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Computing Textbook

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5.% X60% ]^ #( 4%2/&69 2#175/78 0@05%&? C7 5.% 4%76(@ 2#175/78 0@05%&\ 5.% 4/8/50 *\ +\ )\ ,\ H\ I\ J\ K\ ^\ c

6(% 10%4 5# (%3(%0%75 71&'%(0? -.% 71&'%( .9@ for example, actually means 1 ‘hundred’, 3 ‘tens’ and 8

‘units’. This gives 5.% 5#569 #7% .174(%4 674 5./(5@E%/8.5F

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71&'%(0

  the terms ‘character set’, Unicode and

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60 5.% X60% = 2#175/78 0@05%&? C7 #(4%( :#( 4656 5# '% 3(#2%00%4 '@ 6 2#&315%( 0@05%&\ /5 &105 '%

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%/5.%( LA #( LPPF

 

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The terms ‘character set’, Unicode and American Stand0,; #&;+ S&, C/S&,'0*.&/

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10*0 *@(+4 4)-8 04< ./*+E+,G ,+0>G Q&&>+0/G -80,0-*+,G 4*,./E

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‘The cat sat on the mat’ 

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HK

J&-0> D,+0 A+*B&,6 UJDAVG a.;+ D,+0 A+*B&,6 UaDAVG -&''&/ /+*B&,6 *&(&>&E.+4

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HO

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'10 7%5B#(D

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HT

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HW

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+ ;/86'/5 3%( 0%2#74 L;'30M

  6 :/'(%E#35/2 2#77%25/#7 B./2. .60 5@3/269 4656 5(670:%( 03%%4 #: '%5B%%7 +E+* ;'30

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'@ 5.% 4/05672% '%5B%%7 5.% 4%$/2% 3(#$/4/78 5.% `/EV/ 2#77%25/#7 674 2#&315%( 0@05%&0? -.% 4656

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HZ

$+-),.*@< )4+, 0--+44 >+:+>4G 4).*0M>+ (044B&,;4G +/-,@(*.&/ *+-8/.d)+4

"%5B#(D 0%21(/5@ /0 #: 36(6&#175 /&3#(5672% 5# 67@ 7%5B#(D 60 5.% 9#00 #: 4656\ /7 36(5/2196(\ 3%(0#769 #(

2#7:/4%75/69 4656 267 .6$% &67@ 0%(/#10 2#70%N1%72%0?

I4+, 0--+44 >+:+>4

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9%$%90 6(% #7% &%5.#4 10%4 5# 699#B 2%(56/7 10%(0 (%64 674R#( B(/5% 622%00 5# 4656 #7 6 2#&315%( 0@05%&?

V#( %]6&39%\ /7 6 3(#8(6& 10%4 B/5./7 6 2#&367@\ 67 64&/7/05(65#(\ 3#00/'9@ 5.% #B7%(\ B/99 .6$% (%64

674 B(/5% 622%00 5# 699 4656 #7 5.% 0@05%&? O 0%2(%56(@\ .#B%$%(\ B/99 7#5 .6$% 622%00 5# 2#7:/4%75/69 4656

such as employees’ salaries? Q0%( 622%00 9%$%90 B/99 4%:/7% B./2. 10%(0 .6$% 4/::%(%75 5@3%0 #: 622%00 5#

4656?

$).*0M>+ (044B&,;4

Passwords are commonly used to prove a person’s identity 5# 6 2#&315%( 0@05%&\ 5.10 699#B/78 5.%&

622%00 5# (%9%$675 4656?

U/::%(%75 3(#8(6&0 &6@ (%N1/(% 6 10%( 5# 10% 4/::%(%75 2#&39%]/5/%0 #: 3600B#(4\ 60 B%99 60 4/::%(%752.6(625%( 9%785.0? O7 %]6&39% #: 6 0/&39% 3600B#(4 &6@ '% 5.% 10%(’s 5#B7 #: '/(5.\ #( 5.% B#(4

‘password’? O &#(% 2#&39%] 3600B#(4 &6@ (%N1/(% 5.% 10%( 5# 10% 6 2#&'/765/#7 #: 133%( 674 9#B%( 260%

693.671&%(/2 2.6(625%(0\ :#( %]6&ple’Z6IIB#(4+),H’? C72(%60/789@\ 2#&315%( 3(#8(6&0 (%N1/(% 10%(0 5#

10% 6 2#&'/765/#7 #: 133%( 674 9#B%( 260% 693.671&%(/2 2.6(625%(0 60 B%99 60 #5.%( 7#7E693.671&%(/2

2.6(625%( 012. 60 G k ~ E R w o\ :#( %]6&39% ‘ZGIIB#(4R+),Hk’?

