COMPUTERS: THE MACHINES BEHIND

COMPUTING

CHAPTER 2

Hossein BIDGOLI

MIS

1 laptop per child

Get me the Geeks

LO1 Define a computer system and describe its components.

LO2 Discuss the history of computer hardware and software.

LO3 Explain the factors distinguishing computing power of computers.

LO4 Describe the major operations of computers

LO5 Summarize the binary system and data representation.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s

Chapter 2 Computers: The Machines Behind Computing

LO6 Discuss the types of input, output, and memory devices.

LO7 Explain how computers are classified.

LO8 Describe the two major types of software.

LO9 List the generations of computer languages.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)

Chapter 2 Computers: The Machines Behind Computing

1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using

2. Enhance decision making 3. Improve team collaboration 4. Create business partnerships and alliances 5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into

consideration the culture of each nation or society. 6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the

organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

4

six major roles and goals of IT

A-5

Computer Hardware

Output Device Monitor

Input Device Keyboard Processing Device

The System Unit

Exhibit 2.1 The Building Blocks of a Computer

A-7

Processing – Mother Board

Motherboard• Central Processing Unit (CPU)• RAM and _________• Secondary Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive)• Slots - connecting specialty processors • ___________ - connecting input/output devices

A-8

Processing – Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Called the “_________________________”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:•Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components

•Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Called the “_________________________”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:•Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components

•Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

A-9

Processing – Central Processing UnitMoore’s Law (1970s)Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months

Moore’s Law (1970s)Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months

CPU ProcessingIntel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

CPU ProcessingIntel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

Table 2.1 Hardware Generators

The History of Computer Hardware

Factors that exceed human capacities:◦ Speed◦ Accuracy◦ Storage and retrieval

The Power of Computers

Input devices◦ Send data and information to computer

Types◦ Keyboard◦ Mouse◦ Touch screen◦ Light pen◦ ____________◦ Data tablet◦ Barcode reader

Input Devices

– Optical character reader– Magnetic ink character

recognition system– Optical mark recognition

system

Output devices ◦ For mainframes and personal computers

Soft copy◦ Monitor

Cathode ray tube (CPT), plasma, liquid crystal display (LCD)

Hard copy◦ Printer

Inkjet, laser◦ Voice

Output Devices

Main memory ◦ Stores data and information ◦ Volatile

Secondary memory◦ ______________________◦ Holds data when the computer is off or during

course of a program's operation◦ Serves as archival storage

Memory Devices

A-15

Primary StorageThis storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types

Primary StorageThis storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)

Secondary Memory Devices Magnetic disks

◦ Made of mylar or metal ◦ Used for random-access processing

Magnetic tape◦ Made of a plastic material◦ Stores data sequentially

____________ discs◦ Use laser beams to access and store data◦ CD-ROM, WORM, DVD

Other secondary memory◦ Hard disk◦ USB flash drive◦ Memory card

Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system◦ Collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance

and improved performance◦ If one disk in the array fails, data isn’t lost

Secondary Memory Devices (cont'd.)

Table 2.4 Capacity of Secondary Memory Devices

Classify based on:◦ Cost, amount of memory, speed, sophistication

Classes of Computers

A-20

Types of ComputersSupercomputers

MainframeComputers Workstations

A-21

Types of Computers – Personal

Computers

NetworkComputers

Notebook

Tablet PC http://pergatory.mit.edu/robotworld/multimedia/index.htmlHandheld Computer http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windowsmobile/business/videocasestudies.mspx

The ______________ _____________ refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all.

Digital Divide 1 laptop per child

Also called:◦ Pervasive computing◦ Third wave computing

Wearable computers◦ Cell phones◦ Medical devices

Ubiquitous Computing

Server ◦ Computer and all the software for managing

network resources and offering services to a network

Types of servers◦ Application◦ Database◦ Disk◦ Fax◦ File◦ Mail

Server Platforms: An Overview

– Print– Remote access (RAS)– Web

All the programs that run a computer system

Classified broadly as: ◦ System software◦ Application software

What is Software?

Operating system (OS) ◦ Set of programs for controlling and managing

computer hardware and software◦ Provides an interface between a computer and

the user ◦ Increases computer _________________ by helping

users share computer resources and performing repetitive tasks for users

Operating System Software

Operating system control programs◦ Job management◦ _______________ allocation◦ Data management◦ Communication

Kernel◦ Supervisor program◦ Responsible for controlling all other programs in

the OS

Operating System Software (cont'd.)

Application software◦ Commercial software or software developed in-

house Software types

◦ Word processing◦ Spreadsheet◦ Database◦ Presentation◦ Graphics◦ Desktop publishing

Application Software

Free Web-based application for creating ◦ Word processor documents, spreadsheets,

presentations, and forms Create and edit document Collaboration in real time Save in various formats _______ computing (Dropbox)

◦ Security risks

Google Docs: Applications and Challenges

Table 2.2 Computer Language Trends

The History of Computer Software

Machine language◦ 0s and 1s◦ Code written for one type of computer does not

work on another Assembly language

◦ Higher level than machine but still machine dependent

Computer Languages

High-level languages◦ C++, Java, VB.Net◦ Used for Web development and the Internet

Fourth generation languages◦ Easiest to use◦ SQL

Computer Languages (cont'd.)

Fifth-generation languages (5GLs)◦ ____________ -based systems◦ Natural language processing (NLP)◦ Visual programming◦ Graphical approach to using programming

Computer Languages (cont'd.)

Components and distinguishing factors of computers

Brief history of computer hardware and software

Input, output, and memory devices Classifications for computers Different types of software Generations of computer languages

SummaryGet me the Geeks