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Computer Functions and Applications

Presenter: Paul I. Lin, P.E.http://www.etcs.ipfw.edu/~lin

Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology

Purdue University Fort Wayne CampusJan. 14 2009

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Outline

Computer BasicsKey Events in the History of ComputingClasses of Computer SystemsThe Evolution of Operating SystemsComputer Networks and InternetsComputer ApplicationsProgramming Language DevelopmentMicroprocessorsMicrocomputersNetworking Equipments

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Computers Basics

Definition:Computer: Websters dictionary: a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data

Related Disciplines (hardware/software/firmware)

Electrical Engineering/Electrical Engineering TechnologyComputer Science, Computer Engineering, Computer Engineering TechnologyInformation System, Information Technology

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Computers Basics

Von Neumann ArchitectureUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe first stored-program computer that allowed storing of instructions and data in the same memory (4096 x 40 bit wide)An ALU (arithmetic and logic unit)A control unit (60 op-codes/commands)

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Computers Basics

Improvement on von Neumann Architecture

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)Control UnitMemoryInput/output

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Computers Basics

Types of modern computersMainframe, Super Computer (parallel processors)Minicomputer (phased out), Super MiniMicroprocessor, MicrocontrollerMicrocomputer, Personal ComputersSpecialized processors (digital signal processors)

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Key Events in the History of Computing

Prepared by J.A.N. Lee, Stanley Winkler with Copy by Merlin Smith for the IEEE Computer Society for distribution in 1996 as part of the 50th anniversary activitieshttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/50th/30.minute.show.html

The Abacus

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Key Events in the History of Computing

Algorithm 12th centuryDeveloped a concept in process of counting and arithmetic to achieve some goalsby Mukhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi, a Tashkent cleric

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Key Events in the History of Computing

Adding Machine - 1642

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1801: in France, Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an Automatic Loom for the control of patterns in fabrics

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1822: Charles Babbage, England, invented the Difference Engine for the purpose of computing

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1835-38: Konrad Zuse, in Berlin, Germany, invented Z1, a relay computer, using binary arithmetic

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1836-39: John Vincent Atananasoff and John Berry, developed the ABC Computer at the University of IowaLinear equations

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1946: ENIAC, the first true computer, University of Pennsylvania

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the device called Transistor (transfer resistance)

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1948: T. J. Watson Sr, IBM, ordered Selective Sequence Control Computer

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1949:The National Bureau of Standards, US, worked on two computers:

SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer)

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Key Events in the History of Computing

SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer)

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1951: The Whirlwind, Real-Time Processing Computer, MIT

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1951: Core Memory (RAM) of the Whirlwind Computer

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Computer History (continue)

1952: John von Neumann and his ENIAC Computer at Princeton University

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1959: ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting), General ElectricMagnetic Ink Recognition (MICR)ATM

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1964: IBM System/360, 32-bit CPU, 16K to 1M memory, 16 32-bit registers, 24-bit address bus, 128-bit data bus

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Key Events in the History of Computing

1965: Time-Sharing Computer, GE650

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Key Events in the History of Computing

Minicomputers (1960s)Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) PDP-8 (Programmed Data Processor): using integrated circuits, 12-bit ($25,000), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8PDP-11: 16-bit time-shared, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11

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Key Events in the History of Computing

Cray Super Computer (1986)

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Key Events in the History of Computing

Microprocessors (CPU on a chip)INTEL (Integrated Electronics) founded by Bobert Noyce and Gordon Moore, in 1968Intel Microprocessor Chip

4001, a 2K ROM, 4-bit I/O port 4002, 320-bit RAM, 4-bit output port4003, 10-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register4004, 4-bit processor (1971), 2250 transistors

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Classes of Computer Systems

Single Instruction, Single Data StreamComplex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data Stream) ComputerMISD (Multiple Instruction, Single Data) Processing N ProcessorsMIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data) Processing N Processors

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Evolution of Operating Systems

Simple batch (IBM OS 360)Multiprogrammed batched Time-SharingMulti-user (UNIX)Personal computer (Apple OS, IBM DOS/OS2, MS DOS and Windows)Real-Time systemsNetwork OSDistributed systems (resource sharing, speedup, reliability, communication)

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Computer Networks and Internets

ARPA Networking Research (late 1960s) - U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)TCP/IP Protocols Suites (some examples)

Error reporting mechanism: ICMPRemote host access: TELNETFile transfer: FTPRemote procedure call: RPCNetwork management: SNMPInitialization: BOOTP, DHCPEmailWorld Wide Web Pages and Browsing (hypermedia, hypertext)

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Computer Networks and Internets

TCP/IP protocolsIP (Internet Protocol Address)

Datagram forwarding and routing; 32-bit, IPv6 (128-bit)Initialization: BOOTP, DHCPNetwork management: SNMPError reporting mechanism: ICMP

TCP (reliable transport service)UDP (user datagram protocol)

