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Computer Terminology
Chapter 2 CIT 1100
History of Computers
• First known device used to compute was the Abacus 3000 BC
• 1617 John Napier created a crude slide rule referred to as Napier’s Bones
• First mechanical adding machine was created by Blaise Pascal 1642
• Difference Engine is considered the first general purpose computing machine created in 1822 by Charles Babbage
History of Computers
• Up until the 19th century all “computers” were mechanical
• In 1906 Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube
• Scientists realized that they could now create an actual electronic computer
History of Computers
• Vacuum Tubes allowed early engineers to control the flow of electricity
• The methods needed to represent and store information took another 50 years to resolve
• During WWII there was a breakthrough
History of Computers• Its much easier to communicate with
a machine using Binary • A single Binary digit has only 2 states
– Its either ON– Or Its OFF
• The only drawback is you can only represent 2 things using Binary digits
• Decimal can represent 10 things
OFF ON
6
Bits
• Two patterns are known as the state of the bit.
• For example, magnetic encoding of information on tapes, floppy disks, and hard disks are done with positive or negative polarity.
The boxes illustrate a position where magnetism may be set and sensed; pluses (red) indicate magnetism of positive polarity (1 bit), interpreted as “present” and minuses (blue) (0 bit).
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
History of Computers
DECIMAL REPRESENTATION
BINARY REPRESENTATION
3987654210Allows you to count to ten using one character (0-9)
01Allows you to count to 2 using one character (0-1)
Binary
• The Binary Numbering system is used by computers to represent data
• People prefer to communicate using Decimal numbering
• To communicate with hardware you must break everything down to its most basic form BINARY
Decimal • We have become familiar with base 10
because that’s the way we have always counted.
• We have memorized ten characters that represent ten symbols used to represent numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Decimal Math
2+24
7+2
9
9+1
0
1 5+5
0
1 Carry
Binary Math
1 1+0
1+1
0
1 111111+ 1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Counting
0 00 0 01 1111 23456789101112131415
Binary Decimal
The CPU
Central Processing Unit– Input – Processing– Output– Storage
INPUT
Switch OFF 0Switch ON 1
Using one piece of wire with one light bulb we can represent 2 different states in Binary ON / OFF
ASCII CHARACTERS
• In order to create meaningful data on a computer you need the following symbols:
• Counting Numbers 0-9• Alpha Characters A-Z
• Alpha Characters a-z
• Punctuation !@#$%^&*() .,:;
• Special Characters
256 Characters
16
ASCII-7• In the early days, a 7 bit code
was used, with 128 combinations of 0’s and 1’s, enough for a typical keyboard.
• The standard was developed by ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
• Each group of 7 bits was mapped to a single keyboard character.
0 = 0000000 1 = 0000001 2 = 0000010 3 = 0000011… 127 = 1111111
DATA BUS
• With one wire you can represent 2 states• With two wires you can represent 4 states• With three wires you can represent 8 states
2x = number of possible combinations of 1s & 0s
DATA BUS
• Using a single bit, with two discrete states, gives only two options (ON or OFF).
• 1 bit, 2 unique patterns: 0 or 1• 2 bits, 4 unique patterns: 00, 01, 10 or 11• 4 bits, 16 unique patterns: 0000, 0001, 0010, 0010, …1111• 8 bits, 256 unique patterns: 00000000, 00000001, 00000010, … 11111111
DATA BUS
• With 8 Wires you can represent 28 = 256 unique characters
INPUT DEVICEABabHK1234
High Order Bit
Low Order Bit
21
ByteByte = A collection of bits (usually 7 or 8 bits) which
represents a character, a number, or other information.• More common: 8 bits = 1 byte• Abbreviation: B
22
Bytes1 byte (B)
Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes (210) • “one thousand bytes” 1,024 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2
Megabyte (MB) = 1,048,576 bytes (220) • “one million bytes”
Gigabyte (GB) = 1,073,741,824 bytes (230) • “one billion bytes”
Definitions
• BIT – The smallest piece of data a computer can work with
• BYTE – 8 Bits • BUS – A piece of wire that carries a signal• Clock – Used to synchronize evens
Labs Hints
• Locate & identify the connector that delivers power to the motherboard. Is the connector an AT or ATX style?
http://www.youritronics.com/how-to-power-up-an-atx-power-supply/
http://www.playtool.com/pages/psuconnectors/connectors.html
Labs Hints
• Molex vs. berg connector?
4 Pin Berg Connector4 Pin Molex Connector
20 Pin Molex
Labs Hints
• Does your system support PCI –E slots?
Labs Hints
• Scan the motherboard for any terminal blocks and jumpers.
• These numbers are just FYI. Each venders have their own different numbers and purpose reference chart.
Labs Hints
• What Socket is supported by the system?
Labs Hints
• North Bridge chip type vs. South Bridge chip type
00034814FORID:10
Labs Hints
00034814FORID:10