Composition of Blood & Plasma

8/6/2019 Composition of Blood & Plasma

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. IntroductionA. The internal environment is regulated by the

fluids which bathe the cells:1. Interstitial fluid (IF) is found outside cells

and in between the cells

2. Lymph inside lymph vessels

3. Blood within blood vesselsB. Hematologyis the science which studies blood

and blood disorders


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Blood

Fluid connective tissue

Functions include

Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones,

and metabolic wastes Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial

fluids

Restricting fluid loss at injury sites

Defending the body against toxins and pathogens

Regulating body temperature by absorbing andredistributing heat


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Figure 19.1a

The Composition of Whole

Blood


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Composition of Blood

Total Blood Volume : 5-6 liters (8% ofbody weight or 80ml/kg body weight)

Specific Gravity : 1050-1060

Viscosity : 4-5 times that of water Ph : 7.4 (.05); it is alkaline in nature

In acidosis Ph of blood falls below 7.38

and in alkalosis Ph is more than 7.42


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Figure 10.1


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Composition of Blood

Blood contains plasma & formed

elements(cells) Cells represent 45% of blood volume

Hematocritrepresents the percentage of red

blood cells in blood (called Packed CellVolume (PCV)

1. A lower than normal hematocrit is representativeof a condition known as anemia

2. An abnormally high hematocrit is representativeofpolycythemia

Hematocrit for males: 40%-54% (47%);Females: 38%-46% (42%)


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Blood Components:

Figure 16-1: Composition of blood


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Blood Components: Cells

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

O2 & CO2 transport White Blood Cells (WBC)

Immune defense

Phagocytosis

Platelets: clotting


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Blood Cells


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Plasma is a clear ,straw colored fluidportion of blood & represents 55% ofthe total blood volume.

It contains 91% water and 9% solids( 1% inorganic molecules ,8% organicmolecules)


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The major inorganicmolecules are Na+

,Ca++, Hco3-, K+ , Mg++,Cu++, Po4

-3

Of 8% organic molecules

7% are Plasma

Proteins

(6.4-8.3 gm%)

1% are Non Protein

Nitrogenous

substances(urea,Uricacid,Creatinine,Xanth

in)


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Figure 10.1


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Serum = Plasma Clotting factors


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Plasma Proteins

Albumin

Globulin- , , , ,

Fibrinogen

Origin:

Liver- Albumin & Fibrinogen

Plasma cells, lymphocytes, tissuemacrophages- Globulin


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Plasma proteins

concentration 63 83 g fl (6.3-8.3gm%)

simple or conjugated (glycoproteins, lipoproteins)

separation:

a) salting-out methods p albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

b) electrophoresisp albumin, globulin E1, E2,F, K fractions:

-

+

K

F

E2

E1

albumin


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Albumins

more than 90% are synthesized in the liver 55% of plasma proteins

3-5 gm% (average 4.8gm%)

Functions:maintenance of the osmotic pressure of plasma andviscositytransport of:

steroid hormones

free fatty acidsbilirubindrugs (sulfonamides, aspirin)Ca2+

Cu2+


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Plasma Proteins-GLOBULINS

Globulin is 38%of plasma Proteins 2-3 gm%(average 2.3gm%)

13% globulin: 0.79-0.84 gm%

14% globulin : 0.78-0.81 gm%

11% globulin: 0.66-0.70 gm%

A/G ratio :1.7-1

7% Fibrinogen: 0.3 gm%

Prothrombin: 40 mg %


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Elfo fractions of plasma proteins

Fraction Rel. amount (%) c (g)

Albumins: albumin

pre-albumin (transthyretin)

52 58 34 50

E1

-globulins: thyroxin-binding globulin, transcortin,

E1-acid glycoprotein, E1-antitrypsin, E1-lipoprotein

(HDL), E1-fetoprotein

2,4 4,4 2-4

E2-globulins: haptoglobin, macroglobulin,

ceruloplasmin

6,1 10,1 5 9

F-globulins: transferrin, hemopexin, lipoprotein(LDL), fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, C3 and C4

components of the complement system

8,5 14,5 6 11

K-globulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE 10 21 8 15


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Globulins

~38% of plasma proteins

Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteinsand pathogens

Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormonesand other compounds

Fibrinogen

Converted to fibrin during clotting

Removal of fibrinogen leaves serum


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Exert osmotic pressure

Plasma proteins cant cross capillary membraneso exert colloidal osmotic pressure of about25mmHg on capillary membrane. 80% of COP iscontributed by Albumin

COP plays an important role in exchange ofwater between blood & tissue fluid

At arterial end of capillaries, due to highHydrostatic Pressure than COP there occursfiltration of fluid out in tissues

At venous end of capillaries due to lower HP thanCOP there occur absorption of fluid from tissuesin to vessels


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Contribution to Blood Viscosity

Shape of Plasma Proteins Greatly contributeto Viscosity of Blood.

Fibrinogen & globulins are main contributors

due to their asymetrical shape

The Blood Viscosity plays an important role inthe maintenance of Blood Pressure by

providing resistance to flow of blood .


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Role in Coagulation of Blood

TheF

ibrinogen ,Prothrombin & othercoagulation proteins present in plasma play

important role in the coagulation of Blood.

Whenever ,there is injury to blood vessels, thefibrinogen is converted in to fibrin which form

blood clot


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Transport Function

Vitamins A,D & Eare transported by the highand low density lipoproteins.

Bilirubin is transported with Albumin & alsowith fractions of alpha globulin.

Drugs are transported with Albumin Ca++ of plasma is 50% bound to proteins for

transport.

Cu is bound to ceruloplasmin(alpha globulin)

for transport Free HB in the vessels is bound to haptoglobin

& is carried to reticulo-endothelial system


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Causes of Albumin Deficiency

Liver diseases (cirrhosis) decrease in the ratio of albumin to

globulins

Protein malnutrition

Excessive excretion by kidneys (renal disease)

Mutation causing analbuminemia (affects splicing)


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Variations in plasma protein levels

Reduced albumin:(i) Infancy

(ii) Pregnancy

(iii) Hepatitis

(iv) Cirrhosis

(v) Nephrosis

(vi) burns

Increased globulin:(i) Cirrhosis of liver

(ii) Tuberculosis

(iii) Lymphatic leukemia

Decreased Fibrinogen:

(i) Congenital

(ii) DIC

Increased Fibrinogen:(i) Pregnancy

(ii) malaria


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Documents

Composition of Blood & Plasma