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Computer Networks and Internets

Local Area NetworksEthernet, Token ring

Other Communication LayersModem, Cable modem, ASDLTwisted-pairsFiber opticsWirelessRadio

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Computer Applications

Scientific research, R&DBusinessTelecommunicationsEntertainmentMilitary/defense communications and controlsIndustrial automation and manufacturingNetworking and distributed processingInternet and Web applications (e-commerce and e-business)

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Programming Language Development

Machine code Assembly language1954: FORTRAN, (John Backus) for IBM 704 computer to express problems in mathematical formula1960s: Programming Language Development

Fortran (Formula Translation) - IBMNatural language-like (LISP)COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed under NISTALGOL60 (Mathematical language)APL (IBM)BASIC

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Programming Language Development

Scientific and industrial programming applications1970s/1980s

C (AT&T Bell Lab)PascalForthPL/IADA (US Defense Department)Parallel Fortran, C (for super computer)

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Programming Language Development

Internet and Web Applications1990s

C++ JavaHTML/XMLScript languages

2000sC#, VB.NETOthers

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Microprocessors

Intel 8008, 8-bit Microprocessors (1972)8-bit Microprocessors (1974), 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus, 64k memory

Intel 8080Motorola MC 6800, (Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology)6502Zilog Z-80

1976: Intel 8085, 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus

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Microprocessors

Advanced MPU1978, Intel 8086, 40-pin, 10 MHz, 16-bit DB, 20 AB, 16-bit registers1979, Intel 8088, 40-pin, 10 MHz, 8-bit DB, 20-bit AB, 16-bit registers1982, Intel 80286, 68-pin PGA, 12.5 MHz, 16-bit DB, 24-bit AB, 16-bit registers1985, Intel 80386, 132-pin PGA, 33 MHz, 32-bit DB, 32-bit AB, 32-bit registers1989, Intel 80486, 168-pin socket 3, 50 MHz, 32-bit DB, 32-bit AB, 32-bit registers

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Micro-Computers

Earlier Microcomputers1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen Basic compiler for Altair 8800 (6502 MPU)1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Apple II Microcomputer (6502 MPU)Radio Shack, TRS-801980s (Open Architecture): IBM PC (8088 MPU), IBM PC XT (8088), IBM PC AT (80286), and PC compatibles

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Advanced MPUs64-bit MPU for Super Microcomputers1993, Pentium P5, 3.1 million transistors, 273-pin, socket 4/5, 66 MHz, 64-bit DB, 32-bit registers, 32-bit ABPentium MMX (1997), Pentium Pro (1995), Pentium II (1997), Celeron (1998)Pentium III (1999), 9.5 million transistors, 0.25 microns, 550/100 MHz, 64-bit DB, 32-bit registers, 36-ABMany other new MPU with integrated capabilities: wireless, etc

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MPU Manufactures

Intel http://www.intel.com/intel/product/index.htmIntel Pentium 4 ProcessorMobile Intel Pentium III Processor-MIntel Xeon ProcessorIntel Itanium ProcessorFreescale Semiconductors Inc/Motorola www.motorola.com/semiconductors

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Embedded Processors

Fujitsu, www.fma.fujitsu.comPIC Microchip, http://www.pic.com/Philips, www.semiconductors.philips.comNational Semiconductors, http://www.national.com/Cyclone Microsystems http://www.cyclone.com/TI, www.ti.com

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Specialized Processors

Digital Signal ProcessorTexas Instrument http://www.ti.com/Analog Device http://www.analog.com/

Special ApplicationsMAXIM www.maxim-ic.com

AI Techniques & Applications (Neural net, fuzzy, expert-systems)

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Specialized Processors

Ethernet-Enabled MPUhttp://www.rabbitsemiconductor.com/

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Programmable Chips

FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)ALTERA www.altera.comXILINX http://www.xilinx.com/Cypress www.cypress.com

Software Design ToolsSynopsys www.synopsys.com

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Application Processors

PDAPalmPocket PCCell Phone

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Networking Equipments

CISCO Systems http://www.cisco.com/3COM http://www.3com.com/index2.htmlNortel Networks http://www.nortelnetworks.com/index.html

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Computers for Automation and Measurement

SIXNET http://www.sixnetio.com/OPTO22 http://www.opto22.com/National Instrument www.ni.com

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Distance Learning Environment -1999-2001 by Prof. Paul Lin

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Internet Networking/Control Applications (1999-2001) by Prof. Paul Lin

LMC4 Controller 149.164..36..51Lab Web Server 149.164.36.204Linux Server 149.164.36.10SNAP Brain Ethernet 149.164.36.52Wireless SNAP Brain 149.164.36.55LA3021 PC Card Client 149.164.36.50Access Point Wireless Hub 149.164.36.56Web Cam 149.164.36.19Linux 7.0 Server 149.164.35.5 ECET_Apps 149.164.35.2Server in a box 149.164.36.20