Computer Hardware System.ppt

8/10/2019 Computer Hardware System.ppt

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Computer Hardware System

Course: MBA-ISubject: IT For Manager

Unit-1 1


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History of Computers Charles Babbage - father of computer

1800 s planned analytical engine ENIAC - developed at end of WW II 1951 - 1963 1st and 2nd generation

very large, used unreliable vacuum tubes 1963 - present - 3rd and 4th generation

smaller, faster - use transistors and integrated circuits

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History - Microcomputers

Apple First sold in late 1970s Developed by Jobs and Wozniak

IBM Personal Computers First sold in 1981 Was quickly accepted by businesses

IBM compatibles soon developed

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What Is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data andinstructions from a user, manipulates the data according to theinstructions, displays the information in some way, and stores theinformation for retrieval later

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What is a computer?

An electronic device that accepts input, processes the data and

instructions, produces output from the processing that is useful

and meaningful and stores the results for future use.

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How Does A Computer Know What To

Do? It must be given a detailed set of instructions that tell it exactly

what to do.

These instructions are called a computer program, or software.

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Generation ofcomputer

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Index

1st Generation Of Computer

2nd Generation Of Computer

3rd Generation Of Computer

4th Generation Of Computer

5th Generation Of Computer

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Introduction

The term Computer Generation is after use in relation to thehard were of computer. Each phase of computer development isknown as separate generation of computer. Each phase ofdevelopment is characterized by type of switching circuits it

utilizes.Most computer today use the idea of stored program. Computerthat was proposed by Dr.John Von Neumann in 1945.The Von

Neumann architecture is based in three key concept that are:1) Data & instruction (program) are stored in a single read write

memory.2) The memory content are addressable by location.3) Excution takes place in sequential fashion.

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First Generation

[1949-55] The first generation of computer used the vaccume tube &

machine language was used for giving instruction. The first

generation computer used the concept stored program'. Thecomputer of this generation were very large in size & their programming was a difficult task.

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Some computer of this generation

are given below: ENIAC :-It has very small memory & it was used for

calculating trajectories of missiles. EDVAC:- The Von Newmann concept of stored program,

was also applied in EDVAC.

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Some key feature of first

generation: Used vacuumed tubes.

Big computers.

Electrically consumption high.

Large Acs were necessary because the computer

generated heat.

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The Second Generation1956-65

The second generation computer began with the adventtransistorized circuitry, invention of magnetic core &development of magnetic disk storage devicer.These newdevelopment made these computer more reliable. TheseIndustries in the applications like Marketing, Production

planning etc.

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Some key feature of secondgeneration:

Transistor replaced vaccume tubes. Small in size. Less amount of heat was generated. Core memory was developed. First operating system was developed.

Programming was in machine language as well as assemblylanguage.

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The Third Generation[1966-1975]

The third generation of computer replaced transister withIntegrated circuits popularly known as chips. The IC wasinverted by Jack kilby at Texas Instrument in 1958.The thirdgeneration computer using integrated circuit Proved to behighly reliable,relatively expensive & faster.

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Some key feature of thirdgeneration :

Integrated circuits developed.

Power consumption was low. Computer were smaller, faster & more reliable.

High level languages (HLL) appeared.

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The Forth Generation[1976-Present]

The advent of the microprocessor chip markedthe beginning of the fourth generationcomputer. Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)

circuits packing about 50,000 transistor in achip. The Hard disks are also available of thesize up to 80 GB.For larger disks RAIDtechnology give to storage hundreds of GB.The CD ROM also becoming popular day byday. The CD ROM of today can store up to650 MBS information.

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Some key features of forth

generation: Integrated circuits smaller & faster.

Portable computer developed. Great development in data communication.

Different types of secondary memory with high storage

capacity & fast access developed.

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The Fifth Generation[Coming Generation]

Fifth Generation computing devices based on artificialintelligence, are still in development. The goal of fifthgeneration computing is to develop devices that response tonatural language input & are capable of learning & selforganization.

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Some key features of fifthgeneration :

Parallel Processing was done. Super conductors were used. Many processors are grouped to function as one large group

processor. A super conductor is a conductor through which electricity can

travel without any resistance resulting in faster transfer ofinformation between the components of computer.

