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23rd World Gas Conference,Amsterdam, 5-9 June 06
Bill Leighty, DirectorThe Leighty Foundation
Juneau, [email protected]
907-586-1426 206-719-5554 cell
Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver
Large-scale Stranded Renewable Energy at Competitive Cost
When we realize these as emergencies:
• Global Warming, Climate Change• Energy Security and Cost• Peak Oil and Natural Gas
We must quickly invest in:• Energy conservation, efficiency• Large, new energy supplies:
� CO2-emissions-free� Indigenous� Both Distributed, Centralized
Shortest path to benign, secure, abundant energy ?
• Renewables– Diverse– Diffuse– Dispersed
• Centralized: – large, rich; lower cost than distributed ?– but stranded (no transmission)
• Gaseous hydrogen (GH2) pipelines– Conversion, gathering– Transmission– Storage– Distribution
• Geologic storage “firms”• Pilot plant needed:
– every major new industrial process – IRHTDF
The Great Plains Wind Resource
• Great Plains Wind: Huge, Stranded
• Total USA energy: 100 quads = 10,000 TWh
• Big Market: Hydrogen Fuel, not Grid Electricity
• Accelerate Conversion from Fossil
ALL Denmark’s energy from windpower
• Prof Bent Sorensen, Roskilde Univ, DK
• WHEC, Montreal, June 02
• ALL Denmark’s energy from wind –
► Elec, oil, gas
► Transport, space heat-cool, industry
• IF convert ~ 15% to H2, store in extant salt caverns
• Can USA do same?
• Start with transport fuel ?
Total solar: ~ 3 x 10^14 kg / yr
Total wind: ~ 3 x 10^11 kg / yr
Rich, strandedResources
The Great Plains Wind Resource
How shall we bring the large, stranded, Great
Plains renewablesto market ?
Why Hydrogen ?
• Bring diverse, stranded, large-scale, renewables to distant markets
• Firm time-varying-output renewables– seconds, seasons– energy storage
• Pipelines
• Geologic: salt caverns, other
Exporting From 12 Windiest Great Plains StatesNumber of GH2 pipelines or HVDC electric lines necessary to export total wind resource
Wind energy source: PNL-7789, 1991 * at 500 miles average length
$ 401
17
19
22
26
29
30
35
41
41
43
48
50
$ BillionTotal CapitalCost *
890
40
40
50
60
60
70
80
90
100
100
100
100
3 GWexportHVDClines
$ 5344012,849,3169,984TOTALS
2417124,144435New Mexico
2419137,272481Colorado
3022157,249551Iowa
3626187,500657Minnesota
3629206,906725Oklahoma
4230213,185747Wyoming
4835247,717868Nebraska
5441291,0961,020Montana
6041293,9501,030South Dakota
6043305,3651,070Kansas
6048339,6121,190Texas
6050345,3201,210North Dakota
$ BillionTotal CapitalCost *
6 GW36” GH2 export pipelines
Wind Gen
MW(nameplate)(40% CF)
AEP, TWhState
Left: 3,000 MW HVDC (Pacific DC Intertie, PDCI) Right: HVAC
Bishop, CA
SIEMENS
HVDC line
+/- 500 kv
North Dakota wind needs
115 new linesat 3,000 MW
each
Twelve Plains states
wind needs 890 new linesat 3,000 MW
each
“Hydrogen Transmission Scenario”Collection Topology Options:
Electrolyzer and Rectifier Location
Electrolyzer
H2O
H2
O2
Electrolyzer
H2O
H2
O2PE
PE
To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline
To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline
PE: Power Electronics
Electrolyzer
Norsk Hydro Electrolyzers2 MW each
Norsk Hydro electrolyzer, KOH type 560 kW input, 130 Nm3 / hour at 450 psi (30 bar)
High-pressElectrolyzers
GeneratorsICE, CT, FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
500 milesHydrogen Gas
Pipeline20" diameter
1,500 -- 500 psi
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
Pipeline EnergyStorage
City gate
1,500 psi 500 psi
Transmission Distribution
20", 36" GH2 Pipeline Capacity, 500 Miles, 1500 psi IN / 500 psi OUT
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
200 300 500 1,000
Pipeline Length, Miles
Cap
acity
, MM
scfd
.
