Complex Systems Concurrent Engineering

Geilson Loureiro and Richard Curran (Eds.)

Complex SystemsConcurrentEngineeringCollaboration, Technology Innovationand Sustainability

123

Geilson Loureiro, PhD, MSc, BScLaboratory of Integration

and Testing (LIT)Brazilian Institute

for Space Research (INPE)São Paulo 12227-010Brazil

Richard Curran, PhD, BEngCentre of Excellence for Integrated

Aircraft Technology (CEIAT)Northern Ireland Technology CentreQueen’s University BelfastBelfast BT9 5HNNorthern Ireland

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataISPE International Conference on ConcurrentEngineering–Research and Applications (14th : 2007 : SaoPaulo, Brazil)

Complex systems concurrent engineering : collaboration,technology innovation and sustainability1. Concurrent engineering - Congresses 2. Systemsengineering - Congresses 3. Complexity (Philosophy) -CongressesI. Title II. Loureiro, Geilson III. Curran, Richard670

ISBN-13: 9781846289750

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007928749

ISBN 978-1-84628-975-0 e-ISBN 978-1-84628-976-7 Printed on acid-free paper

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007

The software disk accompanying this book and all material contained on it is supplied without anywarranty of any kind. The publisher accepts no liability for personal injury incurred through use ormisuse of the disk.

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Preface

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to go through the Proceedings book of the 14th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, CE2007 held at an impressive facility of complex systems development, the Laboratory of Integration and Testing (LIT, http://www.lit.inpe.br) of the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE, http://www.inpe.br) in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. The previous events were held in Antibes-Juan les Pins, France (CE2006), Dallas, Texas, USA (CE2005), Beijing, China (CE2004), Madeira Island, Portugal (CE2003), Cranfield, UK (CE2002), Anaheim, USA (CE2001) , Lyon, France (CE2000), Bath, UK (CE99), Tokyo, Japan (CE98), Rochester, USA (CE97), Toronto, Canada (CE96), McLean, USA (CE95), Pittsburgh, USA (CE94). CE2008 and CE2009 are planned for Nothern Ireland, UK and Taiwan, respectively.

The CEXX conference series were launched by the International Society for Productivity Enhancement (http://www.ispe-org.net) and have constituted an important forum for international scientific exchange on concurrent engineering. These international conferences attract a significant number of researchers, industrialists and students, as well as government representatives, who are interested in the recent advances in concurrent engineering research and applications. Concurrent engineering is a well recognized engineering approach for productivity enhancement that anticipates all product life cycle process requirements at an early stage in the product development and seeks to architect product and processes in as simultaneous a manner as possible. It works via multi-functional, multi-discipline and multi-organization team collaboration.

The theme of this CE2007 proceedings book is complex systems development focusing on innovative product and process solutions that requires collaboration for architecture, design, implementation and build in order to deliver sustainable value to stakeholders. Concurrent engineering methods, technologies and tools are well established for the development of parts and for enhancing the productivity of isolated product life cycle processes (e.g., manufacturing or assembly). However, there is nothing that prevents us from exploiting the potential to use the concept of concurrent engineering for complex systems development.

Complex systems (e.g. automobiles, aeroplanes, spacecrafts, space vehicles and launchers) development requires the collaboration of many organizations around the globe. So it is necessary to expand current collaborative engineering and management concepts from already traditional multidisciplinary collaboration to multi-cultural through to multi-organizational collaborations. The CE2007 proceedings book offers you the opportunity to keep track of the latest trends on knowledge and collaboration engineering and management.

vi Preface

Concurrent engineering used together with systems engineering provides the necessary framework for not only product innovation but also for process and organization innovation. With particular reference to complex products, the product, its life cycle processes and their performance must be developed in an integrated manner from the outset otherwise complexity escalates. Concurrent engineering provides the right conceptual framework for that. The CE2007 proceedings book shows you state of the art for concurrent systems and software engineering, systems architecting, product development process, concurrent methods and tools and the anticipation of manufacturing and environmental requirements for sustainability.

Complex systems development affects the interests of a multitude of stakeholders. Nowadays, environmental requirements are of increasing importance in product development. Concurrent engineering has already been an approach for anticipating such requirements. This is the so called sustainable product development. The CE2007 proceedings book intends to expand this concept of sustainability towards sustainability of value delivered to all stakeholders; including stakeholder value sustainability, enterprise architecture for innovation, product development management, and supply chain collaboration.

Contributions that compose this proceedings book can be arranged around 5 main tracks identified for the CE2007 conference: 1)Systems engineering, architecting, analysis, modelling, simulation and optimization; 2) Product realization process, methods, technologies and techniques; 3) Information modelling, technology and systems; 4) Knowledge and collaboration engineering and management; 5) Business, organizational and managerial issues.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank to all of the contributors of this book for the high quality of their papers. We would like also to acknowledge the contribution of the track chairs, session chairs and of the International Program Committee for ensuring the high quality of the work compiled into this book. We thank sincerely the members of the executive and organizing committees who helped in all aspects of organizing CE2007. Finally, we would like to gratefully acknowledge the institutional support and encouragement that we have received from our sponsors (ISPE, INPE/LIT, FUNCATE, EMBRAER) and the funding received from the Brazilian science, technology and innovation funding agencies FINEP, FAPESP, CAPES and CNPq.

