not-yet-polished” ideas, and a software tools presentation session, in order to provide to each participant a good vision on the present status of the engineering tools market offer.

Acknowledgements

We would like finally to thank all members of the program and organizing committees for their time, effort, and contributions to make CSD&M 2013 a top quality conference. A special thank is addressed to the C.E.S.A.M.E.S. non-profit organization team which managed permanently with a huge efficiency all the administration, logistics and communication of the CSD&M 2013 conference (see http://www.cesames.net).

The organizers of the conference are also greatly grateful to the following sponsors and partners without whom the CSD&M 2013 event would just not exist:

Founding Partners

Center of Excellence on Systems Architecture, Management, Economy and Strategy (C.E.S.A.M.E.S.) Ecole Polytechnique – ENSTA ParisTech – Télécom ParisTech – Dassault Aviation – DCNS – DGA – Thales chair “Engineering of Complex Systems”

Academic Sponsors

Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) Ecole Centrale de Paris Ecole Polytechnique

VIII Preface

Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité (Supélec) Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées (ENSTA ParisTech) Télécom ParisTech

Industrial Sponsors

Dassault Aviation DCNS Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA) EADS EDF Faurecia MEGA International Nexter Systems Thales

Institutional Sponsors

Digiteo labs Institut de Recherche Technologique (IRT) SystemX Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Institut des Systèmes Complexes – Ile de France

Supporting Partners

Association Française d’Ingénierie Système (AFIS) Institut pour la Maîtrise des Risques (IMdR) International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Systematic cluster

Participating Partners

Atego IBM Rational Software Knowledge Inside Obeo PragmaDev Project Performance International PTC The CosMo Company The MathWorks Paris, August 02, 2013 Marc Aiguier – Ecole Centrale de Paris Frédéric Boulanger – Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité (Supélec) Daniel Krob – C.E.S.A.M.E.S. & Ecole Polytechnique Clotilde Marchal – EADS

Conference Organization

Conference Chairs

• General Chair

- Daniel Krob, institute professor, Ecole Polytechnique - France

• Organizing Committee Chair

- Marc Aiguier, professor, Ecole Centrale de Paris - France

• Program Committee Chairs

- Frédéric Boulanger, professor, Supélec - France (academic co-chair) - Clotilde Marchal, head of EADS Systems Engineering Group

Capabilities Corporate Technical Office, EADS - France (industrial co-chair)

Program Committee

The PC consists of 50 members (25 academic and 25 industrial): all are personalities of high international visibility. Their expertise spectrum covers all of the conference topics.

Academic Members

• Co-Chair

- Frédéric Boulanger, Supélec, France

• Other Members

o Erik Aslaksen, Gumbooya Pty. - Australia o Christian Attiogbé, Université de Nantes - France o Julien Bernet, Trusted Labs - France o Manfred Broy, TUM - Germany o Michel-Alexandre Cardin, National University of

Singapore - Singapore o Vincent Chapurlat, Ecole des Mines d’Alès - France o Robert De Simone, INRIA Sophia-Antipolis - France

X Conference Organization

o Olivier De Weck, MIT - USA o Holger Giese, Hasso Plattner Institut - Germany o Patrick Godfrey, University of Bristol - Great Britain o Omar Hammami, ENSTA ParisTech - France o Paulien Herder, University of Delft - Netherlands o Mike Hinchey, Irish Software Engineering Research Centre - Ireland o Marjan Mernik, University of Maribor - Slovenia o Gérard Morel, Université de Nancy - France o Pieter J. Mosterman, MacGill University - Canada o Antoine Rauzy, Ecole Polytechnique - France o Arend Rensink, University of Twente - Netherlands o Adam Ross, MIT - USA o Bernhard Rumpe, Aachen University - Germany o Pierre-Yves Schobbens, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la

Paix - Belgium o Stavros Tripakis, University of California at Berkeley - USA o Paul Valckenaers, Catholic University of Leuven - Belgium o John Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology - USA