20" diameter 36" diameter
20”, 36” GH2 Pipeline Capacity
1,500 psi IN / 500 psi OUT
Total Installed Capital Cost1,000 mile pipeline, $US million
Windplant size 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
Wind generators $ 1,000 $ 2,000
Electrolyzers 500 1,000Pipeline, 20” 930 930
TOTAL $ 2,430 $ 3,930
City-gate GH2 cost: 15% CRF, 20" pipeline, 2 GW Gre at Plains windplant
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
200 300 500 1000
Pipeline length, miles
2005
$U
S /
kg G
H2
B1: Unsubsidized B2: US fed PTC only B3: PTC + Oxygen sales B4: PTC + O2 sale + C-credit
Wind-Hydrogen 1,000 Mile Pipeline Optimization Simu lation
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
Wind Gen Capacity / Pipeline Capacity
Del
iver
ed C
ost $
/ kg
H2
-
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Util
izat
ion
-
Delivered Cost WindGen Utilization Pipeline Utilization Electrolyzer Utilization
Electrolyzers
GeneratorsICE, CT, FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,000 miles Hydrogen GasPipeline 36" diameter, 1,500 - 500 psi
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
Pipeline Storage = 240 GWh
GeologicStorage ?
Storage
Storage
Storage
Hydrogen Energy Storage
Hourly Hydrogen Pipeline Input and Output
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1 25 49 73 97 121 145
MW
h
-
Input Output
Hours
Great Plains Windplant, Pipeline Hourly Output for Typical Week
From: Charles W. Forsberg, ORNL, 17 th NHA Conference, 12-16 Mar 06
Total USA Natural Gas Underground StorageSource: USDOE, EIA http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngs/ngs.html
Working Gas in Underground Storage Compared with 5-Yea r Range
Renewable-source GH2 geologic storage potential. Candidate formations for manmade, solution-mined,
salt caverns
Geologic Salt: “Domal” , “Bedded”
“Dome” salt deposits are thicker and
more homogeneous than “bedded”
ChevronPhilips GH2 Storage Cavern
• Near Freeport, TX• Solution-mined• Estimated capital cost ’05 ~ $5 M• 20 years old• 2,200 psi design -- 2,000 psi operating• Cavern roof 2,800 ft below surface• 160 ft diam x 1,000 ft high
– 580,000 m3
– 6.4 million ft 3
Total Installed Capital Cost1,000 mile pipeline, $US million
Windplant size 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
Wind generators $ 1,000 $ 2,000
Electrolyzers 500 1,000Pipeline, 20” 930 930
TOTAL $ 2,430 $ 3,930
Total Installed Capital Cost1,000 mile Pipeline
“Firming” GH2 cavern storage Windplant size 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
[million] [million]Wind generators $ 1,000 $ 2,000Electrolyzers 500 1,000Pipeline 930 930# storage caverns [4] [8]Caverns @ $5M ea 20 40Cushion gas @ $5M ea 20 40TOTAL $ 2,470 $ 4,010
Cavern storage: 1.6% total capital cost
“Firming” GH2 Cavern Storage for ALL Great Plains Wind
~ 12,000 cavernsExcavate: $5 M each $ 60 BCushion gas: $5 M each $ 60 B
Total $120 B
Adds VALUE: strategic, market
Electrolyzers Compressors
GeneratorsICE, CT,
FC
AC gridWholesale
End usersRetail
WindGenerators
WindGenerators
1,600 kmGH2
Pipeline
Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains
Liquefy Aircraft Fuel
H 2
Biomass orCoal
Gasification
O 2
Syngas
CT, ICE GeneratorElectricity
Grid
Reactors Chemicals
Water-shiftReactionH 2
CO 2
H20
CO 2 Sequestration
Sequestration
H20
H20
Geologic Hydrogenstorage ?Geologic Oxygen storage ?
International Renewable Hydrogen
Transmission Demonstration Facility
(IRHTDF)
Pilot plant
Global opportunity:IPHE project
IRHTDF startup
• $150K “champion” funding: AASI• Coalition of interest
– Renewables sources: wind, CSP, biomass– Automakers– USDOE, Labs– Industry: GE, APCI, BP, Shell, automakers– Great Plains states: MN, UMHI– Japan, NAGPF– Environ, trade, policy groups
• Revise concept• Econ + tech
– Feasibility studies; – Catalog R+D to precede it
• Preliminary design• IPHE project proposal (via ILC): sponsors, site
NATURALHY
Prepared by O. FlorissonGasunie
Full H2-area
The NATURALHY approach
H2
N.G.