Geilson Loureiro Richard Curran General Chair CE2007 Program Chair CE2007 LIT – INPE Queen´s University Belfast São José dos Campos – SP – Brazil Nothern Ireland - UK

Organization

Program Committee Chairs

General Chair: Geilson Loureiro, Brazilian Institute for Space Research (LIT/INPE), Brazil

Program Chair: Ricky Curran, Queen´s University Belfast, UK

Local Chair: Clovis Solano Pereira, Brazilian Institute for Space Research (LIT/INPE), Brazil

Conference Advisory Chair: Parisa Ghodous, LIRIS, CNRS, France

Conference Scientific Chair: Roy Rajkumar, Cranfield University, UK

Conference Publicity Chair: Ricardo Gonçalves, UNINOVA, Portugal

Brazilian Publicity Co-chair: Carlos Alberto Almeida, ABCM, Brazil

Track: Systems

Advisory Chair: Geilson Loureiro, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Advisory Co-chair: Ricky Curran, Queen´s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK

Executive Chair: Henrique Rozenfeld, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Journal sponsorship: Sy Chou, NTUST, Taiwan

Publicity: Jerzy Pokojski, SIMR, Poland

viii Organization

Track: Product realization

Advisory Chair: Shuichi Fukuda, Stanford University, USA Executive Chair: Dario Miyake, USP, Brazil Journal Sponsorship: Osiris Canciglieri, PUC-PR, Brazil Publicity: Derrick Tate, TTU, Texas, USA

Track: Information

Advisory Chair: Ricardo Gonçalves, UNINOVA, Portugal Executive Chair: Roberto Rosso, UDESC, Joinville, SC, Brazil Journal Sponsorship: Jianzhong Cha, NJTDU, China Publicity: Raija Halonen, University of Oulu, Finland

Track: Knowledge & collaboration

Advisory Chair: Parisa Ghodous, LIRIS, CNRS, France Executive Chair: Fernando Antônio Forcellini, UFSC, Santa Catarina, Brazil Journal sponsorship: Yiping Lu, NJTDU, China Publicity: Michael Sobolevski, TTU, Texas, USA

Organization ix

Track: Business, organization and management

Advisory Chair: Nel Wognum, University of Twente, the Netherlands

Executive Chair: Gregório Jean Varvakis, UFSC, SC, Brazil

Journal Sponsorship: Roger Jiao, NTU, Singapore

Publicity: Ashley Lloyd, Curtin University of Technology, Australia

International Scientific Committee And Invited Track/Session Organisers

- Ahmed Al-Ashaab, School of Engineering and Built Environment, UK

- Alain Bernard, Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes, France

- Alberto Wunderler Ramos, USP, Brazil

- Álvaro Azevedo Cardoso, UNITAU, Brazil

- Amy Trappey, Tsing Hua University, Taiwan

- Ana Maria Ambrosio, INPE, Brazil

- Andrea Cristina dos Santos, UFSC, Brazil

- Ashley Lloyd, Curtin University of Technology, , Australia

- Boussaid Omar, University of Lyon 2, France

- Carlos Henrique Pereira Mello, UNIFEI, Brazil

- Celson Lima, CSTB, France

- Chimay J. Anumba, Loughborough University, UK

- Clovis Armando Alvarenga Netto, USP, Brazil

x Organization

- Clovis E Hegedus, Gerenco, Brazil

- Cristiano Vasconcellos Ferreira, SENAI Cimatec, Brazil - Daniel Capaldo Amaral, USP, Brazil - Dario Ikuo Miyake, USP, Brazil - Davi Nakano, USP, Brazil - Derrick Tate, Texas Tech University, USA - Ernesto Araujo, LIT-INPE, Brazil - Fernando Antonio Forcellini, UFSC, Brazil - Geilson Loureiro, LIT-INPE, Brazil - Gilberto Dias da Cunha, PUC, Brazil - Gudrun Jaegersberg University of Applied Sciences, Zwickau, Germany - Guy Pierra, LISI/ENSMA, France - Henrique Martins Rocha, UNESP/AEDB, Brazil - Henrique Rozenfeld, USP, Brazil - José Carlos de Toledo, UFSCAR, Brazil - Kazuo Hatakeyama, Universidade Tecnológica do Paraná, Brazil - Klaus-Dieter Thoben, University of Bremen and BIBA, Germany - Leonardo Nabaes Romano, UFSM, Brazil - Leonardo P. Santiago, UFMG, Brazil - Luis Gonzaga Trabasso, ITA, Brazil - Manoel de Queiroz Cordova Santos, Embraer, Brazil - Marcelo da Silva Hounsell, UDESC, Brazil, - Marcelo Gitirana Gomes Ferreira, UFSC, Brazil