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The CPU

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The CPU

Converts data into information Control center Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored

program instructions Two parts

Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

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Control Unit

CU Part of the hardware that is in-charge

Directs the computer system to execute stored programinstructions Communicates with other parts of the hardware

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Arithmetic / Logic Unit

ALU

Performs arithmetic operations

Performs logical operations

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Arithmetic Operations

AdditionSubtraction

MultiplicationDivision

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Logical Operations

Evaluates conditions Makes comparisons Can compare

Numbers Letters Special characters

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Basic Logic Gates

A gate is a device that performs a basic operation onelectrical signals

Gates are combined into circuits to perform more

complicated tasks

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Computers and Electricity

There are three different, but equally powerful,notational methodsfor describing the behavior of gatesand circuits

Boolean expressions logic diagrams truth tables

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Boolean algebra : expressions in this algebraicnotation are an elegant and powerful way todemonstrate the activity of electrical circuits

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Logic diagram: a graphical representation of acircuit

Each type of gate is represented by a specific

graphical symbol Truth table: defines the function of a gate by listing

all possible input combinations that the gate couldencounter, and the corresponding output

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Gates

Lets examine the processing of the followingfour types of gates

NOT AND OR XOR

Typically, logic diagrams are black and white, and thegates are distinguished only by their shape

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NOT Gate

A NOT gate accepts one input valueand produces one output value

Figure Various representations of a NOT gate

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NOT Gate

By definition, if the input value for a NOT gate is 0,the output value is 1, and if the input value is 1, theoutput is 0

A NOT gate is sometimes referred to as an inverter because it inverts the input value

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AND Gate

An AND gate accepts two input signals If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the output

is 1; otherwise, the output is 0

Figure Various representations of an AND gate 34


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OR Gate

If the two input values are both 0, the output

value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

Figure Various representations of a OR gate 35


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XOR Gate

XOR, or exclusive OR, gate An XOR gate produces 0 if its two inputs are the same, and

a 1 otherwise

Note the difference between the XOR gateand the OR gate; they differ only in oneinput situation

When both input signals are 1, the OR gate produces a 1 and

the XOR produces a 0

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XOR Gate

Figure Various representations of an XOR gate

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About Memory

There are various units which are used to measurecomputer memory

Bit - Smallest unit of computer memory Byte - 8 bit = 1 byte Kilobyte - 1024 byte = 1 kb Megabyte - 1024 kb = 1 mb Gigabyte - 1024 mb = 1 gb Terabyte - 1024 gb = 1 tb

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Memory are classified into two types :-

1. Primary Memory :-Primary memory also known as main memory orinternal memory which is located in the mother

board of system or as we say which is directlyconnected to the CPU. It is the place where onlylittle bit of data are stored either by manufacturer or

by user.This is further divided into two parts :-RAMROM

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RAM

RAM also known as random access memory it storesthe data which the user currently uses or as we say itstores the data temporary in it. RAM needs power or

electricity to work when the computer power is turned offthen all the data in it will be erased automatically.This is a circuit which have its separate space or slot inmotherboard. This allows the computer to run the

software faster.

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ROM

Known as Read Only Memory as the word refersmainly it can only read the data which in stored in it.This memory is mainly used by our computer when

we just turn on our computer. It contains BIOS ofsystem. This is non-volatile in nature.Mainly there are three types of ROM :-

PROMEPROMEEPROM

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PROM

Known as programmable Read Only memory . Inthis when the data is stored then we have no right tochange or alter any data to it. In this the data is

written by Manufacturer company, even you can also purchase blank PROM chip but it can be programmed by special tool such as PROM programmers. Ingeneral PCs mainly PROM is used because we dont have to alter any data to it

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EPROM

Known as Erasable PROM as the word referserasable means we can change or erase the data. Soin EPROM we have right to change the data. In this

we can change the data with the help of ultra violetrays. EPROM is much expensive than PROM.

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Secondary MemoryThe place where we store our personal data in computer system isknown as SM. In this we store data so that when the data is neededwe can easily retrieve it. This is the fundamental component ofcomp. system. It is non volatile in nature so that we can not loosethe data when power supply is off.

There are two methods for accessing the data from it :-

1. Sequential This is the method in which we search the datasequentially or line by line until you find the desired data. E.g..Magnetic tape, etc.2. Direct This is the method in which computer can go directly tothe information that the user wants.e.g. magnetic disk, optical disk, etc.