Industrial Members

• Co-Chair

- Clotilde Marchal, EADS - France

• Other Members

o Gérard Auvray, Astrium ST - France o André Ayoun, Cassidian - France o Martine Callot, EADS Innovation Works - France o Jean-Pierre Daniel, AREVA - France o Brigitte Daniel-Allegro, Brigitte Daniel-Allegro - France o Alain Dauron, Renault - France o François-Xavier Fornari, Esterel Technologies - France o Greg Gorman, IBM - USA o Alan Harding, BAE SYSTEMS - Great Britain o Erik Herzog, SAAB - Sweden o Carl Landrum, Honeywell - USA o Emmanuel Ledinot, Dassault Aviation - France o Juan Llorens, The Reuse Company - Spain o Tim Lochow, EADS Innovation Works - Germany o David Long, VITECH - USA o Padman Nagenthiram, BOEING - USA o Andrew Pickard, ROLLS ROYCE - Great Britain o Jean-Claude Roussel, EADS Innovation Works – France

Conference Organization XI

o Dominique Seguela, CNES - France o Hillary Sillitto, Thales - Great Britain o Robert Swarz, MITRE - USA o Philippe Thuillier, Altran - France o Xavier Warzee, Palo IT - USA o Mike Wilkinson, ATKINS - Great Britain

Organizing Committee

• Chair

- Marc Aiguier, Ecole Centrale de Paris - France

• Other Members

o Anas Alfaris, CCES & MIT - Saudi Arabia o Emmanuel Arbaretier, EADS - France o Eric Bonjour, Université de Lorraine ENSGSI - France o Karim Azoum, System@tic - France o Guy Boy, Florida Institute of Technology - USA o Michel-Alexandre Cardin, National University of Singapore - Singapore o Gilles Fleury, Supélec - France o Pascal Foix, Thales - France o Vassilis Giakoumakis, Université d’Amiens - France o Eric Goubault, CEA – France o Paul Labrogère, IRT-SystemX - France o Isabelle Perseil, INSERM - France o Garry Roedler, Lockheed Martin Corporate Engineering - USA o François Stephan, IRT-SystemX - France o Nicolas Treves, CNAM - France o John Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology - USA o David Walden, Sysnovation & INCOSE - USA o Fatiha Zaïdi, Université Paris Sud 11 - France

Invited Speakers

Societal Challenges: Systems of Systems

• Pao-Chuen Lui, former professor at the National University of Singapore, ministries adviser - Singapore

• Claude Feliot, project manager, Conseil Régional de Martinique - France • Jean-François Janin, senior engineer, French Ministry of Sustainable

Development - France • Michael Henshaw, professor, University of Loughborough - Great Britain

XII Conference Organization

Industrial Challenges: Systems of Systems

• Emmanuel Teboul, head of the methods department of Transilien, SNCF - France

• Pascal Pezzani, head of COEIE1 & COEIE4, Cassidian - France • Alain Bovis, director, DCNS - France • Isabelle Buret, head of the project Iridium, Thales TAS - France

Scientific State-of-the-art

• John Fitzgerald, professor, Newcastle University - Great Britain • Edward Lee, professor, Berkeley University - USA • Kirstie Bellman, head of the AISC, Aerospace Corp. - USA • Michel Morvan, associate professor, the Santa Fe Institute - USA

Methodological State-of-the-art

• Judith Dahmann, principal senior scientist, Mitre Corp. - USA • Dominique Luzeaux, director of Land Systems acquisition, Direction

Générale de l’Armement - France • Eric Honour, past president, INCOSE - USA • Olivier De Weck, professor, MIT - USA

AGeSYS Workshop

• Eric Bantegnie, CEO, Esterel Technologies/System@tic - France

Contents

1 Foundations for Model-Based Engineering of Systems of Systems ................................................................................................ 1 John Fitzgerald, Peter Gorm Larsen, Jim Woodcock

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 2 The COMPASS Framework............................................................ 3

2.1 Basic Concepts .................................................................... 3 2.2 Tools Framework ................................................................ 4

3 Supporting Collaboration and Negotiation through Contracts ........ 6 4 Verifying Emergent Behaviour ....................................................... 7

4.1 Engineering Emergence ...................................................... 7 4.2 Analysing Existing Systems ................................................ 12

5 Semantic Heterogeneity .................................................................. 13 5.1 Unifying Theories of Programming .................................... 13 5.2 The COMPASS Modelling Language ................................. 14 5.3 Galois Connections ............................................................. 14

6 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 16 References ................................................................................................ 17

2 Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems – iCyPhy ...................................... 21 Amit Fisher, Clas A. Jacobson, Edward A. Lee, Richard M. Murray, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Eelco Scholte

1 Industrial Motivation ....................................................................... 22 2 Gap Analysis ................................................................................... 23