Organization xi

- Márcio Silva Alves Branco, INPE, Brazil

- Maria de Fátima Silva Marques Tavares Farinha, UALG, Portugal

- Marly Monteiro de Carvalho, USP, Brazil

- Matthew Wall, MIT, USA

- Nel Wognum, University of Twente, the Netherlands

- Ong Soh Khim, National University of Singapore, Singapore

- Oscar Corcho, University of Manchester, UK

- Osíris Canciglieri Junior, PUCPR, Brazil

- Osmar Possamai, UFSC, Brazil

- Parisa Ghodous, University of Lyon I, France

- Paulino Graciano Francischini, USP, Brazil

- Paulo Augusto Cauchick Miguel, USP, Brazil

- Paulo Ghinato, Lean Way Consulting, Brazil

- Paulo Roberto Pereira Andery, UFMG, Brazil

- Philippe Thiran, University of Namur, Belgium

- Pokojski Jerzy, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

- Ricardo Luís da Rocha Carmona, CTA, Brazil

- Raija Halonen, University of Oulu, Finland

- Régis Kovacs Scalice, UDESC, Brazil

- Reidson Pereira Gouvinhas, UFRN, Brazil

- Richard Curran, Queen´s University Belfast, UK

- Roberto Silvio Ubertino Rosso Jr., UDESC, Brazil

- Rose Dieng, The French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control, France

xii Organization

- Roy Rajkumar, Cranfield University, UK - Sergio Luis da Silva, UFSCAR, Brazil - Shuichi Fukuda, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, Japan - Shuo-Yan Chou, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan - Sylvie Calabretto, LIRIS laboratory University of Lyon 1, France - Tetsuo Tomiyama, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands - Yamine Ait Ameur, LISI/ENSMA, France - Yiping Lu Beijing Jiaotong, University (BJTU), China - Zbigniew W. Ras, University of North Caroline of Charlotte, USA

Marketing & Publicity

- Edna Maria Castro, LIT, INPE, Brazil - Bruna Gabriela Giaccom Cavazzani, LIT, INPE, Brazil - Valdenice Furquin de Souza, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Communications

- Carolina Darrigo Vidal, IAE, CTA, Brazil

- José Júlio Inácio, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Horácio Hiroiti Sawame, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Vladimir Geraseev Junior, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Organization xiii

Editorial Review

- Marina Mendonça Natalino Zenun, EMBRAER, Brazil

- Alberto de Paula Silva, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Andreia Sorice, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Cassio Gonçalves, EMBRAER, Brazil

- Valdecir Tozzi, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Luiz Antonio Flausino, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Herlandi Andrade, Aços Villares, Brazil

Exhibits

- Ernesto Araujo, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Ricardo Sutério, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Sponsors

- Lester Amaral Junior, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Ernesto Araujo, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Marcio Alves Branco, DSS, INPE, Brazil

- Ricardo Carmona, IAE, CTA, Brazil

- Ricardo Sutério, LIT, INPE, Brazil

xiv Organization

Workshops And Tutorials

- Carlos Alberto Costa, UCS, Brazil

- Celson Lima, CSTB, France

- Ricardo Gonçalves, UNINOVA, Portugal

Publication

- Gerald Jean Francis Banon, DPI, INPE, Brazil

- Ana Claudia de Paula Silva, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Flávia Cristina de Andrade, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Luiz Alexandre da Silva, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- José Júlio Inácio, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Antônio Carlos Simões, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Carolina Vidal, IAE, CTA, Brazil

Plenary Sessions

- Shuichi Fukuda, Stanford University, USA

- Luiz Gonzaga Trabasso, ITA, CTA,Brazil

Onsite & Social Events

- Margarete Toledo, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Organization xv

Technical Tours

- Paulo Lourenção, EMBRAER, Brazil

Partner, Family And Visa Issues

- Andreza Nogueira, LIT, INPE, Brazil

- Ceciliana Fonseca, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Registration

- Valdemir da Silva, FUNCATE, Brazil

Conference Management

- Valter Bento da Silveira, LIT, INPE, Brazil

Webmaster

- Lise Christine Banon, DPI, INPE, Brazil

- Gerald Jean Francis Banon, DPI, INPE, Brazil

Contents

Systems Engineering .............................................................................................. 1

Towards A General Systems Theory Approach for Developing Concurrent Engineering Science ................................................................................................. 3Aurelian Mihai Stanescu, Ioan Dumitrach, Michel Pouly,Simona Iuliana Caramihai, Mihnea Alexandru MoisescuA Method for Systems Analysis and Specification with Performance,Cost and Reliability Requirements ......................................................................... 11Anderson Levati Amoroso, Petrônio Noronha de Souzaand Marcelo Lopes de Oliveira e SouzaGuidelines for Reverse Engineering Process Modeling of Technical Systems ...... 23Ivo Rodrigues Montanha Junior, André Ogliari and Nelson BackDesigning a ground support equipment for satellite subsystem basedon a product development reference model............................................................ 31Henrique Pazelli, Sanderson Barbalho , Val ntin Obac RodaImpacts of Standardization Process in the Brazilian Space Sector:a Case Study of a R&D Institute ............................................................................ 41Roberto Roma de Vasconcellos, Marcio Akira Harada, Vania FerreiraFernandez Contreiro, André Luiz Correia, and Sérgio CostaProposal of an Efficiency Index for Supporting System Configuration Design..... 49Nozomu Mishima, Keijiro Masuia and Shinsuke KondoaReaching readiness in technological change through the applicationof capability maturity models principals ................................................................ 57Olivier Zephir, Stéphanie MinelThe System Verification Breakdown Method ........................................................ 65Mendonça, Cássio Henrique

Systems Architecting ............................................................................................ 73