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Now I am going to discuss some of the secondary storagedevices :-

1. Magnetic Tape :- Magnetic tape appears similar to the tapeused in music cassettes. It is a plastic tape with magneticcoating. Mainly it is used to store music, movie, etc. it is notused to store data in it because as we know it comes undersequential access and it reads data line by line so that wecant find the exact location of data.

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2. Magnetic Disk :- This is widely used popular storagemedium for direct access secondary storage. This isthe place where data are automatically save when weclick on save button. It is non- volatile so that oncedata is stored in it will not lost when power goes off.

This is the storage device where we mainly store orinstall OS for system.Some of the magnetic disk are as follows :-

Hard DiskFloppy Disk, etc.

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Hard Disk

Hard Disk also known as Hard Drive or Fixed

Drive . This is the place where we store our data orinformation so that we can retrieve for further use.This is the place where we install our OS so that wecan run our computer. Hard disk comes fix in our

system and if you require more hard disk then itcomes in removable also. The average computertoday comes with a 250 to 500 gb hard drive.

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Floppy Disk

This is removable, round, flat piece of Mylar plastic,coated with a ferric oxide. this kind of disk is readand written by Floppy Disk Drive (FDD), which is a

device which performs basic operations on diskincluding reading and writing of data to it. This wasused to transfer data from one computer to another.Earlier 5 floppy disks were used but these disks

have less storage capacity so new format of 3 1/2 floppy disk came in market. Now a days floppy diskare not used because off less storage and high rate .

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Optical Disk

This is the secondary storage medium in which youcan store much more data in it. This is flat, circular,

plastic disk coated with material. Optical disk is very

popular because of its small size and huge storagecapacity. You must have optical disk reader in yourcomputer so that you can read or write data on it.There are two types of optical disk :-

1. CD2. DVD

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CD

Known as Compact Disk, mainly used to store data,music, movie, software, etc. it can store 80 minutes ofcontinues video recording. The space of CD is up to700 mb. Due to its high storage capacity it is widelyused. The data are store in it is in the form of Pitts .To avail the services of CD your computer should haveCD drive.There are two types of CD :-1. CD ROM.2. CD R/W.

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What Is An Input Device ?

Entering data or instructions into a computer is calledinput. Therefore, an input device is a device whichenters data or instructions into a computer.

Input devices are necessary to convert data into aform which can be understood by computers.

Some input devices are:

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The Mouse

This input device controls the cursor on the computerscreen. It has two or three buttons and a cableconnecting it to the computer. It is quite easy to

operate a mouse, the user simply moves the cursoralong the table. Once the cursor is at the desiredlocation, the user can give instructions to thecomputer by clicking the button.

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The Joystick

A joystick looks like a stick fixed onto a box. Itcontrols the cursor on the screen, so we can say it isalternate to the mouse .

The KeyboardKeyboards come in different shapes and sizes

depending on the type of brand. They are similar totypewriters .

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The Scanner

This looks like a photocopying machine, its functionis to scan any document placed on its flat glass andsend the contents to the computer.

The Bar Code ReaderThe black and white lines printed on certain productswhich represent information like the country oforigin, the price of it etc are bar codes. They can beread by a bar code reader which are commonly usedin Supermarkets and shops .

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What is an Output device?

The information we get from the computer isknown as output. The computer presents thisinformation through these devices such as:

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The MonitorThe monitor is one of the most important output devices, it is

used to display text and pictures. The monitor is also known asthe Visual Display Unit (VDU)

The PrinterThere are several types of printers, some are: Dot matrix- Consists of a print head with a number of pins

which move in and out to print in the form of dots. Ink- jet- Consists of a print head with a number of tiny nozzles

and colored ink to form tiny dots. Laser- Prints images by transferring ink powder onto a piece

of paper using a laser beam.

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The PlotterA plotter produces its output using special pens acrossthe paper to create a drawing. Engineers,architects and designers use plotters to produce their

drawings or designs .

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REFERENCE

Reference Books1. Information Technology for Managers By George Reynolds2. Introduction to Computers by Gary Shelly, Steven Freund, Misty Vermaat3. Introduction To Computers (Sie) By Norton

Image Reference

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Documents

Computer Hardware System.ppt