2.1 System House Gap Analysis ............................................... 23 2.1.1 Requirements Capture, Analysis and Domain

Specific Modeling ................................................ 23 2.1.2 System Integration and Views .............................. 24 2.1.3 Risk Management................................................. 25

2.2 Technology Provider Gap Analysis..................................... 25 2.2.1 Formality and Usability ........................................ 25 2.2.2 Multitude of Domains .......................................... 27 2.2.3 Complexity ........................................................... 27

XIV Contents

3 The Principles and Long-Term Focus of the Consortium ............... 27 3.1 Research Summary .............................................................. 28 3.2 Design Methodologies ......................................................... 28

3.2.1 Platform-Based Design for Multi-physics Systems ................................................................ 28

3.2.2 Design for Evolvability ........................................ 29 3.2.3 Requirements Engineering ................................... 30 3.2.4 Contract-Based Design ......................................... 30

3.3 Heterogeneous Modeling and Tool Integration ................... 31 3.4 Formal Methods for Control Design ................................... 33 3.5 Design Space Exploration ................................................... 34 3.6 Design Drivers .................................................................... 35

4 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 36 References ................................................................................................ 36

3 SoS and Large-Scale Complex Systems Architecting .......................... 39 Dominique Luzeaux

1 Adapting to a Changing Environment ............................................. 39 1.1 Increasing Complexity, Globalization of Business ............. 39 1.2 A Particular Field: Defense ................................................. 40 1.3 Towards a Capability-Driven Approach ............................. 41

2 Systems-of-Systems: Maier Is Obsolete! ........................................ 43 3 Architecture: A Key Concept .......................................................... 44

3.1 Reference Architectures and Architecture Frameworks ...... 45 3.2 Architecting Systems-of-Systems ....................................... 46

4 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 48 References ................................................................................................ 49

4 Policy Design: A New Area of Design Research and Practice ............ 51 Jeffrey Johnson, Matthew Cook

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 51 2 Models of Design ............................................................................ 53 3 The Coevolution between What Designers Think Is Wanted and

What Designers Think Is Possible ................................................... 54 4 Policy Design .................................................................................. 54 5 Design, Policy and Politics .............................................................. 57 6 Computer Aided Policy Design and Policy Informatics ................. 58 7 Proposition: Policy Is Design, and Policy Is a New Area of

Design Research and Practice ......................................................... 60 8 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 61 References ................................................................................................ 62

Contents XV

5 A Virtual Web Net to Eco-manage Food Packaging Waste ................ 63 Clara Ceppa, Gian Paolo Marino

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 63 2 How to Eco-manage Food-Pack Waste: The Systemic

Design Methodology ....................................................................... 64 2.1 Case Study (First Step): Definition of the Methodological

Approach and Operative Phases to Design and Develop a Website to Eco-manage Waste from Food Packaging ........ 65

2.2 Case Study (Second Step): How to Solve the Waste Problem of an Italian Artisanal Chocolate Workshop by Using the Systemic Website ........................................... 69

3 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 70 References ................................................................................................ 71

6 Open Architecture for Naval Combat Direction System...................................................................................................... 73 Denis Janer, Chauk-Mean Proum

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 73 2 Standard Registry and Openness Categories ................................... 75 3 OA Requirements Registry ............................................................. 79

3.1 NCDS Modelling................................................................. 79 3.2 External Interfaces............................................................... 81

4 Qualification Process ...................................................................... 82 5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 84 References ................................................................................................ 84

7 Application of an MBSE Approach for the Integration of Multidisciplinary Design Processes ....................................................... 85 Nicolas Albarello, Hongman Kim

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 85 2 Integrated Modeling and Analysis .................................................. 86

2.1 Defining Engineering Analyses in SysML .......................... 87 2.2 Automatic Generation of Analysis Models ......................... 87 2.3 Requirements Modeling ...................................................... 89 2.4 Importing Analysis Models into SysML Models ................ 90

3 Application ...................................................................................... 90 3.1 Overview of the Case Study ................................................ 91 3.2 Integration of Multidisciplinary Design Processes .............. 91

3.2.1 Define/Import Requirements ................................ 91 3.2.2 Define Architecture and Variants ......................... 91

XVI Contents

3.2.3 Define MOEs and Request Analysis Models ....... 92 3.2.4 Design Analysis Models....................................... 93 3.2.5 Integrate Analysis Models with Architecture