Hardware and Software: How Can We Establish Concurrencybetween the Two?................................................................................................... 75Shuichi Fukuda

e

xx Contents

A Simulated Annealing Algorithm based on Parallel Cluster for Engineering Layout Design .............................................................................. 83 Nan LI, Jianzhong CHA, Yiping LU and Gang LI Space Mission Architecture Trade off Based on Stakeholder Value...................... 91 Márcio Silva Alves Branco, Geilson Loureiro and Luís Gonzaga Trabasso Product Development Process: Using Real Options for Assessments and to support the Decision-Making at Decision Gates.......................................... 99 Henrique Martins Rocha, Mauricio Cesar Delamaro A Valuation Technology for Product Development Options Using an Executable Meta-modeling Language ............................................................. 107 Benjamin H. Y. Koo, Willard L. Simmons, and Edward F. Crawley Towards Automatic Systems Architecting ........................................................... 117 Felipe Simon, Gustavo Pinheiro and Geilson Loureiro

Software Engineering and Simulation.............................................................. 131

Implementing integration of quality standards CMMI and ISO 9001 : 2000 for software engineering.............................................................................. 133 Anis Ferchichi, Jean-Pierre Bourey, Michel Bigand and Hervé Lefebvre Steps Towards Pervasive Software: Does Software Engineering Need Reengineering?............................................................................................ 143 Dana Amin Al Kukhun, Florence Sedes Question-Answer Means for Collaborative Development of Software Intensive Systems ................................................................................................. 151 Peter Sosnin Bringing together space systems engineering and software engineering processes based on standards and best practices .................................................. 159 Miriam B. Alves; Martha A. D. Abdala; Rovedy Busquim e Silva A Brazilian Software Industry Experience in Using ECSS for Space Application Software Development ..................................................... 167 Fátima Mattiello-Francisco, Valdivino Santiago, Ana Maria Ambrósio, Leise Jogaiband Ricardo Costa Satellite Simulator Requirements Specification based on Standardized Space Services...................................................................................................... 175 Ana Maria Ambrósio , Daniele Constant Guimarães and Joaquim Pedro Barreto Performance Analysis of Software Processes Supported by Simulation: a Resolution Problem Process Case Study ........................................................... 185 Dawilmar Guimarães Araújo - Nilson Sant´Anna- Germano Souza Kienbaum

Contents xxi

Concurrent Innovative Product Engineering .................................................. 193

Be Lazy: A Motto for New Concurrent Engineering ........................................... 195Shuichi FukudaA Study on the Application of Business Plans in New ProductDevelopment Processes ........................................................................................ 203Josmael Roberto Kampa and Milton BorsatoA case study about the product development process evaluation......................... 211Daniel Amaral, Henrique Rozenfeld and Camila de AraujoProduct Development Systematization and Performance:a case-study in an automotive company ............................................................... 219Juliana Silva Agostinetto and Daniel Capaldo AmaralAn approach to lean product development planning ............................................ 229Marcus Vinicius Pereira Pessôa, Geilson Loureiro and João Murta AlvesManaging new product development process: a proposal of a theoreticalmodel about their dimensions and the dynamics of the process ........................... 239Leandro Faria Almeida and Paulo Augusto Cauchick MiguelA support tool for the selection of statistical techniques for industrialproduct development and improvement processes ............................................... 247Márcia Elisa Echeveste , Creusa Sayuri Tahara Amaral ,Henrique RozenfeldIs the design process integrated to product development?.................................... 257Viviane Gaspar Ribas, Virgínia Borges Kistmann,Luiz Gonzaga Trabasso

Collaborative Concurrent Engineering Methodologies, Methodsand Tools ............................................................................................................. 265

Concurrent Design in Software Development Based on Axiomatic Design ........ 267Ruihong Zhang, Jianzhong Cha, Yiping LuA Systematical Multi-professional Collaboration Approach via MECand Morphological Analysis for Product Concept Development ......................... 275Chao-Hua Wang, Shuo-Yan ChouDFX Platform for life-cycle aspects analysis ....................................................... 283Piotr Ciechanowski, Lukasz Malinowski and Tomasz NowakDesign For Lean Systematization Through Simultaneous Engineering ............... 291Marcelo Raeder, Fernando ForcelliniPostponement planning and implementation from CE perspective ...................... 301Cássio Dias Gonçalves, Geilson Loureiro and Luís Gonzaga Trabasso

xxii Contents

Neural Network and Model-Predictive Control for Continuous Neutralization Reactor Operation......................................................................... 309 Flávio Perpétuo Briguente, Marcus Venícius dos Santos and Andreia Pepe Ambrozin

Manufacturing Processes and Environmental Requirements for Sustainability ................................................................................................ 319

Modelling and Management of Manufacturing Requirements in Design Automation Systems ............................................................................ 321 Fredrik Elgh Integrating Manufacturing Process Planning with Scheduling via Operation-Based Time-Extended Negotiation Protocols................................ 329 Izabel Cristina Zattar , João Carlos Espindola Ferreira, João Gabriel Ganacin Granado and Carlos Humberto Barreto de Sousa Using Differing Classification Methodologies to Identify a Full Compliment of Potential Changeover Improvement Opportunities ..................... 337 Geraint Owen, Steve Culley, Michael Reik, Richard McIntosh and Tony Mileham Museum Visitor Routing Problem with the Balancing of Concurrent Visitors .......................................................................................... 345 Shuo-Yan Chou and Shih-Wei Lin Improving Environmental Performance of Products by Integrating Ecodesign Methods and Tools into a Reference Model for New Product Development ............................................................................. 355 Américo Guelere Filho, Henrique Rozenfeld, Daniela Cristina Antelmi Pigossoand Aldo Roberto Ometto Sustainable Packaging Design Model .................................................................. 363 Doris Zwicker Bucci, Fernando Antônio Forcellini

