Compromise of 1877: AKA the Hayes-Tilden deal

• America has to deal with Southern redemption

• Republicans controlled the electoral commission, and gave election to Hayes.

• To avoid conflict, North/Republicans offer to withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina.

• Freedmen are abandoned for Northern political interests

• This creates home rule▫ What is Home Rule? Who did it favor, Democrats or

Republicans?

IMPORTANT RESULT: RECONSTRUCTION OFFICIALLY OVER

Chapter 16 Section 3

Segregation and Discrimination

Objectives:1. Trace the development of legal discrimination

against African Americans in the South and their struggle against it.

2. Summarize turn-of-the-century race relations in the North as well as the South.

The Fight Against Discrimination

• Towards the turn of the Century the failures of reconstruction became obvious▫ Voting restrictions

(Literacy tests, poll taxes) The Grandfather

clause

• The Supreme Court did not overturn these laws (US v. Reese 1876)▫ Why?

LITERACY TESTS

Reading test given to African Americans to prevent them from voting-Often asked more difficult questions-Sometimes the tests were in foreign languages!

POLL TAXES Annual tax that had to be paid to access the voting booth.

GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

Was able to vote if he or his grandfather could vote before Jan., 1867.

Reconstruction fades…..•14th Amendment:• “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the

jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”▫ Only protects rights as citizens of the U.S., most basic civil

rights were obtained through citizenship of the state.▫ Supreme Court says this does not give the Fed. Govt. the right

to punish whites who oppress blacks

•15th Amendment:• “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or

abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”▫ Supreme Court says it does not “confer the right to vote upon

anyone” but merely lists grounds on which states cannot deny suffrage.

• Why are these interpretations SO important to African Americans in the South?

Jim Crow• Southern States passed “Jim

Crow” laws to separate white and black people in both public and private spaces….Segregation▫ Schools, parks, hospitals,

transportation etc…

•Plessy V. Ferguson▫“Separate but Equal”

is not in violation of 14th Amendment

Living with “Jim Crow” laws

Second class status

•Informal etiquette as well▫Sidewalks, hats, handshake

•Not following these rules could lead to loss of employment, beatings or worse

•Lynching (1885-1900.. 2,500 people lynched, burned or shot)

W.E.B. DuBois

• Demanded full social and economic equality

• “Persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty”

Booker T. Washington

• Gradual approach• Emphasized economic

opportunity

Ida B. Wells• Teacher and editor• Fought against racial violence by

writing, lecturing, and organizing for civil rights

• Moved from Memphis to the North to escape the violence

Discrimination in the West

MEXICANS CHINESE

• Performed manual labor in the Southwest▫ Mining, agriculture,

irrigation projects, railroads

• Often forced into debt peonage

• Immigration jumped 7K to 100,000 K from 1820-1850

• Many were successful in business and whites were becoming afraid

• Forced into segregated neighborhoods and schools

• Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882

TERMS• Ida B. Wells

• Literacy test

• Poll tax

• Grandfather clause

• Jim Crow laws

• Segregation

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• Debt peonage

• Objectives:

1. Trace the development of legal discrimination against African Americans in the South and their struggle against it.

2. Summarize turn-of-the-century race relations in the North as well as the South.