Model ................................................................... 93 3.2.6 Perform Trade Study ............................................ 94

3.3 Interests and Perspectives................................................................ 94 4 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 95 References ................................................................................................ 95

8 A Hybrid Event-B Study of Lane Centering ........................................ 97 Richard Banach, Michael Butler

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 97 2 Lane Centering Controller Overview .............................................. 99 3 Lane Centering––Top Level Mode Oriented Control ..................... 101 4 Lane Centering––From Mode Control to Continuous Control........ 102 5 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................ 108 References ................................................................................................ 110

9 A Method for Managing Uncertainty Levels in Design Variables during Complex Product Development ................................................ 113 João Fernandes, Elsa Henriques, Arlindo Silva

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 114 2 Literature Review ............................................................................ 115 2.1 An Uncertainty Definition ............................................................... 115 2.2 Uncertainty in Design Variables ..................................................... 116

2.2.1 Variability, Aleatory and Stochastic Uncertainty ................ 116 2.2.2 Model Uncertainty............................................................... 116 2.2.3 Design Imprecision ............................................................. 117

3 Quantifying and Communicating Uncertainty Levels ..................... 118 3.1 Collection of Historical Records of Change ........................ 118 3.2 Reconstruction of the Variables’ Time Evolution ............... 119 3.3 Statistical Characterization of Imprecision.......................... 120 3.4 Communication of the Typical Levels of Imprecision to

New Projects ....................................................................... 121 3.5 Knowledge Update from New Projects ............................... 122

4 Conclusions and Further Research .................................................. 123 References ................................................................................................ 123

Contents XVII

10 Capturing Variability in Model Based Systems Engineering ............. 125 Cosmin Dumitrescu, Patrick Tessier, Camille Salinesi, Sebastien Gérard, Alain Dauron, Raul Mazo

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 126 1.1 Motivating Examples .......................................................... 126

2 Related Work .................................................................................. 129 3 Identification of Concepts for the Representation of Variability

in Systems Engineering ................................................................... 130 4 Research Approach and Requirements for the Description of

Variability in Renault MBSE .......................................................... 132 5 An Orthogonal Variability Meta-model for the Context of

Renault Systems Engineering .......................................................... 133 6 Modeling Tool Example.................................................................. 134 7 Conclusion and Perspectives ........................................................... 137 References ................................................................................................ 137

11 Simulation Methods in the Healthcare Systems .................................. 141 Andrey Khudyakov, Camille Jean, Marija Jankovic,

Julie Stal-Le Cardinal, Jean-Claude Bocquet

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 141 2 Context ............................................................................................ 142

2.1 The Healthcare Systems (HCS) ........................................... 142 2.2 The Healthcare Environment ............................................... 142 2.3 The Definition of Existing Issues in HCS ........................... 143

3 The Simulation Approaches for HCS .............................................. 144 3.1 Why simulation Is Important ............................................... 144 3.2 The Literature Review, Reliability of Existing Approaches

and Those Examples Studies ............................................... 144 3.2.1 Markov Models ................................................................... 144 3.2.2 Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) ....................................... 145 3.2.3 System Dynamic Modeling (SD) ........................................ 145 3.2.4 SD+ ..................................................................................... 146 3.2.5 Agent-Based Approach and Multi-agent Systems ............... 146

4 Analysis Approaches in Relation to the Problematic Element ........ 146 5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 147 References ................................................................................................ 148

12 Unifying Human Centered Design and Systems Engineering for Human Systems Integration ............................................................ 151 Guy A. Boy, Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 151 2 Why Does Systems Engineering Fail? ............................................ 153 3 Context Matters ............................................................................... 155

XVIII Contents

4 Human-Systems Integration Requires Complexity Analysis .......... 157 5 Human-Centered Design Is a Clear Way to Achieve HSI ............... 159 6 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 161 References ................................................................................................ 161

13 A Product Development Architecture with an Engineering Execution Representation of the Development Process ........................................ 163 Gregory L. Neugebauer

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 163 2 Motivating Factors .......................................................................... 164 3 Timeline .......................................................................................... 165 4 Transformation of Product Development Architectures ................. 166 5 Perspectives of Architecture ............................................................ 171 6 An Approach ................................................................................... 173 7 Summary ......................................................................................... 188 8 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 188 References ................................................................................................ 189

14 Passenger’s Transport between Platform and Train within the Metro in Paris ..................................................................................................... 191 Jérôme Amory