Information Modelling for Innovation and Sustainability.............................. 371

Environmental Regulations Impose New Product Lifecycle Information Requirements........................................................................................................ 373 John Messina, Eric Simmon and Matthew Aronoff Data Modeling to Support Environmental Information Exchange throughout the Supply Chain................................................................................ 383 Eric Simmon, John Messina

Contents xxiii

EXPRESS to OWL morphism: making possibleto enrich ISO10303 Modules................................................................................ 391Carlos Agostinho, Moisés Dutra, Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves,Parisa Ghodous, and Adolfo Steiger-GarçãoComplex Modelling Platform based on Digital Material Representation............. 403Lukasz Rauch, Lukasz Madej, Tomasz Jurczyk and Maciej Pietrzyk

Interoperability for Collaboration .................................................................... 411

Collaborative Implementation of Inter-organizational Interoperabilityin a Complex Setting ............................................................................................ 413Raija Halonen and Veikko HalonenFICUS - A Federated Service-Oriented File Transfer Framework....................... 421Adam Turner and Michael SobolewskiLessons Learned from the SILENUS Federated File System............................... 431Max Berger and Michael SobolewskiA P2P Application Signatures Discovery Algorithm ........................................... 441Lijuan Duan, Yanfeng Yu, Lei Han, and Jian Li

Knowledge Management.................................................................................... 449

Knowledge Oriented Process Portal for Continually Improving NPD................. 451Andrea Padovan Jubileu, Henrique Rozenfeld, Creusa Sayuri TaharaAmaral, Janaina Mascarenhas Hornos Costa, Marcella Letíciade Souza CostaKnowledge Sharing and Reuse in Potential Failure Mode and EffectsAnalysis in the Manufacturing and Assembly Processes (PFMEA) Domain....... 461Walter Luís Mikos , João Carlos Espíndola Ferreira

Collaboration Engineering ................................................................................ 469

Collaborative Product Pre-development: an Architecture Proposal ..................... 471Alexandre Moeckel, Fernando Antonio ForcelliniCollaborative Augmented Reality for Better Standards ....................................... 479Matthew Aronoff and John MessinaA Pedagogical Game based on Lego Bricks for Collaborative DesignPractices Analysis................................................................................................. 487Jérémy Legardeur, Stéphanie Minel, and Erika Savoie

xxiv Contents

A Reasoning Approach for Conflict Dealing in Collaborative Design ................ 495 Moisés Dutra, Parisa Ghodous Interface design of a product as a potential agent for a concurrent engineering environment ...................................................................................... 503 Luiz Fernando Segalin de Andrade, Fernando Antônio Forcellini

Knowledge Engineering: Organization Memory, Ontology, Description logics and Semantics ...................................................................... 511

Organizational Memory for Knowledge and Information Management in the Definition, Analysis and Design Phases of Civil Engineering Projects using an XML Model ........................................................................................... 513 Gloria Lucía Giraldo, Germán Urrego-Giraldo Organizational memory supporting the continue transformation of engineering curricula........................................................................................ 521 Germán Urrego-Giraldo, Gloria Lucía Giraldo Development of an Ontology for the Document Management Systems for Construction.................................................................................................... 529 Alba Fuertes, Núria Forcada, Miquel Casals, Marta Gangolells and Xavier Roca Some approaches of ontology Decomposition in Description Logics.................. 537 Thi Anh Le PHAM , Nhan LE-THANH and Peter SANDER Modeling ORM Schemas in Description Logics.................................................. 547 Thi Dieu Thu NGUYEN and Nhan LE THANH Semantics-based Reconciliation of Divergent Replicas in Advanced Concurrent Engineering Environments ................................................................ 557 Vital y Semenov Controlled Vocabularies in the European Construction Sector: Evolution, Current Developments, and Future Trends........................................................... 565 Celson Lima, Alain Zarli, Graham Storer

Technology for Collaborative Engineering ...................................................... 575

Supporting Collaborative Engineering Using an Intelligent Web Service Middleware........................................................................................................... 577 Lutz Schubert, Alexander Kipp and Bastian Koller Research on Concepts and Technologies of Grid Collaborative Designing to Supporting Cross Enterprises Collaboration .................................................... 587 Chen, Xuebin, Duan, Guolin

i

.

Contents xxv

PEGASE: a prototype of software to manage design systemin a collaborative design environment.................................................................. 597Vincent Robin, Christophe Merlo and Philippe GirardA New Ant-based Clustering Algorithm on High Dimensional Data Space ........ 605CHEN Jianbin, Sun Jie,CHEN YunfeiTools for Designing Collaborative Working Environmentsin Manufacturing Industry.................................................................................... 613Dragan Stokic, Ana Teresa Correia and Cristina GramaThe Collaborative Digital Process Methodology achievedthe half lead-time of new car development........................................................... 621Hiroshi Katoh

Stakeholder Value Sustainability ...................................................................... 639

Improvement of the Efficiency Model in Health Care through the use of Stakeholders’ Analysis Techniques...................................................................... 641Clarissa Côrtes Pires, Carolina Darrigo VidalEnterprise Integration for Value Creation in an Organization.............................. 649Aravind BethaFactors Influencing New Products Success in Small Brazilian Medicaland Hospital Equipment Firms............................................................................. 657José Carlos de Toledo, Sergio Luis da Silva, Sabrina Medina de Paula,Glauco Henrique de Sousa Mendes, Daniel JugendSystematic for Increase of the Operational Efficiency from the Allocationof Resources in Intangible Assets......................................................................... 665Claudelino Martins Dias Junior, Osmar Possamai and Ricardo Luís RosaJardim GonçalvesGeotraceability and life cycle assessment in environmentallife cycle management: towards sustainability ..................................................... 673Aldo Ometto, Mateus Batistella, Américo Guelere Filho, Gérard Chuzeland Alain Viau