T'$/#109@\ 0.#(5 0/&39% 3600B#(40 267 '% %/5.%( 81%00%4 '@ 67#5.%( 10%( #( 6 .62D%( &6@ .6$% 622%00 5#

3(#8(6&0 5.65 .6$% 5.% 6'/9/5@ 5# 5(@ &195/39% 81%00%0 /7 N1/2D 0122%00/#7? -./0 /0 D7#B7 60 6 </4)& 2$/"&

O PTTb O- ">-`TWb =><QWC-S -><_"CgQ>= O"U ">-`TWb ZTPC<C>=

S#1 0.#194 '% 6'9% 5#F

  4/02100 7%5B#(D 0%21(/5@ 5%2.7/N1%0 674 7%5B#(D 3#9/2/%0F

!  0%21(/5@F 10%( 622%00 9%$%90\ 01/56'9% 3600B#(40\

%72(@35/#7 5%2.7/N1%0

!  7%5B#(D 3#9/2/%0 :#(F 622%356'9% 10%\ 4/0605%(

(%2#$%(@\ '62D13\ 6(2./$/78

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K^

*))*"5 ? Z600B#(40 5.65 10% 6 2#&'/765/#7 #: 133%( 674 9#B%( 260% 693.671&%(/2 2.6(625%(0 60 B%99 60

#5.%( 7#7E693.671&%(/2 2.6(625%(\ B/99 '% &12. .6(4%( 5# 81%00 674 B/99 56D% 9#78%( 5# ‘'(15% :#(2%’?

O0 6 (19% #: 5.1&'\ 5.% :#99#B/78 :#(&196 267 '% 10%4 5# 4%5%(&/7% 5.% 71&'%( #: 655%&350 /5 B#194 56D%

5# '(15% :#(2% 6 3600B#(4?

So a password, such as ‘computer’ L^ 2.6(625%(0M\ B./2. #79@ 2#756/70 9#B%( 260% 2.6(625%(0 :(#& 5.% )J

9%55%( >789/0. 693.6'%5 B/99 56D%F

L#7 6 5@3/269 ,?I;_a 2#&315%(\ 5./0 B#194 56D% 9%00 5.67 J 0%2#740 5# '(15% :#(2%Mq

`.%(%60 6 3600B#(4 5.65 2#756/70 133%( 674 9#B%( 260% 693haneumeric characters, such as ‘Computer1’

Lc 2.6(625%(0M\ .60 )J i )J i +* y J) 3#00/'9% 2.6(625%(0? -./0 B/99 56D%F

L#7 6 5@3/269 ,?I;_a 2#&315%(\ 5./0 B#194 56D% A105 #$%( + .#1( 5# '(15% :#(2%Mq

q6001&/78 #7% 655%&35 3%( 29#2DE5/2D 

%/-,@(*.&/ *+-8/.d)+4

>72(@35/#7 /0 5.% 2#7$%(0/#7 #: 4656\ 10/78 67 698#(/5.&\ /75# 6 :#(& 2699%4 2@3.%(5%]5 5.65 2677#5 '% %60/9@

174%(05##4 '@ 3%#39% B/5.#15 5.% 4%2(@35/#7 D%@?

T7 368%0 ), –H\ B% 4/02100%4 O"U\ TW 674 "T- 9#8/269 #3%(65/#70 #7 6 2#&315%( 0@05%&? `.%7 4656 /0

%72(@35%4\ 6 4/::%(%75 9#8/269 #3%(65#( /0 0#&%5/&%0 10%4\ 2699%4 5.% hTW 9#8/269 #3%(65#(?

eL9

-.% hTW 9#8/269 #3%(65#( .60 5B# /73150 674 #7% #15315?

-.% #15315 /0 + #79@ /: O 674 X 6(% 4/::%(%75?