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 191 2 Relevance and Approach of the Defence In Depth (DID) ............... 192

2.1 Basic Notions ...................................................................... 192 2.2 Relevances of the Defence in Depth Approach ................... 192 2.3 System of Defence in Depth ................................................ 193

2.3.1 A Structuring by Lines of Defence, in Response to the Finalities of Defence .................................. 194

2.3.2 An Identification of Elements of Defence Making up Each Line of Defence (Figure 2) ..................... 195

2.3.3 A Definition of Each Element of Defence ........... 195 3 Structured Methodology of the Diagnostic of System .................... 196 4 Summary of the Application of the Methodology Following

a Metro Passenger Fall during Transfer .......................................... 197 4.1 Phase 1: Set the Scene for the Study ................................... 197 4.2 Phase 2: Identify the System of Defence ............................. 199

4.2.1 Identify Lines of Defence ..................................... 199 4.2.2 Identify Defence Elements Thanks to Action

Principles .............................................................. 202 4.2.3 Identify Means of Actions of Defence Elements ... 202

4.3 Phase 3: Diagnose and Recommended Defence System ..... 205 5 Conclusion and Perspectives ........................................................... 205 References ................................................................................................ 205

Contents XIX

15 Specifying Some Key SE Training Artifacts ........................................ 207 David Gouyon, Fabien Bouffaron, Gérard Morel

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 207 2 SE Training Problem Statements .................................................... 209 3 Specification as a SE Training Driver ............................................. 211

3.1 Problem-Solution Spaces Interoperation ............................. 211 3.2 Source-Sink Objects Interoperation .................................... 212 3.3 Optative and Indicative Moods Interoperation .................... 212 3.4 Verification and Validation Processes Interoperation ......... 213

4 SE Training Solution Assessments.................................................. 214 5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 217 References ................................................................................................ 217

16 An Engineering Systems Model for the Quantitative Analysis of the Energy-Water Nexus .............................................................................. 219 William Naggaga Lubega, Amro M. Farid

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 219 2 Modeling ......................................................................................... 220

2.1 System Boundary and Context ............................................ 220 2.2 Electricity System Functions ............................................... 222

2.2.1 Generate Electricity-Hydro .................................. 222 2.2.2 Generate Electricity – Wind ................................. 223 2.2.3 Generate Electricity – Solar Photovoltaic ............ 224 2.2.4 Transmit Electricity .............................................. 224

2.3 Water System Functions ...................................................... 225 2.3.1 Extract and Treat Ground Water .......................... 225 2.3.2 Extract and Treat Surface Water .......................... 226 2.3.3 Desalinate Seawater (Membrane) ........................ 226 2.3.4 Distribute Water ................................................... 227

3 Illustrative Example ........................................................................ 227 4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 229 5 Conclusions and Future Work ......................................................... 230 References ................................................................................................ 230

17 A Visual Logic for the Description of Highway Traffic Scenarios ..... 233 Stephanie Kemper, Christoph Etzien

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 233 2 The Visual Logic ............................................................................. 235

2.1 Specifications ...................................................................... 235 2.2 Syntax of Atoms .................................................................. 235

2.2.1 Traffic View ......................................................... 235

XX Contents

2.2.2 Communication Description ................................ 238 2.3 Syntactical (Horizontal) Composition of Atoms ................. 239 2.4 Semantics of a Visual Logic Specification .......................... 241

3 Application: Observer-Based Verification ...................................... 242 4 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 243 References ................................................................................................ 243

18 Early Stage Verification and Validation of Cyber-Physical Systems through Requirements Driven Probabilistic Certificate of Correctness Metric ............................................................................. 247 Alex Van der Velden, David Fox, Jeff Haan

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 247 2 The Probabilistic Certificate of Correctness.................................... 249 3 Example: Safety Certification of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ..... 249 4 Requirements and Functional, Logical and Physical Models .......... 250 5 Tier 1 and 2 Structural Wing Design ............................................... 251 6 Tier 2 Flutter Control System Design ............................................. 252 7 Summary ......................................................................................... 255 References ................................................................................................ 255

19 Re-using SysML System Architectures ................................................ 257 Andreas Korff

1 Setting the Scene: What Is an Asset? .............................................. 257 2 Use Case 1: Bottom-Up Construction ............................................. 259 3 Use Case 2: Design a System When You Need New