Enterprise Architecture for Innovation............................................................ 681

Experimentation of an Enterprise Architecture in aerospace electricalengineering process .............................................................................................. 683Xavier RakotomamonjyIn search of the elements of an Intra-organizational Innovation Systemfor Brazilian automotive subsidiaries ................................................................... 693Raoni Barros Bagno, Lin Chih Cheng

xxvi Contents

Mectron's Innovation Management: Structural and Behavioral Analysis ............ 701 Alexsandro Souza de Lima and José Roberto de Paula Completeness of Development Projects Assisted by QFD: a Case Study............ 709 Marcelo Farhat de Araujo and Luís Gonzaga Trabasso The Effects of Teams’ Co-location on Project Performance ................................ 717 Marina Mendonça Natalino Zenun, Geilson Loureiro and Claudiano Sales Araujo

Product Development Management.................................................................. 727

A DEA Benchmarking Methodology for New Product Development Process Optimization............................................................................................ 729 Amy J.C. Trappey, Tzu-An Chiang, Wen-Chih Chen, Jen-Yau Kuo, Chia-Wei Yu Critical success factors on product development management in Brazilian technological based companies ............................................................................ 739 Sérgio Luis da Silva, José Carlos de Toledo, Daniel Jugend and Glauco Henrique de Sousa Mendes The Main Problems in the Product Development Process by Large-sized Companies of the Brazilian Agricultural Machines and Implements Sector........ 749 Aline Patricia Mano, Julianita Maria Scaranello Simões , Luciano Silva Lima, José Carlos de Toledo and Sérgio Luis da Silva. Identification of critical points for the implementation of a PDP reference model in SMEs ..................................................................................................... 757 Tomoe Daniela Hamanaka Gusberti and Márcia Elisa Echeveste A Reference Model for the Pharmaceutical PDP Management – an architecture ...................................................................................................... 765 Istefani Carisio de Paula, José Luis Duarte Ribeiro

Supply Chain Collaboration.............................................................................. 773

Product Development Process Managing in Supply Chain .................................. 775 Andréa Cristina dos Santos, Rafael Ernesto Kieckbusch and Fernando Antonio Forcellini Level of knowledge and formalization of logistics and SCM in the Brazilian automotive industries suppliers................................................... 783 Kazuo Hatakeyama, Patrícia Guarnieri An Evaluation of the Extended Logistic, Simple Logistic, and Gompertz Models for Forecasting Short Lifecycle Products and Services.......................................................................................................... 793 Charles V. Trappey, Hsin-ying Wu

Contents xxvii

Trans-regional Supply Chain Research Network: Developing Innovation Strategies Within and Between Regional Oil and Gas Clusters ........................... 801Gudrun Jaegersberg, Jenny Ure and Ashley D. LloydProcurement and Importing in New Product Projectsof Brazilian Aerospace Program........................................................................... 809Sanderson Barbalho, Eduardo Richter, Mário StefaniMeasuring the efficiency of outsourcing: an illustrative case studyfrom the aerospace industry.................................................................................. 819Angelo J C A Ferreira Filho, Valerio A P Salomon, Fernando A S MarinsAuthor Index......................................................................................................... 827

Systems Engineering

Towards A General Systems Theory Approach for Developing Concurrent Engineering Science

Aurelian Mihai Stanescua,1, Ioan Dumitrachb, Michel Poulyb, Simona Iuliana Caramihai a, Mihnea Alexandru Moisescub

aProfessor PhD, University Politehnica Bucharest, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer, e-mail: ams@cpru.pub.ro bUniversity Politehnica Bucharest, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer. , e-mail: dumi, sic, amm@cpru.pub.ro c Ecole Federale Politechnique de Lausanne

Abstract. Information, as a specific commodity, sustains our knowledge production in every domain of human activities. But the Knowledge-based Economy (KbE), requires intensive information and Knowledge Management. The KM is the key-factor of enterprises competitiveness (LS- large scale enterprises; SME- small and medium size Enterprise ; E-micro size enterprises). Even the e-workers, immersed in Professional Virtual Communities must use efectively both basic concepts, methodology, methods and techniques from concurent engineering science. To design the Complex Adaptive Systems, is our our long-term research target. The present paper is an ambitious attempt to initiate a global collaborative project for the DCCE scientifically foundation based on General Systems Theory holistic approach.

Keywords. General System Theory, Interoperability, Distributed Smart concurent Engineering, Concurent Science.

