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7/24/2019 Computer Organization and Architecture by william stalling
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Computer Architecture
Lecture 1
14thSept 2015 (SE)
15thSept 2015 (CS)
Lecturer: Hina Shafque
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Text Book
Computer Organiation an!Architecture
"# $i%%iam Sta%%ing&' thE!ition
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Grading Criteria
A&&ignment&
uie&
*re&entation& +e&earch *aper
Seme&ter *ro,ect
-i! .erm /ina% .erm
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Assignments Delivery
Email to me hinafjwu0!gmail"#om
Email su$je#t% Com&'Ar#hite#tureAssignment ( )('* +,+-.
/aming of atta#hments )i&them.
1irst2ast/ame3 Assignment ("i&
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4ntrodu#tion to Com&uter 5ystem
6e&resentation of Basi# 4nformation
.he a&ic unctiona% unit& o computer arema!e o e%ectronic circuit& an! it or3&ith e%ectrica% &igna%
$e proi!e input to the computer in ormo e%ectrica% &igna% an! get the output inorm o e%ectrica% &igna%
.here are to a&ic t#pe& o e%ectrica%&igna%&' name%#' analogan! digital
.he ana%og &igna%& are continuou& in
nature an! !igita% &igna%& are !i&crete in
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.he e%ectronic !eice that or3& ithcontinuou& &igna%& i& 3non a& ana%og !eicean! the e%ectronic !eice that or3& ith
!i&crete &igna%& i& 3non a& !igita% !eice 6n pre&ent !a#& mo&t o the computer& are
!igita% in nature
Computer i& a !igita% !eice' hich or3& onto %ee%& o &igna% $e &a# the&e to %ee%& o&igna% a& High an! Lo
.he High7%ee% &igna% a&ica%%# corre&pon!& to
&ome high7%ee% &igna% (&a# 5 8o%t or 12 8o%t)an! Lo7%ee% &igna% a&ica%%# corre&pon!& toLo7%ee% &igna% (&a# 0 8o%t)
Since Computer i& a !igita% e%ectronic !eice' e
hae to !ea% ith to 3in!& o e%ectrica% &igna%&
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Computer i& u&e! to &o%e main%# numerica%pro%em&
it i& not conenient to or3 ith mo%ic
repre&entation So' e u&e 0 to repre&ent LO$ an! 1 to repre&ent
H69H
0 mean& LO$
1 mean& H69H $ith the mo% 0 an! 1' e hae a mathematica%
&tem' hich i& 3non a& inar# numer &tem
.he &ma%%e&t unit o inormation that i& repre&ente!
in computer i& 3non a& "it ( "inar# ;igit )' hichi& either 0 or 1
/our it& together i& 3non a&
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Computer techno%og# ha& ma!eincre!i%e improement in the pa&t ha%centur# 6n the ear%# part o computer
eo%ution' there ere no &tore!7programcomputer' the computationa% poer a&%e&& an! on the top o it the &ie o the
computer a& a er# huge one .o!a#' a per&ona% computer ha& more
computationa% poer' more main
memor#' more !i&3 &torage' &ma%%er in
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Ho Computer Operate&>
A computer operate& un!er thecontro% o in&truction& &tore! in it&on memor# unit' that can accept
!ata (input)' proce&& !ataarithmetica%%# an! %ogica%%#' pro!uceoutput rom the proce&&ing an! &tore
the re&u%t& or uture u&e
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Blo#k Diagram ofCom&uter
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Ar#hite#ture vs7rganiation
Architecture i& tho&e attriute& i&i%e to theprogrammer 6n&truction &et' numer o it& u&e! or !ata
repre&entation' 6?O mechani&m&' a!!re&&ing technique&
$hat in&truction& &hou%! e there eg 6& there a mu%tip%# in&truction>
Organiation i& ho eature& are imp%emente!