C/()* UDV C/()* UQV L)*()* UD eL9 QV

* * ^

* + ]

+ * ]

+ + ^

`.%7 %72(@35/78 4656\ 5.% hTW 9#8/269 #3%(65#( /0 3%(:#(&%4 #7 5.% #(/8/769 4656 674 6 5&0 ? -.% D%@ /0 6

0%21(% '/76(@ 71&'%(\ D7#B7 #79@ 5# 5.% 0%74%( 674 (%2/3/%75?

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K]

C7 5./0 %]6&39%\ B% B/99 %72(@35 5.% 4656 +*+*+*+*\ 10/78 5.% D%@ ++++****?

L,.E./0> 10*0 ]^]^]^]^

X+@ ]]]]^^^^ hTW

#@(8+,*+[* ^]^]]^]^

-.% #(/8/769 4656\ +*+*+*+*\ /0 7#B %72(@35%4 674 267 '% 5(670&/55%4 60 *+*++*+*?

-# (%2#$%( 5.% #(/8/769 4656\ 5.% 2@3.%(5%]5 /0 XOR’edB/5. 5.% D%@?

#@(8+,*+[* ^]^]]^]^

X+@ ]]]]^^^^ hTW 

L,.E./0> 10*0 ]^]^]^]^

T5.%(\ &#(% 2#&39%] 5%2.7/N1%0 6(% 690# 10%4 5# %72(@35 4656? -.%0% /72914% =_O)IJ 674 X9#B:/0.?

A+*B&,6 (&>.-.+4 S&,< 0--+(*0M>+ )4+G ;.404*+, ,+-&:+,@G M0-6)(G 0,-8.:./E

D--+(*0M>+ )4+

"%5B#(D 3#9/2/%0 6(% 4#21&%750 B(/55%7 5# #159/7% 5.% (19%0 5.65 10%(0 6(% (%N1/(%4 5# :#99#B B./9% 10/78 6

2#&315%( 7%5B#(D? >62. 4#21&%75 /0 #:5%7 0%$%(69 368%0 9#78\ B(/55%7 674 68(%%4 '@ 6 2#&&/55%%?

V#99#B/78 /50 31'9/265/#7\ 7%5B#(D 10%(0 B/99 '% %]3%25%4 5# 64.%(% 5# 5.% (19%0?

-@3/269 (19%0 0%5 #15 /7 5.%0% 3#9/2/%0 /72914% 6 9/05 #: 17622%356'9% 5@3%0 #: B%'0/5% 5.65 0.#194 7#5 '%

$/0/5%4\ 625/$/5/%0 5.65 6(% 7#5 699#B%4 #7 5.% 7%5B#(D\ 012. 60 86&'9/78 674 /70569965/#7 #: 17615.#(/0%4

0#:5B6(%?

1.404*+, ,+-&:+,@

;/$%7 5.% 6&#175 #: /&3#(5675 4656 #:5%7 05#(%4 #7 6 2#&315%( 7%5B#(D\ /5 /0 %00%75/69 5.65 67 %::%25/$%

4/0605%( (%2#$%(@ 3#9/2@ '% /7 3962%\ /7 5.% %$%75 #: 4656 '%/78 9#05 41% 5# 6 4/0605%(? U/0605%(0 /72914%F

 

:/(%\ :9##4\ 9/8.57/78\ 5%((#(/05 65562D0 %52?  .6(4B6(% :6/91(%\ %?8? 3#B%( 01339@ 17/5 :6/9/78

  0#:5B6(% :6/91(%\ %?8? $/(10 46&68%

  622/4%7569 674 &69/2/#10 46&68%\ %?8? .62D/78

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K=

-.%(% 6(% 101699@ 5.(%% 36(50 5# 6 4/0605%( (%2#$%(@ 3#9/2@F

  M+S&,+ *8+ ;.404*+,< (/0D 6769@0/0\ 3(%$%7565/$% &%601(%0 674 056:: 5(6/7/78

  ;),./E *8+ ;.404*+,< 056:: (%03#70% – /&39%&%75 2#75/78%72@ 39670

 

0S*+, *8+ ;.404*+,< (%2#$%(@ &%601(%0\ 31(2.60/78 (%3962%&%75 .6(4B6(%\ (%/705699/78 0#:5B6(%\(%05#(/78 4656 :(#& '62D130

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