1 Introduction

The Concurrent Engineering is a quite “young” (25 years) multidisciplinary domain of interest, but the time has come to convert it from “best practices” – oriented methodology engineering - to a smart Distributed Concurrent & Collaborative Engineering Science (DCCE)

Web science and Internet Technology provide enterprises ( Large Size, SMEs, SMEs ) with better and more flexible ways to fully satisfy their customers on the

global e-market. Enterprises are increasing their efforts, even more in order to improve their (intra and inter) business processes, in order to reach a more 1 Professor PhD Eng,. University Politehnica Bucharest, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, Romania ; Tel: +40 21 3113242; Fax: +40 21 3113241; Email: ams@cpru.pub.ro; http://www.pub.ro

4 A.M Stanescu, I Dumitrache, M. Pouly, S.I Caramihai, M.A Moisescu

competitive level, as well as become more agile actors [Loss, Rabelo, Perreira-Klen 2005a]. Available estimates indicate that SME 's are the main employers in Europe, representing 60% of the Job market [5]. It is also estimated that industrial subcontractors represent roughly 20% of al industrial jobs. 1st of January 2007 marked the beginning of the 'new wave' to enlarge the European Union (27 countries) after Romania and Bulgaria, both joined in. In the newly integrated 'members' economy, the real ratio of SMEs contribution is more spectacular (e.g. 92% in Romanian economy). The challenges to develop a sustainable digital and global economy by using the advanced ICT-platforms are the key-drivers of Knowledge based Economy. The academic research community has received this 'message' since the '80s. In a huge effort to fill the gap between remarkable scientific achievements and the real socioeconomic needs, a "new requirements list" has been developed during the last three decades. Altough many Reference Models, Standards, Frameworks and IC-Technologies have been created, 'Enterprise Interoperability' (IST-FP6-successful projects: ATHENA, ECOLEAD, INTEROP, [9, 10, 11] a.s.o), still represents a key-problem to be fully solved in the years to come. The main paradigm that concerns many authors with in their present research is 'Virtual Organization'/Collaborative Networks [1]. Taking into consideration the international research context, one could notice that the "concurrent engineering "(CE) paradigm, that has been rapidly developed since 1982, has to be re-balanced from an advanced methodology useful in engineering science including methods, tools, techniques into a collaborative sciences foundation. The paper is structured in the following sections: Section #2 is concerned with the GST (General systems theory oriented framework); Section #3 deals with a new approach for the ICT- Infrastructures Architecture of collaborative platforms supporting the nowadays geographically-distributed Concurrent Engineering (DCE);Section, Section #4 provides a case-study (REMEDIA- project).

2 General System Theory-oriented Framework

2.1 Paradigm Shift

The companies are overheated by ICT- technologies. The well-known MONITOR/ANALYSE/PLAN/EXECUTE (MAPE) has been provided by the Department of Defense-USA some time ago, but we also stress on another J.R. Boyd FEEDBACK PARADIGM O.O.D.A .( OBSERVE /ORIENT /DECIDE /ACT) addressing the decision-makers for every domain of real economy.

Towards A General Systems Theory Approach 5

1. The OBSERVE-ORIENT-DECIDE-ACT (OODA) loop

The 'classical behaviorist' (psychology) uses to explicitly deal with

uncertainties the 'S.H.O.R.- STIMULATION-HYPOTHESIS-OPINION-RESPONSE' paradigm is useful for [8]. In the following we must consider the meaning of these general features:

Extending and enhancing scientific knowledge and truth about our existence.

Using management of existing knowledge and truth about existence. Producing new technological knowledge through innovation. Unprecedented dissemination of knowledge to address citizens through

new channels of modern communication. The five 'pillars' of knowledge-focused education as described by UNESCO

bring into attention the 'step like-staircase' of 'Lifelong Learning' paradigm: Learn to know / Learn to do / Learn to live together / Learn to be / Learn to choose

Jussi T. Koski, professor at Helsinki Technical University compares the idea of learning to be to the future wish of various organizations and working life by Charles Mandy, that an increasing number of people would stop working increasingly earlier in life in order to become what they really are. This means that the transparency of values is essential. J.T. Koski was the one who completed the UNESCO four-dimension LEARNING space with the fifth: LEARNING to CHOOSE . This is highlighted as part of personal, skilful competence. Choosing presumes 'mastery of values, without which people may lose their ability to act. Mastery of values is the individual's capability to prioritize matters based on a personal life experience on his or her capacity to learn'. Skilful competence consists of developing 5D-Learning in a stable, harmonious fashion.

Taking into consideration this trendy 'societal positive tsunami' that involves every citizen of the Planet in the future (Knowledge-based economy that is sustained by lifelong learning), several research projects have studied the 'Virtual Organization' area. Usually the focus was on issues supporting creation rather than on management actions (e.g. IST-FP6-ECOLEAD, 2005 [10] ). The 'Learning Organization' remains a challenge for our Information Society! [6]

A paradigm shift is required to dynamically meet the needs of 21st Century experts' for exploiting information as well as to speed up the decision making processes! [6].

6 A.M Stanescu, I Dumitrache, M. Pouly, S.I Caramihai, M.A Moisescu

2.2 Von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory reloaded

Keeping in mind such turbulent "Research Eco-Systems", an "ad-hoc" buzzword with respect to Business Eco Systems [1], the authors have just made an attempt to find which could be the 'CENTRIPETIC' force to reduce the 'entropy' of our days scientific life. Our response focuses on re-evaluating the key-role of General System Theory (for Collaborative Concurrent Engineering), but is not limited to this.