Contro% &igna%&' interace&' memor# techno%og# Ho in&truction i& e@ecute!
eg 6& there a har!are mu%tip%# unit or i& it !one #repeate! a!!ition>
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Ar#hite#ture
.he art or &cience o ui%!ing
A &t#%e an! metho! o !e&ign an!con&truction
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Ar#hite#ture
.he term Computer Architecture a&coine! at 6"- in 10&
6t a& u&e! to reer to theprogrammer i&i%e portion o thein&truction &et o the 6"- B0 ami%#o computer&
.he &tructure o a computer that amachine %anguage programmer mu&tun!er&tan! to rite correct program&
or the machine
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$ho i& Computer Architect>
A per&on ho !e&ign& computer&
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$hat !o e mean #!eignD>
;e&ign i& the proce&& o !ei&ing a&tem' component' or proce&& tomeet !e&ire! nee!&
6t i& a !eci&ion7ma3ing proce&&(u&ua%%# iteratie)' in hich the a&ic&cience&' an! math an! engineering
&cience& are app%ie! to conertre&ource& optima%%# to meet a &tate!o,ectie
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"a&ic Computer -o!e% an! !i=erent
unit& o Computer
.he mo!e% o a computer can e !e&crie! #our a&ic unit& in high %ee% a&traction
.he&e a&ic unit& are:
Centra% *roce&&or nit
6nput nit
Output nit
-emor# nit
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Central 8ro#essor 9nit )C89. %
Centra% proce&&or unit con&i&t& o to
a&ic %oc3& :.he program contro% unit ha& a &et o
regi&ter& an! contro% circuit to generatecontro% &igna%&
.he e@ecution unit or !ata proce&&ing unitcontain& a &et o regi&ter& or &toring !ataan! an Arithmatic an! Logic nit (AL) or
e@ecution o arithmatic an! %ogica%operation&
6n a!!ition' C* ma# hae &omea!!itiona% regi&ter& or temporar#
&torage o !ata
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4n&ut 9nit %
$ith the he%p o input unit !ata rom
out&i!e can e &upp%ie! to the computer *rogram or !ata i& rea! into main
&torage rom input !eice or &econ!ar#
&torage un!er the contro% o C* inputin&truction
E@amp%e o input !eice&: Fe#oar!'-ou&e' Har! !i&3' /%opp# !i&3' C;7+O-!rie etc
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7ut&ut 9nit %
$ith the he%p o output unit computer
re&u%t& can e proi!e! to the u&er or itcan e &tore! in &torage !eicepermanent%# or uture u&e
Output !ata rom main &torage go tooutput !eice un!er the contro% o C*output in&truction&
E@amp%e o output !eice&: *rinter'-onitor' *%otter' Har! ;i&3' /%opp# ;i&3etc
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;emory 9nit %
-emor# unit i& u&e! to &tore the !ata an!program C* can or3 ith the inormation
&tore! in memor# unit .hi& memor# unit i& terme!a& primar# memor# or main memor# mo!u%e.he&e are a&ica%%# &emi con!uctor memorie&
.here ate to t#pe& o &emicon!uctor memorie& 7
8o%ati%e -emor# : +A- (+an!om Acce&&-emor#)
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Secon!ar# Storage:
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Structure G /unction
Structure i& the a# in hich thecomponent& are interre%ate!
/unction i& the operation o in!ii!ua%component& a& part o the &tructure
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/unction
A%% computer unction& are: ;ata proce&&ing
;ata &torage
;ata moement
Contro%
1un#tional view of the#om&uter '*
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Operation& (1) ;atamoement
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Operation& (2) Storage
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Operation (B) *roce&&ing rom?to &torage
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Operation (4)*roce&&ing rom &torage to 6?O
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Structure
.he Computer C* Contro%& the operation o the
computer an! perorm& it&!ata proce&&ing unction&
-ain memor# Store& !ata
6?O -oe& !ata eteen the
computer an! it& e@terna%enironment
S#&tem interconnection *roi!e& or communication
among C*' main memor#'an! 6?O
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Structure 7 .op Lee%
Computer
MainMemory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer
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Structure 7 .he C*
Computer Arithmetic
and
LogicUnit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
us
CPU
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Structure 7 .he Contro% nit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
!ecoders
Se"uencingLogic
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
us
Control Unit
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Control 9nit% Contro%& the operationo the C* an! hence the computer
Arithmeti# and logi# unit )A29.%*erorm& the computer& !ataproce&&ing unction
6egisters%*roi!e& &torage interna%to C*
C89 inter#onne#tion% &ome
mechani&m that proi!e& orcommunication among the contro%unit' AL an! regi&ter&