Components .................................................................................... 261 4 Asset Communication Means .......................................................... 264 5 Difference to Typical CM Support .................................................. 265 6 Summary ......................................................................................... 266 References ................................................................................................ 266

20 Water Saving in a Complex Industrial System – Evaluation of the Sustainability of Options with System Dynamics ...................... 267 Katharina M. Tarnacki, Thomas Melin, Sabina Jeschke

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 267 1.1 Water in Industry ................................................................. 268 1.2 Investigated Water System .................................................. 268 1.3 System Dynamics ................................................................ 270

2 Methodology ................................................................................... 270 2.1 Modelling ............................................................................ 270

Contents XXI

2.2 Scenarios and Assumptions ................................................. 270 2.3 Conceptual Model of the System ........................................ 273 2.4 Weather Conditions Scenarios (Scenarios 0.x) ................... 274 2.5 Scenarios for Single Options (1.x-5.x) ................................ 274 2.6 Option Implementation and Long-Term Weather

Scenarios (Scenarios 7.x) .................................................... 275 3 Results and Discussion ........................................................ 275 4 Conclusions ......................................................................... 277 References ....................................................................................... 278

21 Handling Complexity in System of Systems Projects – Lessons Learned from MBSE Efforts in Border Security Projects ................. 281 Emrah Asan, Oliver Albrecht, Semih Bilgen

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 282 2 Handling “Complexity” with Decomposition Approaches ............. 284 3 Multi-aspect Decomposition and Architecture Frameworks ........... 286

3.1 Develop the Architecture like Solving a Rubik’s Cube....... 289 3.2 Organizational Problems in Knowledge Management ........ 291

4 Towards a Knowledge Driven Approach ........................................ 292 4.1 Meta-model to Facilitate Knowledge Driven SE ................ 292 4.2 Model-Based Systems Engineering Is “Systems

Engineering” ....................................................................... 294 4.3 Requirements First Approach vs. Requirements Last

Approach ............................................................................. 295 4.4 Definition of the Problem Is Part of Solution

Development ....................................................................... 296 4.5 Systems Engineers Are Not Business Analysts ................... 297 4.6 Facilitate Transition to MBSE by Modeling Experts .......... 297

5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 298 References ................................................................................................ 298

22 The Multidimensional Hierarchically Integrated Framework (MHIF) for Modeling Complex Engineering Systems ....................................... 301 Ahmad Alabdulkareem, Anas Alfaris, Vivek Sakhrani, Adnan Alsaati, Olivier de Weck

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 301 2 Background ..................................................................................... 302 3 The Proposed Framework ............................................................... 303 4 The Integrated Water Model Case Study ........................................ 309 5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 312 References ................................................................................................ 312

XXII Contents

23 Natural Systems Engineering ................................................................ 315 Derek Hitchins

1 Levels of Organization .................................................................... 316 1.1 Learning from Natural Levels of Organization ................... 317 1.2 Extending the “Levels of Organization” Paradigm ............. 317

2 Levels of Organization and Layers of Systems Engineering........... 319 3 The Triune Brain ............................................................................. 320 4 Layers in the Brain .......................................................................... 321

4.1 Levels of Organization within the Brain ............................. 321 5 Brain Cells for Concepts ................................................................. 322 6 Homeostasis .................................................................................... 324

6.1 Control through Feedback ................................................... 325 7 Social Insects, Social Organization ................................................. 327

7.1 Hymenoptera, Honey Bees .................................................. 328 7.2 Hymenoptera, Ants.............................................................. 329 7.3 Blattodea (Formerly Isoptera), Termites ............................. 330

8 Do We Have Anything to Learn from the Social Insects? .............. 331 9 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 333 References ................................................................................................ 334

24 Integrated Product Team in Large Scale and Complex Systems ....... 335 Sorin Aungurenci, Aurel Chiriac

1 Why Do We Need Integrated Product Teams? ............................... 335 2 What Are the Main Features of Integrated Product Teams ............. 337 3 How Do Integrated Product Teams Achieve Their Goal? ............... 339 4 What Are the Main Problems/Constraints on Their Success........... 341 5 What Have We Done to Ensure That IPTs Are Successful ............. 342

5.1 Enhance the Team Empowerment ....................................... 342 5.2 Improve Communication ..................................................... 344

6 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 346 References ................................................................................................ 346

Author Index ................................................................................................. 349