NATURALHY:
• Breaks “chicken-egg” dilemma
• Bridge to sustainable future
When we realize these as emergencies:
• Global Warming, Climate Change• Energy Security and Cost• Peak Oil and Natural Gas
We must quickly invest in:• Energy conservation, efficiency• Large, new energy supplies:
� CO2-emissions-free� Indigenous� Both Distributed, Centralized
EIA estimated 2025 energy use
Nuclear 7.64
Coal 26.89
Gas 34.88
Oil 56.7
Hydro 0.95
Nuclear 7.64
Wind 0.11
Solar 0.01
Coal 26.89
Gas 34.88
Oil 56.7
H2 Production 0
Electricity Generation
45.74
Bio/Geo
5.94Bio/Geo 5.94
Residential 14.09
Commercial 12.31
Industrial 34.81
Automotive 25.83
Freight 13.18
Airlines
Residential 14.09
Commercial 12.31
Automotive 25.83
Freight 13.18
Airlines 5.06
Industrial 34.81
Estimated Future U.S. Energy Requirements - 133.1 Quads) Projection Year 2025From Year 2025
Efficiency Year 2025Energy Distribution Year 2025
Estimated 2050 energy use(H2 fleet using wind electrolysis)
Nuclear 7.84
Wind 16.27
Coal 25.99
Gas 41.83
Oil 42.92
H2 Production 14.76
Hydro 1.21
Nuclear 7.84
Wind 16.27
Solar 0.01
Coal 25.99
Gas 41.83
Oil 42.92
H2 Production 14.76
Electricity Generation
60.3
Bio/Geo
7.28Bio/Geo 7.28
Residential 17.22
Commercial 16.91
Industrial 45.97
Automotive 10.71
Freight 18.45
Airlines 7.77
Residential 17.22
Commercial 16.91
Automotive 10.71
Freight 18.45
Airlines 7.77
Industrial 45.97
Estimated Future U.S. Energy Requirements - 143.3 Quads) Projection Year 2050From Year 2025
Efficiency Year 2025 ModifiedEnergy Distribution Year 2025 Modified
Estimated 2050 energy use(H2 fleet using nuclear thermochemical)
Nuclear 30.72
Coal 28.38
Gas 42.83
Oil 42.9
H2 Production 22.85
Hydro 0.97
Nuclear 30.72
Wind 0.12
Solar 0.01
Coal 28.38
Gas 42.83
Oil 42.9
H2 Production 22.85
Electricity Generation
47.11
Bio/Geo
7.06Bio/Geo 7.06
Residential 17.22
Commercial 16.91
Industrial 45.97
Automotive 10.71
Freight 18.45
Airlines 7.77
Residential 17.22
Commercial 16.91
Automotive 10.71
Freight 18.45
Airlines 7.77
Industrial 45.97
Estimated Future U.S. Energy Requirements - 153 Quads) Projection Year 2050From Year 2025
Efficiency Year 2025 ModifiedEnergy Distribution Year 2025 Modified
“There’s a better way to do it…find it”
International Renewable Hydrogen
Transmission Demonstration Facility
(IRHTDF)
Pilot plant
Global opportunity:IPHE project
I R H T D F
• Pilot plant: Every new industrial process • Renewables-hydrogen system
� Generation� Conversion� Collection� Transmission� Storage� Distribution, end users� Synergy: O2, seasonal
23rd World Gas Conference,Amsterdam, 5-9 June 06
Bill Leighty, DirectorThe Leighty Foundation
Juneau, [email protected]
907-586-1426 206-719-5554 cell
Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver
Large-scale Stranded Renewable Energy at Competitive Cost
hyco99.ppt 2
abc
Air Products H2 / CO Pipeline - Texas Gulf Coast
MONT BELVIEU
PORTARTHUR
BEAUMONT
BAYPORT
BATTLEGROUND
PASADENA
CITY OFHOUSTON
CLEARLAKEGULF OF MEXICO
BAYTOWN
ORANGE
225
610
10
45
73
10
10
LAPORTE
LAKECHARLES
Approx. 60 Miles
HYDROGENCOSYNGASAir Products Facilities
Approx. 60 Miles
BAYTOWN
“We know how to pipeline hydrogen” Air Products~ 10,000 miles of GH2 pipeline, worldwide
hyco99.ppt 3
abc
Air Products H2 PipelineBaton Rouge/New Orleans, Louisiana
CARVILLE
PLAQUEMINE
GEISMAR
CONVENT
LAPLACEGARYVILLE
BATON ROUGE
NOLANEW ORLEANS
LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN
CHALMETTE
BELLE CHASE
Air Products Facilities
Hydrogen Pipeline
TAFT
GEISMAR
hyco99.ppt 4
abc
Rotterdam Pipeline System
ROTTERDAMROTTERDAM
PERNIS
ROZENBURGROZENBURG
ZWIJNDRECHTZWIJNDRECHT
ToTo Moerdijk Moerdijk
Industrial Gas Pipeline
APAP Pernis Pernis
APAP Botlek Botlek
APAPEuropoortEuropoort
ARCO CARSON
ARCO CARSON
MOBIL TORRANCE
MOBIL TORRANCE
TEXACO WILMINGTONTEXACO WILMINGTON
DOMINGUEZCHANNELDOMINGUEZCHANNEL
ULTRAMAR WILMINGTONULTRAMAR WILMINGTON
SHELL(SHUT DOWN)
SHELL(SHUT DOWN)
ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.
TOSCOWILMINGTON
TOSCOWILMINGTON
FLETCHER (SHUT DOWN)
FLETCHER (SHUT DOWN)
TOSCO CARSON
TOSCO CARSON
110110110
1
405
405
110
VAN NESSVAN NESSAVE.AVE.
SEPULVEDABLVD
SEPULVEDABLVD
ANAHEIM STREET
ANAHEIM STREET
91
710
19
LONG BEACH ARPT.
LONG BEACH ARPT.
190th St.190th St.
CARSON H2CARSON H2
WILMINGTON H2
WILMINGTON H2
AIR PRODUCTS FACILITY
EXISTING H2 PIPELINE
PROPOSED H2 PIPELINE
Air Products CompanyREFINERY ACTIVITY
LOS ANGELES BASIN, CALIFORNIA
HHHH
H HHH
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
HH2H2
H2
H2
H2 H2H2
H2H2
H2
H2
H2H2
H2 H2
H2
H Existing flaw depth
Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) of Pipeline Steel
Industrial H2 Pipelines
• 3,000 km worldwide• Industrial corridors; on-site• 30% SMYS typical *• Constant pressure; low fatigue• Low-alloy, low-strength steel• Re-purposed oil pipelines
* Specified Minimum Yield Strength
Line Pipe Material Options
• Control Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE)• Minimize energy-distance cost (kg-km)• “Sour service” X65 steel• HTUFF by Nippon Steel: microstructure• CRLP by TransCanada and NCF• New ?
Composite Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP)
TransCanada Pipelines & NCF Industries
Composite – Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP) 3,400 psi, .75” X70 steel plus .75” composite
NCF Industries and TransCanada PipelinesASME International Pipeline Conference and Expositi on,
Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.
Composite exterior
Low-alloy steel liner
Composite Reinforced Line
Pipe (CRLP)
42” diameter3,400 psi
.75” X70 steel.75” composite
NCF Industries and TransCanada Pipelines
ASME International Pipeline Conference and Exposition,
Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.
CRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc.
CRLPTM is manufactured under license from NCF Industries, Inc. U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.
CRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc. CRLPTM is manufactured under license from
NCF Industries, Inc. U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.
CRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc. CRLPTM is manufactured under license from NCF Industries, Inc. U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.
Wrapper, composite spliceCRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc. CRLPTM is manufactured under license from NCF Industries, Inc.
U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.
23rd World Gas Conference,Amsterdam, 5-9 June 06
Bill Leighty, DirectorThe Leighty Foundation
Juneau, [email protected]
907-586-1426 206-719-5554 cell
Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver
Large-scale Stranded Renewable Energy at Competitive Cost