From 1930 until 1976, the famous "parent" Ludwig von Bertalanffy has provided a solid-ground scientific foundation for General System Theory. Von Bertalanffy wondered: Is cultural change and evolution essentially expression of an inherent and auto continuous dynamics or is it brought about by cultural diffusion? Is history a sequence of individual, unrepeatable and therefore merely describable events, or does it show recurrences and regularities as, respectively, the opposing "idiographic" and "homothetic" views of history contend? However, by changing the structure of organization, perhaps culture, and the business environment in which it exists can progress. Bela Banathy's concept of a "Human Activity System" offers great promise. Banathy describes a Human Activity System as 'an assembly of people an other resources organized into a whole in order to accomplish a purpose. The people in the system are affected by being in the system, and by their participation in the system they affect the system. People in the system select and carry out activities- individually and collectively- activities that will enable them to attain a collectively identified purpose'.

"The behaviour of complex, adaptive systems cannot be captured by constrained optimization models. This is a fundamental departure from the presumptions inherent in conventional economics. Such systems have to be analyzed 'in' time and this limits the way in which mathematics can be used. The historical trajectory is that the value of an economic network in a complex adaptive system can be represented mathematically, e.g. as a logistic equation, but it is not derivable from a set of axioms set in a timeless context". However, conventional deduction can still be used to specify adjunct hypotheses concerning the factors that shift historical trajectories around. It follows that, in complex adaptive systems, the stationary states such trajectories attain are not analytical equilibriums but, rather, end states of cumulative historical processes.

The state of the art in "Enterprise Interoperability & Integration" domain proves the Information Systems axe integrated successfully with Business & Management Layer [7]

“An Information System can be any organized combination of people hardware, software, communication networks and data resources that COLLECTS, TRANSFORMS&DISSEMINATES INFORMATION in an ORGANIZATION” [4]. People have relied on IS to communicate with each other using a variety of physical devices (hardware), information processing instructions and procedures (software), communication channels (networks) and stored data (resources) since the dawn of civilization.

Considering the difficulties noted above, they also require capabilities to initiate and lead transformation as well as understanding the wider social, economical and cultural implications of proposed transformations. The

Towards A General Systems Theory Approach 7

interdisciplinary character will increase as claims that IT is no longer a source of strategic advantage have generated a growing concern over the loss of pure technology-oriented jobs and increased the demand for business-oriented IT jobs. It is expected that demand will increase for integration, enterprise architecture, information management and business process management. The integration between Business Process Systems and Information System in progress of being consolidated by the interoperability research issues.

The researchers will establish numerous knowledge links to other enterprises or co-workers with which they combine rapidly and flexibly to respond to market changes or to create new markets. The size of an enterprise will matter less than its ability to collaborate, its ability to adapt, and its ability to interoperate [3].

The most important challenge raised by the new focus on the interoperability is to determine a way to represent the complex system specification semantics according to sustain collaborative work.

4 Interoperability - focused Distributed Collaborative Concurrent Engineering Framework

Coming back to the CE - focused domain, a distinction can also be made between meta-system / hyper-system / functional system / subsystem / aspect system / application module (API) / granular micro-system. A distinction can also be made between subsystems and aspect systems in order to gain a better insight into complex adaptive systems. A subsystem is a subset of elements in a system, in which all original relationships between these elements remain unchanged. An aspect system is a subset of relationships in the system, in which all elements remain unchanged. Furthermore, a distinction is made between static systems and dynamic systems. Contrary to dynamic systems, in static systems no events occor. This behaviour is the manner in which the system reacts to certain internal and external changes. A process is defined as a series of transformations in the course of the throughput, as a result of which the input elements undergo a change in regard to their place, position, size, shape, function, property, or any other characteristic.

In regard to the presence of the process, permanent and temporary elements can be distinguished in the system. The permanent elements are the subsystems or components of the assembly system, such as feeding systems, robots and sensors. These subsystems fulfil functions in the assembly process, and form, through mutual relationships, the structure of the system. The temporary elements are continuously imported into the assembly system and transformed into an output desired by the environment (market). These elements entail a flow of material (product parts), an energy flow and an information flow. The emphasis lies on the flow of material. Hence, only the flow of material is considered in regard to the output .

8 A.M Stanescu, I Dumitrache, M. Pouly, S.I Caramihai, M.A Moisescu

2. Graphical representation of dynamical system

A e-Collaborative Enterprise as a geographically dispersed meta-system is a

meta-system with a SoS or FoS topology supported by the following mathematical model [Stanescu 2002]

S CEe (.) = { MVIEWS , MPLATF, A, R, G } MVIEWS is a N views modelling framework of the meta-system MPLATF is a tool cases set based subsystem defining a software environment

(e.g. model-driven meta-modelling. object oriented tools, a.s.o) (RFID oriented) A is a multi-agent system R is 3-Dimensions resources set (human, financial technology) G is a shared goal for set of actors of enactment of a reference scenario) The most important challenge raises by new scientifically achievements on the

interoperability "problem-solution". "Numerous Knowledge links between various "actors" with a Collaborative

Network enactment (enterprise, e-workers, a.s.o) have to rapidly and flexible be combined to respond efficiently to market rapid changes. The size of an "enterprise" will matter for less than it's ability to collaborate its ability to adapt or its ability to interoperate [3]"

A new very important challenge is generated by new" trendy" research on operability.

The problem is concerned with the representation of the complex System Specifications addressing technical, semantic and pragmatic interoperability. [2].

5 Interoperability-based "REMEDIA" Case Study.

One of the entities of the project coordinator, the “Center for Human Resources Training” of the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (UPB-CPRU) was a partner (1 out of 39) in the project UE-IST Framework FP5 (2001-project-38379) whose main objective was to elaborate the vision and roadmap for virtual organizations in EU countries.